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Postmarked October 21, 1908.
From www.oocities.org/unionparkdbq/history.html
Like many parks of the time, Union Park began as a trolley park -- a way for electric companies to encourage people to use their services. It officially opened as Stewart Park in April 1891 in a 75-foot-deep valley northwest of Dubuque known as Horseshoe Hollow. "Stewart" was the last name of the man whose farmland was purchased to create the park. It was quite simple that first spring, with hills, streams, and old miners' huts being the highlights, but improvements were scheduled to begin immediately. Such improvements included a dance pavilion, refreshment booth, bowling alleys, employee housing, and a smaller pavilion for private parties. Despite these additions, the first nine years were rather shaky as the park changed hands several times.
It was in 1900 that Stewart Park changed ownership yet again and was renamed Union Park by L. D. Mathes, the man chosen as the new Park Manager. Mathes dedicated his time to creating a new image for the park, and improvements abounded: newer trolley tracks were laid, modern lighting was installed, dirt paths became paved, a new dance hall (The Pavilion) was constructed, and the once simple platform where riders would step on and off the trollies became an elaborate waiting station/depot. This entrance area became known as The Loop, as the single track would split (the trolley would go to the right), form a circle whose far end was the waiting station, and then re-join itself. The Loop was at the east end of the park -- the lower end of the valley.
A rustic bandstand was built in 1905, and two years later a more elaborate one was constructed farther up the valley. The new bandstand (henceforth known as the Rustic Bandstand) was complete with a plaza and semi-circle of benches. In 1908, additional land was purchased to the west end of the park and a children's playground was erected. Mathes tried to make this area extra special with slides, swings, a carousel (the small kind you climb on at playgounds), sandboxes, and other fun amusements. A pavilion for picnics and parties was also constructed near the playground. It was this pavilion that would later adopt a somewhat macabre moniker for its involvement in the sad events surrounding the flood in 1919.
In addition to the children's playground, a roller coaster was also built in 1908. It appears from the picture in Boge's book that this ride was a side-friction coaster in the classic figure-eight design. During the same year, work was done on a cave ("Wonder Cave") that had been discovered on the land some years back. Hardened walkways (including steps and small bridges) and lights were installed inside the cave.
A year later, in 1909, the plaza in front of the the Rustic Bandstand was taken down and the largest theater in Iowa was built. Known as Mammoth Theatre, this huge structure stretched from one side of the valley to the other side, dividing the park in two. There were 1,500 opera-style seats inside, followed by benches, plus room for thousands more to see the show for free on the hill outside. You see, the back wall (on the north side of the valley) was open, so those passing by on the hill could see right in.
From www.skytourszipline.com/union-park/
Union Park: Historical Overview.
The idea of Union Park began more than 120 years ago in the mind’s eye of Dubuque citizen William G. Stewart. Stewart’s generosity and vision for the land were essential for the concept to become reality. In the years following his initial land gift to the city, other individuals and companies would become part of the production and play large and varying roles.
A timeline of the major actions and events relating to Union Park follows:
1890. William G. Stewart donated several acres of farmland to the city with hopes of creating a place where Dubuque families could have outings.
March 6, 1891. The Dubuque Electric Railway Light and Power Company, known locally as the Allen and Swiney Motor Line Company, purchased an additional forty acres of land from Stewart’s farm. The company’s goal was to publicize the use of electricity through a means of transportation they used around the city: trolleys. They hoped their idea of a park at the end of their trolley line would give them the needed publicity. For purposes of their ultimate goal, it met with limited success.
April 26, 1891. The park officially opened. A fee of 10¢ delivered the first visitors by trolley to the then-named Stewart Park, snuggled in Horseshoe Hollow. [The return trip cost 15¢.]
May 11, 1893. Money soon became an impossible obstacle for the park's owners. Unable to operate a trolley line and a park, Allen and Swiney sold out to the Old Colony Trust Company.
July 7, 1899. As a result of a series of legal actions, the ownership of the property became part of the General Electric Company. General Electric reorganized the local firm into the Home Electric Company that sold out to Union Electric Company. A park manager was hired. The park was renamed Union Park, after the new company owner.
1900. A cave was discovered. In years to come, a casual walk through the cave offered some momentary respite from steamy August days. The cave was modernized in 1908 with the addition of a walkway and electric lights.
1904. Dirt trails and paths were replaced with cement sidewalks (image at left) that ran from the loading platform to all the buildings. The construction of a new dance hall, known as The Pavilion, was a major event. Visitors to the park were also impressed when the loading platform, little more than a dock, was replaced by an elaborate shelter (image at lower right) that protected visitors from inclement weather.
1905. A unique bandstand made of gnarled tree branches was constructed.
1907. A second bandstand of the same design was built farther into the valley with hundreds of benches nearby. Grand concerts from this bandstand were held on a regular basis each week. [Newspaper accounts from the time tell of the bands and orchestras being paid from $2,500 to $5,000 weekly. The bandstand was also the setting for many high school and college graduations.]
1908. More land was purchased; a children's playground was developed that offered a variety of equipment including slides, swings and carousels. A wooden roller coaster was constructed.
1909. The Mammoth Theater (image at left), advertised as the largest in the West, was built. Costing Union Electric $30,000 to construct, the Mammoth Theater stretched from one hillside to the other dividing the park into two parts. Anticipating large crowds, 1,500 opera chairs were installed. The theater, designed carefully for excellent acoustics, was open at one end, allowing an additional 5,000 people to see and hear (at no charge) the musical programs. [Seating inside the theater: Depending on the program and time of day, sitting in the opera seats cost audience members ten to fifteen cents; benches set up behind the opera seats cost five to ten cents.]
1910. A children's wading pool was added. (See image at right.) [It was modeled after, and constructed as a miniature of, the internationally known wading pool in Chicago's Ogdon Park.]
1911 to 1919. Park use flourished. In 1916 Union Electric Company assets were sold to the Dubuque Electric Company, but continued attention to beautifying the area led the park to remain one of eastern Iowa's most popular and enchanting settings.
July 9, 1919. Weather predictions called for possible thunderstorms on this Wednesday afternoon, but usual summer activities were continued as planned. The first drops of rain in the afternoon quickly turned into a downpour. Picnickers, still feeling secure, ran for nearby shelter, unaware that the cloudburst had created a wall of water that soon tore into the park. The Mammoth Theater, which stretched across the valley, inadvertently served as a dam, blocking the water’s dispersion and making the flood worse. Concrete sidewalks were ripped up by the fury of the torrent. The massive wall of water demolished the merry-go-round and backed up behind the theater to a height estimated to be twenty feet before pushing on downhill. According to the National Weather Bureau, 3.87 inches of rain fell that afternoon, most in less than a two-hour period. Five people died that day at Union Park, and an estimated $15,000 in damage was done.
July 13, 1919. Although none of the debris had yet been removed, Union Park reopened to the public. Visitors were given the opportunity to view the massive damage done by the floodwaters. Plans were developed and rebuilding efforts began immediately.
July 26, 1923. A dance pavilion was rebuilt using the floor from the Mammoth Theater. This ballroom was advertised as the largest in Iowa.
Later in 1923. A 50-foot-by-150-foot Olympic-sized swimming pool, said to be able to hold 2,000 bathers, was constructed to attract residents back to the park. The popular Pavilion was converted into a roller-rink.
Despite best attempts to rekindle interest in Union Park, those efforts failed as attendance remained low. Of concern to Dubuque Electric Company, the park owners at the time, was the appearance of automobiles in Dubuque. Vehicles permitted Dubuque residents, once confined to Dubuque and its attractions, to travel outside the city. Union Park also suffered from the opening, in 1907, of Eagle Point Park, a 133-acre public park and recreation area overlooking the Zebulon Pike Lock and Dam (Lock and Dam No. 11) on the Mississippi River.
April 27, 1927. Dubuque Electric Company sold out to Interstate Power Company.
1934. Interstate Power Company announced that Union Park would close.
1935. Park buildings were dismantled. Union Park's dance hall was reassembled (as the popular Melody Mill) on Sageville Road near the intersection of Highway 52/Northwest Arterial/John F. Kennedy Road. For safety, the cave entrance was blasted shut. Wood from the roller coaster was made into a barn.
September 5, 1946. The YMCA and the Boy Scouts purchased the land; cabins were constructed on the hillsides, along with a mess hall, swimming pool, stables, and bathrooms. [Soon after the completion of the project, the Scouts chose to erect their own campgrounds, leaving the YMCA with the 100-acre Union Park property.]
Early 2010. The Dubuque Community Y began discussing the possibility of expanding the land use of Union Park with a zipline tour.
May 2011. Construction of the Sky Tours Zipline was completed; guides were trained and certified; and the zipline was opened to the public for business.
The Pools
Bulldog -- Said by the manager to have the strongest and most varied mineral content. Drinking the water can help internally. Popular for most ailments including sports injuries, bruises, sprains, and torn ligaments.
Baby -- Often very hot, a pool that is beneficial for most conditions.
Tanemahuta -- Named after a Maori deity, this pool with mild temperatures is said to be good for burns, and for general relaxation.
Doctor -- A hot pool good for aches, sore muscles, arthritis, rheumatism, and, when not too hot, for pregnant women.
Solomon -- Best for skin conditions such as dermatitis, eczema, and rashes. Also good for arthritis, rheumatism, and general relaxation.
Kotahitanga -- This pool has a mineral content similar to the Bulldog.
Favourite -- The best pool for easing chest congestion, if it's not too hot.
Waikato -- A pool with mild temperatures good for relaxing. It is also good for skin problems.
Seven unmarked, newer pools are together in another section. Three are cold, one is very hot, and three tend to be pleasantly hot. The cold pools offer the great advantage of hot-cold hydrotherapy.
Hot water stimulates blood and lymph flow bringing it to the surface of the skin along with deep biochemical impurities. This helps the liver, colon, pancreas, kidneys, and other glands and organs flush out these impurities. This also helps the body absorb the healthful trace minerals found in the pool water.
The cold water then drives the blood and lymph deeply into organs, glands, and cells along with immunity factors that fight disease and stimulate health. These factors include antibodies, lymphocytes, leukocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, killer T cells, etc., that destroy or eliminate cancer cells, bacteria, microbes, viruses, parasites, toxins, heavy metals, etc., and help restore normal body chemistry. (Then with a good diet, regular exercise, and proper relaxation, the body will avoid disease and not age as rapidly.)
Alternate between hot and cold pools and finish with perhaps only half a minute in a cold pool to close one's pores.
The Theatre Royal is a historic theatre, a Grade I listed building situated on Grey Street in Newcastle upon Tyne.
History
The theatre was designed by local architects John and Benjamin Green as part of Richard Grainger's grand design for the centre of Newcastle, and was opened on 20 February 1837 with a performance of The Merchant of Venice. One of the first managers here was Thomas Ternan who employed his wife, Frances Ternan as the main actress.
The shareholders of the Proprietors' Committee appointed lessees to manage and programme the theatre. The longest running individual lessee, before Ltd companies, was Edward D. Davis from 1845 to 1870 during which in 1867 the interior was redesigned by architect Charles J. Phipps.[3] William Glover and George Francis, both of the Theatre Royal, Glasgow took over from 1871 to 1878; to be followed by Charles Bernard of the Gaiety Theatre, Glasgow until 1882. James Howard and Fred Wyndham of Edinburgh and Glasgow became lessees from 1883 to 1887. Due to their intention, carried out, of also leasing the Tyne Theatre and Opera House, the shareholder committee did not renew their lease of the Royal.
Instead, Robert Arthur of Glasgow and now lessee of Her Majesty’s Theatre, Dundee took over in 1888. After the fire of 1899 he instructed architect Frank Matcham to totally redesign the interior, re-opening in 1901. The venues of Robert Arthur Theatres Ltd in Scotland and England, which had many shareholders in Tyneside, prospered until losses overwhelmed the company in 1911. At this point the Arthur shareholders, led by the family of Joseph Cowen MP, appointed a new chairman of the lessee company, Michael Simons, of Glasgow, who in 1895 had created Howard & Wyndham Ltd.
From 1912 onwards the Theatre Royal Newcastle was an important part of the Howard & Wyndham group, led successfully by chairman Simons, followed by the Cruikshank family, whose King's Theatre, Edinburgh joined the group in 1928. Newcastle City Council took over ownership in 1967.
Newcastle, Glasgow and Edinburgh formed a triangle of industry, commerce and entertainment business from the 1870s onwards. From 1962 and increasingly from the 1970s the interchange of shows and pantomimes was joined by tours each year of Scottish Opera and of Scottish Ballet. Opera North joined in:
Following a performance of William Shakespeare's play Macbeth, a huge fire destroyed the interior of the building in 1899. It had its interior redesigned by Frank Matcham and reopened on 31 December 1901. Externally, the building is exactly as it was when it was first built.
It underwent a major refurbishment and restoration in the latter part of the 1980s, reopening on 11 January 1988 with a performance of A Man For All Seasons starring Charlton Heston.
The Theatre Royal went dark on 14 March 2011 due to a major restoration of the auditorium, box office, bars and restaurant. The restoration restored the theatre to the original 1901 Frank Matcham Edwardian interior. The whole interior was stripped apart from the original plasterwork which was carefully preserved. The proscenium arch, tiers and boxes were gold leafed and the plasterwork restored. On all levels the seats were replaced with Edwardian-style theatre seats in keeping with the restoration. The amphitheatre which was removed during previous renovations was restored to offer more leg room and better views than the gallery. This took the theatre to five distinct seating areas, the stalls, grand circle, upper circle, amphitheatre and gallery. Wheelchair spaces were installed on levels which had previously been inaccessible. As well as the boxes near the stage, boxes at the rear of the grand and upper circles were also restored taking the total number of boxes up to ten. The stage lift and orchestra pit were replaced to offer better facilities for opera and musicals. A new ventilation system was put in place to improve comfort levels in the theatre. New frescos for the lobby and upper circle were commissioned and put in place. This £4.75m project introduced higher standards of comfort and improved energy. The Theatre Royal reopened on 12 September 2011 with Alan Bennett's epic period drama The Madness of George III;[8] George III was in fact the monarch who gave the Theatre Royal its charter.
The theatre currently hosts a variety of shows, including ballet, contemporary dance, drama, musicals and opera. Almost all of the shows that come to the Theatre Royal are part of national British tours, and in a typical year the theatre will have 30 to 35 visiting shows. For the annual pantomime, and any visiting musicals and opera performances, there is a sizeable orchestra pit available which can seat 60 musicians if necessary. The stage itself is also of substantial size, and can house 50 singers, dancers, actors and musicians.
The Original Theatre Royal
Newcastle's original Theatre Royal opened on 21 January 1788. Its location on Mosley Street obstructed plans for the redevelopment of the city centre (as it was on the route of Grey Street), so it was demolished to make way for the present building. One of the theatre's most successful managers at this time was Stephen Kemble of the famous Kemble family, who managed the theatre from 1791 to 1806. The original theatre's final performance was on 25 June 1836.
Technical details
The current theatre has a proscenium stage, and accommodates a variable orchestra pit on 2 lifts - which reduces the stall seating. The audience is seated on four levels: stalls (501), grand circle (252), upper circle (249) and gallery (247).
Project A
Project A is a one-year actor training programme led by an artistic director and supported by leading industry specialists. Delivered from within the Theatre Royal over an academic year (3 terms) participants gain professional standard actor training culminating in a production term to be performed in the Studio Theatre and toured nationally.
The course started in September 2015 with the first year free for the successful actors. The programme is seen as an alternative to drama school and is expected to lift the actors involved into the industry.
The Royal Shakespeare Company have very strong ties to the theatre and are involved with the programme heavily in the second term.
Grainger built Grey Street in the 1830s. Several architects, including John Dobson, were involved. The street’s entire western side was designed by two architects from Grainger's office, John Wardle and George Walker. Grey Street contains the Theatre Royal designed by John and Benjamin Green, the southern entrance to Monument Metro station, and the Central Arcade. BBC Radio 4 listeners voted it “Best street in the UK” in 2010.
Initially named Upper Dean Street, Grey Street runs south from Grey's Monument, following the route of the Lorke or Lort Burn, which formerly flowed openly into the Tyne and is now enclosed, curving slowly to the east and descending to the river. It ends after the Mosley Street junction, where Dean Street, constructed in 1749, begins.
Sir John Betjeman said:
As for the curve of Grey Street, I shall never forget seeing it to perfection, traffic-less on a misty Sunday morning. Not even Regent Street, even old Regent Street London, can compare with that descending subtle curve.
Newcastle upon Tyne, or simply Newcastle is a cathedral city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England. It is located on the River Tyne's northern bank, opposite Gateshead to the south. It is the most populous settlement in the Tyneside conurbation and North East England.
Newcastle developed around a Roman settlement called Pons Aelius, the settlement became known as Monkchester before taking on the name of a castle built in 1080 by William the Conqueror's eldest son, Robert Curthose. It was one of the world's largest ship building and repair centres during the industrial revolution. Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400, when it separated and formed a county of itself. In 1974, Newcastle became part of Tyne and Wear. Since 2018, the city council has been part of the North of Tyne Combined Authority.
The history of Newcastle upon Tyne dates back almost 2,000 years, during which it has been controlled by the Romans, the Angles and the Norsemen amongst others. Newcastle upon Tyne was originally known by its Roman name Pons Aelius. The name "Newcastle" has been used since the Norman conquest of England. Due to its prime location on the River Tyne, the town developed greatly during the Middle Ages and it was to play a major role in the Industrial Revolution, being granted city status in 1882. Today, the city is a major retail, commercial and cultural centre.
Roman settlement
The history of Newcastle dates from AD 122, when the Romans built the first bridge to cross the River Tyne at that point. The bridge was called Pons Aelius or 'Bridge of Aelius', Aelius being the family name of Roman Emperor Hadrian, who was responsible for the Roman wall built across northern England along the Tyne–Solway gap. Hadrian's Wall ran through present-day Newcastle, with stretches of wall and turrets visible along the West Road, and at a temple in Benwell. Traces of a milecastle were found on Westgate Road, midway between Clayton Street and Grainger Street, and it is likely that the course of the wall corresponded to present-day Westgate Road. The course of the wall can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort at Wallsend, with the fort of Arbeia down-river at the mouth of the Tyne, on the south bank in what is now South Shields. The Tyne was then a wider, shallower river at this point and it is thought that the bridge was probably about 700 feet (210 m) long, made of wood and supported on stone piers. It is probable that it was sited near the current Swing Bridge, due to the fact that Roman artefacts were found there during the building of the latter bridge. Hadrian himself probably visited the site in 122. A shrine was set up on the completed bridge in 123 by the 6th Legion, with two altars to Neptune and Oceanus respectively. The two altars were subsequently found in the river and are on display in the Great North Museum in Newcastle.
The Romans built a stone-walled fort in 150 to protect the river crossing which was at the foot of the Tyne Gorge, and this took the name of the bridge so that the whole settlement was known as Pons Aelius. The fort was situated on a rocky outcrop overlooking the new bridge, on the site of the present Castle Keep. Pons Aelius is last mentioned in 400, in a Roman document listing all of the Roman military outposts. It is likely that nestling in the shadow of the fort would have been a small vicus, or village. Unfortunately, no buildings have been detected; only a few pieces of flagging. It is clear that there was a Roman cemetery near Clavering Place, behind the Central station, as a number of Roman coffins and sarcophagi have been unearthed there.
Despite the presence of the bridge, the settlement of Pons Aelius was not particularly important among the northern Roman settlements. The most important stations were those on the highway of Dere Street running from Eboracum (York) through Corstopitum (Corbridge) and to the lands north of the Wall. Corstopitum, being a major arsenal and supply centre, was much larger and more populous than Pons Aelius.
Anglo-Saxon development
The Angles arrived in the North-East of England in about 500 and may have landed on the Tyne. There is no evidence of an Anglo-Saxon settlement on or near the site of Pons Aelius during the Anglo-Saxon age. The bridge probably survived and there may well have been a small village at the northern end, but no evidence survives. At that time the region was dominated by two kingdoms, Bernicia, north of the Tees and ruled from Bamburgh, and Deira, south of the Tees and ruled from York. Bernicia and Deira combined to form the kingdom of Northanhymbra (Northumbria) early in the 7th century. There were three local kings who held the title of Bretwalda – 'Lord of Britain', Edwin of Deira (627–632), Oswald of Bernicia (633–641) and Oswy of Northumbria (641–658). The 7th century became known as the 'Golden Age of Northumbria', when the area was a beacon of culture and learning in Europe. The greatness of this period was based on its generally Christian culture and resulted in the Lindisfarne Gospels amongst other treasures. The Tyne valley was dotted with monasteries, with those at Monkwearmouth, Hexham and Jarrow being the most famous. Bede, who was based at Jarrow, wrote of a royal estate, known as Ad Murum, 'at the Wall', 12 miles (19 km) from the sea. It is thought that this estate may have been in what is now Newcastle. At some unknown time, the site of Newcastle came to be known as Monkchester. The reason for this title is unknown, as we are unaware of any specific monasteries at the site, and Bede made no reference to it. In 875 Halfdan Ragnarsson, the Danish Viking conqueror of York, led an army that attacked and pillaged various monasteries in the area, and it is thought that Monkchester was also pillaged at this time. Little more was heard of it until the coming of the Normans.
Norman period
After the arrival of William the Conqueror in England in 1066, the whole of England was quickly subjected to Norman rule. However, in Northumbria there was great resistance to the Normans, and in 1069 the newly appointed Norman Earl of Northumbria, Robert de Comines and 700 of his men were killed by the local population at Durham. The Northumbrians then marched on York, but William was able to suppress the uprising. That same year, a second uprising occurred when a Danish fleet landed in the Humber. The Northumbrians again attacked York and destroyed the garrison there. William was again able to suppress the uprising, but this time he took revenge. He laid waste to the whole of the Midlands and the land from York to the Tees. In 1080, William Walcher, the Norman bishop of Durham and his followers were brutally murdered at Gateshead. This time Odo, bishop of Bayeux, William's half brother, devastated the land between the Tees and the Tweed. This was known as the 'Harrying of the North'. This devastation is reflected in the Domesday Book. The destruction had such an effect that the North remained poor and backward at least until Tudor times and perhaps until the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle suffered in this respect with the rest of the North.
In 1080 William sent his eldest son, Robert Curthose, north to defend the kingdom against the Scots. After his campaign, he moved to Monkchester and began the building of a 'New Castle'. This was of the "motte-and-bailey" type of construction, a wooden tower on top of an earthen mound (motte), surrounded by a moat and wooden stockade (bailey). It was this castle that gave Newcastle its name. In 1095 the Earl of Northumbria, Robert de Mowbray, rose up against the king, William Rufus, and Rufus sent an army north to recapture the castle. From then on the castle became crown property and was an important base from which the king could control the northern barons. The Northumbrian earldom was abolished and a Sheriff of Northumberland was appointed to administer the region. In 1091 the parish church of St Nicholas was consecrated on the site of the present Anglican cathedral, close by the bailey of the new castle. The church is believed to have been a wooden building on stone footings.
Not a trace of the tower or mound of the motte and bailey castle remains now. Henry II replaced it with a rectangular stone keep, which was built between 1172 and 1177 at a cost of £1,444. A stone bailey, in the form of a triangle, replaced the previous wooden one. The great outer gateway to the castle, called 'the Black Gate', was built later, between 1247 and 1250, in the reign of Henry III. There were at that time no town walls and when attacked by the Scots, the townspeople had to crowd into the bailey for safety. It is probable that the new castle acted as a magnet for local merchants because of the safety it provided. This in turn would help to expand trade in the town. At this time wool, skins and lead were being exported, whilst alum, pepper and ginger were being imported from France and Flanders.
Middle Ages
Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress, the centre for assembled armies. The Border war against Scotland lasted intermittently for several centuries – possibly the longest border war ever waged. During the civil war between Stephen and Matilda, David 1st of Scotland and his son were granted Cumbria and Northumberland respectively, so that for a period from 1139 to 1157, Newcastle was effectively in Scottish hands. It is believed that during this period, King David may have built the church of St Andrew and the Benedictine nunnery in Newcastle. However, King Stephen's successor, Henry II was strong enough to take back the Earldom of Northumbria from Malcolm IV.
The Scots king William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle, in 1174, after being captured at the Battle of Alnwick. Edward I brought the Stone of Scone and William Wallace south through the town and Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century.
Around 1200, stone-faced, clay-filled jetties were starting to project into the river, an indication that trade was increasing in Newcastle. As the Roman roads continued to deteriorate, sea travel was gaining in importance. By 1275 Newcastle was the sixth largest wool exporting port in England. The principal exports at this time were wool, timber, coal, millstones, dairy produce, fish, salt and hides. Much of the developing trade was with the Baltic countries and Germany. Most of the Newcastle merchants were situated near the river, below the Castle. The earliest known charter was dated 1175 in the reign of Henry II, giving the townspeople some control over their town. In 1216 King John granted Newcastle a mayor[8] and also allowed the formation of guilds (known as Mysteries). These were cartels formed within different trades, which restricted trade to guild members. There were initially twelve guilds. Coal was being exported from Newcastle by 1250, and by 1350 the burgesses received a royal licence to export coal. This licence to export coal was jealously guarded by the Newcastle burgesses, and they tried to prevent any one else on the Tyne from exporting coal except through Newcastle. The burgesses similarly tried to prevent fish from being sold anywhere else on the Tyne except Newcastle. This led to conflicts with Gateshead and South Shields.
In 1265, the town was granted permission to impose a 'Wall Tax' or Murage, to pay for the construction of a fortified wall to enclose the town and protect it from Scottish invaders. The town walls were not completed until early in the 14th century. They were two miles (3 km) long, 9 feet (2.7 m) thick and 25 feet (7.6 m) high. They had six main gates, as well as some smaller gates, and had 17 towers. The land within the walls was divided almost equally by the Lort Burn, which flowed southwards and joined the Tyne to the east of the Castle. The town began to expand north of the Castle and west of the Lort Burn with various markets being set up within the walls.
In 1400 Henry IV granted a new charter, creating a County corporate which separated the town, but not the Castle, from the county of Northumberland and recognised it as a "county of itself" with a right to have a sheriff of its own. The burgesses were now allowed to choose six aldermen who, with the mayor would be justices of the peace. The mayor and sheriff were allowed to hold borough courts in the Guildhall.
Religious houses
During the Middle Ages a number of religious houses were established within the walls: the first of these was the Benedictine nunnery of St Bartholomew founded in 1086 near the present-day Nun Street. Both David I of Scotland and Henry I of England were benefactors of the religious house. Nothing of the nunnery remains now.
The friary of Blackfriars, Newcastle (Dominican) was established in 1239. These were also known as the Preaching Friars or Shod Friars, because they wore sandals, as opposed to other orders. The friary was situated in the present-day Friars Street. In 1280 the order was granted royal permission to make a postern in the town walls to communicate with their gardens outside the walls. On 19 June 1334, Edward Balliol, claimant to be King of Scotland, did homage to King Edward III, on behalf of the kingdom of Scotland, in the church of the friary. Much of the original buildings of the friary still exist, mainly because, after the Dissolution of the Monasteries the friary of Blackfriars was rented out by the corporation to nine of the local trade guilds.
The friary of Whitefriars (Carmelite) was established in 1262. The order was originally housed on the Wall Knoll in Pandon, but in 1307 it took over the buildings of another order, which went out of existence, the Friars of the Sac. The land, which had originally been given by Robert the Bruce, was situated in the present-day Hanover Square, behind the Central station. Nothing of the friary remains now.
The friary of Austinfriars (Augustinian) was established in 1290. The friary was on the site where the Holy Jesus Hospital was built in 1682. The friary was traditionally the lodging place of English kings whenever they visited or passed through Newcastle. In 1503 Princess Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry VII of England, stayed two days at the friary on her way to join her new husband James IV of Scotland.
The friary of Greyfriars (Franciscans) was established in 1274. The friary was in the present-day area between Pilgrim Street, Grey Street, Market Street and High Chare. Nothing of the original buildings remains.
The friary of the Order of the Holy Trinity, also known as the Trinitarians, was established in 1360. The order devoted a third of its income to buying back captives of the Saracens, during the Crusades. Their house was on the Wall Knoll, in Pandon, to the east of the city, but within the walls. Wall Knoll had previously been occupied by the White Friars until they moved to new premises in 1307.
All of the above religious houses were closed in about 1540, when Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries.
An important street running through Newcastle at the time was Pilgrim Street, running northwards inside the walls and leading to the Pilgrim Gate on the north wall. The street still exists today as arguably Newcastle's main shopping street.
Tudor period
The Scottish border wars continued for much of the 16th century, so that during that time, Newcastle was often threatened with invasion by the Scots, but also remained important as a border stronghold against them.
During the Reformation begun by Henry VIII in 1536, the five Newcastle friaries and the single nunnery were dissolved and the land was sold to the Corporation and to rich merchants. At this time there were fewer than 60 inmates of the religious houses in Newcastle. The convent of Blackfriars was leased to nine craft guilds to be used as their headquarters. This probably explains why it is the only one of the religious houses whose building survives to the present day. The priories at Tynemouth and Durham were also dissolved, thus ending the long-running rivalry between Newcastle and the church for control of trade on the Tyne. A little later, the property of the nunnery of St Bartholomew and of Grey Friars were bought by Robert Anderson, who had the buildings demolished to build his grand Newe House (also known as Anderson Place).
With the gradual decline of the Scottish border wars the town walls were allowed to decline as well as the castle. By 1547, about 10,000 people were living in Newcastle. At the beginning of the 16th century exports of wool from Newcastle were more than twice the value of exports of coal, but during the century coal exports continued to increase.
Under Edward VI, John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, sponsored an act allowing Newcastle to annexe Gateshead as its suburb. The main reason for this was to allow the Newcastle Hostmen, who controlled the export of Tyne coal, to get their hands on the Gateshead coal mines, previously controlled by the Bishop of Durham. However, when Mary I came to power, Dudley met his downfall and the decision was reversed. The Reformation allowed private access to coal mines previously owned by Tynemouth and Durham priories and as a result coal exports increase dramatically, from 15,000 tons in 1500 to 35,000 tons in 1565, and to 400,000 tons in 1625.
The plague visited Newcastle four times during the 16th century, in 1579 when 2,000 people died, in 1589 when 1700 died, in 1595 and finally in 1597.
In 1600 Elizabeth I granted Newcastle a charter for an exclusive body of electors, the right to elect the mayor and burgesses. The charter also gave the Hostmen exclusive rights to load coal at any point on the Tyne. The Hostmen developed as an exclusive group within the Merchant Adventurers who had been incorporated by a charter in 1547.
Stuart period
In 1636 there was a serious outbreak of bubonic plague in Newcastle. There had been several previous outbreaks of the disease over the years, but this was the most serious. It is thought to have arrived from the Netherlands via ships that were trading between the Tyne and that country. It first appeared in the lower part of the town near the docks but gradually spread to all parts of the town. As the disease gained hold the authorities took measures to control it by boarding up any properties that contained infected persons, meaning that whole families were locked up together with the infected family members. Other infected persons were put in huts outside the town walls and left to die. Plague pits were dug next to the town's four churches and outside the town walls to receive the bodies in mass burials. Over the course of the outbreak 5,631 deaths were recorded out of an estimated population of 12,000, a death rate of 47%.
In 1637 Charles I tried to raise money by doubling the 'voluntary' tax on coal in return for allowing the Newcastle Hostmen to regulate production and fix prices. This caused outrage amongst the London importers and the East Anglian shippers. Both groups decided to boycott Tyne coal and as a result forced Charles to reverse his decision in 1638.
In 1640 during the Second Bishops' War, the Scots successfully invaded Newcastle. The occupying army demanded £850 per day from the Corporation to billet the Scottish troops. Trade from the Tyne ground to a halt during the occupation. The Scots left in 1641 after receiving a Parliamentary pardon and a £4,000,000 loan from the town.
In 1642 the English Civil War began. King Charles realised the value of the Tyne coal trade and therefore garrisoned Newcastle. A Royalist was appointed as governor. At that time, Newcastle and King's Lynn were the only important seaports to support the crown. In 1644 Parliament blockaded the Tyne to prevent the king from receiving revenue from the Tyne coal trade. Coal exports fell from 450,000 to 3,000 tons and London suffered a hard winter without fuel. Parliament encouraged the coal trade from the Wear to try to replace that lost from Newcastle but that was not enough to make up for the lost Tyneside tonnage.
In 1644 the Scots crossed the border. Newcastle strengthened its defences in preparation. The Scottish army, with 40,000 troops, besieged Newcastle for three months until the garrison of 1,500 surrendered. During the siege, the Scots bombarded the walls with their artillery, situated in Gateshead and Castle Leazes. The Scottish commander threatened to destroy the steeple of St Nicholas's Church by gunfire if the mayor, Sir John Marley, did not surrender the town. The mayor responded by placing Scottish prisoners that they had captured in the steeple, so saving it from destruction. The town walls were finally breached by a combination of artillery and sapping. In gratitude for this defence, Charles gave Newcastle the motto 'Fortiter Defendit Triumphans' to be added to its coat of arms. The Scottish army occupied Northumberland and Durham for two years. The coal taxes had to pay for the Scottish occupation. In 1645 Charles surrendered to the Scots and was imprisoned in Newcastle for nine months. After the Civil War the coal trade on the Tyne soon picked up and exceeded its pre-war levels.
A new Guildhall was completed on the Sandhill next to the river in 1655, replacing an earlier facility damaged by fire in 1639, and became the meeting place of Newcastle Town Council. In 1681 the Hospital of the Holy Jesus was built partly on the site of the Austin Friars. The Guildhall and Holy Jesus Hospital still exist.
Charles II tried to impose a charter on Newcastle to give the king the right to appoint the mayor, sheriff, recorder and town clerk. Charles died before the charter came into effect. In 1685, James II tried to replace Corporation members with named Catholics. However, James' mandate was suspended in 1689 after the Glorious Revolution welcoming William of Orange. In 1689, after the fall of James II, the people of Newcastle tore down his bronze equestrian statue in Sandhill and tossed it into the Tyne. The bronze was later used to make bells for All Saints Church.
In 1689 the Lort Burn was covered over. At this time it was an open sewer. The channel followed by the Lort Burn became the present day Dean Street. At that time, the centre of Newcastle was still the Sandhill area, with many merchants living along the Close or on the Side. The path of the main road through Newcastle ran from the single Tyne bridge, through Sandhill to the Side, a narrow street which climbed steeply on the north-east side of the castle hill until it reached the higher ground alongside St Nicholas' Church. As Newcastle developed, the Side became lined with buildings with projecting upper stories, so that the main street through Newcastle was a narrow, congested, steep thoroughfare.
In 1701 the Keelmen's Hospital was built in the Sandgate area of the city, using funds provided by the keelmen. The building still stands today.
Eighteenth century
In the 18th century, Newcastle was the country's largest print centre after London, Oxford and Cambridge, and the Literary and Philosophical Society of 1793, with its erudite debates and large stock of books in several languages predated the London Library by half a century.
In 1715, during the Jacobite rising in favour of the Old Pretender, an army of Jacobite supporters marched on Newcastle. Many of the Northumbrian gentry joined the rebels. The citizens prepared for its arrival by arresting Jacobite supporters and accepting 700 extra recruits into the local militia. The gates of the city were closed against the rebels. This proved enough to delay an attack until reinforcements arrived forcing the rebel army to move across to the west coast. The rebels finally surrendered at Preston.
In 1745, during a second Jacobite rising in favour of the Young Pretender, a Scottish army crossed the border led by Bonnie Prince Charlie. Once again Newcastle prepared by arresting Jacobite supporters and inducting 800 volunteers into the local militia. The town walls were strengthened, most of the gates were blocked up and some 200 cannon were deployed. 20,000 regulars were billeted on the Town Moor. These preparations were enough to force the rebel army to travel south via the west coast. They were eventually defeated at Culloden in 1746.
Newcastle's actions during the 1715 rising in resisting the rebels and declaring for George I, in contrast to the rest of the region, is the most likely source of the nickname 'Geordie', applied to people from Tyneside, or more accurately Newcastle. Another theory, however, is that the name 'Geordie' came from the inventor of the Geordie lamp, George Stephenson. It was a type of safety lamp used in mining, but was not invented until 1815. Apparently the term 'German Geordie' was in common use during the 18th century.
The city's first hospital, Newcastle Infirmary opened in 1753; it was funded by public subscription. A lying-in hospital was established in Newcastle in 1760. The city's first public hospital for mentally ill patients, Wardens Close Lunatic Hospital was opened in October 1767.
In 1771 a flood swept away much of the bridge at Newcastle. The bridge had been built in 1250 and repaired after a flood in 1339. The bridge supported various houses and three towers and an old chapel. A blue stone was placed in the middle of the bridge to mark the boundary between Newcastle and the Palatinate of Durham. A temporary wooden bridge had to be built, and this remained in use until 1781, when a new stone bridge was completed. The new bridge consisted of nine arches. In 1801, because of the pressure of traffic, the bridge had to be widened.
A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Fenham Barracks in 1806. The facilities at the Castle for holding assizes, which had been condemned for their inconvenience and unhealthiness, were replaced when the Moot Hall opened in August 1812.
Victorian period
Present-day Newcastle owes much of its architecture to the work of the builder Richard Grainger, aided by architects John Dobson, Thomas Oliver, John and Benjamin Green and others. In 1834 Grainger won a competition to produce a new plan for central Newcastle. He put this plan into effect using the above architects as well as architects employed in his own office. Grainger and Oliver had already built Leazes Terrace, Leazes Crescent and Leazes Place between 1829 and 1834. Grainger and Dobson had also built the Royal Arcade at the foot of Pilgrim Street between 1830 and 1832. The most ambitious project covered 12 acres 12 acres (49,000 m2) in central Newcastle, on the site of Newe House (also called Anderson Place). Grainger built three new thoroughfares, Grey Street, Grainger Street and Clayton Street with many connecting streets, as well as the Central Exchange and the Grainger Market. John Wardle and George Walker, working in Grainger's office, designed Clayton Street, Grainger Street and most of Grey Street. Dobson designed the Grainger Market and much of the east side of Grey Street. John and Benjamin Green designed the Theatre Royal at the top of Grey Street, where Grainger placed the column of Grey's Monument as a focus for the whole scheme. Grey Street is considered to be one of the finest streets in the country, with its elegant curve. Unfortunately most of old Eldon Square was demolished in the 1960s in the name of progress. The Royal Arcade met a similar fate.
In 1849 a new bridge was built across the river at Newcastle. This was the High Level Bridge, designed by Robert Stephenson, and slightly up river from the existing bridge. The bridge was designed to carry road and rail traffic across the Tyne Gorge on two decks with rail traffic on the upper deck and road traffic on the lower. The new bridge meant that traffic could pass through Newcastle without having to negotiate the steep, narrow Side, as had been necessary for centuries. The bridge was opened by Queen Victoria, who one year later opened the new Central Station, designed by John Dobson. Trains were now able to cross the river, directly into the centre of Newcastle and carry on up to Scotland. The Army Riding School was also completed in 1849.
In 1854 a large fire started on the Gateshead quayside and an explosion caused it to spread across the river to the Newcastle quayside. A huge conflagration amongst the narrow alleys, or 'chares', destroyed the homes of 800 families as well as many business premises. The narrow alleys that had been destroyed were replaced by streets containing blocks of modern offices.
In 1863 the Town Hall in St Nicholas Square replaced the Guildhall as the meeting place of Newcastle Town Council.
In 1876 the low level bridge was replaced by a new bridge known as the Swing Bridge, so called because the bridge was able to swing horizontally on a central axis and allow ships to pass on either side. This meant that for the first time sizeable ships could pass up-river beyond Newcastle. The bridge was built and paid for by William Armstrong, a local arms manufacturer, who needed to have warships access his Elswick arms factory to fit armaments to them. The Swing Bridge's rotating mechanism is adapted from the cannon mounts developed in Armstrong's arms works. In 1882 the Elswick works began to build ships as well as to arm them. The Barrack Road drill hall was completed in 1890.
Industrialisation
In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle's development as a major city owed most to its central role in the production and export of coal. The phrase "taking coals to Newcastle" was first recorded in 1538; it proverbially denotes bringing a particular commodity to a place that has more than enough of it already.
Innovation in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the following:
George Stephenson developed a miner's safety lamp at the same time that Humphry Davy developed a rival design. The lamp made possible the opening up of ever deeper mines to provide the coal that powered the industrial revolution.
George and his son Robert Stephenson were hugely influential figures in the development of the early railways. George developed Blücher, a locomotive working at Killingworth colliery in 1814, whilst Robert was instrumental in the design of Rocket, a revolutionary design that was the forerunner of modern locomotives. Both men were involved in planning and building railway lines, all over this country and abroad.
Joseph Swan demonstrated a working electric light bulb about a year before Thomas Edison did the same in the USA. This led to a dispute as to who had actually invented the light bulb. Eventually the two rivals agreed to form a mutual company between them, the Edison and Swan Electric Light Company, known as Ediswan.
Charles Algernon Parsons invented the steam turbine, for marine use and for power generation. He used Turbinia, a small, turbine-powered ship, to demonstrate the speed that a steam turbine could generate. Turbinia literally ran rings around the British Fleet at a review at Spithead in 1897.
William Armstrong invented a hydraulic crane that was installed in dockyards up and down the country. He then began to design light, accurate field guns for the British army. These were a vast improvement on the existing guns that were then in use.
The following major industries developed in Newcastle or its surrounding area:
Glassmaking
A small glass industry existed in Newcastle from the mid-15th century. In 1615 restrictions were put on the use of wood for manufacturing glass. It was found that glass could be manufactured using the local coal, and so a glassmaking industry grew up on Tyneside. Huguenot glassmakers came over from France as refugees from persecution and set up glasshouses in the Skinnerburn area of Newcastle. Eventually, glass production moved to the Ouseburn area of Newcastle. In 1684 the Dagnia family, Sephardic Jewish emigrants from Altare, arrived in Newcastle from Stourbridge and established glasshouses along the Close, to manufacture high quality flint glass. The glass manufacturers used sand ballast from the boats arriving in the river as the main raw material. The glassware was then exported in collier brigs. The period from 1730 to 1785 was the highpoint of Newcastle glass manufacture, when the local glassmakers produced the 'Newcastle Light Baluster'. The glassmaking industry still exists in the west end of the city with local Artist and Glassmaker Jane Charles carrying on over four hundred years of hot glass blowing in Newcastle upon Tyne.
Locomotive manufacture
In 1823 George Stephenson and his son Robert established the world's first locomotive factory near Forth Street in Newcastle. Here they built locomotives for the Stockton and Darlington Railway and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, as well as many others. It was here that the famous locomotive Rocket was designed and manufactured in preparation for the Rainhill Trials. Apart from building locomotives for the British market, the Newcastle works also produced locomotives for Europe and America. The Forth Street works continued to build locomotives until 1960.
Shipbuilding
In 1296 a wooden, 135 ft (41 m) long galley was constructed at the mouth of the Lort Burn in Newcastle, as part of a twenty-ship order from the king. The ship cost £205, and is the earliest record of shipbuilding in Newcastle. However the rise of the Tyne as a shipbuilding area was due to the need for collier brigs for the coal export trade. These wooden sailing ships were usually built locally, establishing local expertise in building ships. As ships changed from wood to steel, and from sail to steam, the local shipbuilding industry changed to build the new ships. Although shipbuilding was carried out up and down both sides of the river, the two main areas for building ships in Newcastle were Elswick, to the west, and Walker, to the east. By 1800 Tyneside was the third largest producer of ships in Britain. Unfortunately, after the Second World War, lack of modernisation and competition from abroad gradually caused the local industry to decline and die.
Armaments
In 1847 William Armstrong established a huge factory in Elswick, west of Newcastle. This was initially used to produce hydraulic cranes but subsequently began also to produce guns for both the army and the navy. After the Swing Bridge was built in 1876 allowing ships to pass up river, warships could have their armaments fitted alongside the Elswick works. Armstrong's company took over its industrial rival, Joseph Whitworth of Manchester in 1897.
Steam turbines
Charles Algernon Parsons invented the steam turbine and, in 1889, founded his own company C. A. Parsons and Company in Heaton, Newcastle to make steam turbines. Shortly after this, he realised that steam turbines could be used to propel ships and, in 1897, he founded a second company, Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company in Wallsend. It is there that he designed and manufactured Turbinia. Parsons turbines were initially used in warships but soon came to be used in merchant and passenger vessels, including the liner Mauretania which held the blue riband for the Atlantic crossing until 1929. Parsons' company in Heaton began to make turbo-generators for power stations and supplied power stations all over the world. The Heaton works, reduced in size, remains as part of the Siemens AG industrial giant.
Pottery
In 1762 the Maling pottery was founded in Sunderland by French Huguenots, but transferred to Newcastle in 1817. A factory was built in the Ouseburn area of the city. The factory was rebuilt twice, finally occupying a 14-acre (57,000 m2) site that was claimed to be the biggest pottery in the world and which had its own railway station. The pottery pioneered use of machines in making potteries as opposed to hand production. In the 1890s the company went up-market and employed in-house designers. The period up to the Second World War was the most profitable with a constant stream of new designs being introduced. However, after the war, production gradually declined and the company closed in 1963.
Expansion of the city
Newcastle was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835: the reformed municipal borough included the parishes of Byker, Elswick, Heaton, Jesmond, Newcastle All Saints, Newcastle St Andrew, Newcastle St John, Newcastle St Nicholas, and Westgate. The urban districts of Benwell and Fenham and Walker were added in 1904. In 1935, Newcastle gained Kenton and parts of the parishes of West Brunton, East Denton, Fawdon, Longbenton. The most recent expansion in Newcastle's boundaries took place under the Local Government Act 1972 on 1 April 1974, when Newcastle became a metropolitan borough, also including the urban districts of Gosforth and Newburn, and the parishes of Brunswick, Dinnington, Hazlerigg, North Gosforth and Woolsington from the Castle Ward Rural District, and the village of Westerhope.
Meanwhile Northumberland County Council was formed under the Local Government Act 1888 and benefited from a dedicated meeting place when County Hall was completed in the Castle Garth area of Newcastle in 1910. Following the Local Government Act 1972 County Hall relocated to Morpeth in April 1981.
Twentieth century
In 1925 work began on a new high-level road bridge to span the Tyne Gorge between Newcastle and Gateshead. The capacity of the existing High-Level Bridge and Swing Bridge were being strained to the limit, and an additional bridge had been discussed for a long time. The contract was awarded to the Dorman Long Company and the bridge was finally opened by King George V in 1928. The road deck was 84 feet (26 m) above the river and was supported by a 531 feet (162 m) steel arch. The new Tyne Bridge quickly became a symbol for Newcastle and Tyneside, and remains so today.
During the Second World War, Newcastle was largely spared the horrors inflicted upon other British cities bombed during the Blitz. Although the armaments factories and shipyards along the River Tyne were targeted by the Luftwaffe, they largely escaped unscathed. Manors goods yard and railway terminal, to the east of the city centre, and the suburbs of Jesmond and Heaton suffered bombing during 1941. There were 141 deaths and 587 injuries, a relatively small figure compared to the casualties in other industrial centres of Britain.
In 1963 the city gained its own university, the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, by act of parliament. A School of Medicine and Surgery had been established in Newcastle in 1834. This eventually developed into a college of medicine attached to Durham University. A college of physical science was also founded and became Armstrong College in 1904. In 1934 the two colleges merged to become King's College, Durham. This remained as part of Durham University until the new university was created in 1963. In 1992 the city gained its second university when Newcastle Polytechnic was granted university status as Northumbria University.
Newcastle City Council moved to the new Newcastle Civic Centre in 1968.
As heavy industries declined in the second half of the 20th century, large sections of the city centre were demolished along with many areas of slum housing. The leading political figure in the city during the 1960s was T. Dan Smith who oversaw a massive building programme of highrise housing estates and authorised the demolition of a quarter of the Georgian Grainger Town to make way for Eldon Square Shopping Centre. Smith's control in Newcastle collapsed when it was exposed that he had used public contracts to advantage himself and his business associates and for a time Newcastle became a byword for civic corruption as depicted in the films Get Carter and Stormy Monday and in the television series Our Friends in the North. However, much of the historic Grainger Town area survived and was, for the most part, fully restored in the late 1990s. Northumberland Street, initially the A1, was gradually closed to traffic from the 1970s and completely pedestrianised by 1998.
In 1978 a new rapid transport system, the Metro, was built, linking the Tyneside area. The system opened in August 1980. A new bridge was built to carry the Metro across the river between Gateshead and Newcastle. This was the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge, commonly known as the Metro Bridge. Eventually the Metro system was extended to reach Newcastle Airport in 1991, and in 2002 the Metro system was extended to the nearby city of Sunderland.
As the 20th century progressed, trade on the Newcastle and Gateshead quaysides gradually declined, until by the 1980s both sides of the river were looking rather derelict. Shipping company offices had closed along with offices of firms related to shipping. There were also derelict warehouses lining the riverbank. Local government produced a master plan to re-develop the Newcastle quayside and this was begun in the 1990s. New offices, restaurants, bars and residential accommodation were built and the area has changed in the space of a few years into a vibrant area, partially returning the focus of Newcastle to the riverside, where it was in medieval times.
The Gateshead Millennium Bridge, a foot and cycle bridge, 26 feet (7.9 m) wide and 413 feet (126 m) long, was completed in 2001. The road deck is in the form of a curve and is supported by a steel arch. To allow ships to pass, the whole structure, both arch and road-deck, rotates on huge bearings at either end so that the road deck is lifted. The bridge can be said to open and shut like a human eye. It is an important addition to the re-developed quayside area, providing a vital link between the Newcastle and Gateshead quaysides.
Recent developments
Today the city is a vibrant centre for office and retail employment, but just a short distance away there are impoverished inner-city housing estates, in areas originally built to provide affordable housing for employees of the shipyards and other heavy industries that lined the River Tyne. In the 2010s Newcastle City Council began implementing plans to regenerate these depressed areas, such as those along the Ouseburn Valley.
2010 Mattel USA Fall Catalog. This was a catalog given to store managers, a vendor catalog, with manufacturing numbers so store managers could order items to then sell in their stores. All items in this catalog should have a packaging date of 2009, the date on the Barbie box or fashion pack should be 20098. The photographs in this catalog are similar to production, press or prototype information so the actual dolls and fashions sold in store might be slightly different have different colors, etc. This is especially true for the cheaper items and playsets. special editions and store exclusives may not be listed here. Items in this catalog include Barbie Video Girl R4093, R4087, T8157, Fab Life Day Looks Fashion Assortment N8322, R6814, R6815, R6816, N8328, R4251, R4252, R4253, Fab Life Fun Looks N4855, R6817, R6818, R6819, Fashionista Dolls N4844, R9878, R9883, T3324, T3325, T3326, T3327, S.I.S. dolls, SIS dolls, Puppy Swim School T2706, T2707, I no longer share catalogs without the website name on them because people posted my images on Facebook and Pinterest without giving me credit. You are welcome to download and repost catalog pages with the BarbieReference.com watermark on them. A link back to my website is also appreciated. If you found this useful please stop by BarbieReference.com and click an ad to support the site. More pages from this catalog are only available on BarbieReference.com
ST ALBANS, ENGLAND - APRIL 12: Arsenal manager Arsene Wenger during a training session at London Colney on April 12, 2013 in St Albans, England. (Photo by Stuart MacFarlane/Arsenal FC via Getty Images)
Built in 1900, this was the site managers office and the place that men would queue on pay day. It is a lightweight construction, wooden frame and foundations with brick infill. The wooden frame and foundations would allow the building to be jacked up should the ground subside which is a massive problem in and around Northwich and quite a lot of Cheshire. Salt has been produced in the county as long as man has been about. The Romans improved the technique, salt was a vaulable commodity. The three Cheshire 'wiches', Nantwich, Middlewich and Northwich were all salt producing towns. Salt production is still carried out in Middlewhich and Northwich but Winsford. Considering I've lived most of my life in Cheshire, it's only now I realise just how much of the landscape I live in has been and continues to be shaped by salt production.
This image is copyrighted to David Smith; Any users, found to replicate, reproduce, circulate, distribute, download, manipulate or otherwise use my images without my written consent will be in breach of copyright laws. Please contact me at daismiff39@hotmail.com for express permission to use any of my photographs.
So, you wanted to get some work done today? And hold still so you can take a pic? I don't think so...
I hadn't realised, but today at the museum were lots of people asking me lots of questions. And on top of that I had a meeting with the manager of another museum who visited us for the first time. We went out for lunch together. She asked me if I had to wear a cardigan every day. I told her when I'm working, yes. she asked me if I could use the museumcollection. I told her no, that I had my own little collection, and would sometimes wear a cardigan of one of my housemates, like the big chunky cardigan that I had put on when we went to our lunchrestaurant.
After lunch Sissy came round.
red dress: Joni's
white cardigan: secondhand Lovisa Finland
Big chunky cardigan: Zwarte markt Enschede
Farm Manager's House, circa 1940
Sunset Hill Farm
Liberty Township, Porter County, Indiana
Note: This image shows the original barn on Sunset Hill Farm, as well as the house of the farm manager and his family. At the time this photograph was taken, Leroy "Pete" Hanrahan was the manager of Sunset Hill Farm and living in the house seen here with his wife Helen (Link) Hanrahan and children Sharon Kay (Hanrahan) Isaacs and Donald Hanrahan. The dog in this photograph was the Hanrahan's pet and was named Mac.
Leroy "Pete" Hanrahan managed the Sunset Hill Farm for approximately 16 years. The barn, sales office, and livestock building visible in the distance were completely destroyed by a fire on Thursday, July 29, 1954 [see transcription of newspaper article below].
The following newspaper account regarding the fire that destroyed the structures seen in this image was published on Thursday, July 29, 1954, in The Vidette-Messenger, published in Valparaiso, Porter County, Indiana [Volume 28, Number 21, Page 1, Columns 6 and 7, Page 6, Column 5]:
Barn, Hay, Office Leveled By Blaze
By BOB BORNHOLT
An estimated $50,000 fire in a livestock and feed barn and adjoining milk station late this morning endangered a nearby residence and a herd of 50 dairy cattle before the blaze was brought under control by three area fire companies at the Sunset Hill farm in Liberty township owned by Robert H. Murray.
The 32 by 60 foot barn, containing 1,200 bales of freshly filled hay and the office and salesroom of the Sunset Hill Dairy were completely destroyed in a blaze visible for five miles. Smoke from the blaze climbed to about 300 feet and attracted more than 200 spectators.
Sparks from a 7 horsepower fan which had been put into operation earlier this morning atop the bard to cool down the 98 degree temperature were believed to have set off the conflagration.
Fire was first noticed in the barn by Mrs. Lloyd Prosser, who was working in the sales room. Early efforts by farm workers to halt the blaze were in vain as the flames quickly engulfed the entire upper story of the barn.
The first unit on the scene was the Valparaiso truck, called at 10:45 a. m., which was used to protect nearby machinery sheds from the burning embers flying from the roof. Chesterton firemen arrived minutes later and a water pump and a hose line was set up in a pond located 75 yards from the barn.
Water from the hoses of the two companies kept the outbuildings soaked while volunteers from the crowd of spectators managed to save office records and some furniture from the sales room.
Rescuers Endangered
The roof of the salesroom and office were ignited and all efforts to save any more equipment were halted by firemen as being too dangerous.
The Union Township fire truck and volunteers arrived as the flames spread through the lower part of the barn and roof of the adjoining sales building. They took up a station in front of the main doors of the barn and with the help of a hose from a Chesterton truck in the rear proceeded to halt the spread of flames to the dairy stalls in a section immediately west of the burning barn.
Several small explosions sent the spectators running for cover as flying bits of smouldering wood were blown out the front of the barn by the extreme heat caused by the burning straw and hay.
A more powerful water pump brought by the Union Township truck was set up near the pond and the increased water was played on the out-buildings which were endangered by the extreme heat and flying embers.
About an hour after the initial call was received by Valparaiso firemen, the blaze was contained in the area of the barn.
Halt Fire's Progress
Firemen employed ladders to reach the one story roof of the cow barn, where they battled the heat and flames successfully to stop the blaze from moving to the adjoining dairy barn.
While hoses were directed on the roof and approaching flames firemen entered the cow barn and worked a stream of water against the dividing wall between the barn proper and the extension for the dairy herd.
No official statement concerning the origin of the blaze was available from Valparaiso firemen, but witnesses stated that there was a possibility that the fire was the result of spontaneous combustion or a short circuit in the wiring of the cooling fan in the loft.
Mrs. Lillian McDonald, a cook in the Murray residence located about a mile from the blaze, said that she noticed that the barn looked all right one minute and then the entire roof was ablaze.
The dairy herd was being moved from the barn out to pasture when the fire broke out. The animals began milling around the barn area when smoke from the barn was blown into the fenced yard by a brisk breeze for the south east.
Dairy workers quickly drove the herd to a safe distance without any loss of life. The direction of the wind blew the flames and heat away from the Prosser house located about 50 feet away, up-wind from the fire.
About Robert Heffron Murray....
Robert Heffron Murray was born Wednesday, October 18, 1881, in Washington Heights, Cook County, Illinois, the son of George William Murray and Cora May (Heffron) Murray. After attending the Lewis Institute (forerunner of Illinois Institute of Technology) in Chicago for secondary school education, Robert enrolled and later graduated from The University of Chicago on Tuesday, June 14, 1904. Robert married Sue Mary Horton on Saturday, November 4, 1905, in Richmond, Virginia; no children resulted from their union. Sue was a childhood neighbor of Robert and the daughter of Horace E. Horton, the founder of Chicago Bridge and Iron. In 1917, Robert joined the United States Army and was commissioned as a Captain in the Army Reserves. He was elevated to Major when ordered to report for deployment to Europe during World War I. Upon return from active duty in Europe, he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel, and was therefore commonly referred to as Colonel Murray. He started developing Sunset Hill Farm in 1934, which is located in the northwest quarter of Section 25 in Liberty Township, Porter County, Indiana. Leroy "Pete" Hanrahan, who served as Colonel Murray's farm manager from 1934 until his death in 1952, was instrumental in assisting Colonel Murray develop Sunset Hill Farm. Today, Sunset Hill Farm operates as a county park. After Robert's wife Sue died on Monday, February 26, 1962, he remarried Elizabeth (Linn) Allen, the widow of John B. Allen, on Saturday, January 11, 1964, in Liberty Township, Porter County, Indiana. Elizabeth, commonly referred to as Bips, was a member of the Chicago Board of Education and the grandniece of Jane Addams, a very well known early Twentieth Century progressive and the founder of Hull House in Chicago. Colonel Murray died on Saturday, October 28, 1972, in Valparaiso, Porter County, Indiana. Elizabeth "Bips" Murray died on Saturday, June 14, 1997, in Washington, DC.
Copyright 2012. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
Spacecraft operations team manager for the Cassini mission at Saturn, Julie Webster, rips up the final contingency plan for the Cassini mission, Friday, Sept. 15, 2017 in mission control at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Since its arrival in 2004, the Cassini-Huygens mission has been a discovery machine, revolutionizing our knowledge of the Saturn system and captivating us with data and images never before obtained with such detail and clarity. On Sept. 15, 2017, operators deliberately plunged the spacecraft into Saturn, as Cassini gathered science until the end. Loss of contact with the Cassini spacecraft occurred at 7:55 a.m. EDT (4:55 a.m. PDT). The “plunge” ensures Saturn’s moons will remain pristine for future exploration. During Cassini’s final days, mission team members from all around the world gathered at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, to celebrate the achievements of this historic mission. Photo Credit: (NASA/Joel Kowsky)
This badge is to recognize the quilters for 3 years.
Special thanks to: Mandy (Mimi) for all of her templates, guidance, and the digital quilted creation of the 2015 BCA quilt using square contributions from friends.
Mandy started the Quilt to commemorate the fact her own mom was a survivor. And, Mandy has been privileged to spearhead this project for all 8 years.
Chris (martian cat) has participated in all 8 years of the digital BCA quilt. And, she has been Assistant Project Manager for 5 years of the Quilt. Mandy "met" her during the making of the first one. Chris tirelessly not only works on several sample squares each year, but secures many of our participants as well.
From the "Shop that Time Forgot Series"
Shop manager David looks through the store for a particular type of fluorescent tube (lightbulb) for a customer.
This shop in my village has been in the same family since 1929. Its a shop were computers haven't yet been invented, orders and sales are written in a ledger and you can still buy hardware measured in imperial not metric. To quote a fellow villager:
"We were down the back of the shop when we moved to the village looking for screws for a very old Singer sewing machine and I noticed that some of the boxes holding the screws and nails were marked in shillings and pence!"
The Shop That Time Forgot flickr set
I took this portrait of David using a Mamiya C330 TLR medium Format FIlm camera. it was so dark in the store with the only light coming through a rooflight to Dav'ds left that I needed a two second exposure.
More portraits of real people living in Southwest Scotland can be viewed on my main website.
Please note, Flickr seems to soften my images on uplaod, this image was pin sharp in photoshop.
All Rights Reserved
© 2010 Chris Frear Butterfield
Polite Notice:
I guard my copyright. Please do not use this image without asking permission. To do so is theft.
I make alot of these pages quite arbitrarily, fitting the typewritten text around the other elements.
A week later (almost). 29 days to go until the FIFA soccer Word Cup starts in Africa.
Canon 5D, EF 135mm f2
The managers area is still likely in VA, but the doors beyond that and to the left are likely in Tennessee.
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If you would like to use this picture in any sort of form, please send me a Flickrmail or send me an email at natehenderson6@gmail.com.
How to manage multiple passwords on Linux
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How to manage multiple passwords on Linux
If you would like to use this photo, be sure to place a proper attribution linking to xmodulo.com
Thanks to the new ‘character creator’ feature it is now canon that all mangers in Football Manager 2016 are reanimated corpses.
A portrait of Sacha Baker, SHESCR Manager at E-Power in Port-au-Prince, November 6, 2012. Photo: Dominic Chavez / World Bank
Photo ID: Haiti_Electricity_Story_EDIT_0010
Árpád Hittig Sr (Pozsony, 1865 - Kispest, 1927)
Before WW1 he was the manager and chief accountant of Count János Pálffy's demesnes, his office was in Pozsony (Pressburg), Kórház St, today Spitalska ulica.
They lived with his wife, Karolina Thier and children: Vilma, Irma, Árpád jr, and Aladár in Pozsony (Pressburg), Kossuth Lajos sétány 18. www.flickr.com/photos/37578663@N02/7247819948/in/set-7215...
Further infos of him, his offices, and of Count János Pálffy, the generous art collector here:
www.flickr.com/photos/37578663@N02/7232144774/in/photostream
Photographer: Béla Mindszenty,
Pozsony/Pressburg, Rózsa St 2, vis-a-vis the theatre.
Successor of János Mailáth.
Hungary
Cabinet card
From the family album.
Id. Hittig Árpád (Pozsony, 1865 - Kispest, 1927) gróf Pálffy János uradalmának volt főintézője/főkönyvelője az I. világháború előtt, az iroda Pozsonyban volt, a Kórház utcában (Ma: Spitalska).
Pozsonyban, a Kossuth Lajos sétány 18-ban laktak (III. em), feleségével, Thier Karolinával és gyermekeikkel, Vilmával, Irmával, ifj. Árpáddal és Aladárral.
További infók az irodáról Pozsonyban és Pálffy grófról, a nagylelkű műgyűjtőről itt:
www.flickr.com/photos/37578663@N02/7232144774/in/photostream
Fényképész: Mindszenty Béla, Pozsony, Rózsa utca 2., a színház átellenében.
Mailáth János utóda.
How to configure a Linux bridge with Network Manager on Ubuntu
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How to configure a Linux bridge with Network Manager on Ubuntu
If you would like to use this photo, be sure to place a proper attribution linking to Ask Xmodulo