4689 Confederate Powder Works Chimney, 1717 Goodrich St., Augusta, Richmond, GA. April 19, 2011. Decimal degrees: 33.486746, -81.992356

"The Confederate States Powder Works"

"...the best powder in the world ..."

"Georgia Civil War Heritage Trails"

"When the conflict began in April 1861, leader on both sides were unprepared to wage a long war. The Confederacy's industrial capacity was especially lacking, and munitions of all types were scare. Initial stores of gunpowder were inadequate, and attempts to overcome these deficiencies by existing powder mills or blockade runners proved costly, unreliable, and dangerous. Confederate President Jefferson Davis assigned Colonel George Washington Rains the task of constructing and operating a gunpowder factory. Reaching for two miles along the banks of the Augusta Canal, the Confederate States Powder Works produced much for Confederate armies from April 1862 until the war's end three years later.

On July 20, 1861, Rains examined the old United States Arsenal site along the banks of the Augusta Canal, one-half mile from the western city limit of Augusta. According to Rains, " Augusta was selected, for several reasons: for its central position; for its canal transportation and water-power; for its railroad facilities; and for its security from attack-since the loss of the works would have been followed by disastrous consequences." But at first he was hampered by a lack of detailed plans or experienced personnel.

With assistance from powder maker Frederick Wright, engineer and architect C. Shaler Smith, and master mechanic William Pendleton, Rains oversaw construction, beginning on September 13, 1861. The Powder Works complex was designed for manufacturing efficiency and safety. Thirteen major brick buildings and nearly twenty wooden structures were arranged in order of manufacturing process. Raw materials entered at one end of the Powder Works and finished gunpowder exited the other. Granite from Georgia's Stone Mountain, five million locally produced bricks, and machinery from throughout the Confederacy were assembled. Most visually remarkable were the battlemented Refinery with its 153-foot-tall smokestack and the Laboratory with its unfinished clock tower.

Gunpowder production commenced on April 10, 1862, and continued almost uninterrupted until April 29, 1865. Working only during daylight and overcoming four explosions plus shortages of raw material and labor, the facility produced some three million pounds of the best quality gunpowder. Jefferson Davis later noted, "it is but a just tribute to say that, beginning without even instructed workmen, he [Colonel Rains] had before the close of the war made what, in the opinion of competent judges, has been pronounced to be the best powder mill in the world..."

The approach of Union Major General William T. Sherman's army in late November 1864 prompted Rains to consider moving at least some of the Powder Works machinery to safety. But Sherman bypassed Augusta while production continued to the end of the war. After the war the Powder Works declined into ruin. The city of Augusta acquired tracts of land from the federal government in 1871 and 1872. An enlargement of the canal, begun in 1872, compelled the razing of remaining Powder Works structures, with the exception of the Refinery smokestack. At the request of Rains, it was left standing as a monument to the fallen heroes of the Confederacy. "

Under first column photo:

"Colonel George Washington Rains, Courtesy of the Augusta Museum of History"

Under second column photo:

"View from the north, circa 1865, Courtesy of the Augusta Museum of History"

Under third column map

"The Confederate States Powder Works complex, Courtesy of Michael C. White"

iPlay V1

Our design had to be cheap to manufacture, with minimal manufacture processes and a low overall cost. Keeping this in mind I sketched my basic idea and then rendered it. After exporting the DXF files I lasercut them and had my first prototype.

There is an everlasting debate amongst gamers as to which console and controller is the best. I found that the PS3 controller was the most popular second being Xbox 360. The PS3 controller is symettrical unlike the Xbox controller and is so ergonomoic you can often forget you are holding it.

I illustrated the PS3 controller outline to kickstart the CAD process. My design consists of 3 layers of 5mm acrylic creating an iphone cavity depth of 10mm (iPhone 4 has a thickness of 9.3mm) and an overall thickness of 15mm. The structure would be held together with tight fit acrylic rods. I need to carry out test pieces on 2.99+-0.1mm radii to decide what are the best dimensions to use for these slots bearing in mind the lasercutter burns away material.

The whole in the bottom layer is so the device can be pushed out from the case after use.

V2

I asked some students to test the V1 prototype. They liked the product especially its simplicity. There were points that I could develop and improve.

Not all iPhone games auto orientate, hence it was essential I adapted my design so the phone could be rotated 180 degress. This would be easy by simply duplicating the button slots.

In addition to this there was no camera hole. If I were to introduce a camera holeto the design it would have to be duplicated 180 degrees to ensure photos could be taken no matter what orientation the iPhone was.

Taking this on board I designed and manufactured iPlay V2. Although acrylic rod would create a tight fit, 4 drops of dichloromethane would chemically weld the components together for a long lasting permanent fit. After this I used a buffing wheel to create round edges making the product more ergonomic to hold.

V3

Once again I asked some students for feedback on my prototype. They were impressed with how I addressed the previous issues. The only negative point raised was that it would not fit in your pocket. This was the next challenge I faced.

I considered hinging the lower two arms and making them lock into the back of the case. However this would make the design more complex and increase cost and manufacturing processes.

I moved the top pair of holes further up to better distribute the stress. I decided to split the product in half. My V3 model has alternating layers this creates cavities that allow it to be locked together together when not in use as photographed. This would easily fit in you pocket.

The problem the alternating layers created is a less ergonomic shape. Secondly there was nothing holding the two half together when placed on the phone.

In my V4 model I introduced a rubber band which kept the two half together when on the phone. It would also prevent one half form being lost. This created a new problem; the top half of the rubber band would not always line up as there was nothing guiding it. This was my next problem to solve.

V4

My final model would be made from acrylic but I was not going to buff it as that would add a manufacture process and would siginificanty increase the manufacture time. Since I was already using the laser cutter for cutting my components I thought I may aswell engrave some sort of graphics onto the top layer. I decided to remove the gaps in between the layers to make it better to hold and to remodel the rubberband tracks.

V5

I solved the problem of the inconvenient rubber band with two more locating rods on the top. These extra rods would keep the rubber band guided along the correct track. I made a MDF prototype to test my idea and it worked successfully even with coffee stirrers replicating the acrylic rod.

Satisfied with my idea I finally created an acrylic version. This required a bit more thought than previously as I had to accomodate for the thick rubber band. I decided to use 3mm acrylic instead of 5mm to create a thinner profile. This meant I needed a total of 5 layers to accomodate an iPhone 4.

Since I was already using a lasercutter and I wanted the product to appeal to gamers I decided to engrave some patterns. I was going to use a translucent coloured acrylic for the bottom layer and adjust the design so that it covers the camera and flash. This way the case will act as a camera filter and the flash/torch will produce coloured light.

Now that the product was split into halfs the individual components were so small that cutting a single iPlay V5 uses less than an A4 sized amount of 3mm acrylic (the 2D Design screenshot has an A3 page layout). This also meant that it would fit both an iPhone 4 & 5 as the rubber can stretch to accomodate for an iPhone 5. Apart from the height of the iPhone 5 the dimensions are very similair to those of the 4.

I am very pleased with the final product and getting through to the next stage with KFDS. If I were to develop the product further I would find a way to lock the two halves together when not on the phone. This could be done like a jigsaw puzzle or by manipulating the rods into a dowel joint.

Delvendahl Martin Architects’ installation for Moss Bross explores the possibilities of the windows by distorting the perception of depth and perspective as viewed from the street. This is achieved by using hundreds of cotton strings to stitch the edges of the window space to form a series of seemingly floating voids, where the three main strands of Moss Bros products arebe displayed. The material expression of the cotton strings recall the raw materials of garments, the loom-based manufacturing process of cloth, and the craftsmanship of the Moss Bespoke service.

Photography (c) Agnese Sanvito

Hunter XCI Foil product is used in the construction of the new commons building at University of Northwestern Ohio. XCI Foil is a high thermal, rigid building insulation composed of a closed cell polyiso foam core bonded on-line during the manufacturing process to an impermeable foil facing material. It is designed for use in commercial cavity wall applications to provide continuous insulation within the building envelope.

Hunter Xci polyiso products:

- Have the highest R-Value per inch of any insulation

- NFPA 285 TEST - Passed

- Energy Star approved

- Contribute toward LEED certification credits

- HCFC, CFC, zero ODP, and negligable GWP.

XCI Twitter: twitter.com/#!/HunterXCI

XCI Facebook: www.facebook.com/pages/Hunter-Xci-Exterior-Continuous-Ins...

View more: www.hunterxci.com/

Mascots with complex shapes and textures like Bobo can be replicated with high detail thanks to modern inflatable manufacturing processes.

Beautifully restored Panzer IV at the Deutches Panzermuseum in Munster, Germany.

The Panzerkampfwagen IV (Pz.Kpfw. IV), commonly known as the Panzer IV, is a German medium tank developed in the late 1930s and used extensively during the Second World War. Its ordnance inventory designation was Sd.Kfz. 161.

The Panzer IV was the most numerous German tank and the second-most numerous German fully tracked armored fighting vehicle of the Second World War; 8,553 Panzer IVs of all versions were built during World War II, only exceeded by the StuG III assault gun with 10,086 vehicles. Its chassis was also used as the base for many other fighting vehicles, including the Sturmgeschütz IV assault gun, the Jagdpanzer IV self-propelled anti-tank gun, the Wirbelwind and Ostwind self-propelled anti-aircraft gun, and the Brummbär self-propelled gun.

The Panzer IV saw service in all combat theatres involving Germany and was the only German tank to remain in continuous production throughout the war. It was originally designed for infantry support, while the similar Panzer III was to fight armored fighting vehicles. However, as the Germans faced the formidable T-34, the Panzer IV had more development potential, with a larger turret ring to mount more powerful guns, so it swapped roles with the Panzer III whose production wound down in 1943. The Panzer IV received various upgrades and design modifications, intended to counter new threats, extending its service life. Generally, these involved increasing the armor protection or upgrading the weapons, although during the last months of the war, with Germany's pressing need for rapid replacement of losses, design changes also included simplifications to speed up the manufacturing process.

The Panzer IV was partially succeeded by the Panther medium tank, which was introduced to counter the Soviet T-34, although it continued to be a significant component of German armored formations to the end of the war. It was the most widely exported tank in German service, with around 300 sold to Finland, Romania, Spain and Bulgaria. After the war, Syria procured Panzer IVs from France and Czechoslovakia, which saw combat in the 1967 Six-Day War.

Background: on left is a Tiger I E and on the right is a Panther A.

i was a little disturbed reading this part of our gas fireplace's manual. "When lit for the first time, the appliance will emit a slight odor for an hour or two. This is due to the "curing" of the logs and "burn-off" of internal paints and lubricants used in the manufacturing process."

By renowned architect James Salmon Jr. (Salmon, Son and Gillespie), 1904-7. Glasgow Style Art Nouveau. Tall, 8-storey commercial building with shop at ground floor. Reinforced concrete construction. Casement windows with small-pane glazing. 1st floor cill band. Sculpted panel between 1st and 2nd floors: THE LION CHAMBERS. Square canted section in southmost bay rising from 1st to 4th floor corbelled out on sculpted judges heads at 4th floor; wide semi-circular keyblocked window at 6th floor surmounted by pedimented gable. Canted corner bay slightly advanced over 4th floor and surmounted by octagonal cupola. Southern return: simple fenestration and pedimented gable. Return to Bath Lane: canted return bays with metal casements.

Built for lawyer/writer William George Black. This explains the sculpted judges heads. Black was well-established within the Glasgow Art Club and provided artists studios into his plans for the upper floors of the building. The building is the second reinforced concrete structure in Glasgow and amongst the first few in Britain.

The building was built using the Hennebique system by French Engineer, François Hennebique. This system involves reinforced concrete instead of steel frames, making the building fireproof. The Hennebique system was designed to strengthen concrete to make it withstand forces which damage concrete the most. This allows the walls to be extremely thin with a thickness of only 100mm. However, the Hennebique system does have negative attributes, including the complexity of the framework and moulding in the manufacturing process. The concrete can weather away easily, considerably in weather in the United Kingdom, which was one of the main reasons the Lion Chambers has had to be abandoned.

Sadly this important building is on the Buildings at Risk register listed “critical” with the owners, having been served with a Dangerous Building Notice, wanting to demolish it. Only it’s A-listed status saving it. Remedial repairs were estimated at £1-1.5 million back in 1991 when occupants of the building were evacuated following fears of collapse. Money has been raised to cover parts of the building with mesh after lumps were spotted falling off it.

Paul Ohodnicki, Kevin Byerly - Materials Processing & Power Electronics

NETL fabricates advanced prototype magnetic material components, including inductors, transformers, motors, and sensors, to support multiple NETL research areas in sensors, fuel cells, and electric grid modernization. This discussion will demonstrate varied fabrication equipment used for raw materials, such as amorphous metal ribbons fabricated by external partners and industry, to produce high-value components. Researchers are then able to test the components using specialized electromagnetic testing equipment in order to provide performance characteristics based on the real operating conditions. Further efforts to benchmark commercial magnetic core solutions against the lab's custom fabrication capabilities are continually investigated and reported on in the form of data sheets.

Materials Discovery & Development by Design for CO2 Capture and Advanced Sensors

Advanced energy systems require affordable cutting-edge materials than can withstand high-pressure, high-temperature, corrosive or otherwise harsh service environments. In this laboratory the development of novel, cost effective materials and devices for use in sensing of fossil energy systems to provide cleaner usage and production of fossil fuels will be discussed. The lab places an emphasis on new sensor material technologies integrated with advanced sensing device platforms to allow for operation under harsh environments and enhanced sensor device functionality. Embedded sensors are under development for applications such as monitoring of CO2 migration and groundwater impacts for CO2 sequestration, corrosion monitoring in wellbores and natural gas pipelines, and in situ process control in high-temperature power generation systems such as Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs), gas turbines, and combustion systems. The laboratory capabilities are also relevant for other high priority emerging needs within DOE including the Grid Modernization Laboratory Consortium as well as process monitoring and control for advanced manufacturing processes.

Changyeong Jeong, PhD Candidate in Electrical and Computer Engineering, handles an ultrathin Ag film based OLED inside Professor Jay Guo’s lab at 3537 G.G. Brown on North Campus in Ann Arbor MI on May 5, 2021.

Guo’s group is systematically improving the light power distribution in OLEDs by removing the waveguide mode and optimizing the organic stacks and the ultrathin AG anode. This simple yet effective method leads to significantly enhanced performance of the external quantum efficiency of the OLED.

Jeong and Guo’s solution is not only simple in process but also can achieve high throughput and low cost with excellent compatibility with the large-scale manufacturing process in the display industry. In principle, the modal elimination approach introduced in this work could be extended to other solid-state light emitting diodes (LEDs) such as perovskites, quantum-dots, or III-V based LEDs since all of which are susceptible to the issue of light trapping as waveguide mode.

Photo: Robert Coelius/University of Michigan Engineering, Communications & Marketing

John Allison is William F. Hosford Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Michigan and a National Academy of Engineering member.

His major research interest is in understanding the inter-relationships between processing, alloying, microstructure and properties in metallic materials – and in incorporating this knowledge into computational tools for use in research, education and engineering. An important part of his research is development of Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) tools – and thus collaborations with other computational and experimental groups are an essential element of my work. Central to my research are investigations on the evolution of microstructures - current examples include precipitate evolution, recrystallization and grain growth and texture development in magnesium, aluminum and titanium alloys. He is also interested in mechanical behavior of these materials, with an emphasis on development of mechanistic and phenomenological understanding of the influence of microstructure on properties such as strength, ductility and fatigue resistance.

Allison comes to the University from Ford Motor Company, where he was a senior technical leader in the Research and Advanced Engineering organization. Over the twenty seven years of his tenure at Ford, he led teams developing integrated computational materials engineering, or ICME, methods. He helped develop advanced computer software that simulates manufacturing processes and predicts the influence of the manufacturing process on material properties. The output of these models is then coupled with product performance models to predict how manufactured components will behave during service.

July 11, 2023.

Photo by Marcin Szczepanski/Lead Multimedia Storyteller, Michigan Engineering

In spring 1917, the British Royal Flying Corps introduced the Sopwith Triplane, a three-winged version of the earlier Sopwith Pup fighter. The “Tripe” was only built in limited numbers, but it was issued to elite pilots, such as the famous “Black Flight” of the Royal Naval Air Service—commanded by ace Raymond Collishaw, the Black Flight’s five Triplanes shot down 87 German aircraft in three months.

The German Luftstreitskrafte reacted with shock. To this point, the Germans had usually enjoyed a qualitative advantage over the Allies in the air with their Albatros D.IIIs The Triplane could operate higher and was faster than German fighters, which gave their British and Canadian adversaries the advantage in a dogfight. Germany embarked on a crash program to field their own triplanes, with 37 manufacturers all producing prototypes. The best by far, however, was Fokker’s Dreidekker I, abbreviated Dr.I. After a short period of testing of prototypes, two pre-production aircraft were built and sent to the Western Front for evaluation. Both were given to exceptional pilots—Manfred von Richthofen and Werner Voss. Richthofen, testing the Dr.I in combat for the first time in September 1917, promptly shot down two aircraft and proclaimed the Dr.I a superb aircraft, if tricky to fly. If there was any doubt of its lethality, it was removed on 23 September, when Voss engaged nine British SE.5s of 56 Squadron, all of which were flown by British aces with more than ten victories apiece. Though Voss was killed, his skill and the Dr.I’s manueverability held off nine British aces for ten minutes. Fokker immediately received a production order for 300 Dr.Is.

In combat, the Dr.I was not as fast as the Albatros, but it had a higher rate of climb and phenomenal manueverability—the design was slightly unstable, but an experienced pilot could use its high lift, light controls, and the torque of the engine to make snap rolls to the right almost within the length of the aircraft. It required an experienced pilot, especially on landing, where the torque of the engine and the wings also had a tendency to ground-loop the aircraft. This could be fatal, because the position of the two Spandau machine guns extending into the cockpit could cause a crash-landing pilot to hurtle forward into the gun butts, face-first. The Oberursel engine had a tendency to fall off in power at higher altitudes due to poor lubrication. By far, however, the worst drawback of the Dr.I was its tendency towards wing failures, which were initially believed due to poor workmanship by Fokker. It would be not until after the war that it was learned that the very triple-winged design of the Dreidekker was the problem: the top wing exerted more lift than the bottom two, with the result that the top wing would literally lift itself away from the rest of the aircraft. While it was possible to still fly with the missing top wing, the Dr.I would not fly for long and the pilot would have to make a high-speed landing in an aircraft notorious for crash landings.

Though the Dr.I was issued to two Jasta wings, including von Richthofen’s, in 1917-1918, it was never very popular with the majority of German pilots, and the production of the superb Fokker D.VII, which started about the same time, meant that the Luftstreitskrafte already had a fighter that was faster and more durable than the Dr.I, if not quite as manueverable. A few German aces still preferred the Dr.I, namely von Richthofen—because of the Dreidekker was good at something, it was attacking from ambush. A skilled ace could quickly gain altitude over an unsuspecting enemy, dive down, attack, and then use the kinetic energy built in the dive to zoom back to position, or manuever out of trouble with a quick right roll. Von Richthofen would score his last 20 (out of 80) kills in the Dr.I.

Following the end of World War I, nearly all of Germany’s fighters were purposely burned, either by their own pilots or by the Allies. By World War II, only one Dr.I was known to exist, one of von Richthofen’s aircraft, preserved in a museum in Berlin; the museum was flattened in an Allied bombing raid in 1944. Today, only scattered pieces of original Dr.Is exist. However, the simple manufacturing process of World War I fighters meant that reproductions could easily be built, and several dozen Dr.I replicas continue to fly today.

This is (of course) a Dr.I flyable replica, painted in the colors of Leutnant Josef Jacobs of Jasta 22. Jacobs would become the fourth highest-scoring German ace of World War I (tied with Werner Voss) with 48 kills, and was also the highest scoring Dr.I ace--though Richthofen had twice as many victories, the majority of the "Red Baron's" kills were made in the Albatros. Jacobs survived the war and World War II--the latter an achievement in and of itself, as he opposed the Nazi Party. He died in 1978, one of the last of the World War I aces to pass away.

The replica isn't quite finished painting yet, as Jacobs' personal emblem of a fire-breathing angel is not on the fuselage yet, nor are the German markings quite done. This was an unexpected find: my friend and I had stopped by the CAF Arizona Wing's headquarters in Mesa to see their F4F Wildcat. The Wildcat was gone to Hawaii for the 75th anniversary of V-J Day, but seeing the Dr.I more than made up for it.

Part of modding your car is making it look good, and looks weren't really a concern when the engineers were designing your ride. It's easy to see that when you open up the hood and it easily looks like a rat's nest. Password knows that looks on the outside don't mean squat if you can't show off what's under the hood. The Password:JDM dry carbon fiber fuse box over-cover for the 2013+ Subaru BRZ / Scion FR-S adheres to your stock fuse box cover and will help clean up the look of your engine bay making your engine stand out, while adding a much needed accent to the scene. Like all of our dry carbon fiber parts that we manufacture, this piece has been precision crafted for a perfect fit and requires no tools or modifications to install. We also use a fade-resistant resin during the manufacturing process which ensures that the part will look as fresh as it did and function as well as the day you bought it.

Note:The Password:JDM Dry Carbon Fiber Fuse Box Over Cover fits over the factory part and is adhered with double side tape.

Features include:

- Perfect dry carbon fitment with structural integrity

- high-heat, fade resistant resin fabrication process

- Extreme lightweight to strength ratio

- Made in the USA

- Badass looks for your BRZ or FR-S engine bay!

Hunter XCI Foil product is used in the construction of the new commons building at University of Northwestern Ohio. XCI Foil is a high thermal, rigid building insulation composed of a closed cell polyiso foam core bonded on-line during the manufacturing process to an impermeable foil facing material. It is designed for use in commercial cavity wall applications to provide continuous insulation within the building envelope.

Hunter Xci polyiso products:

- Have the highest R-Value per inch of any insulation

- NFPA 285 TEST - Passed

- Energy Star approved

- Contribute toward LEED certification credits

- HCFC, CFC, zero ODP, and negligable GWP.

XCI Twitter: twitter.com/#!/HunterXCI

XCI Facebook: www.facebook.com/pages/Hunter-Xci-Exterior-Continuous-Ins...

View more: www.hunterxci.com/

iPlay V1

Our design had to be cheap to manufacture, with minimal manufacture processes and a low overall cost. Keeping this in mind I sketched my basic idea and then rendered it. After exporting the DXF files I lasercut them and had my first prototype.

There is an everlasting debate amongst gamers as to which console and controller is the best. I found that the PS3 controller was the most popular second being Xbox 360. The PS3 controller is symettrical unlike the Xbox controller and is so ergonomoic you can often forget you are holding it.

I illustrated the PS3 controller outline to kickstart the CAD process. My design consists of 3 layers of 5mm acrylic creating an iphone cavity depth of 10mm (iPhone 4 has a thickness of 9.3mm) and an overall thickness of 15mm. The structure would be held together with tight fit acrylic rods. I need to carry out test pieces on 2.99+-0.1mm radii to decide what are the best dimensions to use for these slots bearing in mind the lasercutter burns away material.

The whole in the bottom layer is so the device can be pushed out from the case after use.

V2

I asked some students to test the V1 prototype. They liked the product especially its simplicity. There were points that I could develop and improve.

Not all iPhone games auto orientate, hence it was essential I adapted my design so the phone could be rotated 180 degress. This would be easy by simply duplicating the button slots.

In addition to this there was no camera hole. If I were to introduce a camera holeto the design it would have to be duplicated 180 degrees to ensure photos could be taken no matter what orientation the iPhone was.

Taking this on board I designed and manufactured iPlay V2. Although acrylic rod would create a tight fit, 4 drops of dichloromethane would chemically weld the components together for a long lasting permanent fit. After this I used a buffing wheel to create round edges making the product more ergonomic to hold.

V3

Once again I asked some students for feedback on my prototype. They were impressed with how I addressed the previous issues. The only negative point raised was that it would not fit in your pocket. This was the next challenge I faced.

I considered hinging the lower two arms and making them lock into the back of the case. However this would make the design more complex and increase cost and manufacturing processes.

I moved the top pair of holes further up to better distribute the stress. I decided to split the product in half. My V3 model has alternating layers this creates cavities that allow it to be locked together together when not in use as photographed. This would easily fit in you pocket.

The problem the alternating layers created is a less ergonomic shape. Secondly there was nothing holding the two half together when placed on the phone.

In my V4 model I introduced a rubber band which kept the two half together when on the phone. It would also prevent one half form being lost. This created a new problem; the top half of the rubber band would not always line up as there was nothing guiding it. This was my next problem to solve.

V4

My final model would be made from acrylic but I was not going to buff it as that would add a manufacture process and would siginificanty increase the manufacture time. Since I was already using the laser cutter for cutting my components I thought I may aswell engrave some sort of graphics onto the top layer. I decided to remove the gaps in between the layers to make it better to hold and to remodel the rubberband tracks.

V5

I solved the problem of the inconvenient rubber band with two more locating rods on the top. These extra rods would keep the rubber band guided along the correct track. I made a MDF prototype to test my idea and it worked successfully even with coffee stirrers replicating the acrylic rod.

Satisfied with my idea I finally created an acrylic version. This required a bit more thought than previously as I had to accomodate for the thick rubber band. I decided to use 3mm acrylic instead of 5mm to create a thinner profile. This meant I needed a total of 5 layers to accomodate an iPhone 4.

Since I was already using a lasercutter and I wanted the product to appeal to gamers I decided to engrave some patterns. I was going to use a translucent coloured acrylic for the bottom layer and adjust the design so that it covers the camera and flash. This way the case will act as a camera filter and the flash/torch will produce coloured light.

Now that the product was split into halfs the individual components were so small that cutting a single iPlay V5 uses less than an A4 sized amount of 3mm acrylic (the 2D Design screenshot has an A3 page layout). This also meant that it would fit both an iPhone 4 & 5 as the rubber can stretch to accomodate for an iPhone 5. Apart from the height of the iPhone 5 the dimensions are very similair to those of the 4.

I am very pleased with the final product and getting through to the next stage with KFDS. If I were to develop the product further I would find a way to lock the two halves together when not on the phone. This could be done like a jigsaw puzzle or by manipulating the rods into a dowel joint.

Minton Tiles

The richly patterned and colored Minton tile floors are one of the most striking features of the extensions of the United States Capitol. They were first installed in 1856, when Thomas U. Walter was engaged in the design and construction of vast additions to the Capitol (1851-1865). For the floors in his extensions, Walter chose encaustic tile for its beauty, durability and sophistication.

•Artist: Minton, Hollins and Company

•Date: Installed in 1856

One striking example of the contrast between the interiors of the Old Capitol (finished in 1826) and the extensions (begun in 1851) may be seen in the differences in flooring materials. In the Old Capitol, stone pavers were used in corridors and other public spaces, such as the Rotunda and Crypt, while brick was used to floor committee rooms and offices. These materials, although durable and fireproof, would have looked plain and old-fashioned to the Victorian eye. In the mid-19th century, encaustic tile flooring was considered the most suitable and beautiful material for high-traffic areas. Unlike ordinary glazed tile, the pattern in encaustic tile is made of colored clays inlaid or imbedded in the clay ground. Because the color is part of the fabric of the encaustic tile, it will retain its beauty after years of wear. One observer noted:

“The indestructibility of tiles may be judged from the fact that the excavations at Pompeii have unearthed apartments where painted tiles are just as beautiful, the colors as fresh and bright as... when the fated city was in all its glory.”

Two types of tile were used at the U.S. Capitol: plain and inlaid encaustic tiles in a range of colors. Plain tiles were used as borders for the elaborate inlaid designs or to pave large corridor areas. They were available in seven colors: buff, red, black, drab, chocolate, light blue and white. Additional colors, such as cobalt blue, blue-gray, and light and dark green, appear in the inlaid encaustic tiles that form the elaborate centerpieces and architectural borders. They were made by “filling indentations in the unburnt tile with the desired colors and burning the whole together.”

The patterns and designs formed in the inlaid tiles were limited only by taste and imagination. They include geometric patterns such as the Greek key, guilloche, and basket weave; floral designs such as the fleur-de-lis; and figures such as dolphins and classical heads. Few of the patterns are repeated. Although most of the tiles are six-by-six-inch squares, some are round, triangular or pie-shaped. Approximately 1,000 different tile patterns are used in the corridors of the Capitol alone, and up to 100 different tiles may be needed to create a single design.

The original encaustic tiles in the Capitol extensions were manufactured at Stoke-upon-Trent in Staffordshire, England, by Minton, Hollins and Company. The firm’s patented tiles had won numerous gold medals at international exhibitions and were considered the best tiles made. In 1876, having seen Minton’s large display at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, one critic wrote, “Messr. Minton shone superior to all exhibits of the sort… and may be cited as showing the highest results in tile-pottery achieved by modern skill and research.”

Beginning in 1856, and continuing for five years, the tile was installed by the import firm of Miller and Coates of New York City. For the journey from New York to Washington, the tiles were packed in wooden casks weighing about 1100 pounds; each cask contained enough tiles to pave about 100 square feet. The cost of the tile ranged from $0.68 to $2.03 per square foot.

Thomas U. Walter had every reason to believe that the encaustic tile floors would last as long as his extensions stood. One visitor noted in 1859 that the tile floors vied with the beauty of marble and surpassed it in durability. While perhaps valid for other installations, however, this prediction proved overly optimistic for the Capitol Building. By 1924, the Minton tile was removed from the corridors in the first and second floors of the House Wing and replaced by “marble tile in patterns of a simple order.” In that day, marble was selected for its superior durability and because suitable replacement tile was difficult to find.

In the 1970s, however, a similar condition prompted a very different response. In 1972, a search was undertaken to determine a source of similar tiles in order to restore the original appearance of the building. Inquiries were made of all major American tile manufacturers, the American Ceramic Tile Manufacturers Association, and even Mexican and Spanish tile suppliers. Although the colors and designs could be reproduced relatively easily, the patterns would quickly wear because they would be applied to the surface. The “inlaid” feature of the encaustic tiles, i.e., the approximately 1/8-inch thickness of the pattern and color, is the characteristic that enables the Minton tiles to be walked upon for over 100 years without signs of wear. It was this technique that formed the basic difficulty of manufacture.

Finally, as a result of the Capitol’s needs becoming generally known, the Architect of the Capitol was placed in contact with H & R Johnson Tiles Ltd., located at Stoke-on-Trent, England. It was discovered that that firm was a successor company to the Minton Tile Co. and had even retained many of the original hand tools and forms in a private museum at the company’s manufacturing site.

Contact was then made with Mr. James Ellis, the Directing Architect of Ancient Monuments and Historic Buildings for the Crown. He had been trying for many years to establish a program for the replacement of the worn Minton tiles at the Houses of Parliament but had more or less given up the attempt because of H & R Johnson’s continued unwillingness to revive the encaustic tile process. However, the restoration work at the Arts and Industries Building of the Smithsonian Institution was in process at about the time the needs of the Capitol became known; it thus appeared that a market for such tiles was developing to the degree that the manufacturer began to reconsider its prior position. The company thus began the experiments that finally led to the present availability, after many decades, of the original Minton-type tiles.

Because the tiles in the Capitol are more decorative and have more complicated designs and color combinations than those in either the Houses of Parliament or the Smithsonian, those institutions were able to obtain replacement tiles sooner than the Capitol. The lessons learned in the manufacture of the simpler tiles served as a basis for filling the later needs.

Color photographs and full-sized drawings of the many required patterns were made and recorded, and many developmental submissions were made as the hand-made manufacturing process was re-developed. Finally, in 1986, the first acceptable tiles were delivered. The installation process was accomplished with modern cement adhesives and has yielded excellent results.

The program enabled the original tiles to be replaced with exact replicas. This project began on the first floor of the Senate wing, where the effects of 130 years of wear and tear were most noticeable. Replacement tile was closely scrutinized to ensure fidelity to the nineteenth-century originals. While difficult and slow, this process is the only fitting response to the history of the Capitol extensions, not only to restore the original beauty and elegance of these unique floors, but also to provide for their continuing attractiveness for the foreseeable future.

Xci Class A is an exterior wall insulation panel composed of a Class A rigid polyisocyanurate foam core laminated during the manufacturing process to embossed foil facers.

Hunter Xci polyiso products:

- Have the highest R-Value per inch of any insulation

- NFPA 285 TEST - Passed

- Energy Star approved

- Contribute toward LEED certification credits

- HCFC, CFC, zero ODP, and negligable GWP.

Project Contractor: Caslor Masonary

Sold Through: Thermal Foams

XCI Twitter: twitter.com/#!/HunterXCI

XCI Facebook: www.facebook.com/pages/Hunter-Xci-Exterior-Continuous-Ins...

View more: www.hunterxci.com/

​At Sense Organics, we believe the clothing of babies and children should be cuddly, soft and kind to their skin. That's why we only use 100% organic cotton​ in our clothing ranges. ​Find out more about why buying organic for your kids just make sense. Visit ​www.sense-organics.com

​We're proud to make clothing for our little ones that’s stylish, organic and fair trade — and for the past twenty years, we’ve been making organic baby and children's clothes affordable to all.

All our sustainable baby clothes start with 100% organic cotton and are certified fair trade. We avoid the harsh chemicals used in the traditional cotton manufacturing process and our organic baby and children's clothes are snuggly and soft. They’ll look and feel wonderful on the skin of your little bundle of joy!

JCC received a grant award through the Western New York Regional Economic Development Council’s Consolidated Funding Application to offer the Machinist Training Program which features classroom and hands-on training and consists of a mixture of college credit and non-credit classes spread over 12 months. Training for the manufacturing environment includes drafting, shop math, CNC machining, teamwork, and lean manufacturing processes.

This photograph, taken in the Hawthorn Leslie yard, Hebburn shows the Fabrication Shed - South Bay looking west, 1954.

Reference: 2931-43-08

This image is taken from an album produced by the world famous shipbuilding and engineering firm of Hawthorn Leslie. The album gives us a fascinating glimpse of life at the company's shipyard at Hebburn from the late 1930s to the 1960s. There are remarkable images of the men at work in the yard and a poignant series showing the terrible damage caused during the Second World War to HMS Kelly, one of Hawthorn Leslie's best loved ships.

This particular collection of images follows the Birth and ultimate Death of a ship. From the craft and pride in its production and the joy in its performance, to the devastation and price of its destruction.

A blog about this fascinating collection can been viewed here on the Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums website.

(Copyright) We're happy for you to share these digital images within the spirit of The Commons. Please cite 'Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums' when reusing. Certain restrictions on high quality reproductions and commercial use of the original physical version apply though; if you're unsure please email archives@twmuseums.org.uk

The video captures Albion's Bradbury Line cold roll-forming manufacturing process. The West Bromwich facility houses Albion Sections' state of the art Bradbury line which was exported from the USA. Fitted in 2006, this £1million investment allows custom roll forming and an instant changeover. It can manufacture Sigma Purlins, Zed Purlin, Steel Purlins, Eaves Beams, Cee Sections, Mezzanine Floor channels, Side Rails, and Structural Steel Framing (SFS) - Stud and Track from S390 and S450 yield strength steel. Albion now supports numerous Steel Construction Markets, such as portal frames, steel framing and Modular Construction both for off site and on site assembly. Albion Sections are a part of the Sebden Steel Group.

At the Cup Noodles Museum, you can learn the secret of cup noodle and even have the opportunity to make one-of-a-kind ramen yourself.

Japanese food company Nissin operates this unique museum for Ramen.

The museum shows the 40 year product history as well as the founder, Mr. Ando Momofuku's creativity, by exhibiting 3,000 kinds of cup noodle packages.

They also recreate Mr. Ando Momofuku's humble research facility.

At "My Cup Noodle Factory," you can make your own cup noodle out of 5,460 soup base / topping combinations.

There is also "Cup Noodles Park", a playground for kids where they can experience the manufacturing process of Cup Noodle.

There is a "Chicken Ramen Factory" where you can make Chicken Ramen by hand, starting with kneading, spreading, and steaming the wheat flour and then drying it with the hot oil drying method. After experiencing the process that led to the invention of the world's first instant ramen, you can take your freshly made ramen with you and enjoy its delicious taste at home.

And of course you can enjoy global varieties of noodles in the contemporarily designed museum restaurant!

The existing Freeport Community Center & a historic Edward B. Mallett house has been joined by a spacious addition to provide new social services offices, thrift store, teen center, coffee bar & multi-funtion community room. Not only was there a goal to preserve history landmarks....but to obtain serious energy savings!

Hunter XCI Foil product is used in the construction of the renovation & addition of the Freeport Community Center.. XCI Foil is a high thermal, rigid building insulation composed of a closed cell polyiso foam core bonded on-line during the manufacturing process to an impermeable foil facing material. It is designed for use in commercial cavity wall applications to provide continuous insulation within the building envelope.

Hunter Xci polyiso products:

- Have the highest R-Value per inch of any insulation

- NFPA 285 TEST - Passed

- Energy Star approved

- Contribute toward LEED certification credits

- HCFC, CFC, zero ODP, and negligable GWP.

Construction by: Warren Construction

XCI Twitter: twitter.com/#!/HunterXCI

XCI Facebook: www.facebook.com/pages/Hunter-Xci-Exterior-Continuous-Ins...

View more: www.hunterxci.com/

A beautiful Prim Sport "Igen" 38 being serviced in the watch restoration and assembly room at Prim.

On September 26, 2008 my family and I were privileged to spend the day in the beautiful town of Nové Mesto nad Metují in the east of the Czech Republic, close to the Polish border. Our host was Mr. Jan Prokop, Marketing Director (and principal designer) at the ELTON hodinárská, a.s. - the manufacturers of fine bespoke Prim wristwatches.

Mr. Prokop collected us from our hotel in Prague, drove us to Nové Mesto nad Metují and back (a round trip of three hours), presented their current product range, guided us through their interesting museum, and led us on a tour of the full manufacturing operation at Prim. This was a fantastic opportunity, and we got to see everything from the manufacturing of cases, dials, hesatite crystals and hands through to the final assembly process. We also saw great examples of their bespoke manufacturing capability as well as their top class restoration service. Mr Prokop ended a fine day with a meal and good local beer in a restaurant on the old town square.

Six weeks after our visit I sent my prized Prim Sport "Igen" 38 (produced in the 60's and early-70's) to ELTON where it is currently being restored and modernised to my specification, as well as being personalised. I can't wait to get it back - my first bespoke wristwatch and an heirloom to pass on to my son!

Although obviously sensitive about certain parts of their operation, Mr. Prokop graciously allowed me to take many photographs during our visit, and here they are for your viewing pleasure. As you will see, these are truly hand-made watches that combine both leading edge design and manufacturing processes and age-old processes and technologies. It is this progressive traditionalism and craftsmanship that gives these unique timepieces their individual character...and I love them!

Element of SME’s Fundamental Manufacturing Processes Video Series, this system focuses on grinding and how it is employed to shape and finish high precision workpieces produced from metals and nonmetals.

Read more about Grinding

(Posted by a Precision Machining China Manufacturer)

DUMBO, Brooklyn

Features: Nineteen bays on Bridge Street, nine bays on Water Street, and nine bays on Front Street; large segmental-arch openings separated by brick piers; end bays on Bridge Street narrower than other bays; building reflects slight slope of site, with the basement only partially above sidewalk level on Front Street rising to a full story on Water Street; multi-pane metal windows with operable awnings; iron tie rods; corbelled cornice; pedestrian entrance in westernmost bays on Front Street and Water Street; bluestone stairs at pedestrian entrance on Water Street; three fire escapes on Bridge Street.

Significant alterations: Two corner bays on Front Street partially filled in and converted into loading docks on first floor; eighth bay on Water Street partially filled in and converted into vehicular entrance.

History: The western portion of this block was home to the Union White Lead Works (later the National Lead Company) which began purchasing property on the block as early as 1837. The lead company’s property was sold to James and John H. Hanan in 1893. Although already occupied by a factory, James Hanan and his son John chose to demolish the existing buildings and replace it with a new factory for the manufacturing of shoes. Hanan initially announced construction of a seven-story structure; he actually built a five-story factory. Even before purchasing the DUMBO property, James Hanan was a resident of Brooklyn, living in a large mansion at 45 Eighth Avenue (demolished) in Park Slope. James Hanan (1819-1897) was born in Ireland and learned the shoe trade from his father. In 1849 he moved to America and in 1854 established a small shoemaking business in New York City. In about 1865, his son, John Henry Hanan (1849-1920), entered his father’s firm, and in 1882 the company became Hanan & Son.

The Hanan Company was among the first to stamp the firm’s name on every shoe, a daring idea at a time when most people still sought shoes handmade by the dealer. The firm was successful and in 1888 Hanan began opening retail stores to sell the factory’s product directly to consumers.

In 1894, the company had stores in New York, Brooklyn, Boston, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Milwaukee, New Haven, Buffalo, Chicago, and St. Paul. By 1914 the firm had thirteen retail stores in the United States and Europe (apparently in London and Paris).

Shoe manufacturing was a major industry in Brooklyn in the late nineteenth century, with 65 factories doing a combined business of $2,300,000 in 1894; one-third of that business was done at the Hanan factory. The manufacture of a pair of shoes began on the upper floor of the factory where thin leather uppers were cut from patterns; women then stitched the uppers together on sewing machines; boys then took the uppers and smoothed the seams. The uppers were then moved to the third floor where lasters worked. The uppers were tacked to lasts and leather attached to the last mold to create the form of the bottom of the shoe. The bottom and upper were sewn together and then the shoes proceed to men who inserted the insoles, largely by machine. Then glue was placed on the insole and another employee added the heavy sole, again by machine. The shoes now moved sown to the next floor where heels were nailed on by machine and where soles and heels were trimmed. Finally the shoes moved to the lower floor where they were washed, cleaned, and boxed. On this lower floor, machines also stamped out the soles. The company’s offices were on the first floor facing Front Street.

In 1894, when the description of the manufacturing process was written, there were between three and four hundred employees in the factory, although the article notes that there was capacity for 600 people. In 1913 the company employed 1,131 people in its Brooklyn factory (871 men,210 women, and 50 office workers). John Hanan also owned shoe companies in other cities and served as president of the National Boot and Shoe Manufacturers’ Association. He was also the founder of the United Shoe Machinery Corporation, which manufactured machines for use in show factories. After John Hanan’s death, the firm was taken over by his sons Herbert Wilmer Hanan (1872-1933) and Addison Garthwaite Hanan (1876-1923) and grandson Robert Wilmer Hanan (1903-1933). The company went bankrupt in 1935. Old signs extant on the building in 2000 recorded some of the complex’s later occupants: Starlite Lamp Shade Company, Fashion Decor Lamp Shade Company, Washington Garter Corporation, National Leather Manufacturing Company, Gotham Furniture Frame Company, Modern Box Company, Star Fastener Company, Embassy Archives Center, Melcon Design Company, Shaw Television Corporation, Deluxe Novelty Company (DLX Industries), and Latex Specialties.

The simple brick facade, articulated by large segmental openings, simple brick piers, and corbelled cornice, marks 54 Bridge Street as a significant example of transition from the American Round Arch style to the daylight factory. This, together with its slow-burning mill construction, makes it representative of American factory architecture of this period and contributes to the architectural and historical character of the DUMBO Historic District. Built in 1893, during a major period of development when manufacturers such as Hanan & Son were making DUMBO into one of the city’s most important industrial neighborhoods, the structure contributes to the district through its architecture, structure, and the fact that its owners played a significant role in the area’s history.

- From the 2007 NYCLPC Historic District Designation Report

Part of modding your car is making it look good, and looks weren't really a concern when the engineers were designing your ride. It's easy to see that when you open up the hood and it easily looks like a rat's nest. Password knows that looks on the outside don't mean squat if you can't show off what's under the hood. The Password:JDM dry carbon fiber fuse box over-cover for the 2013+ Subaru BRZ / Scion FR-S adheres to your stock fuse box cover and will help clean up the look of your engine bay making your engine stand out, while adding a much needed accent to the scene. Like all of our dry carbon fiber parts that we manufacture, this piece has been precision crafted for a perfect fit and requires no tools or modifications to install. We also use a fade-resistant resin during the manufacturing process which ensures that the part will look as fresh as it did and function as well as the day you bought it.

Note:The Password:JDM Dry Carbon Fiber Fuse Box Over Cover fits over the factory part and is adhered with double side tape.

Features include:

- Perfect dry carbon fitment with structural integrity

- high-heat, fade resistant resin fabrication process

- Extreme lightweight to strength ratio

- Made in the USA

- Badass looks for your BRZ or FR-S engine bay!

austin, texas

1977

motorola semiconductor plant

part of an archival project, featuring the photographs of nick dewolf

© the Nick DeWolf Foundation

Image-use requests are welcome via flickrmail or nickdewolfphotoarchive [at] gmail [dot] com

An ultrathin Ag film based OLED inside Professor Jay Guo’s lab at 3537 G.G. Brown on North Campus in Ann Arbor MI on May 5, 2021.

Guo’s group is systematically improving the light power distribution in OLEDs by removing the waveguide mode and optimizing the organic stacks and the ultrathin AG anode. This simple yet effective method leads to significantly enhanced performance of the external quantum efficiency of the OLED.

Guo’s solution is not only simple in process but also can achieve high throughput and low cost with excellent compatibility with the large-scale manufacturing process in the display industry. In principle, the modal elimination approach introduced in this work could be extended to other solid-state light emitting diodes (LEDs) such as perovskites, quantum-dots, or III-V based LEDs since all of which are susceptible to the issue of light trapping as waveguide mode.

Photo: Robert Coelius/University of Michigan Engineering, Communications & Marketing

Ever wondered how your flu vaccine is made? Look no further. This infographic illustrates the most common way that flu vaccines are made using an egg-based manufacturing process that has been in existence for more than 70 years. For more: www.ifpma.org

#Thankyou 4 #free #xmas #coffee @waitrose #N13 ☕ #jody #thisislondon #enfield on @TfL #bus 😙 #noedit #biglove #haveagreatday 👍 making #insulated #paper #cups + #lids is a #manufacturing process whose #machines = #engineering 🔧#imkissing #imwearing @rimmel #takethestage #lipstick + #kiss by #aphotoangel + #nails #colour choice in #albanian #shqip by me #fingernails in #gelec or #shellac by #heenabeauty #greenlanes #woodgreen #shoppingcity 💅 (at Enfield Chase)

Detroit’s Packard Motors Plant is a massive factory complex designed by Albert Kahn and built by Henry Joy in 1907. Work areas around the main buildings were completed in 1911. Kahn’s industrial designs stood out for meeting modern requirements for mass manufacturing processes. Reinforced concrete structures were essential for fire resistance and load bearing capacity for heavy machinery required for making cars. Ford’s Highland Park Plant, and the Fisher 21 Body Plant share similar design and functional elements.

From the early 1920’s influential car companies such as Ford, Studebaker, EMF, Hudson, Hupp, Pierce Arrow, General Motors and Continental Motors had operating plants in Detroit. Many plants were located near the railways which would transport finished cars throughout the US domestic market. The Great Depression of the 1930’s destroyed many of these companies as they were forced to merge with other companies or go bankrupt.

Packard also made fighter engines for the allies in World War II. In spite lucrative military contracts, Packard and many other companies could not recover from the previous decade, and faded away into history. Packard Motors famous promotional tagline was “Packard ask a man who owns one”. To this day Packard cars have a rabid following, however the factory that made them has not been protected by heritage status.

This trip turned out to be the final expedition at the Packard Plant. Numerous fires and recycling of building materials severely damaged the structural integrity of the site. Restoration of this historic industrial facility seems unlikely.

wrolandhamilton.com/category/silentbuildings/

Never patented and widely held secret for many years, this technology—which was developed largely over a 10 year period—permitted the real time detection of process machine components which were contributing to the reduction of transmission SRL properties. With literally hundreds of machine components in a single process line, this technology permitted immediate identification and remediation of worn or improperly adjusted machines and machine components. By doing so, scrap levels were dramatically reduced, and the production and inventorying of "off spec" product was also greatly reduced. It permitted the establishment of higher industry standards which were all but impossible to economically produce by existing producers and potential start-ups. The technology started development in the early 1970s with ultra low frequency analog techniques, but the advent of lower cost computer technology led to CommScope applying single channel, digital, FFT process analysis from time to the frequency domain. By the early- to mid-1980s, CommScope had developed its own proprietary equipment for multichannel (50 ch) supervision of the factory. www.commscope.com/top-40-innovations/

Once there was a time when shoe-making was a manual work, but as the technology augmented every hour, the process of it also changed tremendously. There have been introduced now a colossal variety of machines consisting of Footwear Moulds and Footwear Dies as the prominent pieces of machinery.

Visit Webpage: www.gpbrothers.com/

austin, texas

1977

motorola semiconductor plant

part of an archival project, featuring the photographs of nick dewolf

© the Nick DeWolf Foundation

Image-use requests are welcome via flickrmail or nickdewolfphotoarchive [at] gmail [dot] com

This is a transformer from a desktop computer. It transforms electrical energy into magnetic energy, then back into electrical energy again. Because its operation depends on electromagnetic induction between two stationary coils and a magnetic flux of changing magnitude and "polarity," transformers are necessarily AC devices.

Both coils of wire can be seen here with copper-colored varnish insulation. The top coil (primary winding) is larger than the bottom coil (secondary winding), having a greater number of "turns" around the core. In transformers, the inductor coils are often referred to as windings, in reference to the manufacturing process where wire is wound around the core material. The powered inductor of a transformer is called the primary winding, while the unpowered coil is called the secondary winding.

Since the secondary winding has about 100 times as many turns as the primary winding, the secondary voltage can also be about 100 times greater than the induced primary voltage. The current flow establishes a magnetic field around the windings. The field is intensified by the solid iron core.

Transformer dynamics is a complex subject. What is important to understand is this: when an AC voltage is applied to the primary coil, it creates a magnetic flux in the core, which induces AC voltage in the secondary coil in-phase with the source voltage. Any current drawn through the secondary coil to power a load induces a corresponding current in the primary coil, drawing current from the source.

Sources:

electricianeducation.com/theory/electric_transformers.htm

www.cdxetextbook.com/electrical/ignition/conBreakIg/windi...

austin, texas

1977

motorola semiconductor plant

part of an archival project, featuring the photographs of nick dewolf

© the Nick DeWolf Foundation

Image-use requests are welcome via flickrmail or nickdewolfphotoarchive [at] gmail [dot] com

austin, texas

1977

motorola semiconductor plant

part of an archival project, featuring the photographs of nick dewolf

© the Nick DeWolf Foundation

Image-use requests are welcome via flickrmail or nickdewolfphotoarchive [at] gmail [dot] com

The existing Freeport Community Center & a historic Edward B. Mallett house has been joined by a spacious addition to provide new social services offices, thrift store, teen center, coffee bar & multi-funtion community room. Not only was there a goal to preserve history landmarks....but to obtain serious energy savings!

Hunter XCI Foil product is used in the construction of the renovation & addition of the Freeport Community Center.. XCI Foil is a high thermal, rigid building insulation composed of a closed cell polyiso foam core bonded on-line during the manufacturing process to an impermeable foil facing material. It is designed for use in commercial cavity wall applications to provide continuous insulation within the building envelope.

Hunter Xci polyiso products:

- Have the highest R-Value per inch of any insulation

- NFPA 285 TEST - Passed

- Energy Star approved

- Contribute toward LEED certification credits

- HCFC, CFC, zero ODP, and negligable GWP.

Construction by: Warren Construction

XCI Twitter: twitter.com/#!/HunterXCI

XCI Facebook: www.facebook.com/pages/Hunter-Xci-Exterior-Continuous-Ins...

View more: www.hunterxci.com/

austin, texas

1977

motorola semiconductor plant

part of an archival project, featuring the photographs of nick dewolf

© the Nick DeWolf Foundation

Image-use requests are welcome via flickrmail or nickdewolfphotoarchive [at] gmail [dot] com

austin, texas

1977

motorola semiconductor plant

part of an archival project, featuring the photographs of nick dewolf

© the Nick DeWolf Foundation

Image-use requests are welcome via flickrmail or nickdewolfphotoarchive [at] gmail [dot] com

The Japanese made some of the best matchlock arquebuses, partially because they took the time to refine the manufacturing process to a craft. In Europe, in contrast, arquebuses were quickly rendered obsolete in favor of flitlock muskets.

The Segno Iroko Wood Arm Chair, by Emuamericas, is a unique arm chair that is a perfect blend of steel and wood. Founded and operating out of Italy, the house ofEmuamericasis well known internationally for their high quality designs and innovative manufacturing processes.

austin, texas

1977

motorola semiconductor plant

part of an archival project, featuring the photographs of nick dewolf

© the Nick DeWolf Foundation

Image-use requests are welcome via flickrmail or nickdewolfphotoarchive [at] gmail [dot] com

Io Aircraft - www.ioaircraft.com

Drew Blair

www.linkedin.com/in/drew-b-25485312/

io aircraft, phantom express, phantom works, boeing phantom works, lockheed skunk works, hypersonic weapon, hypersonic missile, scramjet missile, scramjet engineering, scramjet physics, boost glide, tactical glide vehicle, Boeing XS-1, htv, Air-Launched Rapid Response Weapon, (ARRW), hypersonic tactical vehicle, hypersonic plane, hypersonic aircraft, space plane, scramjet, turbine based combined cycle, ramjet, dual mode ramjet, darpa, onr, navair, afrl, air force research lab, defense science, missile defense agency, aerospike,

Advanced Additive Manufacturing for Hypersonic Aircraft

Utilizing new methods of fabrication and construction, make it possible to use additive manufacturing, dramatically reducing the time and costs of producing hypersonic platforms from missiles, aircraft, and space capable craft. Instead of aircraft being produced in piece, then bolted together; small platforms can be produced as a single unit and large platforms can be produces in large section and mated without bolting. These techniques include using exotic materials and advanced assembly processes, with an end result of streamlining the production costs and time for hypersonic aircraft; reducing months of assembly to weeks. Overall, this process greatly reduced the cost for producing hypersonic platforms. Even to such an extent that a Hellfire missile costs apx $100,000 but by utilizing our technologies, replacing it with a Mach 8-10 hypersonic missile of our physics/engineering and that missile would cost roughly $75,000 each delivered.

Materials used for these manufacturing processes are not disclosed, but overall, provides a foundation for extremely high stresses and thermodynamics, ideal for hypersonic platforms. This specific methodology and materials applications is many decades ahead of all known programs. Even to the extend of normalized space flight and re-entry, without concern of thermodynamic failure.

*Note, most entities that are experimenting with additive manufacturing for hypersonic aircraft, this makes it mainstream and standardized processes, which also applies for mass production.

What would normally be measured in years and perhaps a decade to go from drawing board to test flights, is reduced to singular months and ready for production within a year maximum.

Unified Turbine Based Combined Cycle (U-TBCC)

To date, the closest that NASA and industry have achieved for turbine based aircraft to fly at hypersonic velocities is by mounting a turbine into an aircraft and sharing the inlet with a scramjet or rocket based motor. Reaction Engines Sabre is not able to achieve hypersonic velocities and can only transition into a non air breathing rocket for beyond Mach 4.5

However, utilizing Unified Turbine Based Combine Cycle also known as U-TBCC, the two separate platforms are able to share a common inlet and the dual mode ramjet/scramjet is contained within the engine itself, which allows for a much smaller airframe footprint, thus engingeers are able to then design much higher performance aerial platforms for hypersonic flight, including the ability for constructing true single stage to orbit aircraft by utilizing a modification/version that allows for transition to outside atmosphere propulsion without any other propulsion platforms within the aircraft. By transitioning and developing aircraft to use Unified Turbine Based Combined Cycle, this propulsion system opens up new options to replace that airframe deficit for increased fuel capacity and/or payload.

Enhanced Dynamic Cavitation

Dramatically Increasing the efficiency of fuel air mixture for combustion processes at hypersonic velocities within scramjet propulsion platforms. The aspects of these processes are non disclosable.

Dynamic Scramjet Ignition Processes

For optimal scramjet ignition, a process known as Self Start is sought after, but in many cases if the platform becomes out of attitude, the scramjet will ignite. We have already solved this problem which as a result, a scramjet propulsion system can ignite at lower velocities, high velocities, at optimal attitude or not optimal attitude. It doesn't matter, it will ignite anyways at the proper point for maximum thrust capabilities at hypersonic velocities.

Hydrogen vs Kerosene Fuel Sources

Kerosene is an easy fuel to work with, and most western nations developing scramjet platforms use Kerosene for that fact. However, while kerosene has better thermal properties then Hydrogen, Hydrogen is a far superior fuel source in scramjet propulsion flight, do it having a much higher efficiency capability. Because of this aspect, in conjunction with our developments, it allows for a MUCH increased fuel to air mixture, combustion, thrust; and ability for higher speeds; instead of very low hypersonic velocities in the Mach 5-6 range. Instead, Mach 8-10 range, while we have begun developing hypersonic capabilities to exceed 15 in atmosphere within less then 5 years.

Conforming High Pressure Tank Technology for CNG and H2.

As most know in hypersonics, Hydrogen is a superior fuel source, but due to the storage abilities, can only be stored in cylinders thus much less fuel supply. Not anymore, we developed conforming high pressure storage technology for use in aerospace, automotive sectors, maritime, etc; which means any overall shape required for 8,000+ PSI CNG or Hydrogen. For hypersonic platforms, this means the ability to store a much larger volume of hydrogen vs cylinders.

As an example, X-43 flown by Nasa which flew at Mach 9.97. The fuel source was Hydrogen, which is extremely more volatile and combustible then kerosene (JP-7), via a cylinder in the main body. If it had used our technology, that entire section of the airframe would had been an 8,000 PSI H2 tank, which would had yielded 5-6 times the capacity. While the X-43 flew 11 seconds under power at Mach 9.97, at 6 times the fuel capacity would had yielded apx 66 seconds of fuel under power at Mach 9.97. If it had flew slower, around Mach 6, same principles applied would had yielded apx 500 seconds of fuel supply under power (slower speeds required less energy to maintain).

Enhanced Fuel Mixture During Shock Train Interaction

Normally, fuel injection is conducted at the correct insertion point within the shock train for maximum burn/combustion. Our methodologies differ, since almost half the fuel injection is conducted PRE shock train within the isolator, so at the point of isolator injection the fuel enhances the combustion process, which then requires less fuel injection to reach the same level of thrust capabilities.

Improved Bow Shock Interaction

Smoother interaction at hypersonic velocities and mitigating heat/stresses for beyond Mach 6 thermodynamics, which extraordinarily improves Type 3, 4, and 5 shock interaction.

6,000+ Fahrenheit Thermal Resistance

To date, the maximum thermal resistance was tested at AFRL in the spring of 2018, which resulted in a 3,200F thermal resistance for a short duration. This technology, allows for normalized hypersonic thermal resistance of 3,000-3,500F sustained, and up to 6,500F resistance for short endurance, ie 90 seconds or less. 10-20 minute resistance estimate approximately 4,500F +/- 200F.

*** This technology advancement also applies to Aerospike rocket engines, in which it is common for Aerospike's to exceed 4,500-5,000F temperatures, which results in the melting of the reversed bell housing. That melting no longer ocurrs, providing for stable combustion to ocurr for the entire flight envelope

Scramjet Propulsion Side Wall Cooling

With old technologies, side wall cooling is required for hypersonic flight and scramjet propulsion systems, otherwise the isolator and combustion regions of a scramjet would melt, even using advanced ablatives and ceramics, due to their inability to cope with very high temperatures. Using technology we have developed for very high thermodynamics and high stresses, side wall cooling is no longer required, thus removing that variable from the design process and focusing on improved ignition processes and increasing net thrust values.

Lower Threshold for Hypersonic Ignition

Active and adaptive flight dynamics, resulting in the ability for scramjet ignition at a much lower velocity, ie within ramjet envelope, between Mach 2-4, and seamless transition from supersonic to hypersonic flight, ie supersonic ramjet (scramjet). This active and dynamic aspect, has a wide variety of parameters for many flight dynamics, velocities, and altitudes; which means platforms no longer need to be engineered for specific altitude ranges or preset velocities, but those parameters can then be selected during launch configuration and are able to adapt actively in flight.

Dramatically Improved Maneuvering Capabilities at Hypersonic Velocities

Hypersonic vehicles, like their less technologically advanced brethren, use large actuator and the developers hope those controls surfaces do not disintegrate in flight. In reality, it is like rolling the dice, they may or may not survive, hence another reason why the attempt to keep velocities to Mach 6 or below. We have shrunken down control actuators while almost doubling torque and response capabilities specifically for hypersonic dynamics and extreme stresses involved, which makes it possible for maximum input authority for Mach 10 and beyond.

Paradigm Shift in Control Surface Methodologies, Increasing Control Authority (Internal Mechanical Applications)

To date, most control surfaces for hypersonic missile platforms still use fins, similar to lower speed conventional missiles, and some using ducted fins. This is mostly due to lack of comprehension of hypersonic velocities in their own favor. Instead, the body itself incorporates those control surfaces, greatly enhancing the airframe strength, opening up more space for hardware and fuel capacity; while simultaneously enhancing the platforms maneuvering capabilities.

A scramjet missile can then fly like conventional missile platforms, and not straight and level at high altitudes, losing velocity on it's decent trajectory to target. Another added benefit to this aspect, is the ability to extend range greatly, so if anyone elses hypersonic missile platform were developed for 400 mile range, falling out of the sky due to lack of glide capabilities; our platforms can easily reach 600+ miles, with minimal glide deceleration.

We are happy to present you with the first limited edition of TypeTogether t-shirts, featuring symbols from Wolfgang Homola’s Soleil typeface. These striking t-shirts are made from 100% fair-trade organic cotton, using a low carbon-footprint manufacturing process. Check out our website for further information about sizes, colours, prices and shipping.

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austin, texas

1977

motorola semiconductor plant

(partial / end of roll)

part of an archival project, featuring the photographs of nick dewolf

© the Nick DeWolf Foundation

Image-use requests are welcome via flickrmail or nickdewolfphotoarchive [at] gmail [dot] com

The existing Freeport Community Center & a historic Edward B. Mallett house has been joined by a spacious addition to provide new social services offices, thrift store, teen center, coffee bar & multi-funtion community room. Not only was there a goal to preserve history landmarks....but to obtain serious energy savings!

Hunter XCI Foil product is used in the construction of the renovation & addition of the Freeport Community Center.. XCI Foil is a high thermal, rigid building insulation composed of a closed cell polyiso foam core bonded on-line during the manufacturing process to an impermeable foil facing material. It is designed for use in commercial cavity wall applications to provide continuous insulation within the building envelope.

Hunter Xci polyiso products:

- Have the highest R-Value per inch of any insulation

- NFPA 285 TEST - Passed

- Energy Star approved

- Contribute toward LEED certification credits

- HCFC, CFC, zero ODP, and negligable GWP.

Construction by: Warren Construction

XCI Twitter: twitter.com/#!/HunterXCI

XCI Facebook: www.facebook.com/pages/Hunter-Xci-Exterior-Continuous-Ins...

View more: www.hunterxci.com/