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The company operates six short-haul trucks to deliver fish from company boats to its processing plant. It also operates 20 long-haul Kenworths such as this Kenworth T680 with 76-inch sleeper powered by the PACCAR MX-13 engine, on which the company is standardizing. The Kenworth T680 is paying immediate benefits to the company, particularly with the fair market value lease arrangement from PACCAR Financial to finance the trucks. Ted Weaire, director of service operations for Cooke Aquaculture and its Shoreland Transport trucking arm, says "Kenworths may cost a little more up front, but when you figure the high resale value into the equation, the truck is very cost-effective to operate. Then you factor in what we’re saving in fuel – our fuel economy has risen close to 20 percent* with the T680s and PACCAR MX-13 engine. We’re spec’ing the Advantage package to maximize fuel economy, plus we have aero fairings on our trailers. We also have APUs and our idle time is less than 10 percent. Improved fuel economy is in concert with our goal of decreasing our environmental impact in all that we do.”
*Individual fuel economy improvement will vary depending on use, road conditions and other factors.
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+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based on historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
The Hawker Hunter was a transonic British jet-powered fighter aircraft that was developed by Hawker Aircraft for the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the late 1940s and early 1950s. It was designed to take advantage of the newly developed Rolls-Royce Avon turbojet engine and the swept wing and was the first jet-powered aircraft produced by Hawker to be procured by the RAF. On 7 September 1953, the modified first prototype broke the world air speed record for aircraft, achieving a speed of 727.63 mph (1,171.01 km/h; 632.29 kn).
The single-seat Hunter was introduced to service in 1954 as a maneuverable day interceptor aircraft, quickly succeeding first-generation jet fighters in RAF service such as the Gloster Meteor and the de Havilland Venom. The all-weather/night fighter role was filled by the Gloster Javelin. Successively improved variants of the type were produced, adopting increasingly more capable engine models, and expanding its fuel capacity amongst other modifications being implemented.
The Hunter was exported to many countries all over the world, and one of the first foreign customers was Sweden. In the early 1950s, the Swedish Air Force saw the need for an interceptor that could reach enemy bombers at a higher altitude than the J 29 Tunnan that formed the backbone of the fighter force. A contract for 120 Hawker Hunter Mk 50s (an export version, equivalent to the RAF’s contemporary Mk. 4) was therefore signed on 29 June 1954 and the first aircraft was delivered on 26 August 1955. The model was locally designated J 34 and was assigned to two fighter wings F 8 (Barkaby) and F 18 (Tullinge) near Stockholm to defend the country’s capital as an interim solution before a more modern interceptor in the form of the indigenous Saab J 35 Draken was ready for service.
The J 34 was not fitted with a search radar, it only had a simple ranging radar for the guns and was consequently a pure day fighter aircraft. Its flying characteristics were excellent, though. It was a fast aircraft, with a maximum speed of 1.150 km/h, in spite of the fact that the Rolls-Royce Avon 23 (locally designated RM 5B) engine with a thrust of 4.080 kp lacked an afterburner. The Swedish Hunters’ mission was primarily to intercept enemy bombers, which were expected to attack from high altitudes, and they complemented the Swedish Air Force’s fleet of Saab J 32B, a radar-equipped all-weather/night fighter version of the Saab 32 Lansen fighter-bomber..
The J 34 was initially only armed with four 30 mm (1.18 in) cannon but soon retrofitted with launch rails for two AIM-9 Sidewinders (Swedish designation Rb 24) under the outer wings that markedly improved the interceptor’s effectiveness. A project to improve the performance of the J 34 further resulted in one Hunter being fitted with a Swedish-designed afterburner in 1958. While this significantly increased the engine's thrust, there was little improvement in overall performance, so that the project was shelved.
The Hunters’ career as an interceptor in Swedish service did not last long, though: During the 1960s, the J 34s were gradually replaced by supersonic J 35 Draken and reassigned to less prominent air wings, F 9 in Gothenburg and F 10 in Ängelholm.
At that time the Swedish Air Force was in a critical transitory phase concerning tactical photo reconnaissance. The current standard type for this mission was the Saab S 29C from the late Forties, complemented by the bigger Saab S 32C, which was a photo reconnaissance version developed from the A 32A attack aircraft. 45 of the latter aircraft had been built between 1958 and 1959 and the machines were equipped with a PS-432/A radar with extended range and with six cameras. Additionally, a photo reconnaissance version of the state-of-the-art supersonic Saab 35 Draken was under development, but when its first prototype flew in 1963, it was uncertain when it would become fully operational - the Draken’s interceptor variants had priority, and technology was advancing so fast at that time that upgrades were already in the making while the first production J 35s were delivered. In the meantime, the S 29C had become outdated and the more modern S 32C was rather optimized for maritime patrol. The relatively young surplus of J 34s fighters offered the opportunity to convert several airframes into tactical photo reconnaissance aircraft for low-level use over land, primarily as a replacement for the S 29Cs and as a stopgap until the S 35E would arrive at frontline reconnaissance units.
This led to the S 34B (the J 34s were consequently re-designated J 34A for better differentiation) conversion program. Sixteen airframes with relatively few flying hours were set aside and modified by Saab at Linköping in 1963. The airframe remained at the Hunter Mk. 50/Mk.4s’ standard and retained the type’s original non-afterburner engine and unmodified wings (in the meantime, a dog-toothed wing had been introduced with the Mk.6 that improved handling). The nose section was thoroughly modified to carry a broad array of cameras, and lengthened by about 4'. To compensate for the center of gravity shift through the extra equipment in the nose and create enough space for it, the Hunter’s fuselage-mounted 30 mm guns were completely deleted. The area under the cockpit was widened into a shallow tub with a flat floor, together with an extended, pointed tip which improved low-level flight stability with the now nose but still lacked any radar.
The re-contoured nose/cockpit section contained climatized compartments and windows for a total of six cameras, optimized for low-level reconnaissance and mountable in different angles:
- a long focal-length forward-looking SKA 16b (Vinten F.95) camera in the nose tip
- a sideways-looking wide angle SKA 42-44 camera (facing either to portside or starboard)
- a left oblique/forward infrared camera (various types were used, e.g. an SKA 16a/150 or an SKA 10/92
- a right oblique/forward SKA 16/10
- a vertical SKA 15/15 (F.49 Eagle IX Mk. 2)
- a vertical SKA 16a/150 infrared camera
The Hunter’s four underwing hardpoints were retained, though. All were plumbed to accept drop tanks for long-range missions and the capability to carry a pair of Sidewinders on the outer stations for self-defense was retained, too – even though this option was later in service almost never used. Later during their career, the S 34Bs could alternatively carry defensive equipment like chaff dispensers (e.g. the Motmedelskapsel KB a.k.a. BOZ-100) and early ECM devices like the Petrus/Adrian jamming pods from the Saab 32. However, most of the time the S 34Bs were operated in clean configuration to maximize low-level speed and handling, or just with a pair of drop tanks for long-range patrols along the Swedish borders.
An initial S 34B prototype was built in 1964 and flown late during the same year. Thorough operational tests with the camera installations lasted until mid-1965 at the Swedish Air Force’s Försökscentralen in Linköping. The full conversion program started in June 1964 and the first S 34B conversions were delivered to the Södermanland Wing (F11) in August 1965, where they were exclusively operated and replaced all S 29Cs of the unit’s first squadron, while the second squadron stuck to the S 29C but received four Sk 35C Draken trainers, a measure to prepare the unit for the eventual complete conversion to the S 35D. A total of seventeen Hawker Hunter Mk.50s were modified until 1966, including the prototype, which was brought to the operational S 34B status, too, and integrated into the active fleet. Unlike the J 34A fighters, the recce Hunters received a disruptive and unique three-tone camouflage in dark blue and two shades of dark green on the upper surfaces, reflecting their low-altitude mission profile. Another odd feature of F11’s J 34Bs were their individual tactical codes in the form of colored (red) numeric characters instead of letters, sharing this practice with F11’s contemporary S 32C Lansens.
Overall, the Hunter’s service with the Swedish Air Force was not long, though. The J 34A day fighters were already retired from service in 1969 and partly sold, while the S 34Bs were kept active until 1974, when operations at F11’s home base were expanded: the Swedish Air Force Intelligence School (FV UndS) was relocated to Nyköping and Saab 35 Draken fully replaced the last S 29Cs and the recce Hunters (which both lacked trainer versions). But already a year later, when the Palme government presented its bill 1975:75, a dismantling of two flotilla administrations, Södermanland's air fleet (F 11) and Kalmar air fleet (F 12), was proposed. The background was that the Swedish Defense Forces' peace organization investigation (FFU) in January 1971, tasked with investigating how the air force's peace organization from the mid-1980s could be adapted to the development of the war organization. That the flotilla would be dismantled was a matter of course, as the FFU considered that the reconnaissance divisions should be redistributed to other flotillas, primarily for operational and readiness reasons. Furthermore, the aircraft that the flotilla was armed with, the S 32C Lansen and the S 35D Draken, were to be replaced in the 1980s with the new SH/SF 37 Viggen. This also meant that aerial reconnaissance could then be solved in three aviation divisions, instead of the five reconnaissance aviation divisions that then existed within the Air Force.
General characteristics:
Crew: 1
Length: 49 ft 0.5 in (14.98 m)
Wingspan: 33 ft 8 in (10.26 m)
Height: 13 ft 2 in (4.01 m)
Wing area: 349 sq ft (32.4 m²)
Airfoil: Hawker 8.5% symmetrical
Empty weight: 14,122 lb (6,406 kg)
Gross weight: 17,750 lb (8,051 kg)
Max takeoff weight: 24,600 lb (11,158 kg)
Powerplant:
1× Rolls-Royce RM5B1 (Avon 23) turbojet engine, 9,000 lbf (40.8 kN) thrust
Performance:
Maximum speed: 623 mph (1,003 km/h, 541 kn, Mach 0.94) at 36,000 ft (11,000 m)
715 mph (621 kn; 1,151 km/h) at sea level
Range: 385 mi (620 km, 335 nmi) with internal fuel only,
1,900 mi (3,100 km, 1,700 nmi) ferry range with maximum external fuel
Service ceiling: 50,000 ft (15,000 m)
Rate of climb: 17,200 ft/min (87 m/s)
Wing loading: 51.6 lb/sq ft (252 kg/m²)
Thrust/weight: 0.56
Armament:
No internal guns;
4× underwing hardpoints with a total capacity of 7,400 lb (3,400 kg)
The kit and its assembly:
This fictional converted Hawker Hunter is a submission to the 2022 “Lightning, Canberra & Hunter” group build at whatifmodellers.com. The idea for a recce Hunter came when I wondered why there had not been a more dedicated variant than the FR.10, and when the GB came up I decided to build one from a Revell 1:72 kit. Sweden appeared as a good potential and attractive operator, as the Hunter would fit well between the Tunnan and Draken era – and I also had some donor parts from Swedish aircraft that would find their way into the rhinoplasty.
The kit is Revell’s 1:72 Hawker Hunter F.6 – initially I wanted to use an FGA.9 variant of this kit, but upon close inspection I found out that the Swedish Hunters were of a much earlier standard that made the FGA.9 an unsuitable starting point. While the Mk.4/50’s dog-teeth-less wings would be realized with a conversion set from Wolfpack, the early variants’ non-afterburner jet exhaust would have had to be scratched. It was eventually easier to procure a suitable variant of the Revell kit that offered this nozzle OOB, #04350, the first boxing from 2007 which was subsequently re-issued several times with slightly modified parts/sprues that depict later Hunter variants.
When I started building the kit, however, I found out that the kit was missing two parts – very untypical for Revell?! Apparently, the missing parts had broken off of the sprues during the packaging process, since both box and bag inside were still sealed when I received the kit. One missing piece was one of the separate dog-tooth slat sections for the wings, which could be easily replaced with the parts from the very crisp Wolfpack Hunter F.1/2/4/5 resin conversion set (which also includes a longer metal pitot) that was actually designed for the Revell kit, the other was a main landing gear cover. The latter was replaced by Revell of Germany for free within a couple of days after I had placed a request for a spare part at their service touchpoint. Great service!
The Revell Hunter is nice and probably the best contemporary kit of this aircraft in 1:72, even though it needs some PSR, esp. around the wing attachment seams on the fuselage. Beyond the wing modifications to create a Swedish F.4/Mk. 50 export variant I decided to thoroughly change the nose section, more than the FR.10’s small camera nose tip (which is available as a clear resin piece from Quickboost). I used the Saab 29 as a design benchmark and decided to replace the Hunter’s gun bays with camera compartments, using a leftover optional tray from a Heller S 29C to re-shape the area under the cockpit sides. I wanted to retain the original front landing gear well, though, so that only the “edges” from the Tunnan’s camera ports were transplanted under the Hunter’s front fuselage, creating pronounced “cheeks” and a more or less flat bottom.
To take the photo recce conversion even further I replaced the Hunter’s stub nose with a pointed alternative, a spare SF 37 nose with a forward-facing camera window from a Heller kit that I had received from a good friend a while ago. The Viggen nose was trimmed down to the same diameter as the Hunter’s, and its pitot was removed since the Hunter would retain the original wing-mounted sensor.
This recontoured nose section was blended into the Hunter’s fuselage with several layers/turns of PSR. My initial hope to retain the clear parts’ transparency for the finished S 34B soon evaporated, though, because the body work became so thorough that everything disappeared under layers of putty. At least the parts’ shape was retained, and they thoroughly changed the Hunter’s profile! At times I thought that the modified aircraft had a Soviet touch, and when I installed the landing gear it struck me that the pointed nose gave the Hunter a very F-105-ish look, like a missing link between the Thunderchief and the earlier RF-84G Thunderflash? Well, an idea for a potential future what-if project…
Anything else was taken OOB from the Revell kit, including the cockpit and the short drop tanks on the inner wing pylons.
Painting and markings:
This was a challenge. I did not want to give the fictional recce Hunter the J 34’s simple camouflage with dark green upper surfaces (Olive Green 328M) and grey undersides. The contemporary dark blue/olive green paint scheme was an alternative, but I found it to be quite boring and I also already had some Swedish whiffs with this scheme in my collection.
A suitable alternative eventually came from literature, where I found pictures of privately operated J 32E Lansen target tugs (SE-DCM and -DCN) which carried in the early Nineties a three-tone camouflage on their upper sides, consisting of mörk olivgrön (328M), mörkgrön (326M) and mörkblå (438M). I was not able to find pictures that provided detail information about the aircrafts’ concrete camouflage pattern, though, esp. from above, so that I adapted a pattern from an USN aggressor A-4E Skyhawk with adjusted colors to the Hunter airframe. The blue/green pattern on the contemporary J 32 and J 35 could not simply be expanded to a third shade, since the dark blue forms a kind of net pattern over the green background. The lighter green would always have looked like an enforced foreign matter, so that I rather went for an SEA-ish application in which all three colors appear pari passu. The aggressor pattern yet ensured that the dark blue would still form a kind of “river delta” within a murky green landscape.
The paints I used were Humbrol 77, 163 and 224 – lighter than the original tones, but for better contrast, scale effect and some weathering it turned out O.K. The undersides were painted in standard Swedish grey (058M), and I used Humbrol 165 (RAF Medium Sea Grey) as a proxy. The drop tanks were painted in standard J 34 colors, as a small contrast, in Humbrol 116 (FS 34079) and 165.
The cockpit interior was painted in anthracite, the ejection seat received bright green cushions (seen on a Swedish Hunter on museum display); the landing gear and the respective wells’ interior became aluminum bronze (Humbrol 56), while the interior of the air intakes became shiny aluminum (Revell 99) except for the splitter plates, which received the external camouflage colors. Copying the real J 34s’ look, the area around the jet efflux was painted in Aluminum (Revell 99) and separated from the rest of the hull with a thin 0.5 mm black line (generic decal material). The camera windows were created with black decal material, which had some light reflexes manually added and received a coat with glossy varnish.
The kit received the usual light black ink washing and some post-panel-shading for dramatic effect, and with markedly lightened tones from above to simulate bleached paint.
The decals/marking came mostly from RBD Studio (today Moose Republic, very good stuff!) sheets for Saab 32 Lansen in Swedish service. The unusual tactical code in the form of a number in the squadron’s color (instead of a colored letter or a white or yellow two-digit numeral that came next) was taken over from a real-world F11 S 32C from around 1963 – an exotic option, but it falls into the S 34B’s time frame and was a suitable option for this whiffy model, too. To reflect the 1st squadron’s code color even more and add a small color highlight, I painted the front wheel well cover in red and placed a white “2” on it.
Finally, the model was sealed overall with matt acrylic varnish. The Swedish Hunters’ rather glossy finish was only carried during the aircrafts’ early career years, when the machines still carried the factory finish with British colors under a clear protective coat. When the machines were later re-painted with Swedish paints during overhauls, they received a matt finish.
This modified photo reconnaissance Hunter looks simple, but the nose modifications were more severe and demanding than expected. The result looks pretty strange, esp. the pointed nose takes away the Hunter’s Fifties look. The Swedish markings and the three-tone camouflage suit the Hunter well, though, the S 34B looks quite convincing.
View from the East River Ferry, East River, New York City, New York, United States
Summary
Sugar production was Brooklyn's most important industry in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Of various factories that once lined the East River, the former Havemeyers & Elder Refinery, later known as the Domino Sugar Refinery, is the largest and most significant structure to survive. The three conjoined properties - the Filter House, Pan House, and Finishing House - are located on Kent Avenue in Williamsburg, between South 2nd Street and South 3rd
Street. The Filter House, which was once the tallest structure on the Brooklyn waterfront, rises to a height of approximately 155 feet. The processing of the raw sugar began in this building, where it was mixed with water and filtered through canvas and charcoal. As foreign materials were removed, the solution flowed to the Pan House, a nine-story structure at the southwest corner of Kent Avenue and South 2nd Street. Then reduced to syrup, it was pumped to the Finishing House to be dried and graded for sale.
Frederick C. Havemeyer, Jr., son of the company's founder, first began operating a refinery in Williamsburg during 1856. Raw sugar was supplied from America's deep south, mainly Louisiana, and the Caribbean, where it was primarily harvested by slaves. Though slavery ended in the United States in 1865, it continued in Cuba, the world's largest exporter of raw sugar, until 1886. Most accounts of the refinery state that the Filter, Pan & Finishing House were built to replace an earlier facility that was destroyed by fire. Research, however, indicates that plans for the Filter House had already been filed with the Brooklyn Bureau of Buildings two months earlier, in November 1881. This building, as well as the Pan & Finishing House, was designed by Frederick's eldest son, Theodore A. Havemeyer, in association with Thomas Winslow and J. E. James, who are variously listed in contemporary journals as architects and builders.
Like many contemporary industrial buildings, it was designed in the American round-arch style, a variant of the German Rundbogenstil and the Romanesque Revival style. Rooted in practical needs, the new refinery was conceived to be as fireproof as possible, with iron columns, beams and girders, as well as four hundred electric lights. A large oval smokestack dominates the west fa9ade of the Filter House, facing Manhattan. Though the base of the chimney is original, most of the section that rises above the roof was added following a major expansion during the 1920s. Planned to produce at least 1,200 tons of sugar each day, the refinery's capacity gave the company a considerable competitive edge, allowing it to dominate the American market for several decades. This leverage also led to the creation of the Sugar Refineries Company in 1887.
Originally consisting of as many as twenty firms, it was a monopoly that sought to control labor costs and prices. Renamed the American Sugar Refining Company in 1891, the "Domino" brand name was introduced in 1901. The Williamsburg refinery was sold to Tate & Lyle in 1988 and renamed the Domino Sugar Corporation in 1991. In subsequent years, the company ceased refining raw sugar at this location and the three buildings became vacant. The plant closed in 2004 and the site was acquired by C. P. C. Resources, the development arm of the Community Preservation Corporation.
DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS
The Havemeyers and Sugar Refining in the United States
At the start of the twentieth century, the Havemeyer family was said to control ninety-eight per cent of sugar production in the United States. Headquartered in Manhattan's financial district, the business was based in Brooklyn where an immense refinery dominated the Williamsburg waterfront. The largest buildings, the Filter, Pan & Finishing House - sometimes collectively called the Processing House - stood steps from the East River and were visible from much of Manhattan's East Side. Active day and night, these large brick structures were powerful symbols of industry in Brooklyn and the accomplishments of the Havemeyer family.
As a predecessor to the American Sugar Refining Company, later called the Domino Sugar Corporation and Amstar, Havemeyers & Elder helped develop the sugar refining techniques used today. As early as 1876, it was reported:
The history of sugar refining in the western hemisphere is completely epitomized in giving the history of the founding, rise and growth of the house of Havemeyers & Elder, now the largest in the world.
The Williamsburg refinery traces its roots to Manhattan in the early nineteenth century. Born in Germany, cousins William (1770-1851) and Frederick Christian Havemeyer (1774-1841) worked as sugar bakers in London before immigrating to the United States in 1799. After a brief period with Edmund Seaman and Company, the city's first sugar boiler, they established their own refinery in c. 1807, on Budd (now Van Dam) Street, between Greenwich and Hudson Streets, just south of Greenwich Village. The original building was small compared to later refineries, only 30 by 40 feet, but by the 1840s it stood ten stories tall and filled the entire block. Sugar became an important industry in the metropolitan area and by mid-century there were more than twenty refineries in New York and New Jersey.
Sugar cane was supplied from America's deep south, mainly Louisiana, and the Caribbean, where the labor of enslaved Africans made it profitable to grow and harvest. Though slavery ended in the United States in 1865, it continued in Cuba, a leading exporter of raw sugar, until 1886, and in Brazil until 1888. Sugar mills were among the earliest factories in North America. Initially operated close to plantations, by the early nineteenth century most were located in major commercial centers. Here, owners could be close to consumers and distance themselves from the conditions under which raw sugar was harvested. William F. Havemeyer, Jr. (1804-1874), who headed the Van Dam Street refinery from 1828 to 1842, was elected mayor of New York City three times, in 1845, 1848 and 1872. Though he publicly criticized slavery and strongly opposed its expansion, like many New Yorkers he maintained that "no forcible interference" should occur "in states which it already existed."
Frederick C. Havemeyer, Jr. (1807-91) played a key role in the company's early development. He joined the firm in c. 1823 and was later described as "the venerable head of the well-known Havemeyer family of this city and the founder of the great sugar-refining industry in this country." He lived on West 14th Street and after 1862 moved to Throg's Neck on the Long Island Sound. With Samuel Tilden and Andrew Green, he also invested in a local ferry company. Though he and cousin William retired in 1842, Frederick rejoined the family business when his nephew John C. Havemeyer (1833-1922) and Charles Bertrand began operating a small refinery in Williamsburg. In subsequent years, the company was known as: Havemeyer & Bertrand (c. 1856); Havemeyer, Townsend & Company (1858); and Havemeyer & Elder (1863). Though Joseph Lawrence Elder, Frederick's son-in-law, died in 1868, the partnership's name was maintained well into the twentieth century.
Theodore A(ugustus) Havemeyer (1839-1897), Frederick Jr.'s eldest son, began working in the Manhattan refinery during the 1850s. He recalled:
We were taught our business thoroughly. After leaving school I was sent to Europe to learn all I could concerning the business I was to follow for a livelihood. In 1857 I went to the Hamburg refineries, and thence, after quite a lengthy experience, I went to other cities in Germany, where I gained the most advanced methods of that day.
An important figure in the company's continued growth; he was associated with the business for more than thirty years. Promoted to partner in Havemeyer, Townsend & Co. in February 1862, he was identified as the plant's manager in 1868, and was later called "America's great sugar king." Theodore lived with his wife Emilie de Loosey at 244 Madison Avenue (demolished), at the corner of East 38 th Street in Manhattan, in a house that was described as "one of the most beautiful in New York." Though sugar was the primary source of his fortune, he also invested in banks and real estate, erecting the Havemeyer Building (George B. Post, 1891-93, demolished) on Church Street, between Dey and Cortlandt Streets.
Theodore worked beside his father, Frederick, during the expansion of the refinery in the late 1860s and had an intimate knowledge of the entire operation. He proudly claimed:
There was no part of the manufactory or no part of the refining business with which we were not thoroughly familiar. I knew how to fire up under the boilers, how to run the engine. I built an engine once myself. I knew how to refine the sugar and how to market it . . . We were always on the lookout for some better way to do a thing and our success is largely owing to invention brought out by observation and experiment.
After Theodore became partner, his youngest brother, Henry Osborne (also called Harry or H. O., 1847-1907) joined the firm in 1865, as did his cousins, Hector (1840-99) and Charles (c. 1845-95). Following several years in the Manhattan office, in 1869 Henry became a full partner. Whereas Theodore's concerns were generally practical, focusing on the manufacturing end of the business, Henry "mastered the mercantile side [devoting himself to] a study production and markets." He commissioned a large mansion with interiors by Louis Comfort Tiffany at 1 East 66th Street (demolished) in 1889-90. He and his wife, Louisine Waldron Elder, were leading art collectors and the bulk of their collection, especially their nineteenth-century French paintings, was donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art upon her death in 1929.
Hector and Charles left the Williamsburg plant in the mid-1870s to operate a refinery at North 2nd
Street, co-owned by the Decastro & Donner Sugar Refining Company. Theodore and Henry Osborne also worked closely with another cousin, Charles H(enry) Senff (1841-1911), who managed the plant and was later described as one of "the refinery builders."
Industrial Williamsburg
New York City established itself as a major port in the first half of the nineteenth century, with ship- building facilities, cargo terminals, and piers serving the harbor. Though John Jackson's shipyard (later known as the Brooklyn Navy Yard) was located on Wallabout Bay by the 1790s, it was not until the 1850s that a substantial number of businesses had moved to, or were established in, Brooklyn, where the waterfront stretches from Newtown Creek in Greenpoint to Jamaica Bay.
Businesses began to relocate to Williamsburg during the 1850s. Land costs were relatively low, the population was increasing, and the East River was well-served by passenger ferries and commercial fleets. Founded as part of the town of Bushwick in the mid-1600s, Williamsburg was incorporated as a village in 1827. A gridiron plan was soon adopted, with named and numbered streets running perpendicular from the river. Most industrial and commercial activity was concentrated here, with residential blocks to the east. Williamsburg grew rapidly; by 1851 it was the twentieth largest city in the nation and in 1854, along with neighboring Bushwick, it became part of greater Brooklyn.
By 1874 five major sugar refineries were active in Brooklyn: Havemeyers & Elder, Greenpoint Sugar Refining Company, Decastro & Donner, Brooklyn Sugar Refining Company, and Dick & Meyer. Two of these firms would later come under Havemeyer control, Decastro & Donner in 1874, and Greenpoint in 1880. They also owned a "vast" cooperage on North 5th Street to manufacture wood barrels for packing sugar, as well as the Eastern District Terminal, a waterfront rail facility that extended from North 3rd Street to North 10th
Street. Established in 1867, for nearly a century it linked local businesses to New Jersey and points west. Served by tugs, floats, lighters and locomotives, the terminal was the ideal location for a sizeable warehouse, which Henry's son, Horace Havemeyer (1886-1956), built and leased to Austin, Nichols & Company, one of the world's largest wholesale grocers, in 1914-15.
The Havemeyers & Elder Sugar Refinery
Within the network of businesses owned by the Havemeyer family, the Williamsburg sugar refinery was the largest and most important. At about the same time that Williamsburg became part of Brooklyn, the family began to lease property on the west side of Kent Avenue, between South 3rd Street and South 4th
Street. It has not been determined whether the original refinery was located in a leased warehouse or a new structure financed by Frederick C. Havemeyer, Jr. An undated image from the Brooklyn Daily Times portrayed it as consisting of a five-story building with rectangular windows and shutters, a pair of single-story structures with round-arched window openings, and a free-standing chimney.
Sugar had been especially scarce during the Civil War and a surge in demand was widely anticipated. Toward the end of the conflict, steps were taken by the Havemeyers to expand the refinery. They purchased the parcel on which the original refinery stood, as well as lots between South 3rd Street and South 4th Street (c. 1863) and South 2nd Street and South 3rd Street (1865). These sites had been previously used as brick, lumber and shipping yards.
The Havemeyers & Elder refinery is located between Wallabout Bay and Bushwick Creek. At this location, the river is deep and most types of vessels could be accommodated. Raw sugar, consequently, was delivered directly to the refinery, without hauling it to a custom's house for inspection. The Brooklyn Eagle later reported:
In securing a water front for their operations the refiners effect a great economy, for not only do they ship the sugar directly on steamers and freight cars, but the raw material is brought to their doors from Pernambuco, Manila, Hawaii, Cuba, Egypt and Java and poured into their melting pans after a single handling, hardly thirty steps from the wharf where it landed.
Water was also important in the refining process, used to clean the raw sugar and cool the machinery.
Havemeyers & Elder acquired the block where the Filter, Pan & Finishing House was built in two separate transactions; purchasing the first parcel, about one third of the site, in 1865, and a larger parcel in November 1881. The latter parcel had been owned by John Minturn who since the 1860s had leased it to a rival refiner, Wintjen, Dick & Harms. Later known as Dick & Meyer, they also operated a refinery on Kent Avenue, between North 7th Street and North 8th Street.
On the evening of January 8, 1882, much of the Havemeyers & Elder refinery was destroyed by fire, especially the block between South 3rd Street and South 4th Street, where the refinery had originated more than two decades earlier. The loss, valued at more than $1.5 million, included the 200-by-150-foot-long refinery and finishing house, as well as machinery and structures devoted to storage and shipping. Insurance was estimated to cover about half the value of what was lost. Enormous crowds gathered in New York and Brooklyn to watch the blaze and the event gained national attention. According to Theodore A. Havemeyer, who handled most media inquiries, 1,200 men had been employed in the refinery, as well as 2,500 to 3,000 men in related jobs.
Most historical accounts state that the Filter, Pan & Processing House was built to replace structures destroyed by the fire. Research, however, indicates that this was not completely true and that Theodore A. Havemeyer was already planning to expand the refinery. On November 19, 1881 - less than two months before the fire - he filed plans with the Brooklyn Bureau of Buildings for a "ten-story brick sugar house," probably the Filter House. The estimated cost was $100,000. Construction began at once and accounts described the site as already "in the course of development" when the fire occurred.
Plans for a second structure were filed with the Bureau of Buildings less than two months later, in March 1882. Described as a "nine story brick sugar house," it would become the Pan & Finishing House. Measuring 250 by 70 feet, the estimated cost was the same as the Filter House. In most refineries, the Filter House and the Finishing House stand side by side, suggesting that Havemeyer intended to construct them together, in close succession, or as soon as economic circumstances permitted. Urban factories were often built this way. Master plans were rarely prepared and refineries grew as demand increased and nearby properties became available.
The Filter, Pan & Finishing House were most likely designed by Theodore A. Havemeyer, the firm's senior partner. Contemporary listings identify both "T. H" and "F. A." Havemeyer as the architect. This was a probable misspelling, or misreading, of T. A. Havemeyer. There is no evidence that he trained as an architect, but he did have twenty-five years experience working with this type of structure and many nineteenth-century factories were constructed under similar circumstance. The Brooklyn Eagle, reported that the "plans were perfected under [his] immediate direction and supervision."
In terms of the builder, different individuals were credited. The November 1881 application lists "Thos. Winslow and J. E. James" as builders, but the March 1882 application has "J. James" (along with Havemeyer) as architect, with no builder. Havemeyer collaborated with them at least tree times during the early 1880s. Little is known about Woodruff or James, though James may be J. K. (John King) James, who was part of the architectural firm James & James, active in New York, Kansas City, and other locations, from the 1880s to the early 1900s.
His brother, Arthur, was trained in England and moved to the United States in 1878. For a brief period, he worked in the Boston office of H. H. Richardson. It seems likely that Havemeyer planned the layout and interiors and a builder was hired to address structural issues, or perhaps, prepare renderings for submission to the Bureau of Buildings. They were also assisted by the engineer John Van Vorst Booraem (1838-1923), who worked for Decastro & Donner from 1870 to 1882, and long-time refinery superintendent Ernest Gerbracht.
Insurance paid some of the costs but other expenses were covered by Frederick C. Havemeyer, Jr. who sold stocks, bonds, and property to finance reconstruction. At the time of the fire, it was estimated that the work would take twelve to eighteen months to complete. This estimate proved accurate; the "monster chimney" reached a height of one hundred feet in October 1882 and the rest of the refinery was nearing completion, less than a year later, in July 18 83. The Brooklyn Eagle reported that Theodore:
. . . personally superintended the erection of the present structure, which Phenix [sic] like arose from the ashes of the old one . . . When the refineries were completed Mr. Havemeyer in May [1884], departed for the continent to take a needed rest.
At this time, his younger brother, Henry Osborne, became the firm's chief partner. Refinery Design
New York City was a bustling port in the nineteenth century and various types of utilitarian structures were built to support the maritime trade, including store and loft buildings, warehouses, and factories. Store and loft buildings were the most common and many distinctive examples can be found in the Tribeca and SoHo Cast-Iron Historic Districts. Built to serve retail and wholesale functions, the upper stories were frequently used for storage and related commercial purposes. While some early examples were located in converted dwellings, most date from the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Schemerhorn Row, part of the South Street Seaport Historic District, is an early group of warehouses, also called "counting houses." Built in 1811-12, these simple brick buildings resemble Federal-style residences but were used as offices and commercial storage. A significant group of later examples can also be found in Brooklyn: the Empire Stores (1865-85) in the Fulton Ferry Historic District and the quarter-mile-long Beard Street warehouse (1864-73) in Red Hook. Constructed on piers or alongside the East River, these large brick buildings have arched window openings through which goods could be easily hoisted.
Sugar refining became a significant local industry during the mid-nineteenth century. In New York City, the earliest known surviving structure is 79-101 Laight Street (now apartments), between Washington Street and West Street, in the Tribeca North Historic District. Built in 1853-54, it is the last remaining component in the Grocers Steam Sugar Refinery. Nine and ten stories tall, it has thick brick walls, regularly- spaced round-arched windows, and iron shutters - common features in subsequent refineries.
New York City prospered in the 1880s, attracting a great number of large factories to the waterfront, where delivery and shipment of goods was convenient. Twelve thousand factories were in operation by the mid-1890s, scattered along Manhattan's west side, and in Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx. King's Handbook of New York observed:
But perhaps few people recognize that a prime distinction of New York is its preeminent position as a manufacturing city, crowded with ingenious artificers, and pouring its multifarious products all over the Great Republic. While one section of the city includes its financial powers . . . several sections are given up to manufactories.
Sugar and food production was important, as was publishing and the manufacture of clothing and musical instruments. Most companies occupied low-rise horizontal structures, often distinguished by a single vertical element that identified the owner. Clock towers were popular and notable examples include: Joseph Loth & Company Silk Ribbon Mill (Hugo Kafka, 1885-86) in Washington Heights, Manhattan, Estey Piano Company Factory (A. B. Ogden, begun 1886-86) in Mott Haven, the Bronx, and the Sohmer & Company Piano Factory (Berger & Baylies, begun c. 1886) in Astoria, Queens. All are designated New York City Landmarks. Other substantial complexes that survive from this period include the Eberhard Faber Pencil Factory (begun 1870s) in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, the former New-York Biscuit Company (now retail and offices, later known as Nabisco, begun 1880s) in Chelsea, Manhattan, and the Ansonia Clock Company (now apartments, begun 1880s) in Park Slope, Brooklyn.
The Filter, Pan & Finishing House were designed to give the appearance of a single, monumental structure. The Brooklyn Eagle called the new facility "colossal" and claims were made that it had "the largest capacity of any refinery on either continent." Of various factories that survive from the 1880s, the Filter, Pan & Finishing House stands out, not for only its massive, approximately 250 by 150 foot, dimensions, but for its height. One hundred and fifty five feet tall (plus chimney), in 1883 it was said to be the tallest building on the Brooklyn waterfront, approaching the height of early skyscrapers in Lower Manhattan's financial district. Refineries were normally taller than factories; owners not only wished to maximize storage potential but this vertical arrangement allowed them to exploit gravity as part of the refining and packing process. In Philadelphia, the Havemeyer & Company Refinery was ten stories tall, and in St. Louis, the twelve-story Belcher Sugar Refinery (1882) incorporated six million bricks and was said to be the "strongest and highest building of its kind in the nation."
The reddish brick elevations tower above the narrow Williamsburg streets. Without setbacks, there are relatively few horizontal elements and most of the ornamental brickwork is concentrated on the upper floors. This type of treatment was practical, allowing construction to proceed with a minimum of delay and handiwork. Russell Sturgis, the noted architectural critic, admired this straightforward aesthetic, writing in 1904 that "one cannot but care for these [structures] because every great surface of hard, rough, well-burned bricks of dusky red color is attractive." To demonstrate this point, he used a photograph of a similar refinery in Greenpoint, Brooklyn - also owned by the Havemeyers - and designed by Theodore in the late 1880s.
Along Kent Avenue, smooth shallow pilasters rise from the ground story, dividing each floor into wide and narrow bays. Above the fifth floor, a small vertical recess divides each pilaster, creating a shadow that accentuates the upper part of the fa?ade. It draws the eye to the roof, especially toward the simple arches that crown two bays, as well as the corners. The elevation that faces west (toward Manhattan) is the more decorative one, especially near the base of the chimney. Less expensive than cast iron or carved stone, the bricks are set at different depths, forming rows, rectangles, squares, and chevrons. The corners were originally capped with pyramidal roofs, constructed with black brick, a variant of red brick that gained popularity in the 1870s and 1880s. Occasionally, bluestone was used to accent the brick - dirty though visible - as keystones, belt courses and simple triangular forms that rest above the arched window openings at the top story.
Aligned in long rows, the relatively wide spacing of the windows strengthens the visual impact of the walls, creating a subtle yet insistent rhythm. Like the Estey and Sohmer piano factories, the windows in the Williamsburg refinery are small, evenly spaced and round arched, similar to the kind that Theodore A. Havemeyer might have seen in buildings that he visited during his trips to Germany. Based on classical and medieval sources, this kind of treatment was an American variant of the German Rundbogenstil, also called the Romanesque Revival style. Known through pattern books and other illustrated sources; it influenced the design of all refineries built by the Havemeyers, from Van Dam Street in the 1840s to Williamsburg and Greenpoint in the last quarter of the nineteenth century.
Brick was the material of choice in most industrial buildings. It was inexpensive, durable, and easily supplied. More importantly, brick was resistant to fire. The walls were four feet thick at the bottom and two feet thick at the top. Most windows were deliberately crowned by brick arches, permitting the elimination of potentially flammable wood lintels. Similar goals shaped the design of the interiors. While many local factories continued to be built with wood joists and brick bearing walls, Havemeyer made extensive use of iron. The structure was quite sophisticated:
The floors are of brick, being a series of flat topped arches of 5 feet sweep, and they are supported by a labyrinth of cast iron columns and wrought iron beams and girders which are braced to sixty-six cast iron columns, each capable of standing a strain of 400 tons . . . In order to make the building as fireproof as possible all material of a flammable nature was eliminated in its construction. The entrance archways are secured with double iron doors and the hundreds of windows are supplied with doors of the same material. So well assured is Mr. Havemeyer of the safety of his building from fire that he will not insure them.
Other safety features included fire hoses and fire escapes, as well as more than four hundred electric lights. Less dangerous than gas lighting, there was considerable enthusiasm for the new technology and the buildings in the refinery were some of earliest in Brooklyn to be lit by electricity. Since no central generating plant existed in Brooklyn at this time, it seems likely that Havemeyers & Elder produced its own power.
From Manhattan, the most visually prominent feature was, and remains, the chimney. Originally one of the tallest in the metropolitan area, it was surpassed by only the twin chimneys of the New York Steam Company (demolished), constructed the same year. Fueled by coal, the height of the chimney was determined by the type of coal used and the need to vent smoke safely. Enormous quantities were used to power the plant and the refinery operated a fleet of ten barges to transport the fuel, each named for a different sugar producing country. Built as the centerpiece of the west fa?ade, the chimney was flanked by corner towers, which were of a similar shape, height and width. Like clock towers, it served both a functional and promotional purpose. Near the base, just above the top floor, was a prominent sign, visible from the East River and Manhattan, identifying the refinery and the date of construction. The chimney and the sign, however, were altered in the 1920s. About one third taller than the original, the upper section is constructed from curved, radial brick. Larger in size than conventional brick, such chimneys were introduced around 1900 and were stronger and less expensive to build.
Processing Sugar
These connecting buildings formed the nucleus of the Havemeyers & Elder sugar refinery. At the time of completion, the daily capacity was estimated to be 1,200 tons. Directly west of the Filter House was the boiler house (demolished), a two-story facility that powered the plant, as well as piers, where incoming "hogsheads" of raw sugar and deliveries of coal were unloaded into large bins throughout day and night. Immediately east was Kent Avenue, a street served by various street car routes. Workers entered the plant here, through a series of archways that lined the ground story of the Pan House & Finishing House, using stairs and elevators to reach their steamy posts.
The first stage of processing occurred in the Filter House where the raw sugar was combined with water to create a dirty sweet solution. It was then strained and pumped to the uppermost floor to fill a "metal tank ten feet high and eight feet in diameter." These circular containers were called blow-ups. During the next stage, aided by gravity, the liquid ran downward, filtering through canvas into more than one hundred cast-iron tanks with a "layer of boneblack at the bottom." Twenty-feet-tall and nine feet in diameter, these filters could be automatically filled and emptied.
Next, the solution flowed into the Pan House, at the southwest corner of Kent Avenue and South 2nd
Street. Planned for nine or ten floors, it had one set of stairs and reached a height of approximately one hundred feet, with a twenty-foot deep cellar. This structure accommodated six or eight vacuum pans, each measuring sixteen feet in diameter. At $25,000 per unit, it was the most costly machine in the complex.
Heated by copper coils, the solution was boiled and reduced to the thickness of honey and emptied into sixty- four centrifugal machines that spun and separated the molasses and sugar.
The final stage occurred in the Finishing House, a structure that was designed to be virtually indistinguishable from the neighboring Pan House. At the northwest corner of Kent Avenue and South 3rd
Street, it was also planned for nine or ten floors and has a footprint that is approximately square in shape. In this building the sugar passed onto granulating machines where the grains were separated, roasted and dried. A reporter for the Brooklyn Eagle wrote in 1884, that he:
Examined and [ate] some of it and was satisfied that however filthy it had first been and however revolting some of the mixtures to which it was subjected were [,] it had been last become quite pure enough to be eaten by the most fastidious.
The refining process was now complete and the sugar was moved by conveyor to nearby buildings for storage, packing, and sale. These structures were located on both sides of Kent Avenue, as far south as South 4th Street.
Workers and Working Conditions
The Havemeyers & Elder refinery was an immense operation. It covered approximately eleven acres and required thousands of workers. All types of sugar were produced "from the dominoes and cubes of cut loaf, through the various grades of hard sugars, down to the cheaper grades of yellow, or straw-colored sugars." It was a major Brooklyn employer, hiring primarily untrained labor. The great majority were men and recent immigrants. They worked around the clock, in ten-hour shifts, at minimum. The New York Tribune strongly criticized conditions in the plant, writing in 1894:
. . . the severity of their labors is shown by the fact that they are nearly all thin and stooped and rarely above middle age, it being a well-known fact that men employed in the refineries rarely live to old age. They are nearly all new immigrants when first employed, and before work is given them, they must be found perfectly docile and obedient . . . Then begins a life of perpetual torture as long as he remains in the refinery, and not infrequently death comes quickly to his relief.
The earliest group, like the owners, came from Germany and "notices from management were printed in both English and German." Toward the end of the nineteenth century, the workforce became increasingly diverse, with recent arrivals from Ireland, Denmark, Poland, Hungary, Greece, and later, the West Indies. The Brooklyn Eagle observed in 1900:
There is little about the manufacture of sugar that calls for skilled labor, and the work has been lightened and conditions modified within fifteen or twenty years by improved machinery . . . the Pole has, therefore, arrived in time to benefit by these changes, though he would have taken the work just the same had it been twice as hot or hard.
Many workers lived in the vicinity of Kent Avenue, or along trolley lines that led to the waterfront, occupying former single-family residences that had been converted to boarding houses and tenements. Despite low wages, approximately $13 per week, the average length of service in 1900 was more than eight years. Such wages, one writer observed, would insure "a good living" elsewhere, but not in Brooklyn.
Refinery workers also had hardly any job security. Thousands were temporarily laid off due to the 1882 fire (and during subsequent conflagrations), as well as during periods when raw materials were in short supply. Increasing labor unrest, especially in the mid-1880s and after 1900, eventually led to wage increases and the creation of a pension plan in 1912 for disabled and retired workers. By 1920, approximately ten percent of the workforce was female, with many involved in clerical positions or packaging. Compared to their male colleagues, their working conditions were portrayed as comfortable:
In the final packing for grocery orders a number of girls find employment. They attend the machines that automatically pour, weigh, and seal small packages of sugar, enabling two girls to do the work recently done by eight, and do it more accurately. Some of the sugar is put up by them in bags and some in paper boxes. These girls have most of a room to themselves, with good dressing rooms, and free from heat.
The American Sugar Refinery Company was one of Brooklyn's largest employers. With 4,500 workers on the payroll in 1919, threats to move to New Jersey in the late 1910s and early 1920s were taken seriously and the government permitted the closing of two streets, between Kent Avenue and the river, as part of a major expansion. The number employed, however, fell steadily after the Second World War. By 1959 there were 1,500 workers, 450 in 1996, and less than 300 in 2001. Not only was the demand for sugar hurt by the increasing popularity of corn syrup and other sweeteners, but to increase efficiency, only liquid sugar - first processed in Baltimore - was refined in the Williamsburg plant during the 1990s.
Subsequent History
The great capacity of the Filter, Pan & Finishing House gave the Havemeyer family a significant competitive edge and it was soon able to negotiate a merger of historic proportions. Rather than rebuild what existed before 1882, a much more ambitious structure was created, one that positioned Havemeyers & Elder as the dominant American firm for decades to come. Though published estimates of the cost of reconstruction and machinery were reportedly $2.5 million, Theodore A. Havemeyer later admitted that almost three times that amount, $7 million, was spent.
The Sugar Refineries Company, also known as the Sugar Trust, was established in October 1887. Henry Osborne Havemeyer was the first president and most members of the board of directors were drawn from the Havemeyer family or long-time business associates. It was renamed the American Sugar Refining Company in 1891 and King's Handbook of New York called it "without doubt . . . the greatest and most important manufacturing industry in the United States." Originally consisting of as many as twenty firms, it was a monopoly - similar to that of the Standard Oil Company or the American Tobacco Company - that sought to control labor costs and sugar prices, as well as to influence government policy.
Efficiency was critical to the new organization and following a six-month assessment only the five most productive refineries, including the recently-constructed Williamsburg plant, were allowed to operate. This strategy proved to be a great success, and within two decades the company controlled 98 per cent of the refined sugar produced in the United States. Though claims were made that such techniques substantially lowered consumer prices, the trust immediately began to attract the attention of state and federal investigators. Antitrust legislation, followed by litigation and related scandals, would damage American Sugar's reputation, and ultimately, its market share.
The "Domino" brand name was introduced in 1901. Though Havemeyers & Elder continued to manufacture their popular "H & E - Eagle" brand for many years, Domino became the company's best-known product and by 1974 all other labels had been retired. The Williamsburg refinery complex was modified continuously throughout the twentieth century, including, under chair Earl D. Babst, a major reconstruction program in 1926-27. Costing $3 million, these improvements had relatively little impact on the exterior of the Filter, Pan & Finishing House. Increased productivity was the primary goal and according to the Brooklyn Eagle, the older manufacturing buildings were remodeled and "reequipped."
After the Second World War, the sugar business experienced considerable change, impacting both the American Sugar Refining Company and its Williamsburg branch. Paper cartons were introduced in 1915 and the shipping of sugar in wood barrels ceased in 1946, causing the closure of the cooperage. The research and development division moved to Philadelphia in 1958, but the company remained committed to operating in Brooklyn, and several new structures, costing $16 million, were erected during the early 1960s. American Sugar changed its name to the Amstar Sugar Corporation in 1970 and a year later moved the New York City office from 120 Wall Street, where it had been since 1930, to 1251 Sixth Avenue in Rockefeller Center. Tate & Lyle acquired the American Sugar Division of Amstar, consisting of the Williamsburg, Baltimore and Chalmette refineries, as well as other facilities, in 1988. It was renamed the Domino Sugar Corporation in 1991. Florida Crystals Corp., headed by Alfonso and J. Pepe Fanjul, purchased the company in 2001. The Williamsburg refinery closed in 2004 and the property was acquired by C. P. C. Resources, the development arm of the Community Preservation Corporation.
Description
The former Havemeyers & Elder Filter, Pan & Finishing House is located in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, on a block bounded by the East River, Kent Avenue, South 2nd Street and South 3rd Street. Each is a separate building connected by common party walls. The facades are built of reddish brick, patched with both historic and non-historic brick. Most of the windows are crowned by projecting brick segmental arches and some are trimmed with bluestone. The wood-framed windows, mostly painted blue or green, are historic, while the brown and silver aluminum windows are non-historic. At each corner, the brickwork is arranged to create tower-like forms. Each corner bay frames a pair of windows. Immediately below the top floor, the windows are rectangular. Here, the brickwork becomes more dense and lively, with keystones, multiple belt courses, and crenellated forms.
The west elevation of the Filter House faces Manhattan. The base is partially obscured by the former Boiler House (not part of the designation). A large chimney projects from the center of the fa?ade. The upper oval section, above the roof, is not original but historic, probably dating from before the 1930s. The base of the chimney is rectangular and embellished with decorative brickwork on all sides. A rusting metal sign, set below a wide brick arch near the eleventh story, displays the name: "HAVEMEYERS & ELDER."
The letters have been almost entirely lost, but screws or pegs that once held them remain. To the north, from South 2nd Street to the chimney, four bays are visible, divided by projecting brick piers into groups of 2/3/2 window openings. The northernmost bay is crowned by a windowless red brick box, possibly a parapet. At the base, the lower three stories are obscured by the former Power House (not part of this designation). To the south, from the chimney to South 3rd Street, four bays are visible, separated by projecting brick piers into groups of 3/2/3/2 window openings. The base of this section is separated from the former syrup station (not part of this designation) by a passage that leads toward the base of the chimney stack. On the right side (east), the lower floors are visible. The north and south ends of the fa?ade suggest towers, with window openings grouped in pairs.
The Pan House & Finishing House are located on Kent Avenue and face east. This fa?ade is symmetrical and divided into three sections. The north and south sections are divided by projecting piers into three bays, each with a pair of round-arch window openings. The center section has nine round-arched window openings. At the south end (above the Finishing House) are brick bulkheads, as well as an iron frame. A single row of non-historic white metal ventilating units are located on the roof of the Pan House, arranged from north to south. The east fa?ade of the Filter House, visible above the Pan & Finishing House, incorporates non- historic brick and four floors of non-historic fenestration. Some windows, especially at the lowest floor, appear to be sealed. Viewed from the east, the rear of the chimney is visible, as well as brick parapets at the north and south ends.
The north elevation faces South 2nd Street. The nine-story east section is divided by projecting brick piers into three bays. The wide center bay has three windows at each floor. The eleven-story west section is separated by projecting brick piers into three bays. The east bay has a single window opening at each floor. The center and west bays have a pair of window openings. From the base to the roof, the windows diminish in size.
The south elevation, facing South 3rd Street, has been altered with non-historic roll-down gates, metal conveyer tubes connected at 5th and 6th floors, and additions to the base. Above the west tube, at the 7th and 8th
floors, the fa?ade has been opened and filled with wood. To the west of these openings, a pair of openings has been sealed with brick. The taller section, to the west, is divided by projecting brick piers into three bays, with, from west to east, 2/2/1 window openings. Like the south bay of the west elevation, it resembles a tower with brick courses dividing it into four vertical sections. From base to roof, the windows diminish in size. A substantial number of windows are historic, though many have been modified or sealed, and one has been enlarged. At the south end of the roof, a large non-historic blue and white metal cylinder is visible.
- From the 2007 NYCLPC Landmark Designation Report
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Helpful Tips On Flea Control and Prevention
Prevention and control of fleas is an issue in many parts of this country as pet owners work to keep their pets healthy and itch-free. The flea general life span is only two weeks to eight months in length, depending on the species, with much of that being in the larval and pupal stages of life which don’t affect your dog.
Flea Control San Antonio
Fleas lay eggs in likely hatching zones where the larvae will best survive once they have hatched. Larvae love sand, gravel, loose dirt, cracks and crevices, insides of furniture, and other dry, out-of-the-way places. Eggs take from two days to two weeks to hatch and larvae will wrap themselves into a cocoon and gestate further for another five to fourteen days. At this point, they are virtually immune to chemical pesticides until they emerge as adult fleas. Flea bites cause a myriad of problems for pets and their owners, including itching and skin problems, hair loss, and infection.
Allergies
Do fleas also cause flea dermatitis. Luckily, there are many ways to deal with fleas to prevent or treat their attacks. Complete treatment will care not only for the pet, but also the pet’s environment, keeping the fleas from reemerging once the pet has been treated.Flea bites – Pest Control San Antonio Around the house and yard, fleas can live in many places, including your pet’s bedding, the furniture, in and around cushions, in thick carpeting, and more. Before using any treatment, it’s a good idea to vacuum everything thoroughly to remove debris that might shield the fleas. This will also likely pull up many of the flea eggs, larvae, and adults, so make sure to dispose of the bag as soon as you are finished vacuuming so they don’t live and grow inside the bag and find an escape later. Simple tasks like washing pet bedding in hot water regularly and keeping pet areas clean will prevent fleas from mounting any major assaults on your pet. Out in the yard, areas that your pet spends a lot of time in are very susceptible to flea infestations. These include the dog house, flower beds, under and around decks and porches, and in piles of brush, leaves, and debris. Before using any flea treatment, as in your house, make sure all debris and clutter are cleared out to maximize the fleas exposure to your treatment. Mow, rake, and sweep areas clear. Prevention includes cleaning the dog house regularly (usually with the garden hose and soap or bleach), vacuuming the car regularly, and sweeping and mopping areas of bare floor, paying special attention to the crevices and tight corners. There are many options for treating affected areas inside and out, just be sure that whichever one you choose, you follow the directions carefully. If you have a serious infestation, whether you do it yourself or hire a professional, you will probably want to re-treat it again in two or three weeks.
Here are a few ways to control fleas on your dog
Shampoos Using a flea shampoo and thoroughly bathing and rinsing your dog will kill almost all adult fleas. If you have the capacity (a large tub or container the dog can immerse in), dipping is the most effective method in this regard if you have a serious flea problem. There are side effects to dipping, however, such as heavy residues and the fact that your dog and children could become sick if they contact the dip. For most infestations, a good and thorough flea shampooing is enough. Topicals: These are the drops or rubs you see on the shelf that are applied between the dogs shoulder blades, directly on the skin. They last about a month and kill most adult fleas. Some are growth inhibitors for immature fleas as well, but can’t be used on puppies under 8 weeks of age. Bathing reduces this treatments effectiveness and longevity. Orals For indoor pets, this treatment can be quite effective. Since fleas are naturally attracted to your dog, they will eventually find the dog and bite it (this is where the itching comes from). These pills cause sterility in the fleas, thus eventually killing off the flea population through birth control. This is a long-term solution for light or burgeoning infestations and each pill lasts about a month. Don’t use this for pregnant or nursing dogs. Natural organic solutions are also available and include a lot of options. Dried pennyroyal (a plant), pyrethrum powder (an extract from flowers), or Diatomaceous Earth (also called fossilized phytoplankton or DE) are all natural solutions commonly available.
These are usually sprinkled around pet areas, into bedding, and even directly on the pet. After a day or two, repeat. Eventually, no more fleas. Pennyroyal should not be used on pregnant or nursing dogs or puppies under 8 weeks. Other natural remedies include herbal treatments that can be added to your pet’s bath water or even into their food. DE can also be used in carpeting, lawns, gardens, and more without harm and it kills many insects besides just fleas. Often, two or more of the solutions mentioned herein are combined in products you’ll see available. Fleas are a nasty bunch and can be tricky to get rid of, especially if your infestation is worse than you think it is. Usually, though, with some prevention and diligence, they can be eradicated in just a few days.
Fleas in Carpets
If you’ve got a pet with fleas, you’re soon going to discover you’ve got fleas in your carpets or rugs. It is also possible to get fleas in your house, even if you have bare floors.Flea Control San Antonio How do they get there? They got there because the flea eggs just fell off your pet – it’s as simple as that. Fleas are clever creatures. Sure they can jump pretty well, but fleas don’t spend their lives jumping. If the lifestyle is good, the average flea will try to spend all of their life on the one animal. They live, mate (and if they are female) lay eggs onto your pet. After some time, or with their own grooming, these flea eggs will fall off your pet and into their surroundings. And so, if your pet loves to spend time on a particular mat then you will get fleas on that mat. The longer a pet spends in a particular location the more flea eggs will fall off into that environment. What next? Well, after some time that flea egg will hatch and a larvae, will come out. Flea larvae are actually surprisingly large – up to about 5 mm long. Which is visible!! Except you won’t see them, because these flea stages will be deep in your carpet. There they will feed on scurf and flea dirt (which is the partly digested dry blood which falls off your pet – just like the flea egg did). So these flea larvae will spend a few days to a few weeks feeding deep inside the carpet pile or between the floor boards. Then they will spin themselves a cocoon – the flea stage inside the cocoon is called the pupae. This is the difficult bit. There are a number of flea control products, Frontline springs to mind, which say they will kill all flea stages. The fleas can exist inside the cocoon which is deep in the carpet for months – up to 18-month if the conditions are right. After this time, when the conditions are right and a friendly host, like your dog or cat wanders past, these immature fleas will dig their way out of the cocoon and (this is why they have jumping back legs) spring onto your pet. Within a minute they will feed and within 24-36 hours the females will begin laying flea eggs. And in time these flea eggs will fall off your pet and into your carpet. And low and behold, you have fleas in your carpets or rugs (and fleas in the cracks between floor boards) and that’s where we started the journey. So what to do. It’s not rocket science – don’t get all concerned about the carpets – get the fleas killed. With flea control that is the most important thing. If you want to control fleas in your carpets and rugs, just kill the fleas. Kill the fleas on your pet first, and if things are desperate, consider getting a synthetic pyrethroid spray to kill the flea pupae in the carpet.
Types of Natural Flea Treatments for Controlling Pet Fleas
Have you even wondered about using natural flea treatments on your pet dog or cat? Have you wondered whether there is a natural alternative to chemical treatments for flea infestation? Do you want to treat fleas the ‘old fashioned’ way, with a natural flea therapy? Or perhaps you just want to save money by using a natural flea treatment rather than a chemical treatment for fleas. Whatever your reasons you have come to the right place – in this article we will look at options for natural flea treatment as well as some of the ‘modern’ products which actually have their roots in natural therapy.
Types of Natural Flea treatments
There are three main types of natural flea control methods/products: Flea products for killing fleas Flea products for repelling fleas
Natural methods for controlling flea larvae, flea pupae and flea eggs
Generally, the ideal way of controlling fleas using natural products is to use a flea product which actually kills the fleas. The reason for this is that while your pet may get a short term benefit from a flea repellent – the repelled fleas my feed on another pet and still allow flea eggs to be laid in the surroundings of your pet. So in time you may have an even worse flea infestation to deal with if you used a repellent. Ideally you should look for a product that claims to kill fleas.
Natural Flea Products for killing fleas
One of the natural flea treatments which has been known for many centuries is the chrysanthemum daisy. This daisy is responsible for producing a natural chemical called pyrethrum. Pyrethrum has natural insecticide qualities – which is why it is present in the chrysanthemum in the first place. However, generally natural pyrethrum is not a very widely used product. The reason for this is the great expense of growing enough flowers to extract insecticidal quantities of the material. However, pyrethrum is notable because it is the precursor or basis for the development of the synthetic ‘pyrethroids.’ These are chemicals which are similar to pyrethrum in chemical structure and mode of action. There are quite a number of dog and cat shampoos which contain pyrethrum and piperonyl butoxide. Piperonyl butoxide is a ‘synergist’ for the action of the pyrethrum – which means it works together with the pyrethrum to increase the flea killing power – both chemicals work better together than they would apart. In fact, the plant based piperonyl butoxide would not actually have any effectiveness as a flea killer on its own. So while some of the shampoos which contain pyrethrum may not say they are natural – they are certainly related to the pyrethrum which is derived from the chrysanthemum daisy. Borax (boric acid or boracic acid) Another often mentioned natural product is Borax (boric acid or boracic acid). This is claimed to control fleas (but since adult fleas live on pets, it is the environmental stages which we are talking about) in and around pets. When ingested, boric acid can interfere with the internal metabolism of fleas – however, fleas are unlikely to substantially feed on the chemical unless it is mixed with blood. However, the powder form sprinkled around areas where flea stages are to be found can cause irritation of the outer cuticle which can cause death of the flea. Diatomaceous Earth Diatomaceous earth is ironically the fossilized remains of diatoms – which were a type of hard shelled algae – now millions of years after their own deaths, the resulting diatomaceous earths can be sprinkled around areas where environmental control of fleas is required. The diatomaceous earth acts by causing dehydration of the cuticle of the flea or flea larva. Since the cuticle or outer surface is essential for proper functioning of the flea, the diatomaceous earth can cause irritation and death of the flea. It is normal to vacuum up any remaining diatomaceous earth. However, as scientific studies are minimal, it may be that a lot of the effect of diatomaceous earth is the thorough vacuuming that is required after use in the house for the control of fleas. Natural flea products for repelling fleas It is claimed that garlic can be used to repel fleas in small amounts. The active principle in garlic for its healing properties is allicin. However, garlic also contains thiosulfate which can cause hemolytic anemia in dogs. Large quantities of garlic would need to be eaten to cause these signs – up to 50 cloves of garlic at the one time, but it does highlight that ‘natural’ does not always equal safe when it comes to flea treatments. Garlic should be used with caution and ideally in a formulated product which has been sold for some time and which is not known to cause symptoms in dogs. However, as has been noted previously, there is not a lot of value in repelling fleas, particularly if your home environment is infested. In this case you actually want fleas to jump on your pet so that the ‘on animal’ treatment (natural or otherwise) which you have applied can take effect. Natural methods for controlling flea larvae, flea pupae and flea eggs We should all know by now the importance of controlling the off insect stages of fleas – these include flea larvae, flea pupae and flea eggs. There is an amazingly simple ‘natural’ flea control method which does not involve any sort of chemical at all. Vacuuming!!! According to an article called “Ridding your home of Fleasâ€, Mike Potter, an expert entomologist states that “Vacuuming removes many of the eggs, larvae and pupae developing within the home.†Just good old fashioned suction! To put it simply, if you can remove a lot of the flea life stages from your home, these same stages will no longer be able to reproduce and infest your pet dog or cat. A further benefit of vacuuming is that the vibrations from the cleaner actually stimulate the immature flea (or pre-adult flea) inside the pupa to come out earlier – this means that the flea will come in contact with your on-animal flea control sooner, thus cleaning up your home sooner. Conclusion It is a worthwhile aim to use a natural flea treatment or control if you can. But please be aware that there is not a lot of scientific data to support the use of natural methods of controlling fleas, according to Merchant and Robinson, both entomologists from Texas A&M. If you are looking to purchase a natural flea treatment – rather than using ‘trial and error’ you would be best sticking with a commercially available flea treatment if possible. There are a number on the market which are available for purchase via the internet. Try these first, as since these are successfully being sold it is likely that they are working for at least a number of people. Once you’ve had good success with these flea treatments, you may care to try using some of the natural ingredients that you find on the product label and seeing if you can make up a treatment yourself – but first think about purchasing a commercial flea control product. Treating Fleas It is important for caring pet owners to know, because they will create the most common skin infection of dogs and cats, and therefore fleas cause more skin disease than any other parasite. But while skin disease and flea bite irritation are the most common symptoms of a flea infestation they can also be the vector for diseases such as the flea tapeworm, which can cause anal irritation in affected dogs and cats. Who’s who in the flea family In the flea world, the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis (the first ‘C’ is silent) has generally won the war for dominance on pet dogs and cats. If a survey of a pet population is performed, then it’s likely that some dog fleas would be found particularly in remote areas, but this is uncommon and their numbers much lower than their cat flea counterparts. But then it could also be argued that actually the terms dog fleas and cat fleas are a bit irrelevant – just because long ago a scientist named a particular flea species C. felis, does not mean that it is a ‘cat flea’ any more than C. canis is a ‘dog flea’. Of course, cats and dogs are not just infected with their own species of flea – there are also other species such as: Pulex irritans the human flea; Leptosylla segnis the mouse flea; Spilopsyllus cuniculi the rabbit flea; and Echidnophaga gallinacea the chicken or ‘sticktight’ flea. The common name of the sticktight flea is derived from the fact that on biting a host, it actually permanently attaches using its mouth parts. This allows it to remain attached to the pet (or chicken) long after an effective flea treatment has killed it. This may lead to the mistaken impression that the flea control product did not work effectively. San Antonio Flea Control Another infamous flea is the oriental rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis. This is the flea responsible for causing so much fear in human populations in past times because it is the vector (along with the rat) of the Bubonic Plague or the Black Death – a bacterium called Yersinia pestis which is spread by flea bites. Naturally, the rat flea would prefer to infest rats but when rats are in close contact with humans, there is the possibility of spread of the plague. More nasty consequences! There are other, nasty infections which fleas spread. So called ‘cat scratch fever’ is caused by a bacterium Bartonella henselae which is spread between cats by fleas. The bacterium is actually passed in flea feces which is the likely source of contamination of cat’s claws during their self-grooming. It is estimated that in the US around 2,000 of the 24,000 people infected each year actually require hospital treatment for the infection. Another disease being investigated by veterinary scientists is a condition called ‘Flea Borne Spotted Fever’ or cat flea typhus, which is caused by a bacterium called Rickettsia felis. Interestingly, research would appear to indicate that while the bacteria is present in fleas, it has not been detected in cats. The signs in humans include rash, headache, and central nervous system involvement, with some sufferers reporting nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain. Without doubt, cat flea typhus would not be the most pleasant way to spend a few days. Natural flea repellants It is apparent that finding and developing all-natural solutions to society’s everyday problems has becoming increasingly popular over the past few decades. Anyone can see the appeal of using products that are less likely to pose potential health hazards to its users and their loved ones. This is especially true when it comes to applying something to your pet, which is in close contact with your home and your family. Consequently, the idea of using a natural flea repellant can seem extremely enticing. There unfortunately are no proven natural flea repellants or natural flea killers on the market currently. However, by word of mouth, there are a number of natural flea repellants that are currently being suggested. Some of these are listed below. Placing eucalyptus leaves in and around your home can be an excellent natural flea repellant due to their unique odor. By mixing garlic and yeast in your pet’s food, you can cause their blood to have an adverse taste so that fleas don’t want to feed on them. (Please keep in mind that raw garlic can be toxic to cats, so this should probably only be used on dogs.) Borax is a natural flea repellant that can be sprinkled on your carpet, in your yard, and along your fence (but be careful because it can apparently kill plants). Food grade Diatomaceous Earth (DE) is inexpensive and can be sprinkled on your yard as well. Some people suggest using a 50:50 mixture of Borax and DE in your yard, on your carpet, and on your furniture. After a few days, be sure to vacuum up the dust mixture. Skin So Soft from Avon, when applied to your pet’s coat, can repel fleas and mosquitoes. Placing cedar chips along your fence line can act as a natural flea repellant and can keep fleas from entering your yard. Planting tansy (a perennial, herbaceous flowering plant) in your yard can repel fleas as well. Using nematodes in your yard can be a way to keep the flea populations under control because the small worms will eat the developing flea larvae. Some people suggest setting a trap for the fleas that enter your yard by placing a desk lamp next to a shallow plate of soapy water. The fleas are attracted to the light and jump onto the plate where they end up sinking in the water and drowning. If natural flea repellants are what you’re looking for, there’s no reason not to give some of the methods mentioned above a shot. However, if they aren’t working for you and your pet, or your pet’s flea infestation is so severe that your pet is obviously suffering, it may be best to consult a veterinarian and treat the existing flea problem now with one of the recommended commercially available products. After the flea situation is under control, it may then be a better time for you to try a natural flea repellant
. If you have any further questions please call Jenkins Pest Control today!
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Karate For Kids
Karate for kids classes in Cave Creek, Chandler, Mesa, Glendale, Arizona are taught in a method to develop life skills such as respects, enhanced self-discipline, greater confidence and respect in children. The karate for kids programs with the local ATA martial arts schools doesn’t only teach how to kick and punch. The karate classes will teach kids the valuable life lessons of self-control and the ability to defend themselves. All of the Karate Kids classes teach the attributes necessary to be a confident individual within our community.
Our Local ATA Martial Art schools in Cave Creek, Chandler, Mesa, Glendale, Arizona have carefully designed the karate programs for the youth within the community- age appropriate programs that are specifically aimed at the child’s development both physically and mentally. These karate lessons are taught through a top ranked and nationally recognized “Karate For Kids” program, that has a well established training curriculum designed school aged students.
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#1 with parents in the ATA Karate Schools in Cave Creek, Chandler, Mesa, Glendale, Arizona is the renowned Karate for Kids character development “ATA Life Skills” program designed for personal Victory in Martial Arts with skills such as perseverance, integrity, courtesy, self-esteem and the respect for others while incorporating social life skills that develops naturally within the group.
It is always a good time to start a program at one our three locations as the #1 Karate For Kids schools in Las Vegas and Henderson. Together with kids their own age, every youngster can mature and grow with the self confidence that a karate kids program develops within them.
Martial Arts Classes For Women
In today’s world of fitness, women are looking for a structured and interesting workout in a manner to stay fit that breaks away from their traditional daily routine. Repeating the same exercise every day can be draining and break ones motivation and is rarely goal oriented. It isn’t the normal daily gym workout. ATA Martial Arts of Cave Creek, Chandler, Mesa, Glendale, Arizona is a training facility that women are finding the variety of goal oriented conditioning that is exciting. While the physical nature of martial arts is rewarding and a personal martial arts victory, it also teaches the self defense and survival tactics that is needed in todays ever changing world.
There are many important mental and physical health benefits in our women’s martial art classes in Las Vegas and Henderson. While toning vital muscles and building coordination will enhance self-confidence, awareness and increase cardiovascular is health. Women who Attend ATA karate classes will improve balance, flexibility, increase exercise stamina levels while developing a greater sense of self-esteem, hence the term… “Victory” in Martial Arts.
Martial Arts have been known to provide much needed stress relief, promote self-control, concentration, and boost the ability to remain calm under stress. ATA Martial Arts routines are even helping women keep their memory sharp on a day-to-day basis!
Cave Creek, Chandler, Mesa, Glendale, Arizona ATA Martial Arts facilities are the community martial arts experts that provide rigorous karate classes for women of all ages to develop their strength of body and mind.
It’s a fact! Women are breaking away from their traditional exercise routines such as gym workouts and finding balance, freedom and motivation at ATA Martial Arts. It’s time for you to experience the benefits of karate classes designed for women with the community Martial Art experts in Las Vegas and Henderson.
Adult Martial Arts Classes for Men
Martial Arts classes for men in Cave Creek, Chandler, Mesa, Glendale, Arizona is more then just kicking and punching. ATA Karate Classes create a stronger self awareness, enhanced confidence, greater focus, and a true Victory in Martial Arts for men of all ages.
In an adult class a karate student will train will practical concepts in a safe, clean and enjoyable facility, while incorporating life skills to de-stress from life’s everyday challenges. Las Vegas ATA Martial Arts and Henderson ATA Martial arts offers three location to serve our community. Learning a skill set that will stick with you for life, no matter what age, allowing you to gain the self confidence desired so that you can feel comfortable with confrontation in any real life situation.
As one of the top martial arts training facilities in the community our Martial Arts programs such as Karate for Kids, Taekwondo and MMA and Fitness is a key method of enhancing the body’s functions, including flexibility, coordination, and balance with strength and endurance. Yes! It relieves stress while having some fun as well as meeting new people. As an adult, you do not need to have prior training before you get into a Martial Arts class. ATA Martial Arts has a defined teaching curriculum designed to take each student to the peak of their performance while greatly enhancing their skills creating a personal “Martial Arts Victory”.
KRAV MAGA & MMA FITNESS
Krav Maga and ATA’s MMA and athletic training is combined to provide a diverse full body workout while incorporating real life scenario drills for self defense.
This class features a structured curriculum that is in continuous motion utilizing all levels of MMA and Krav Maga skills with self defense drills in a manner to enhance cardio-respiratory for your cardiovascular system. Krav Maga students don’t’ just perform blocks, punches, kicks and movements you would find at a gym to music or in the mirror, students train in an environment that is preparing them for real life conditions.
The Krav Maga & MMA Fitness in Cave Creek, Chandler, Mesa, Glendale, Arizona is a true Conditioning Program that specializes in a Total Body Workout that doesn’t feel like to boring fitness class you may have taken before. Krav Maga Conditioning Program brings a fresh experience and keeps each and every student motivated in class on a day to day basis.
With a strong dedication and commitment to the Krav Maga and MMA Fitness Training student, Krav Instructors teach a combination of strength training, combatives, flexibility skills, and workouts with our top notch academy training facility. There is a emphasize on muscular strength and cardiovascular endurance for Krav students in Henderson and Las Vegas while instilling the distinctive awareness and self defense techniques needed for street survival in our ever changing world.
Correct body alignment to maximize efficiency can be key, our team of professional instructors will work on refining Krav Maga technique through exciting repetition drills and training.
All levels of Krav Maga, MMA & Fitness from the beginner to the experienced can train at anyone of our three locations. Call today and don’t delay.
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"How do you collapse a theatre, restaurant, bar and club into a warehouse whilst maintaining all the performative characteristics of each individual type?" - Serie Architects
The Blue Frog Lounge in Mumbai is designed as a restaurant, bar and live music venue by Angle-Indian architects Serie.
The different sized cylindrical booths seat between 4 and 10 people and are arranged at various heights to stagger the eye levels of seated diners and standing customers, intended to afford uninterrupted views of the stage.The undulating booth structure is made from block board finished with mahogany and topped with back-lit 8mm acrylic sheets.
The primary challenge of the project was the construction of the cylindrical booths. We wanted to minimize the wall thickness of the cylindrical partitions of the booths to maximize the area of the back-lit acrylic resin surface. The only way to do this was to avoid a supporting frame, and rely on the wall thickness of the mahogany clad partition to provide structural strength and stiffness to the booths.
2019 Maximize conference in Atlanta, Colorado on Monday, September 23, 2019.
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Tonye Cole, Co-Founder and Chief Executive Officer, Sahara Group, Nigeria at the Annual Meeting 2017 of the World Economic Forum in Davos, January 19, 2017
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Sections of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) contain precision components for increasing the number of collisions this “atom smasher” can produce. In this section, a beam of relatively cool electrons comingles with and extracts heat from RHIC’s heavy ion beams. Keeping the ions cool keeps them tightly packed, maximizing the number of collisions when RHIC’s two ion beams cross. Read more...
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Dates have been a staple food of the Middle East and the Indus Valley for thousands of years. They are believed to have originated around Iraq, and have been cultivated since ancient times from Mesopotamia to prehistoric Egypt, possibly as early as 4000 BCE. The Ancient Egyptians used the fruits to make date wine, and ate them at harvest. There is archaeological evidence of date cultivation in eastern Arabia in 6000 BCE.
There is also archeological evidence of date cultivation in Mehrgarh around 7000 BCE, a Neolithic civilization in India now western Pakistan. Evidence of cultivation is continually found throughout later civilizations in the Indus Valley, including the Harappan period 2600 to 1900 BCE.
The Tokyo office of multinational recruitment specialists CDS, was an opportunity to maximize the value of their existing two-story premises and transform it into an efficient and modern workplace on the floor above with an attractive facility for meetings and interviews below.
The company’s globally diverse workforce challenged us to create a more collaborative work space straddling Western and Japanese office cultures. As is typical in Japan, staff work long hours at their desks, but they are highly engaged amongst their specialist teams. We challenged our client to break free the old cubicle culture by creating greater transparency to foster spontaneous communication, as well a diversity of relaxed work and meeting spaces. The central copy/meeting point fosters short team huddles; the generous window sofa area encourages casual meetings away from the desk, so as not to disturb working colleagues; and an attractive pantry and lounge blurs the boundary between breaks and productive meetings.
A feeling of openness and “buzz” was achieved by removing the stuffy suspended acoustical ceiling. Custom-made wooden lighting fixtures project light upward as well as downward, to reflect diffuse light off the exposed ceiling. A round central meeting room is comprised of an elegant timber frame supporting polycarbonate walls to enclose more sensitive internal meetings.
On the ground floor, a steady stream of candidates arrive for interviews well into the evening. As we worked closely with top management, assessing and mediating these diverse needs and flows through design became a central theme. Thirteen meeting rooms, some of which can be reconfigured into a 60-seat conferencing facility, offer a variety of meeting formats.
Visiting interviewees feel that their career is about to take-off as they walk around the circular “racing-strip” corridor surrounding the central “core” interview rooms.
name: Dawn Lagerstedt
school: Washington Elementary 4th and 5th Grade
town:Schiller Park
state: Illinois
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Another Rotundiary Illusion. This image contains two diametrically-opposed polar panoramas.
A rotunda (round room) in a full 360x360-degrees.
Concierge Desk
The Ritz-Carlton, Dove Mountain
13900 North Dove Mountain Boulevard
Marana, Arizona
**In the Beginning**
In 1926, Missourian Eugene Cayton arrived in Tucson to improve his health. He acquired what was then known as Ruelas Canyon in the Tortolita Mountains and established the T Bench Bar Ranch. "Cush" Cayton built for his wife, Inez, a stone house atop one of the smaller peaks. The stone house is still there on top of the hill overlooking Dove Mountain Boulevard near the eighth and ninth holes of the Gallery Golf Club. The Gallery Golf Club at Dove Mountain was developed by John MacMillan, majority owner of Palo Verde Partners and opened in 2003.
The Cayton’s ranched the land until 1984. In 1985 David Mehl’s Cottonwood Properties Inc. Acquired the 1,300 acres of desert land and thus began Mehl's vision of Dove Mountain as an upscale golf community. David Mehl and his late brother George founded Tucson-based Cottonwood Properties in 1972. Its purpose was to invest in and develop quality real estate in the Tucson, Arizona area. David Mehl graduated from the University of Arizona in 1972.
In the early 1980’s Cottonwood Properties was the master developer of the 790 acre Westin La Paloma resort community in the foothills of Tucson. The development consisted of the 487 room Westin La Paloma Resort & Hotel and the 27 hole Jack Nicklaus signature golf course. Cottonwood owned the hotel until 1988 when it sold the hotel to the Aoki Corp., the Japan-based construction company that owned Westin. Aoki spent $200 million to acquire 3 hotels - the Inter-Continental at Hilton Head Island in South Carolina, the Inter-Continental at Buckhead in Atlanta, and an equity interest in the Westin La Paloma.
**Pygmy Owl**
In March 1997 the Pygmy Owl was added to the list of endangered species under federal law. In 1999 the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service dealt a set-back to the development. Environmental protections for the ferruginous pygmy owl forced Cottonwood to scale back plans at Dove Mountain. The numbers of homes were scaled back from 13,000 to 6,500 and the numbers of proposed resorts were reduced to one from 3 or 4. Cottonwood also contributed several million dollars to a conservation fund managed by the federal agency.
In 1999 the Tucson Citizen quoted David Mehl ”By making density reductions, we are developing at a density compatible with the pygmy owl.. In areas where it’s not, then we’re offering to pay to make up for it.”
**The Development**
Cottonwood committed some twenty years of planning into making Dove Mountain a premiere golf resort community.
In the late 1990’s Cottonwood Properties partnered with Scottsdale-based Greenbrier Southwest Corp. and began planning a 500-room Hyatt resort hotel for Dove Mountain. The hotel was designed and the developers received a verbal commitment for the financing on Sept. 10, 2001. The next day, September 11, 2001, the world changed and the idea for the Hyatt Resort was shelved.
The principals of Greenbrier Southwest Corporation, Tim and Casey Bolinger, previously served with Woodbine Southwest Corporation in Phoenix from 1991-1998. They managed the planning, zoning, financing, development and marketing of the 730-acre Kierland master-planned community, including Kierland Commons and the Westin Kierland Resort.
Greenbrier Southwest developed a much smaller project – the Hidden Meadow Ranch in Greer, Arizona. Opened in 2002, the rustic ranch (transformed from a church youth camp) has 12 luxury cabins starting at $500 a night including meals.
In August 2007 a building permit was issued for a Ritz-Carlton resort and spa to be built in Dove Mountain in Marana. The building permit cost $309,643.10 and was applied for by Dove Mountain Hotel Co. LLC. Also, Tucson Water approved a water main extension, a 290,000-gallon reservoir and a booster station that would serve the proposed 250-room hotel.
The Ritz-Carlton, Dove Mountain and The Residences at The Ritz-Carlton, Dove Mountain were announced as the largest branded resort/residential community managed by the Ritz Carlton hotel company. The $160 million hotel will be the second Ritz-Carlton in Arizona, joining the The Ritz-Carlton, Phoenix.
The Ritz Carlton press release announced that HKS Hill Glazier Architects of Palo Alto, California will design the hotel as a low-rise, four story building embracing the feel of the desert southwest. The main building of adobe block, straw-flecked stucco, clay tile and native stone will include 226 guest rooms and suites. Separate buildings nearby will feature 24 individual casita rooms and suites.
In addition a $60-million Jack Nicklaus Signature Golf Course with 27-holes was planned for a late 2008 opening. The Ritz-Carlton Golf Club, Dove Mountain now hosts the World Golf Championships-Accenture Match Play Championship beginning in February 2009 (The PGA Tour has committed to The Ritz-Carlton, Dove Mountain through the 2013 event). When George and David Mehl hired Nicklaus in 1983 to design the Westin La Polama Golf Course, it was Nicklaus’s 26th golf course on his design resume. With Dove Mountain completed Nicklaus has designed over 200 golf courses around the world.
**Grand Opening**
The Ritz Carlton’s pre-opening General Manager – Michael McMahon - aims to have the resort become the first in the Tucson area to achieve AAA's highest rating of five diamonds. Previously McMahon was General Manager The Ritz-Carlton Golf Resort, Naples, Florida.
The hotel’s opening general manager was Allan Federer. In March 2011 Federer moved to the Ritz-Carlton Dubai as General Manager. Replacing Federer is Liam Doyle – who previously was general manager at the Sherbourne Dublin, Ireland and Hotel Manager at the Ritz-Carlton South Beach.
The Ritz-Carlton Grand Opening Press Release reported that Arizona Governor Jan Brewer was in attendance at the December 18, 2009 event. Speakers at the event included owner and developer David Mehl of Cottonwood Properties, senior vice president of operations for The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, L.L.C., Hank Biddle, and The Ritz-Carlton, Dove Mountain resort general manager, Allan Federer.
“This day is a landmark event not only for the town of Marana, but for the State of Arizona,” stated general manager Allan Federer. “Over twenty years ago, David and his brother George Mehl had a vision to build the finest resort in the country. All it took was the right partners and the perfect location. With the help of The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, L.L.C. and co-developer Greenbrier Southwest Corporation, it became a reality. Now the world has the opportunity to visit a place like no other, The Ritz-Carlton, Dove Mountain.”
Following the official ribbon-cutting seventy-two white doves were released symbolizing the property as the 72nd within The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, L.L.C. portfolio.
At full operation the hotel has 450 employees. It has 44,000 square feet of meeting space including a 9,000 square foot main ballroom.
The hotel’s opening Chef de Cuisine was Joel Harrington. Harrington previously was chef de cuisine of Fearing's at The Ritz-Carlton, Dallas. Harrington graduated from CIA in Hyde Park, NY and worked with Marcus Samuellson at Aquavit in NYC.
Replacing Harrington is Chef David Serus who previously served as Executive Sous-Chef of The Ritz-Carlton, Half Moon Bay and Executive Chef of The Ritz-Carlton, Washington, D.C. Serus’ role encompass all hotel culinary activities, including those at CORE Kitchen & Wine Bar, Cayton’s Restaurant, Ignite Lobby Lounge, Turquesa Latin Grill, To Go, In-Room Dining, banquets, and catering.
**Two Landmark 200 Year Old Saguaros**
When Wild Burro Canyon was selected for the perfect hotel site, where balcony views of the Tortolita Mountains would be maximized, it was discovered that two majestic Saguaros, each estimated to be close to 200 years old, would have been lost. This was unacceptable to ownership. After three more months of analysis, the final solution was to simply shift the whole facility 25 feet. Today, as hotel guests behold the box canyon views from Ignite or CORE Kitchen and Wine Bar, they enjoy these two landmark cacti, which rise majestically overhead and stand in testament to the preservation of the High Sonoran Desert. “These cacti are sacred and add to our sense of place,” said Allan Federer, general manager of The Ritz-Carlton, Dove Mountain. “Guests gaze in awe and wonder at the desert’s version of a redwood, adding to the memories they will have of this beautiful property.”
Photos and text compiled by Dick Johnson
richardlloydjohnson@hotmail.com
212-832-0098
March, 2012
www.1001gardens.org/2017/06/decorative-bird-houses-10-rul...
There are several ways to attract birds to their garden or balcony: feeding them in winter, providing them with water for drinking and bathing, planting favorable plants, not using chemicals, or installing a nest box. Many species need artificial nesting sites because their natural habitats are becoming poorer: dead hedgerows and trees disappear, facades of new buildings are smooth and hermetic, old piles of wood and rocks are eliminated, and Walls are destroyed.
Even if the installation of a nest box does not compensate for this heavy trend, it is a concrete gesture for our winged friends and a source of wonder for adults and children. In this article, we have selected ten important principles or "commandments" to maximize the chances that your birdhouse will be used and appreciated by birds.
1 - Choose The right model
The size of the entry hole allows you to select the hosts you wish to privilege (read the different types of nest boxes):
For blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus), black tits (Parus ater) and tits (Poecile palustris), the hole will have a diameter of 25 mm.
For the Great Tit (Parus major), Sparrow (Passer montanus) and Black Flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca), the diameter of the hole will be 28 mm.
It will reach 32 mm for the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) and the Nuthatch (Sitta europaea), and 45 mm for the Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris).
The shape is also important: if the chickadees, nuthatches or sparrows prefer the traditional nesting boxes, the familiar Red Robin (Erithacus rubecula) and the Blackbird (Turdus merula) prefer those with a large rectangular opening in the front and middle depths 100 mm).
The Gray Flycatcher (Muscicapa striata) needs a very shallow (60 mm) nest box in order to monitor the entry hole, while the Crested Troglodyte (Troglodytes troglodytes) is looking for a high nest box (140 mm ).
The interior of the nest should not be too smooth so that the young can grip and easily get out.
There are many types of ready-to-use nest boxes for different species in the market, but you can also build them yourself by associating your children. There are several plans available on the web, and do not forget that there are also nest boxes for bats!
2 - Fix it solidly
It is necessary to tie your nest box to a solid and stable support, thanks to one or to fixings which do not risk to rust or to alter with time (galvanized wire, sheathed electric wire, etc.). If you attach it to a living tree, be careful not to hurt it: do not use nails.
The growth of the tree will not be impeded by placing a piece of wood between the trunk and the wire.
3 - Choose a good material
The nest box must be solid, robust, made with boards at least 15 mm thick. Avoid treated wood (or use non-hazardous products): over time, it will take a duller shade that will help melt it into the environment.
The softest woods can, however, be treated with Sadolin, a product that is not very dangerous for birds: limit its application outside the nest box, avoiding the perimeter of the hole, and allowing it to dry well before installation.
Pressure impregnated wood should not be used with copper arsenate and chromium.
But the good nest boxes are not necessarily made of wood: for example, those of the company Schwegler are made of "wooden concrete", a mixture of cement and sawdust.
Do not have trim in the nest box (straw, moss ...), the birds will bring. However, for large species such as owls or peaks, a layer of sawdust or chips may be placed in the bottom.
4 - Choose a sheltered place
The place chosen should be quiet, rather far from a busy road or road. It is especially important to install the nest box in a place as sheltered as possible from the weather.
The orientations East, South-East or even Northeast are ideal. The nest box should not be exposed all day long to the sun or the permanent shade. Place it away from the prevailing winds, for example behind a bush, avoiding leaves from obstructing the entrance of the nest.
Be careful, the inside of the nest box must remain dry: it is necessary to ensure that the planks are well joined. It is advisable to lean it slightly forward to facilitate the flow of rain on the roof.
The nest box should not be on the trajectory of a trickle of water that would form after a downpour. You can drill a small exhaust hole at the floor to facilitate fluid evacuation.
Avoid wet locations (the presence of moss on trunks or rocks is an unfavorable index). Some birds such as red throats require that the nest box is relatively hidden, for example against a wall where ivy grows.
5 - Protecting it from predators
It is important to install the nest box away from predators (cats, squirrels ...): for example, you can place a wide mesh around the nest box, place spiny branches at the base of the stake or Trunk, plant a rosebush or fix a "stop-cat" around the trunk.
It must be placed at a height, ideally at least two meters from the ground, at least 1.50 meters. Place it preferably against a trunk rather than a branch.
Here are some recommended heights for several species:
Troglodyte cute (Troglodytes troglodytes): 1,5 meter - 4 meters
Family Robin (Erithacus rubecula): 1.5 meters - 5 meters
Song thrush (Turdus philomelos): 1.5 meters - 2 meters
Gray Wagtail (Motacilla alba): 1.5 meters - 2 meters
Treecreeper (Certhia brachydactyla): 1.5 meters - 5 meters
Blackbird (Turdus merula): 1.5 meters - 6 meters
Green Peak (Picus viridis): 2 meters - 6 meters
Black Redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros): 2 meters - 6 meters
Nuthatch (Sitta europaea): 2 meters - 6 meters
Creche falcon (Falco tinnunculus): 8 meters - 12 meters.
A metal plate placed around the entrance will prevent it from being enlarged by mammals.
For cats to not kill birds in the nest box by entering the leg, the depth should be at least 13 cm from the hole (for circular entry models). For shallow nests, such as those for robins or cockroaches, you can, for example, place a wire net around it.
Caution, predators should not get too close by a well-placed branch or a nearby wall. However, the presence of perches in the vicinity is important because the parents generally do not enter the hole directly.
6 - Install it at any time of the year
It is best to install your nest box in autumn or early winter: it will be spotted by birds before spring. Some species such as tits can settle very early (as of late winter), while others like winter troglodytes can spend the winter there.
It is actually possible to set up nest boxes all year round, including in April, May or June, even if those set up later will have less chance of being occupied before the following season. Installing nest boxes spread out over time allows you to target the species you prefer or not: for example, a nest box for Redstart with a white forehead placed before the end of April will prevent it from being occupied by sparrows or tits.
Some birds such as the Gray Flycatcher (Muscicapa striata) return late in their migration (late May), others nest several times during the year and some who have abandoned a nesting site will be delighted to find one available. Finally, your nest box will surely be spotted by birds visiting your garden and these will occupy it perhaps next spring.
The use of a nest can indeed take up to a year, do not lose patience! On the other hand, if a nest box is not occupied two years after its establishment, it is because the place is not suitable.
7 - Install a reasonable number
Avoid placing two nest boxes for the same species too close together; The distance of "safety" varies according to the species: at least 20 meters for tits and 70 meters for the White-fronted Redstart (Phoenicurus phoenicurus) and Nuthatch (Sitta europaea).
But you can install several nests of birds that do not compete directly with each other, like fruit-eating and frugivorous species.
For colonial species (sparrows, starlings, swallows), this question of minimum distance does not arise, of course. Nest boxes should be installed as far away as possible from feeders and bird baths.
8 - Limit your visits
Limit your visits. Use binoculars to look away from parents and young people without disturbing them. If you find chicks on the ground, pick them up and put them back in the birdhouse so they are safe.
9 - Clean it at the end of the season
The nest should be easily accessible to be cleaned at the end of the nesting season. Also, prefer models with a removable top for easy cleaning. In autumn, from September, empty the nest box, brush inside, clean it if necessary with water, dry it and apply a pest control product that is safe for birds.
For example, you can use thyme oil. The birds themselves use certain plants to keep pests away (read Some birds use their botanical knowledge to build their nests). Make sure that the boards are tight and that the tie is solid.
10 - Convince the others
Convince your friends, your acquaintances, your company, your association or your town hall to also install nest boxes. Natural cavities are increasingly scarce, and modern buildings offer fewer and fewer bird-friendly sites: you can help them!
What used to be office spaces on three floors of the Bureau of Fire Protection building have been converted into wards and
private rooms for patients. For now, the CCMC has only about one-third of the beds it used to contain. On some days, two to three newborn babies have to share a bed.
A Sandia team is collaborating with Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore national labs and Intel Federal LLC to optimize DRAM packages, pictured here and found in many consumer laptops, to increase compute platform performance.
Learn more at bit.ly/3H1R4Wv
Photo by Craig Fritz.