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psychosocial therapies are part of the standard management of schizophrenic illnesses, but have not been subjected to systematic evaluation and are therefore not included in this guideline. This does not imply that they are not essential components of good practice.
The remainder of this section describes the evidence for the effectiveness of Education Programmes, Family Interventions, and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in the management of schizophrenia. Section 3 provides recommendations for the application of these interventions in clinical practice, according to the phase of the illness.
Education programmes
Education Programmes are directed at either patients or carers/family members and have several aims. Improvement in knowledge of schizophrenia and its course and in compliance with treatment has been shown. There is also evidence of greater satisfaction with services provided. Some programmes go beyond the provision of information and take an educational approach to skills training or problem solving.
Education Programmes for patients may be undertaken in individual or in group settings. Simple information-giving is less effective than interactive sessions. The focus includes giving information about the course and management of the illness, including the importance of compliance with medication and the management of stress.
Providing carers and family members with information on the likely course of the illness, the treatments available, the importance of compliance and the services available is an essential element of good practice It may be undertaken as part of a Family Intervention programme
Specific techniques, e.g. use of homework or video, have not been shown to improve the assimilation of information, but a group setting has advantages
Family interventions
The aims of 'Family Intervention' include reduction of frequency of relapse into illness and reduction of hospital admissions, reduction in the burden of care on families and carers, and improvement in compliance with medication.
Some Family Intervention Programmes have targeted families where there are high levels of criticism, hostility and over-involvement. 'High expressed emotion' is a measure of these features and programmes which reduce this or reduce the amount of 'face to face' contact between the patient and family members have been shown to reduce the frequency of relapse. However, the measurement of expressed emotion is a research technique which is not practical for everyday use. Family Intervention Programmes which are not derived from this theoretical background have been shown to be effective.
Most intervention strategies contain more than one technique. Separating and defining the effects of the components of an intervention strategy is not possible at present as few studies examine the effect of a single technique and only a general description of interventions used in research studies is usually given. However, a number of practice guides have been published which give detailed descriptions of the techniques employed in some studies. Family Intervention has been shown to be effective with some variation in the components of the programme, but family sessions to address the problems identified in the analysis may not be effective if the patient is not included. Social skills training and vocational rehabilitation were included in some studies. These are not covered as separate interventions in the guideline.
Cognitive behaviour therapy
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for psychosis is a modification of standard cognitive behavioural therapy. The aim is to modify symptoms (e.g. delusions, hallucinations) or the consequences of the symptoms which may be cognitive, emotional, physiological or behavioural. The treatment programme is intensive (involving about 20 hours of individual treatment) and based on an individually tailored formulation which provides an explanation of the development, maintenance and exacerbation of symptoms and of pre-morbid mood, interpersonal and behavioural difficulties.
There is now good evidence that treatment resistant symptoms (delusions, hallucinations) can be substantially reduced in a significant proportion of those who complete therapy. It is not yet clear who is most likely to benefit from treatment and many patients may be unwilling to participate. The treatment is well tolerated. However, reduction of symptoms has not been shown to lead to significant social or lifestyle improvements.
A combination of the following techniques has been shown to be most effective in lessening symptoms of psychosis resistant to other forms of treatment:
◦enhancement of cognitive behavioural coping strategies5
◦developing a rationale to explain symptoms28◦realistic goal setting
◦modification of delusional beliefs29◦modification of dysfunctional assumptions.
A number of these techniques are a refinement of normal good practice using a systematic approach.
'Early Intervention Studies' have aimed to identify prodromal symptoms or the 'signature' preceding relapse. The approach is not a form of cognitive therapy, but early intervention with medication or Cognitive Behaviour Therapy may be facilitated
These are my first uploads in a long time...
2013 was a mad year spent 5 months in the Arctic (Still sorting out the photos) and then moved to Birmingham and started a PhD at Leicester in the September.
And now it's 2014 and time to dust of the camera gear.
These were taken at the Library of Birmingham with my trusty X10 with some editing with Aperture 3 and NIK collection.
This year’s celebrations of Krishna Janmashtami (Krishna’s appearance day) was a very full day! Out on the back lawn, a Bhagavad Gita yajna was held with SPN residents, community and guests playing the part of pujaris while the Swamis chanted each of its 700 verses, honouring the pure knowledge that Lord Krishna gave to all of us.
Later, Guruji held a lovely sunset satsang in the garden, and then everyone went to the tent to see a play about the life and transformation of Saint Purandara Das. Immediately afterwards, it was time for singing and dancing to energetic bhajans until midnight, then Krishna abhishekam and a beautiful closing satsang by Guruji at 3 am.
The message for this special day is a timeless one: allowing Krishna to be born in our hearts, and to see each of the lilas of Krishna's life as reminders to destroy the negativity of the mind with the power of bhakti, devotion to God. May this day inspire us throughout the year!
paramahamsavishwananda.com
bhaktimarga.org
Academic and vocational studies on Sustainable Human Development for a new development thinking.
View a bigger version of this infographic on Visual.ly.
Designer: Tong Zhaohui (童兆惠)
1980, January
Knowledge gives me another pair of wings
Zhishi wei wo tian shuang yi (知识为我添双翼)
Call nr.: BG E18/55 (Landsberger collection)
More? See: chineseposters.net
"Yea doubtless, and I count all things but loss for the excellency of the knowledge of Christ Jesus my Lord: for whom I have suffered the loss of all things, and do count them but dung, that I may win Christ." Philippians 3:8.
I was thinking to myself today that a day isn't complete if I haven't learned some new idea in science or math. Then I thought that that goes for the excellency of the knowledge of Christ Jesus my Lord as well. Have you learned something about Christ today?
“It is possible that logging may have a positive effect, because when you remove some trees, there’s more light reaching the others.” says Guariguata. “On the other hand, when you alter the structure of the forest the pollinator bees may be disrupted, which could reduce fruit production. But we just don’t know.”
Photo by Marco Simola/CIFOR.
For more information on CIFOR's research on Brazil nuts in Peru, please contact Manuel Guariguata ( mailto:m.guariguata@cgiar.org )
If you use one of our photos, please credit it accordingly and let us know. You can reach us through our Flickr account or at: cifor-mediainfo@cgiar.org and m.edliadi@cgiar.org
Septenary Ingredients of Important Traditional Herbal Formulations from Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database
Medicinal Rice of India with reference to Healing Flora of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamilnadu, Punjab, Haryana, West Bengal, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh.
-This picture is a part of Compilation of Pankaj Oudhia’s Research Works at Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur, India (1990-2001),
-This picture is a part of Pankaj Oudhia’s report on Endangered Species of India.
-This picture is a part of Pankaj Oudhia’s report on Forgotten Indigenous Rice Formulations for Vitamin A deficiency.
-This picture is a part of Pankaj Oudhia’s report on Ancient Rice Njavara in Indian Traditional Herbal Formulations with other potential Desi Medicinal Rice.
-This picture is a part of Pankaj Oudhia’s Traditional Knowledge Database on Medicinal Rice based Herbal Formulations.
-This picture is a part of Pankaj Oudhia’s Dream Project to Establish International Medicinal Rice Research Institute (IMRRI) in India.
Camera Nikon D7000
Exposure 1/125
Aperture f/2.8
Focal Length 50 mm
ISO Speed 1250
Exposure Bias 0 EV
Flash No Flash
Filters No Filter
Tom Roper and Jo Richardson, straight out of the CILIP 2013 AGM in the new Library of Birmingham, where their motion:
"In view of his failures to enforce the 1964 Public Libraries and Museums Act, this Annual General Meeting of CILIP has no confidence in Ed Vaizey, Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Culture, Communications and Creative Industries, and instructs Council to work with all other interested parties to protect library, information and knowledge services."
...was passed (669 members for, 200 members against, 103 abstained).
Self identification allows a person to understand their prejudices and strengths. I suggest that the red shirted male and red dressed female have a conservative orientation and the blue shirted male and blue dressed female have a liberal orientation. The gray people don't know their strengths or weaknesses.
That self knowledge would help us not to ingrain our prejudices in futile conflicts. For example, if a person knows they are more conservative they know that they must restrain their inclination to attack those that have strengths or weaknesses in the liberal vein. That could mean being less critical of new ideas. It could mean being less critical of more free ideas of personal behavior. Another common and more serious problem is overreacting to violations of legislated law or other traditional doctrines.
I also like the current descriptions of state voting records where the the color choices match this painting--blue states for Democrat/liberal and red states for Republican/conservative. I also have read with interest the descriptions from psychology which would be --my blue color stands for right brain orientation/liberal and -- my red for left brain orientation/conservative. Art and creativity supposedly come from the right side of the brain and logic and science from the left.
To see a closer view see: flickr.com/photos/21702692@N05/2101820241/
Brook Thompson
Engineering a green future
Brook Thompson grew up splitting her time between her mother in Portland and her father on the Yurok Reservation in Northern California.
On the reservation, she developed a strong connection to her tribe and its land by participating in traditional dances, fishing with her dad and learning the Yurok language from her grandfather, one of the last native speakers.
“Anytime you pick a plant, you say ‘thank you’ to it, and you pray every time you kill a living thing,” she says. “You think about the generations ahead of you.”
In the city, she didn’t see the same connection to the land and the future.
Now she’s studying civil engineering and wants to ease the impact of cities on the environment by designing green buildings with zero net energy consumption.
She could have used her full-ride Gates scholarship at any university but chose PSU for its Honors College, strong engineering program and focus on sustainability. She has earned a spot on the Dean’s List every term while taking a heavy course load and joining seven student clubs, including the American Indian Science and Engineering Society and the Society of Women Engineers.
She says small Honors classes, one-on- one writing tutors and friends in her student groups have helped her excel.
“I’m not just going to college for myself,” Thompson says. “I’m trying to improve other people’s lives just as much.”
At Portland State University, we believe knowledge works best when it serves the community.
Islamabad, January 22, 2011 - USAID’s program office director, John Morgan, talking to students at the Pakistan Knowledge Festival about the U.S. support to Pakistan’s Education Sector. USAID’s $75 million Pre-STEP project is working to improve the basic education in Pakistan by strengthening teacher training.
The US Office of Naval Research Global working with Intelligence in Science (ISC) to organize a workshop at the European Parliament, on 25 January 2012. The objective of the workshop was to meet with both EU policy makers and program managers to discuss global collaboration in innovation and knowledge driven R&D in three specific areas: cyber security, power and energy, computational and cognitive neural science.
(First floor of the Des Moines Public Library.) On the perimeter, this library was bursting with readers, loungers, computer users, and people of all ages wanting a "literacy-rich" hangout on a bright sunny Sunday afternoon.
Evan is a fascinating font of knowledge about Native American history and spirituality. I met him today while photographing an educational program for the Mohonk Preserve. Evan is a "Micmac" Algonquin, Director of The Center for Algonquin Culture, author, and a college professor. Here's the link to his organization:
Her mom is preparing herself for a wedding party. Zoha (my daughter) is observing closely -very soon she will be doing the same. Girls will be girls :)