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Discover more artworks in "Art Gallery ErgsArt" application by ErgSap in app stores, a mobile art platform for artists and art-lovers with live exhibition, temporary exhibition and a permanent collection of 60 000 artworks and more in one place !
Get "Art Gallery ErgsArt" mobile application by ErgSap on www.ergsart.com
♥ Follow us on twitter: www.twitter.com/ergsart
♥ Facebook: www.facebook.com/ErgsArt and
♥ Mobile Play Store :https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ergsap.ergsart&hl=en
Contact us at ergsap@yahoo.com to join and exhibit your artworks in our live exhibition in "Art Gallery ErgsArt » and reach thousands of art-lovers !
Art Gallery ErgsArt is a fine art studio, art museum for artists with great collections of world famous paintings from famous artists like Rembrandt and a modern art exhibition from living artists!
ErgsArt is an innovative virtual art platform, a timeline in Art history and modern art & culture. Discover artworks, contemporary art and abstract paintings of modern artists in this art gallery and live exhibition.
♥ "I love art. And having so many paintings at hand exceeds my expectations" (C. McKay)
♥ "Huge amount of quality artwork." (Patricia*)
♥ "Unexpected bonus art history app. [...] Surprising depth for a free app." (Graf*)
♥ "Love the wide and vast array of art you can view in this app." (Mills*)
Pick 60 000 paintings pictures, sculptures, drawings, sketches from 600 famous artists of all time from italian and northen renaissance, baroque, impressionism and realism, romanticism, japanese or chinese art, 18th or 19th important art movements.
Among them you will learn from the art gallery of Donatello, Botticelli with The Birth of Venus, Leonardo da Vinci with the famous painting Mona Lisa (Joconde), Michelangelo and Sistine chapel ceiling or its David statue; Raphael and its madonnas, the Titian, Albrecht Durer, El Greco, Caravaggio, Rubens, Bernini, Rembrandt or Goya arts.
Discover artworks by impressionist painters Camille Pissarro, Edouard Manet, Degas, Cezanne, Claude Monet, Renoir, or other masters like Gustave Courbet, Egon Shiele, Modigliani, Rousseau, Mary Cassat, Gauguin, Klimt, Toulouse-lautrec, Seurat, Van Gogh and many other artists, all in a single place.
Some advantages of our art gallery ErgsArt :
ART MUSEUM
■ Live exhibition from living artists
■ 60 000 world famous paintings from 600 famous artists, watercolor paintings, flowers, landscapes, marines, portraits, self-portraits
ENTERTAINMENT
■ Art history and timeline
■ Slideshow
■ Filters, frames, colors
■ Bookmark, collections, wallpaper
■ Homescreen & lockscreen widgets
FUN & ART GAME : test and improve your knowledge
■ Art finder game : chase paintings and artists
■ Art Quiz from dashboard
SEARCH & DISCOVERY
■ Intelligent search of masterpieces by title, artist, location, canvas types, date, art movement, art period
■ Voice recognition
■ Popular paintings in real-time, monthly, weekly or daily artworks
SOCIAL
■ Share several paintings in attachment with friends
OFFLINE : available once downloaded, no need data connection
■ Offline artworks
■ Fetch entire galleries and paintings for offline use
■ Download all public domain archives
Artists and art-lovers, have a great time travel in art history within galleries of famous paintings with ErgsArt !
Visit us at www.ergsart.com and get our mobile app at play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ergsap.ergsart&...
See some great open Art projects :
www.google.com/culturalinstitute/project/art-project
Discover more artworks in "Art Gallery ErgsArt" application by ErgSap in app stores, a mobile art platform for artists and art-lovers with live exhibition, temporary exhibition and a permanent collection of 60 000 artworks and more in one place !
Get "Art Gallery ErgsArt" mobile application by ErgSap on www.ergsart.com
♥ Follow us on twitter: www.twitter.com/ergsart
♥ Facebook: www.facebook.com/ErgsArt and
♥ Mobile Play Store :https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ergsap.ergsart&hl=en
Contact us at ergsap@yahoo.com to join and exhibit your artworks in our live exhibition in "Art Gallery ErgsArt » and reach thousands of art-lovers !
Art Gallery ErgsArt is a fine art studio, art museum for artists with great collections of world famous paintings from famous artists like Rembrandt and a modern art exhibition from living artists!
ErgsArt is an innovative virtual art platform, a timeline in Art history and modern art & culture. Discover artworks, contemporary art and abstract paintings of modern artists in this art gallery and live exhibition.
♥ "I love art. And having so many paintings at hand exceeds my expectations" (C. McKay)
♥ "Huge amount of quality artwork." (Patricia*)
♥ "Unexpected bonus art history app. [...] Surprising depth for a free app." (Graf*)
♥ "Love the wide and vast array of art you can view in this app." (Mills*)
Pick 60 000 paintings pictures, sculptures, drawings, sketches from 600 famous artists of all time from italian and northen renaissance, baroque, impressionism and realism, romanticism, japanese or chinese art, 18th or 19th important art movements.
Among them you will learn from the art gallery of Donatello, Botticelli with The Birth of Venus, Leonardo da Vinci with the famous painting Mona Lisa (Joconde), Michelangelo and Sistine chapel ceiling or its David statue; Raphael and its madonnas, the Titian, Albrecht Durer, El Greco, Caravaggio, Rubens, Bernini, Rembrandt or Goya arts.
Discover artworks by impressionist painters Camille Pissarro, Edouard Manet, Degas, Cezanne, Claude Monet, Renoir, or other masters like Gustave Courbet, Egon Shiele, Modigliani, Rousseau, Mary Cassat, Gauguin, Klimt, Toulouse-lautrec, Seurat, Van Gogh and many other artists, all in a single place.
Some advantages of our art gallery ErgsArt :
ART MUSEUM
■ Live exhibition from living artists
■ 60 000 world famous paintings from 600 famous artists, watercolor paintings, flowers, landscapes, marines, portraits, self-portraits
ENTERTAINMENT
■ Art history and timeline
■ Slideshow
■ Filters, frames, colors
■ Bookmark, collections, wallpaper
■ Homescreen & lockscreen widgets
FUN & ART GAME : test and improve your knowledge
■ Art finder game : chase paintings and artists
■ Art Quiz from dashboard
SEARCH & DISCOVERY
■ Intelligent search of masterpieces by title, artist, location, canvas types, date, art movement, art period
■ Voice recognition
■ Popular paintings in real-time, monthly, weekly or daily artworks
SOCIAL
■ Share several paintings in attachment with friends
OFFLINE : available once downloaded, no need data connection
■ Offline artworks
■ Fetch entire galleries and paintings for offline use
■ Download all public domain archives
Artists and art-lovers, have a great time travel in art history within galleries of famous paintings with ErgsArt !
Visit us at www.ergsart.com and get our mobile app at play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ergsap.ergsart&...
See some great open Art projects :
www.google.com/culturalinstitute/project/art-project
Discover more artworks in "Art Gallery ErgsArt" application by ErgSap in app stores, a mobile art platform for artists and art-lovers with live exhibition, temporary exhibition and a permanent collection of 60 000 artworks and more in one place !
Get "Art Gallery ErgsArt" mobile application by ErgSap on www.ergsart.com
♥ Follow us on twitter: www.twitter.com/ergsart
♥ Facebook: www.facebook.com/ErgsArt and
♥ Mobile Play Store :https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ergsap.ergsart&hl=en
Contact us at ergsap@yahoo.com to join and exhibit your artworks in our live exhibition in "Art Gallery ErgsArt » and reach thousands of art-lovers !
Art Gallery ErgsArt is a fine art studio, art museum for artists with great collections of world famous paintings from famous artists like Rembrandt and a modern art exhibition from living artists!
ErgsArt is an innovative virtual art platform, a timeline in Art history and modern art & culture. Discover artworks, contemporary art and abstract paintings of modern artists in this art gallery and live exhibition.
♥ "I love art. And having so many paintings at hand exceeds my expectations" (C. McKay)
♥ "Huge amount of quality artwork." (Patricia*)
♥ "Unexpected bonus art history app. [...] Surprising depth for a free app." (Graf*)
♥ "Love the wide and vast array of art you can view in this app." (Mills*)
Pick 60 000 paintings pictures, sculptures, drawings, sketches from 600 famous artists of all time from italian and northen renaissance, baroque, impressionism and realism, romanticism, japanese or chinese art, 18th or 19th important art movements.
Among them you will learn from the art gallery of Donatello, Botticelli with The Birth of Venus, Leonardo da Vinci with the famous painting Mona Lisa (Joconde), Michelangelo and Sistine chapel ceiling or its David statue; Raphael and its madonnas, the Titian, Albrecht Durer, El Greco, Caravaggio, Rubens, Bernini, Rembrandt or Goya arts.
Discover artworks by impressionist painters Camille Pissarro, Edouard Manet, Degas, Cezanne, Claude Monet, Renoir, or other masters like Gustave Courbet, Egon Shiele, Modigliani, Rousseau, Mary Cassat, Gauguin, Klimt, Toulouse-lautrec, Seurat, Van Gogh and many other artists, all in a single place.
Some advantages of our art gallery ErgsArt :
ART MUSEUM
■ Live exhibition from living artists
■ 60 000 world famous paintings from 600 famous artists, watercolor paintings, flowers, landscapes, marines, portraits, self-portraits
ENTERTAINMENT
■ Art history and timeline
■ Slideshow
■ Filters, frames, colors
■ Bookmark, collections, wallpaper
■ Homescreen & lockscreen widgets
FUN & ART GAME : test and improve your knowledge
■ Art finder game : chase paintings and artists
■ Art Quiz from dashboard
SEARCH & DISCOVERY
■ Intelligent search of masterpieces by title, artist, location, canvas types, date, art movement, art period
■ Voice recognition
■ Popular paintings in real-time, monthly, weekly or daily artworks
SOCIAL
■ Share several paintings in attachment with friends
OFFLINE : available once downloaded, no need data connection
■ Offline artworks
■ Fetch entire galleries and paintings for offline use
■ Download all public domain archives
Artists and art-lovers, have a great time travel in art history within galleries of famous paintings with ErgsArt !
Visit us at www.ergsart.com and get our mobile app at play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ergsap.ergsart&...
See some great open Art projects :
www.google.com/culturalinstitute/project/art-project
EPS 37601 + 37603 (5X11 1048 Dollands Moor - North Pole) dragging hauling a full set Eurostar with power cars 3312 + 3311 approaching Paddock Wood, these trips were for route refresher and traction knowledge for the EPS drivers just in case a Eurostar broke down and needed dragging. 21.06.06
I used my camera as commander and my Nikon SB700 as an off camera flash with a printed reflection
screen.
Camera Nikon D7000
Lens Sigma AF 150mm f/2.8 EX DG Macro OS HSM
Exposure 1/320
Aperture f/16.0
Focal Length 150 mm
ISO Speed 100
© Bram Reinders
Discover more artworks in "Art Gallery ErgsArt" application by ErgSap in app stores, a mobile art platform for artists and art-lovers with live exhibition, temporary exhibition and a permanent collection of 60 000 artworks and more in one place !
Get "Art Gallery ErgsArt" mobile application by ErgSap on www.ergsart.com
♥ Follow us on twitter: www.twitter.com/ergsart
♥ Facebook: www.facebook.com/ErgsArt and
♥ Mobile Play Store :https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ergsap.ergsart&hl=en
Contact us at ergsap@yahoo.com to join and exhibit your artworks in our live exhibition in "Art Gallery ErgsArt » and reach thousands of art-lovers !
Art Gallery ErgsArt is a fine art studio, art museum for artists with great collections of world famous paintings from famous artists like Rembrandt and a modern art exhibition from living artists!
ErgsArt is an innovative virtual art platform, a timeline in Art history and modern art & culture. Discover artworks, contemporary art and abstract paintings of modern artists in this art gallery and live exhibition.
♥ "I love art. And having so many paintings at hand exceeds my expectations" (C. McKay)
♥ "Huge amount of quality artwork." (Patricia*)
♥ "Unexpected bonus art history app. [...] Surprising depth for a free app." (Graf*)
♥ "Love the wide and vast array of art you can view in this app." (Mills*)
Pick 60 000 paintings pictures, sculptures, drawings, sketches from 600 famous artists of all time from italian and northen renaissance, baroque, impressionism and realism, romanticism, japanese or chinese art, 18th or 19th important art movements.
Among them you will learn from the art gallery of Donatello, Botticelli with The Birth of Venus, Leonardo da Vinci with the famous painting Mona Lisa (Joconde), Michelangelo and Sistine chapel ceiling or its David statue; Raphael and its madonnas, the Titian, Albrecht Durer, El Greco, Caravaggio, Rubens, Bernini, Rembrandt or Goya arts.
Discover artworks by impressionist painters Camille Pissarro, Edouard Manet, Degas, Cezanne, Claude Monet, Renoir, or other masters like Gustave Courbet, Egon Shiele, Modigliani, Rousseau, Mary Cassat, Gauguin, Klimt, Toulouse-lautrec, Seurat, Van Gogh and many other artists, all in a single place.
Some advantages of our art gallery ErgsArt :
ART MUSEUM
■ Live exhibition from living artists
■ 60 000 world famous paintings from 600 famous artists, watercolor paintings, flowers, landscapes, marines, portraits, self-portraits
ENTERTAINMENT
■ Art history and timeline
■ Slideshow
■ Filters, frames, colors
■ Bookmark, collections, wallpaper
■ Homescreen & lockscreen widgets
FUN & ART GAME : test and improve your knowledge
■ Art finder game : chase paintings and artists
■ Art Quiz from dashboard
SEARCH & DISCOVERY
■ Intelligent search of masterpieces by title, artist, location, canvas types, date, art movement, art period
■ Voice recognition
■ Popular paintings in real-time, monthly, weekly or daily artworks
SOCIAL
■ Share several paintings in attachment with friends
OFFLINE : available once downloaded, no need data connection
■ Offline artworks
■ Fetch entire galleries and paintings for offline use
■ Download all public domain archives
Artists and art-lovers, have a great time travel in art history within galleries of famous paintings with ErgsArt !
Visit us at www.ergsart.com and get our mobile app at play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ergsap.ergsart&...
See some great open Art projects :
www.google.com/culturalinstitute/project/art-project
Discover more artworks in "Art Gallery ErgsArt" application by ErgSap in app stores, a mobile art platform for artists and art-lovers with live exhibition, temporary exhibition and a permanent collection of 60 000 artworks and more in one place !
Get "Art Gallery ErgsArt" mobile application by ErgSap on www.ergsart.com
♥ Follow us on twitter: www.twitter.com/ergsart
♥ Facebook: www.facebook.com/ErgsArt and
♥ Mobile Play Store :https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ergsap.ergsart&hl=en
Contact us at ergsap@yahoo.com to join and exhibit your artworks in our live exhibition in "Art Gallery ErgsArt » and reach thousands of art-lovers !
Art Gallery ErgsArt is a fine art studio, art museum for artists with great collections of world famous paintings from famous artists like Rembrandt and a modern art exhibition from living artists!
ErgsArt is an innovative virtual art platform, a timeline in Art history and modern art & culture. Discover artworks, contemporary art and abstract paintings of modern artists in this art gallery and live exhibition.
♥ "I love art. And having so many paintings at hand exceeds my expectations" (C. McKay)
♥ "Huge amount of quality artwork." (Patricia*)
♥ "Unexpected bonus art history app. [...] Surprising depth for a free app." (Graf*)
♥ "Love the wide and vast array of art you can view in this app." (Mills*)
Pick 60 000 paintings pictures, sculptures, drawings, sketches from 600 famous artists of all time from italian and northen renaissance, baroque, impressionism and realism, romanticism, japanese or chinese art, 18th or 19th important art movements.
Among them you will learn from the art gallery of Donatello, Botticelli with The Birth of Venus, Leonardo da Vinci with the famous painting Mona Lisa (Joconde), Michelangelo and Sistine chapel ceiling or its David statue; Raphael and its madonnas, the Titian, Albrecht Durer, El Greco, Caravaggio, Rubens, Bernini, Rembrandt or Goya arts.
Discover artworks by impressionist painters Camille Pissarro, Edouard Manet, Degas, Cezanne, Claude Monet, Renoir, or other masters like Gustave Courbet, Egon Shiele, Modigliani, Rousseau, Mary Cassat, Gauguin, Klimt, Toulouse-lautrec, Seurat, Van Gogh and many other artists, all in a single place.
Some advantages of our art gallery ErgsArt :
ART MUSEUM
■ Live exhibition from living artists
■ 60 000 world famous paintings from 600 famous artists, watercolor paintings, flowers, landscapes, marines, portraits, self-portraits
ENTERTAINMENT
■ Art history and timeline
■ Slideshow
■ Filters, frames, colors
■ Bookmark, collections, wallpaper
■ Homescreen & lockscreen widgets
FUN & ART GAME : test and improve your knowledge
■ Art finder game : chase paintings and artists
■ Art Quiz from dashboard
SEARCH & DISCOVERY
■ Intelligent search of masterpieces by title, artist, location, canvas types, date, art movement, art period
■ Voice recognition
■ Popular paintings in real-time, monthly, weekly or daily artworks
SOCIAL
■ Share several paintings in attachment with friends
OFFLINE : available once downloaded, no need data connection
■ Offline artworks
■ Fetch entire galleries and paintings for offline use
■ Download all public domain archives
Artists and art-lovers, have a great time travel in art history within galleries of famous paintings with ErgsArt !
Visit us at www.ergsart.com and get our mobile app at play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ergsap.ergsart&...
See some great open Art projects :
www.google.com/culturalinstitute/project/art-project
Discover more artworks in "Art Gallery ErgsArt" application by ErgSap in app stores, a mobile art platform for artists and art-lovers with live exhibition, temporary exhibition and a permanent collection of 60 000 artworks and more in one place !
Get "Art Gallery ErgsArt" mobile application by ErgSap on www.ergsart.com
♥ Follow us on twitter: www.twitter.com/ergsart
♥ Facebook: www.facebook.com/ErgsArt and
♥ Mobile Play Store :https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ergsap.ergsart&hl=en
Contact us at ergsap@yahoo.com to join and exhibit your artworks in our live exhibition in "Art Gallery ErgsArt » and reach thousands of art-lovers !
Art Gallery ErgsArt is a fine art studio, art museum for artists with great collections of world famous paintings from famous artists like Rembrandt and a modern art exhibition from living artists!
ErgsArt is an innovative virtual art platform, a timeline in Art history and modern art & culture. Discover artworks, contemporary art and abstract paintings of modern artists in this art gallery and live exhibition.
♥ "I love art. And having so many paintings at hand exceeds my expectations" (C. McKay)
♥ "Huge amount of quality artwork." (Patricia*)
♥ "Unexpected bonus art history app. [...] Surprising depth for a free app." (Graf*)
♥ "Love the wide and vast array of art you can view in this app." (Mills*)
Pick 60 000 paintings pictures, sculptures, drawings, sketches from 600 famous artists of all time from italian and northen renaissance, baroque, impressionism and realism, romanticism, japanese or chinese art, 18th or 19th important art movements.
Among them you will learn from the art gallery of Donatello, Botticelli with The Birth of Venus, Leonardo da Vinci with the famous painting Mona Lisa (Joconde), Michelangelo and Sistine chapel ceiling or its David statue; Raphael and its madonnas, the Titian, Albrecht Durer, El Greco, Caravaggio, Rubens, Bernini, Rembrandt or Goya arts.
Discover artworks by impressionist painters Camille Pissarro, Edouard Manet, Degas, Cezanne, Claude Monet, Renoir, or other masters like Gustave Courbet, Egon Shiele, Modigliani, Rousseau, Mary Cassat, Gauguin, Klimt, Toulouse-lautrec, Seurat, Van Gogh and many other artists, all in a single place.
Some advantages of our art gallery ErgsArt :
ART MUSEUM
■ Live exhibition from living artists
■ 60 000 world famous paintings from 600 famous artists, watercolor paintings, flowers, landscapes, marines, portraits, self-portraits
ENTERTAINMENT
■ Art history and timeline
■ Slideshow
■ Filters, frames, colors
■ Bookmark, collections, wallpaper
■ Homescreen & lockscreen widgets
FUN & ART GAME : test and improve your knowledge
■ Art finder game : chase paintings and artists
■ Art Quiz from dashboard
SEARCH & DISCOVERY
■ Intelligent search of masterpieces by title, artist, location, canvas types, date, art movement, art period
■ Voice recognition
■ Popular paintings in real-time, monthly, weekly or daily artworks
SOCIAL
■ Share several paintings in attachment with friends
OFFLINE : available once downloaded, no need data connection
■ Offline artworks
■ Fetch entire galleries and paintings for offline use
■ Download all public domain archives
Artists and art-lovers, have a great time travel in art history within galleries of famous paintings with ErgsArt !
Visit us at www.ergsart.com and get our mobile app at play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ergsap.ergsart&...
See some great open Art projects :
www.google.com/culturalinstitute/project/art-project
THANK YOU for sharing your knowledge, your talent & your mad photog skills. I am a better photographer for *knowing* you!
1. Nobody can go back and start a new beginning, but anyone can start today and make a new ending, 2. Untitled, 3. DOLL!, 4. A simple smile, 5. everything has rhythm. everything dances., 6. 69/366, 7. Untitled, 8. ok omar! sheesh. how about..."YO. what up?", 9. www.flickr.com/photos/pumkinlittle/2303328361/, 10. Untitled, 11. Untitled, 12. .Jackybear., 13. angel in the morning, baby, 14. Untitled, 15. Untitled, 16. Untitled, 17. {pastel baby}, 18. ...spring will come..., 19. Tulip de Texture, 20. Lights... Camera... Action, 21. Stephanie, 22. Model Nichelle, 23. I have a new foster friend!!! :D, 24. Untitled, 25. Untitled
Discover more artworks in "Art Gallery ErgsArt" application by ErgSap in app stores, a mobile art platform for artists and art-lovers with live exhibition, temporary exhibition and a permanent collection of 60 000 artworks and more in one place !
Get "Art Gallery ErgsArt" mobile application by ErgSap on www.ergsart.com
♥ Follow us on twitter: www.twitter.com/ergsart
♥ Facebook: www.facebook.com/ErgsArt and
♥ Mobile Play Store :https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ergsap.ergsart&hl=en
Contact us at ergsap@yahoo.com to join and exhibit your artworks in our live exhibition in "Art Gallery ErgsArt » and reach thousands of art-lovers !
Art Gallery ErgsArt is a fine art studio, art museum for artists with great collections of world famous paintings from famous artists like Rembrandt and a modern art exhibition from living artists!
ErgsArt is an innovative virtual art platform, a timeline in Art history and modern art & culture. Discover artworks, contemporary art and abstract paintings of modern artists in this art gallery and live exhibition.
♥ "I love art. And having so many paintings at hand exceeds my expectations" (C. McKay)
♥ "Huge amount of quality artwork." (Patricia*)
♥ "Unexpected bonus art history app. [...] Surprising depth for a free app." (Graf*)
♥ "Love the wide and vast array of art you can view in this app." (Mills*)
Pick 60 000 paintings pictures, sculptures, drawings, sketches from 600 famous artists of all time from italian and northen renaissance, baroque, impressionism and realism, romanticism, japanese or chinese art, 18th or 19th important art movements.
Among them you will learn from the art gallery of Donatello, Botticelli with The Birth of Venus, Leonardo da Vinci with the famous painting Mona Lisa (Joconde), Michelangelo and Sistine chapel ceiling or its David statue; Raphael and its madonnas, the Titian, Albrecht Durer, El Greco, Caravaggio, Rubens, Bernini, Rembrandt or Goya arts.
Discover artworks by impressionist painters Camille Pissarro, Edouard Manet, Degas, Cezanne, Claude Monet, Renoir, or other masters like Gustave Courbet, Egon Shiele, Modigliani, Rousseau, Mary Cassat, Gauguin, Klimt, Toulouse-lautrec, Seurat, Van Gogh and many other artists, all in a single place.
Some advantages of our art gallery ErgsArt :
ART MUSEUM
■ Live exhibition from living artists
■ 60 000 world famous paintings from 600 famous artists, watercolor paintings, flowers, landscapes, marines, portraits, self-portraits
ENTERTAINMENT
■ Art history and timeline
■ Slideshow
■ Filters, frames, colors
■ Bookmark, collections, wallpaper
■ Homescreen & lockscreen widgets
FUN & ART GAME : test and improve your knowledge
■ Art finder game : chase paintings and artists
■ Art Quiz from dashboard
SEARCH & DISCOVERY
■ Intelligent search of masterpieces by title, artist, location, canvas types, date, art movement, art period
■ Voice recognition
■ Popular paintings in real-time, monthly, weekly or daily artworks
SOCIAL
■ Share several paintings in attachment with friends
OFFLINE : available once downloaded, no need data connection
■ Offline artworks
■ Fetch entire galleries and paintings for offline use
■ Download all public domain archives
Artists and art-lovers, have a great time travel in art history within galleries of famous paintings with ErgsArt !
Visit us at www.ergsart.com and get our mobile app at play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ergsap.ergsart&...
See some great open Art projects :
www.google.com/culturalinstitute/project/art-project
1. The spiritual entity Qalb
Prophecy and knowledge relating to this was granted to the Prophet Adam
In the Urdu language the fleshy meat, (the heart) is known as dil, and in Arabic it is called fawad. The spiritual entity that is next to the heart is the Qalb and according to a Prophetic statement the heart and the Qalb are two separate entities.
Our solar system is the physical human sphere. There are other realms and spheres, for example the realm of the angels, the realm of the throne of God, the realm of the soul, the realm of the secrets, the realm of unification and the realm of the essence of God. These spheres and life forms inhabiting these spheres have existed before the eruption of the ball of fire, our Sun, which created our solar system. Ordinary angels were created alongside the creation of the souls when God commanded "Be" but the Archangels and the spiritual entities (which are placed inside the human body at birth) have existed in these realms before the formation of our solar system.
Many planets in our solar system were inhabited but subsequently these life forms became extinct. The remaining planets and their inhabitants are awaiting their destruction. The Archangels and the spiritual entities (of the human body) were created seventy thousand years before the command "Be."
Of these spiritual entities God placed the Qalb in the realm of love. It is with this that a human being is able to become connected with God. The Qalb acts like a telephone operator between God and the human being. A human being receives guidance and inspiration through it. Whereas the worship and the meditation done by the spiritual entities themselves can reach the highest realm, the Throne of God, with the aid of the Qalb. The Qalb itself, however cannot travel beyond the realm of the angels, as its place of origin is the Khuld, the lowest heaven in the realm of the angels.
The Qalb’s meditation is from within and its vibrating rosary is within the human skeleton (the heartbeat). People that failed to achieve this meditation of the Qalb in this lifetime will be regretful, even though they may be in paradise. As God has stated regarding those who will go to paradise, that do they, the inhabitants of paradise think that they will be equal to those who are elevated (reached higher realms by practicing the spiritual disciplines and becoming illuminated). As those that have achieved the meditation of the Qalb, they will enjoy its pleasures even in paradise when their Qalb will be vibrating with the Name of God.
After death physical worship ceases to exist and the people whose Qalb and spiritual entities are not strengthened and illuminated with the light of God are afflicted and distressed in their graves and their spiritual entities waste away. Whereas the illuminated and strengthened spiritual entities will go to the realm where the righteous will wait before the final judgement.
After the day of judgement a second body will be given, the illuminated spiritual entities along with the human soul will enter that body. The people that taught their spiritual entities, meditation, whereby the entities chanted the Name of God Allah in this life time will find that the spiritual entities will continue with this meditation even in the hereafter. Such people will continue to be elevated and exalted in the hereafter.
Those that were “blind of heart” (not illuminated) in this life time will be in darkness in that realm also, as this world was the place of action and effort. Those in the latter category will become quiescent.
Besides the Christians and the Jews the Hindu faith also holds a belief in these spiritual entities. The Hindu faith refers to them as Shaktian and the Muslims know them as Lata’if.
The Qalb is two inches, to the left of the heart. This spiritual entity is yellow in colour. When it is illuminated in a person, that person sees the colour yellow in their eyes. Not only this but there are many practitioners of alternative medicine who use the colours of these spiritual entities to heal people.
Most people regard their heart’s word, “inner feeling” to be truthful. If the hearts of people were indeed truthful, then why are all the people of the heart not united?
The Qalb of an ordinary person is in the sleeping or unconscious state and it does not possess any appreciation or awareness. Due to the dominance of the spirit of the self, the ego, and the Khannas, or due to the individual’s own simple- mindedness the heart can make judgements in error. Placing trust in a sleeping Qalb is foolish.
Only when the Name of God Allah, does vibrate in the heart does an appreciation of right and wrong and wisdom follow. At this stage the Qalb is known as the awakened Qalb. Thereafter due to the increase in the meditation by the Qalb, of the Name of God Allah, it is then known as the God-seeking Qalb. At this stage the heart is capable of preventing the person from doing wrong but it is still incapable of making a right or just decision. Thereafter and only when the Light and the rays of the Grace of God (theophany) start to descend upon that heart, is it known as the purified and illuminated Qalb that stands in the presence of God (witnessing Qalb).
A Prophetic statement:
“The mercy of God descends upon a broken heart and an afflicted grave.”
Thereafter when the heart reaches this stage then one must accept whatever it dictates, quietly without question because due to the rays of the Light and the Grace of God the spirit of the self, (ego) becomes completely illuminated, purified and at peace. God is then closer to that individual than that person’s jugular vein.
God then says, “I become his tongue with which he speaks and I become his hands with which he holds.”
2. The Human Soul
Prophecy and knowledge relating to this was granted to the Prophet Abraham
This is on the right side of the chest. This is awakened and illuminated by the meditation and one-pointed concentration on it. Once it becomes illuminated, a vibration similar to the heartbeat is felt on the right side of the chest. Then the Name of God, Ya Allah is matched with the vibrating pulse. The meditation of the soul is done in this way. At this point, there are now two spiritual entities meditating inside the human body, this is an advancement in rank and status and is better than the Qalb. The soul is a light red in colour and when it is awakened, it is able to travel to the realm of the souls (the station of the Archangel Gabriel). Anger and rage are attached to it that burn and turn into majesty.
3. The spiritual entity Sirri
Prophecy and knowledge relating to this was granted to the Prophet Moses
This spiritual entity is to the left of the centre of the chest. This is also awakened and illuminated by the meditation and one-pointed concentration on it with the Name of God, Ya Hayy, Ya Qayyum. Its colour is white and in the dream state or by spiritual separation from the physical body “transcendental meditation” it can journey to the realm of the secrets. Now there are three spiritual entities meditating within a person and its status is higher than the other two.
4. The spiritual entity Khaffi
Prophecy and knowledge relating to this was granted to the Prophet Jesus
This is to the right of the centre of the chest. It too is taught the Name of God Ya Wahid by meditation. It is green in colour and it can reach the realm of unification. Due to the meditation of four entities one's status is further increased.
5. The spiritual entity Akhfa
Prophecy and knowledge relating to this was granted to the Prophet Mohammed
This is situated at the centre of the chest. It is awakened by meditating on the Name of God, Ya Ahad. It is purple in colour and it too, is connected to that veil in the realm of unification behind which is the throne of God.
The hidden spiritual knowledge relating to these five spiritual entities was granted to the Prophets, one by one and half of the knowledge of every spiritual entity was granted from the Prophets to the Saints of their time. In this way there became ten parts of this knowledge. The Saints in turn passed this knowledge on to the spiritually favoured (Godly) who then had the benefit of the sacred knowledge.
The apparent knowledge of the seen is connected to the physical body, the spoken word, the human realm and the spirit of the self, this is for the ordinary mortals. This knowledge is contained in a book that has thirty parts. Spiritual knowledge was also given to the Prophets by revelation brought by Gabriel and for this reason it is known as the spiritual Holy Scripture.
Many of the verses of the Qur’an would sometimes be abolished, since the Prophet Mohammed would sometimes mention matters relating to this “hidden spiritual knowledge” before ordinary people, which was only meant for the special and Godly. Later this knowledge passed on spiritually from the chest of one Saint to another, and now it has become widespread by its publication in books.
6. The spiritual entity Anna
This spiritual entity is inside the head and is colourless. It is by the meditation on the Name of God Ya Hu that this spiritual entity reaches its pinnacle. It is this spiritual entity that when it becomes illuminated and powerful it can stand in the Presence of God, face to face, and communicate with God unobstructed. Only the extreme lovers of God reach this realm and station. Besides this there are a few and extremely exalted people who are granted additional spiritual entities, for example the spiritual entity Tifl-e-Nuri or a spiritual entity of the Godhead, Jussa-e-Tofiq-e-Ilahi, the spiritual status of such people is beyond understanding.
With the spiritual entity, Anna, God is seen in the dream state.
With the spiritual entity of the Godhead, God is seen in the “physical meditating state” when the spiritual entity itself leaves the human body and transcends to the essence of God.
Those possessing the spiritual entity, the Tifl-e-Nuri, see God whilst they are fully conscious.
It is these people who are the majesty and power of God in the world. They can either occupy the people by prescribing worship and austerities or by their spiritual grace send a person straight to the realm of God’s love. In their sight, concerning dispensing spiritual grace the believers and the non-believers, the dead and the living are all the same. Just as a thief became a Saint, in an instant, by the passing glimpse of the Saint Sheikh Abdul-Qadir al-Jilani, similarly, Abu-Bakr Havari and Manga the thief, became instant Saints by the passing glimpses of such Saints.
The five major Messengers were given knowledge of the five spiritual entities separately and in order of their appearance, as a result of which spirituality continued to prosper. With whichever spiritual entity you practice meditation you will be connected to the corresponding Messenger and become worthy of receiving spiritual grace (from that Messenger).
Whichever spiritual entity receives the rays of the Grace of God (favour), the Sainthood granted to that spiritual entity will be connected to the corresponding Prophet’s spiritual grace.
Access to seven realms and gaining elevated spiritual status in the seven heavens is obtained through these spiritual entities.
The functions of the spiritual entities inside the human body
Akhfa: Due to the spiritual entity, Akhfa a person is able to speak. In its absence a person may have a normal tongue but will be dumb. The difference between human beings and animals lies in the presence or the absence of these spiritual entities. At birth, if the entity, Akhfa was unable to enter the body for whatever reason, then a Prophet appointed for the rectification of this ailment would be called to treat the condition as a result of which the dumb would start to speak.
Sirri: A person is able to see due to the spiritual entity, Sirri. If it does not enter the body the person is blind from birth. An appointed Prophet had the duty to find and place the spiritual entity into the body, as a result of which the blind would start to see again.
Qalb: Without the spiritual entity of the Qalb, in the body, a person is like the animals, unacquainted, far from God, miserable and without purpose. Returning this entity into the body was the task of the Prophets also.
The miracles of the Prophets were also granted to the saints, in the form marvels and mystical wonders as a result of which even the impious and liberal became close to God. When a spiritual entity is returned by any allocated Saint or Prophet, the deaf, dumb and the blind are healed.
Anna: When the spiritual entity, Anna, fails to enter the body, a person is regarded as insane even though the brain may be functioning normally.
Khaffi: In the absence of the spiritual entity, Khafi, a person is deaf, even if the ears are opened wide.
These conditions can be caused by other defects in the body, and can be treated. There is no cure in the case, where the defect is caused by the absence of the associated spiritual entity except where a Prophet or a Saint intervenes and cures the defect.
Nafs, self: As a result of the spiritual entity of the self (ego) a persons mind is occupied with the material world and it is because of the spiritual entity Qalb that a persons direction turns towards God. For more detail visit www.goharshahi.org or visit asipk.com and for videos visit HH rags
At least I think those are the ones that grow new towers.
The model is a custom Nui Stone made by KingK
Monday, September 14, 2009.
Date of Birth
10 May 1960, Dublin, Ireland
Birth Name
Paul David Hewson
Nickname
Bon
B-Man
The Mirrorball Man
Height
5' 6½" (1.69 m)
Mini Biography
Nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2003 for his successful efforts to relieve third world debt and promote AIDS awareness in Africa. Received the rank of Chevalier dans l'Ordre de la Legion d'Honneur (Knight in the Order of the Legion of Honor) from French President Jacques Chirac on February 28, 2003.
IMDb Mini Biography By: Anonymous
Mini Biography
Bono has been lead singer of the band U2 since 1976. U2 has won 22 Grammy Awards to date, and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2005. Lauded by fans and critics as an outstanding performer and song-writer, Bono has also been praised by world leaders as an accomplished activist due to his powers of persuasion and knowledge of the issues. He travels extensively to give speeches and lobby politicians. Bono's career as a socially conscious musician has been shaped by childhood experiences in Ireland as well as volunteer work in Africa and South America. He married his childhood sweetheart Ali Hewson in 1982. An accomplished activist in her own right, Ali Hewson once declined an invitation to run for President of Ireland because her husband "would not move to a smaller house". They live in Dublin with their four children: Jordan, Memphis Eve, Elijah Bob Patricius Guggi Q and John Abraham.
IMDb Mini Biography By: Anonymous
Spouse
Ali Hewson (21 August 1982 - present) 4 children
Trade Mark
Wears goggle-like sunglasses
Glasses
Religious symbolism in songs.
Often wears a rosary given to him by Pope John Paul II.
Songs about Politics
Gretsch Irish Falcon Guitar
High vocal range
Trivia
At one point in in their career, less than ten paying customers were on hand for a U2 show. In the early nineties, U2 was the biggest export in all of Ireland.
Luciano Pavarotti called Bono's father relentlessly, so that he would try and convince his son to write a song for him.
He has written songs either for, or with, Frank Sinatra, Johnny Cash, Keith Richards, Luciano Pavarotti, Sinéad O'Connor, and Howie B. among several others.
Wrote the song "The Sweetest Thing" after missing his wife's birthday. When the song was rerecorded, his wife, Ali Hewson, received all the proceeds of its sale. She gave them, in turn to a charity for victims of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster.
Wife Alison gave birth to their 4th child, John Abraham Hewson, 7 pounds 7 oz, in Dublin Ireland. Now has 2 daughters and 2 sons. [21 May 2001]
Vocalist, guitarist and songwriter of U2.
Children: Jordan Hewson (born on his 29th birthday, 10 May 1989), Memphis Eve Hewson (born 7 July 1991), Elijah Bob Patricius Guggi Q (born 18 August 1999) and John Abraham (born 21 May 2001).
His father, Robert Hewson, died of cancer in Dublin. [21 August 2001]
Wrote a song with The Edge for Roy Orbison, "She's a Mystery To Me". It is included on Orbison's last album, Mystery Girl.
His stage name comes from Bono Vox, a hearing aid retailer. Bono Vox is Latin for "good voice"
Bono was a member of Band Aid but was absent when the ensemble came to perform "Do They Know It's Christmas?" on BBC TV's "Top of the Pops" (1964) leaving Paul Weller to mime the line Bono had sang on the record.
He is the only person, who has been nominated for an Oscar, Grammy, Golden Globe, and for the Nobel Prize.
Was one of the keynote speakers at Liberal Party of Canada's Leadership Convention in November 2003, where Paul Martin was elected as Liberal Party leader and Prime Minister of Canada.
Addressed the British Labour Party annual conference in Brighton, England. [29 September 2004]
Sings the line 'well tonight, thank God it's them, instead of you' in the Band Aid 20 2004 cover of "Do They Know It's Christmas", the exact same line he sang on the original version back in 1984.
U2 were voted the 22nd Greatest Rock 'n' Roll Artists of all time by Entertainment Weekly.
Co-wrote (with The Edge) the theme song to GoldenEye (1995), performed by Tina Turner. [1995]
Supports Celtic Football club
He and his daughter Jordan share a birthday. She was born on his 29th birthday.
Along with his wife Ali Hewson and New York designer Rogan, he created the high-fashion casual wear line called "Edun" (which is "nude" spelled backwards and pronounced Eden). It was designed as a socially conscious company to support developing countries.
In 2005 he was one of 166 people nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize for his work on Third World debt relief and increasing AIDS awareness.
Mother's name was Iris.
Was a school boy chess champion.
Voted the most powerful personality in the music industry by music execs.
His mother, Iris, died of a brain hemorrhage in 1974. Bono was just 14 years old.
Illustrated the children's book "Peter and the Wolf" with his daughters Jordan and Eve in 2003. The royalties went to the Irish Hospice Foundation.
Was named by TIME Magazine as one of their 'Persons of the Year' for 2005 along with Bill Gates and Melinda Gates.
First Grammy-winning artist to say "fuck" during the 1994 live Grammy telecast
Good friends with The Killers front-man Brandon Flowers.
Was featured twice as a contestant on MTV's Celebrity Deathmatch. In 2006 he fought Chris Martin in the episode "Changing Of The Guard", even though he was killed by Yoko Ono in the 1999 episode "Celebrity Deathmatch International".
U2 won the Brit Award for International Group in 1990.
U2 won the Brit Award for International Group in 1989.
U2 won the British Phonographic Industry Award for International Group in 1988.
U2 won the 2001 Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution.
U2 won the 2004 Q Icon Award.
Was named in the annual honor list as an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE).
Initiated "Product Red" along with Robert Shriver to raise money for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.
The U2 songs "I Will Follow", "Mofo", "Out of Control" and "Tomorrow" focus on his mother's death.
Resides in Killiney, County Dublin, Ireland and shares a villa in Èze, France and an apartment at The San Remo in New York City with The Edge.
Fan of Elvis Presley.
U2 were inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame for their outstanding contribution to British music and integral part of British music culture. [11 November 2004]
Ranked #17 on VH1's 100 Sexiest Artists.
Bono's silhouette is used as the icon for the "Artists" tab of the music component of the iPhone and iPod Touch.
Two notable fellow musicians were consoled by his band's music during their final moments. Jazz legend Miles Davis developed a fascination with their 1984 album "The Unforgettable Fire" and listened to it repeatedly during the last few months of his life. U2's 2000 song "In A Little While" was the last song ever heard by punk rocker Joey Ramone, who sang along with the lyrics with his family.
Personal Quotes
"Everyone argues, then we do what I say." - 1987
It costs a fortune to look this trashy.
Never trust a man who tells you it's from the heart, never trust a man smoking a cigar, never trust a cowboy or a man who wears shades...
I could go onstage, unzip my pants, and hang my dick out, and people would think it was a statement about something.
"Marriage is this grand madness, and I think if people knew that, they would perhaps take it more seriously. The reason why there's operas and novels and pop tunes written about love is because it's such an extraordinary thing, not because it's commonplace, and yet that's what you're told, you grow up with this idea that it's the norm." Hot Press, March 2000
"Overcoming my dad telling me that I could never amount to anything is what has made me the megalomaniac that you see today" - recalling his late father's influence
"I love art too much to call these anything other than marks on paper" - on his paintings
I think Abba have a pure joy to their music and that's what makes them extraordinary.
U2 is sort of song writing by accident really. We don't really know what we're doing and when we do, it doesn't seem to help.
When I write, it's there. There's no staring at a blank page.
[about The Edge] He's an owl!
[talking about The Edge] And that's not always a given - that he would want to play guitar. He might be into keyboards this album, and you have Larry and Adam going "oh fuck, he's into the keyboards now. We'll never get a rock song out of him".
Look, I'm sick of Bono and I AM Bono.
It would be wrong for me to say, 'Yes, we can change the world with a song.' But every time I try writing, that's where I'm at. I'm not stupid. I'm aware of the futility of rock & roll music, but I'm also aware of its power.
I represent a lot of people [in Africa] who have no voice at all... They haven't asked me to represent them. It's cheeky but I hope they're glad I do.
The world is more malleable than you think. We can bend it into a better shape. Ask big questions, demand big answers.
I hate the idea of being in the UK Hall of Fame to be honest with you. We don't want to be in any Hall of Fame until we're retired or dead.
I know sometimes you shouldn't judge your audience by the fans you meet, especially if they're in a flowerbed in your garden at home but U2 fans are different, they're very humane.
Brian Wilson believes in angels. I do too and you only have to listen to the string arrangement of 'God Only Knows' for fact and proof of angels.
Great music is written by people who are either running toward or away from God.
On wearing his trademark sunglasses: Without them, I'm an amorphous mass.
What about this idea of liberty? Not liberty for its own sake, but liberty for some larger end - not just freedom from oppression, but freedom of expression and worship. Freedom from want, and freedom from fear because when you are trapped by poverty, you are not free. When trade laws prevent you from selling the food you grow, you are not free. When you are dying of a mosquito bite for lack of a bed net, you are not free. When you are hungry in a world of plenty, you are not free. And when you are a monk in Burma this very week, barred from entering a temple because of your gospel of peace, it is an affront to the thug regime, well then none of us are truly free.
I'm the Fidel Castro of speechifying. We've got a few hours, don't we?
On visiting the White House: I'd like to think that I've always left the White House with more than I arrived. Not only budget commitments, cutlery, silverware, candelabras, one or two Bush family photos... OK, one Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington - it was in the bathroom, nobody could see-- I'll give it back.
The stage is but a platform shoe.
On receiving an honorary British knighthood: You have permission to call me anything you want - except sir, all right? Lord of lords, your demigodness, that'll do.
(On Live Aid (1985) (TV)) That day changed my life and started me on this incredible adventure, that is the possibility that our generation could be remembered for something other than the Internet ... the first generation to eradicate extreme poverty ... I want to spend the rest of my life doing that, the band mouth off and complain, but they support me.
[on Elvis Presley] Elvis' music has been my greatest inspiration.
I'm representing the poorest and the most vulnerable people. I'm throwing a punch, and the fist belongs to people who can't be in the room, whose rage, whose anger, whose hurt I represent.
We're delighted, of course, that people are owning up to being U2 fans.
The problem with voting is no matter who you vote for, the government always gets in.
Where Are They Now
(August 2005) His group, U2, has given 3 successful concerts of their Vertigo tour in Spain: Barcelona (7), San Sebastián (9) and Madrid (11).
(February 2006) U2 just gave a concert in Monterrey, Mexico and are still in Mexico for their concerts on the 15th and 16th. Their next stop is Brazil as they continue with the fourth leg of the Vertigo Tour.
(August 2006) Bono visited Sarajevo Film Festival in Bosnia.
(March 2007) Awarded an honorary knighthood, therefore not allowed to have the title 'Sir' Bono
(May 2007) Writing music with The Edge for an upcoming new rock-opera musical based on Spiderman.
Mural by Lula Goce at Rue Caulaincourt, Paris, France.
This project was curated by @streetartmankind
Generation equality murals with the partnership of UN women @unwomen, France Government @gouvernementfr, La Ville de Paris @paris_maville. Painted in July 2021
The British Museum in London is a renowned institution showcasing human history, art, and culture from around the globe. Established in 1753, it houses over eight million works, including iconic artifacts such as the Rosetta Stone and the Elgin Marbles. Visitors can explore ancient Egyptian mummies, Greek sculptures, and countless other treasures from diverse civilizations. The museum's neoclassical architecture, combined with the modern Great Court, creates a stunning backdrop for its collections. With free admission, the British Museum is a cultural and educational hub, offering a captivating journey through time and a deeper understanding of our shared heritage.
To my knowledge, these are the first pictures and/or sighting of a California spec'd 3rd Gen CE at the time of posting.
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me as Patchouli Knowledge from Touhouvania (Koumajou Densetsu II)
photo by Catspassion
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The Sólfar sculpture by Jon Gunnar Arnason on the Reykjavik waterfront.
The inscription reads:
"We all have our fantasy boats, vessels that we dream of sailing away in, into the dream. In my ships I unite my own fantasy, precision and the knowledge that boat builders have developed throughout the ages. The sun ship gives us a promise of a primeval land."
For “Knowledge is Golden” the inspiration was specific to the area which the mural was done. San Francisco is seeing its second gold rush with information and knowledge being the currency of today. SOMA, being slated to be developed as the new downtown of San Francisco with technology leading the transformation, is why we chose this location for our message.
Gold miners have been replaced by tech innovators. Pickaxes and shovels have been replaced with laptops and desktops. Though the times have changed, the human thirst for chasing opportunity remains prevalent in these times. And with this influx of new people, San Francisco culture as we know it will never be the same.
This artwork contains the following sentence: «Knowledge is a struggle of many thousands of years, and».
Technique : paper. Size : 21 x 29 cm.
Frickelfest (I love it)
sound.westhost.com/why-diy.htm
Why DIY?
Contrary to popular belief, the main reason for DIY is not (or should not be) about saving money. While this is possible in many cases (and especially against 'top of the line' commercial products), there are other, far better reasons to do it yourself.
The main one is knowledge, new skills, and the enormous feeling of satisfaction that comes from building your own equipment. This is worth far more than money. For younger people, the skills learned will be invaluable as you progress through life, and once started, you should continue to strive for making it yourself wherever possible.
Each and every new skill you learn enables the learning processes to be 'exercised', making it easier to learn other new things that come your way.
Alvin Toffler (the author of Future Shock) wrote:- "The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn."
This is pretty much an absolute these days, and we hear stories every day about perfectly good people who simply cannot get a new job after having been 'retrenched' (or whatever stupid term the 'human resources' people come up with next). As an aside, I object to being considered a 'resource' for the corporate cretins to use, abuse and dispose of as they see fit.
The skills you learn building an electronics project (especially audio) extend far beyond soldering a few components into a printed circuit board. You must source the components, working your way through a minefield of technical data to figure out if the part you think is right is actually right. Understanding the components is a key requirement for understanding electronics.
You will probably need to brush up on your maths - all analogue electronics requires mathematics if you want to understand what is going on. The greater your understanding, the more you have learned in the process. These are not trivial skills, but thankfully, they usually sneak up on you. Before you realise it, you have been working with formulae that a few years ago you would have sneered at, thinking that such things are only for boffins or those really weird guys you recall from school.
Then there is the case to house everything. You will need to learn how to perform basic metalworking skills. Drilling, tapping threads, filing and finishing a case are all tasks that need to be done to complete your masterpiece. These are all skills that may just come in very handy later on.
Should you be making loudspeakers, then you will learn about acoustics. You will also learn woodworking skills, veneering, and using tools that you may never have even known existed had you not ventured into one of the most absorbing and satisfying hobbies around.
Ok, that's fine for the younger generation(s), but what about us 'oldies'? We get all the same benefits, but in some cases, it is even possible to (almost) make up for a lifetime spent in an unrewarding job. As we get older, the new skills are less likely to be used for anything but the hobby, but that does not diminish the value of those skills one iota.
However, it's not all about learning, it's also about doing. Few people these days have a job where at the end of the day they can look at something they built. Indeed, in a great many cases, one comes home at the end of the day, knowing that one was busy all day with barely time for lunch, yet would be hard pressed to be able to say exactly what was achieved. What would have happened if what you did today wasn't done? Chances are, nothing would have happened at all - whatever it was you did simply wasn't done (if you follow the rather perverse logic in that last statement ).
Where is the satisfaction in that? There isn't any - it's a job, you get paid, so are able to pay your bills, buy food and live to do the same thing tomorrow.
When you build something, there is a sense of pride, of achievement - there is something to show for it, something tangible. No, it won't make up for a job you hate (or merely dislike), but at least you have created something. Having done it once, it becomes important to do it again, to be more ambitious, to push your boundaries.
Today, a small preamp. Tomorrow, a complete state of the art 5.1 sound system that you made from raw materials, lovingly finished, and now provides enjoyment that no store-bought system ever will.
Museum Fünf Kontinente, Munich, Germany.
The Sican (also Sicán) culture is the name that archaeologist Izumi Shimada gave to the culture that inhabited what is now the north coast of Peru between about 750 and 1375. According to Shimada, Sican means "temple of the Moon".[1]
The Sican culture is also referred to as Lambayeque culture, after the name of the region in Peru. It succeeded the Moche culture.
There is still controversy among archeologists and anthropologists over whether the two are separate cultures.
The Sican culture is divided into three major periods based on cultural changes as evidenced in archeological artifacts.[2]
Archaeologist Izumi Shimada, founder of the Sican Archaeological Project, named the prehistoric culture which he discovered in northwestern Peru. They succeeded the Moche and preceded the Inca Empire, the historical civilization that encountered the Spanish explorers and conquistadors.
The Sican inhabited a coastal territory near the La Leche and Lambayeque Rivers. The archaeological sites span the Lambayeque region, including the Motupe, La Leche, Lambayeque, and Zaña valleys, near modern-day Chiclayo.[2] Numerous sites have been identified in the Batán Grande area of the La Leche Valley.
The climate of the area during Sican occupation was similar to the current climate, despite changes in landscape accumulated in the last 600 years. The drought-and-flood cycles seen in the region for the past 1500 years did not spare the Sican culture. (Goldstein and Shimada 2007, p. 49)
The Early Sican period began around 750 and lasted until 900. The lack of artifacts has limited the development of knowledge about this early period.
The Sican were probably descendants of the Moche culture, which fell around 800. Their works shows shared motifs in the artifacts recovered.[3]
Similar groups include Cajamarca, Wari and Pachacamac. From remains found in the archaeological locations, researchers have determined that this culture maintained commercial exchange with people from present-day Ecuador (shells and snails), Colombia to the north (emeralds and amber), Chile to the south (blue stone), and the eastern basin of the Marañón River (seeds of gold).
The Lambayeque culture may have been a separate trading people as well.
Around 800, the Sican created the city of Poma, located at Batán Grande, in La Leche Valley. Few other Early Sican sites have been discovered.
The Early Sican culture is known for the highly polished, black-finish ceramics found in the La Leche Valley. This black-finish ceramic style began in the Moche culture prior to the Early Sican, and shows the sharing of cultures in the region.
Much of the ceramics were examples of a single spout, loop-handle bottle, featuring an anthropomorphic-avian (bird) face at the spout base. The face consisted of bulging eyes, a hooked beak or triangular projection instead of a nose, stylized ears, and no mouth.
It appeared to be a predecessor to the related faces of the Sican Deity and the Sican Lord of the Middle Sican culture. (Shimada 2000, p. 51)
Aside from the shared ceramic styles, much of the Early Sican defines a distinguishable culture. While the ceramic styles and iconography show some continuity with previous cultures, the combination of all the influences is Sican.
The changing ceramic styles, iconography, and funerary practices reflect a change in religious ideology and cosmology that expressed the Sican culture. Most importantly, the late Early Sican period saw the accumulation of these changes in art style and iconography, coupled with other changes in organization, by which the Sican constructed monumental adobe structures, developed large-scale copper alloy smelting and metalworking, and developed the elaborate funerary tradition that would come to characterize the Middle Sican (Shimada 1985, p. 361).
Such changes have been seen by researchers at sites in Batán Grande, including the Huaca del Pueblo site, dated to around 850-900.
The Middle Sican period lasted from 900 to 1100 . This is the period of the Sican's “cultural florescence,” and is marked by the emergence of various cultural innovations, some of which were unprecedented in the local area.[3]
The decline of the Wari Empire and the Middle Cajamarca polity enabled the resurgence in local political and religious identity and autonomy.[3]
The Middle Sican culture is marked by distinctive characteristics in six areas: art and ideology, crafts and technology, funerary customs, long-distance trade, religious cities and monumental temples, and the structure and authority of the state (Shimada 2000, p. 52-61; Shimada 1985, p. 365-369).
Together, these characteristics provide evidence that the Sicán culture had a highly productive economy, clear social differentiation, and an influential religious ideology. The religious ideology was the underpinning of the structure of their theocratic state.[3]
Sicán art is representational in style and religious in nature. Features such as sculptural representation and the minimization of number of colors (one to three), were common among the art of many earlier cultures that flourished on the north coast of Peru.[3] Sicán art reconfigured the motifs, conventions, and concepts of these antecedent cultures (mainly the Wari and Moche) into an overall new and unique style. The references to the old ideas, images and ways of antecedent cultures in Sicán art would have been useful in providing prestige and legitimacy to the new Sicán religion which was emerging.[3]
Sicán iconography is dominated by the Sican Deity[4][5] It decorates all artistic media of the Sicán, including ceramics, metal works, and textiles.[3] The icon is most commonly represented with a mask face and upturned eyes.[2]
Sometimes it may be shown with avian features, such as beaks, wings, and talons, which are evident in Early Sicán ceramics.[3]
These avian features are related to Naylamp, the key figure in Sicán mythology. The name "Naylamp" was first mentioned by the Spanish chronicler Miguel Cabello Valboa, who referred to the Moche figure "Naymlap" in his 1586 Miscelánea Antártica.
Later authors believe the form is Mochica Ñañlap, of which the first part is ñañ "waterfowl"; a connexion has been made between the Moche and Chimú cultures and the empire of Chimor and the Mochica language.
Sican gold cup, 850-1050
Naylamp was said to be the founder of the first dynasty of prehistoric kings in La Leche and Lambayeque valleys. In The Legend of Naylamp, first recorded in the 16th century by the Spanish chronicler Miguel Cabello de Balboa, Naylamp is said to have traveled on a balsa raft by sea to the Lambayeque shores. He founded a large city, and the 12 sons of his eldest son each founded a new city in the Lambayeque region.
When Naylamp died, he sprouted wings and flew off to another world (Nickle Arts Museum 2006, p. 18 and 65).
Middle Sicán art did not change the concept or representation of the icon of the Sicán Deity. Both the preceding Moche and Wari cultures feature a single dominant male figure, and the upturned eyes characteristic of the Sicán Deity are common to the art and iconography of other Pre-Hispanic societies.
The iconography accompanying the Sicán Deity was unique and significant (Nickle Arts Museum 2006, p. 66).
Iconography of the moon and the ocean may symbolize the Sicán Deity's involvement in the wellbeing of marine life and fishermen. Iconography related to water signifies the importance of irrigation and agriculture to the Sicán.
Other iconography, such as of the sun and moon, symbolizes the importance of duality in both human and celestial life.
Depictions of the Sicán Deity with tumi knives and trophy heads may indicate his omnipotent control in both human life and the celestial world (Nickle Arts Museum 2006, p. 66; Shimada 2000, p. 52-53). Through the iconography which the Sicán associated with the icon, anthropologists theorize that the Sicán Deity may have been attributed with power to control all of the celestial forces fundamental to life and abundance (Shimada 2000, p. 53).
The lack of representation of humans in Middle Sicán art emphasizes the omnipresence of the Sicán Deity in Sicán iconography.
The only exceptions are representations of the Sicán Lord, the male elite personage, and his entourage. (Shimada 2000, p. 53)
Iconography of the Sicán Lord is almost identical to the Sicán Deity, except that he is shown in natural settings and does not have avian features.[2][5] The Sicán Lord was probably meant to represent an earthly alter-ego of the
The population of Batán Grande included many skilled artisans. Craft production during the Middle Sican flourished and became one of the leading characteristics of the period.
The highly polished black finish ceramics from the Early Sican bloomed in this later phase, along with metallurgy; however, the ceramic technology used in the Middle Sican developed over 2500 years from local pottery production techniques (Shimada and Wagner 2001, p. 26).
Workshops, such as the one found at Huaca Sialupe to the west of Batán Grande, likely had both pottery and metalworking production sites (Goldsmith and Shimada 2007, p. 45).
Ceramics allowed for a medium to convey political and religious ideology in the forms of storage vessels, architectural ornaments, cooking vessels, sculptures of the Deity or animals, and other types proliferated during this period.[2][5]
The potters likely worked separately from one another, rather than in assembly-line type production. Huaca Sialupe excavations produced clusters of similar kilns using local hardwood for charcoal.
Field experiments indicated that the kilns were used either for ceramics or metallurgy (Shimada and Wagner 2001, p. 28).
The Paleteada ceramics used the paddle-and-anvil technique to form and decorate pottery, primarily with geometric designs (Cleland and Shimada 1998, p. 112).
The monochrome black pottery became widely popular across the region during the Middle Sican as the Sican themselves began to emphasize the black pottery, with the help of the Middle Sican religious prestige.
Only the geometric designs continued on the pottery into the Late Sican.[2]
Metallurgy is one of the Sican's greatest legacies, lasting nearly 600 years at Batán Grande (Shimada and Merkel 1991, p. 83). Some Middle Sican workshops showed multicraft production and it is likely the crafts competed for resources, such as fuel for kilns.
Middle- and high-status burials both contained the black ceramics, while only the social elite had access to the precious metal object; therefore, metalworking probably was given production preference by the elites (Goldsmith and Shimada 2007, p. 47).
The greatness of Middle Sican metallurgy was the large scale smelting and diverse use of arsenical copper, which was more ductile and corrosion-resistant than pure copper.[2][5]
The great amounts of smelting and/or metalworking sites found in the Lambayeque region point to the convergence of major factors to allow such an occurrence: accessible ore deposits, extensive forests for hardwood to make charcoal, pottery making tradition using efficient kilns, gold working tradition that formed the basis for later metalworking technology, and a demand for goods by the elites (Shimada, Goldstein, Wagner, Bezur 2007, p. 339).
The large number of smelting sites also point to the amount of labor required by using their method. In modern standards, their copper-alloy smelting was inefficient, which could have led to the high number of workshops with multiple furnaces (Shimada and Merkel 1991, p. 85).
The precious metal objects found in Middle Sican sites reveal the unprecedented scale of their production and use.
Metal objects permeated all levels of society. Tumbaga, a thin sheet of low karat gold alloy, was used to wrap ceramic vessels for the lower elites, while the upper elites had high karat gold alloys.
Common laborers only had arsenical copper objects. The precious metal objects then clearly demonstrate a hierarchy within the society (Shimada 2000, p. 56).
No evidence of metalworking at the large sites has been uncovered, such as the Middle Sican capital Sican or elsewhere in the Batán Grande area, but the precious metal objects were clearly for the elites.
From their high status sites, the elites supervised the manufacturing of their precious metal objects for ritual or funerary purposes (Shimada and Merkel 1991, p. 86).
Excavations of religious sites have revealed much about the funerary practices of the Sicán people.
These funerary practices have helped anthropologists understand the broader organization and structure of Sicán society and religion.
Most of the evidence for these funerary practices has been based on excavations carried out at the Huaca Loro site in Poma by Izumi Shimada and the SAP.
First of all, the funerary practices at Huaca Loro reflect the social differentiation and hierarchy present Sicán society. This social stratification is revealed in varying burial types and practices, along with accompanying grave goods.
The most obvious difference in burial type based on social hierarchy was that commoners were buried in simple, shallow graves on the peripheries of the monumental mounds while the elite of Sicán society were buried in deep shaft tombs beneath monumental mounds, as shown in the East and West tombs at Huaca Loro.[5][6]
Secondly, it was found that one's social status was also a determinant of the burial position of the body; seated, extended, or flexed. For example, bodies of the High Elite were always buried in the seated position, while commoners could be buried in a seated, extended, or flexed position (Nickle Arts Museum 2006, p. 87; Shimada et al. 2004).
Furthermore, social differentiation is manifested even within the elite tombs at Huaca Loro, through the grouping and placement of bodies.
The complex internal organization of both East and West Tombs was designed according to specific social and kinship relationships (Shimada et al. 2004).
Recent studies that included the use of MtDNA (systematic mitochondrial DNA) analysis and inherited dental traits analysis revealed that women in the West Tomb were grouped according to their kinship ties to the principal personage and each other (Shimada et al. 2005; Shimada et al. 2004).
The grouping of women in the south part of the West Tomb were found to be maternally related to one another, as well as the principal personage; the grouping of women in the north part of the West Tomb were found to not only be unrelated to one another, but also unrelated to the principal personage.
Further, ceramics in the south part were found to be of typical Middle Sicán style, while the ceramics in the North part were of a Mochica style (Shimada et al. 2005; Shimada et al. 2004).
'
This evidence suggests that while the women of the South part of the West tomb were grouped and placed according to their kinship ties with the principal personage, the women of the North part of the West tomb had no kinship ties with the principal personage or each other therefore were placed and grouped according to some other distinct relationship to the principal personage.
This genetic evidence and along with the differing styles of ceramics suggests that the North-niche women of the West Tomb were perhaps descendants of a different ethnic group, the Moche, who had been integrated into Sicán society under political domination (Shimada et al. 2004).
While these relationships have not been proved definitively, it shows the great complexity itself of elite burial practices based on social differentiation.
Social stratification and hierarchy is also evidenced through the variation in quantity and quality of grave goods associated with those of different social status.
The elite East Tomb at Huaca Loro, contained over a ton of diverse grave goods, over two-thirds of which were objects of arsenical bronze, tumbaga (low-karat gold), silver and copper alloys, and high-karat gold alloys.[7][8]
Other grave goods of the elite included semi-precious stone objects, amber, feathers, textiles, imported shells (such as conus and spondylus), shell beads, and double spout bottles. (Nickle Arts Museum 2006, p. 87; Shimada 2000, p. 56; Bruhns 1994, p. 290)
On the other hand, commoner burials had a significantly less amount of grave goods of different types, made of less valuable materials.
For example, commoner grave goods at Huaca Loro were usually restricted to single-spout bottles, utilitarian plain and/or paddle decorated pottery, and copper-arsenic objects, instead of the precious metal objects of the elite tombs. (Nickle Arts Museum 2006, p. 87, Shimada et al. 2004)
The power of the elite of Sicán society is demonstrated not only by the amount, quality, and diversity of exotic and status goods accumulated in the tombs, but also by the amount of time and labor that would have gone into making and acquiring them. (Shimada 2000, p. 56)
All together, the construction of the monumental mound at Huaca Loro, the preparation of the East and West Tombs and performance of the associated rituals required careful and complex planning, and considerable material, labor resources and time, and suggests the elite's control and monopoly of power in society.[2]
Secondly, the funerary practices of the Sicán suggest the existence of an elite lineage that used the new Sicán religion to demonstrate and maintain their power (Shimada et al. 2004).
The Sicán elite used funerary practices as a way to symbolize their relationship to the divine. The sheer size and grandeur of the monumental mounds built above the elite tombs would have been awe-inspiring to Sicán citizens and a symbol the divine nature of the figures buried below. (Shimada et al. 2004)
Colorful murals with religious iconography decorated ceremonial precincts in the temples of the mounds, establishing the sanctity of the ritual space, and reaffirming this connection of the buried elite below to the divine. (Nickle Arts Museum 2006, Shimada et al. 2004)
Also, the principal personage of the East Tomb at Huaca Loro wears a mask identical to the Sicán Deity, which is another reference to his relationship to the Deity and the divine. (Shimada et al. 2004, p. 389)
The construction itself of these monumental mounds served as a reminder of the elite's power and endurance, and combined with the symbolic use of Sicán religious iconography to justify the divine merits of the elite lineage, was an attempt by the Sicán elite to “preserve the status quo of inherited rights.” (Shimada et al. 2004, p. 370)
The funerary rites and rituals performed by the living lineage members served to further reinforce their lineage identity and the three-way relationship between the divine, the dead, and the living elite. (Shimada et al. 2004, p. 389)
The variety of grave goods suggests the wide range of power of the Middle Sican elite.
They not only received the most grave offerings, but also the best quality and exotic offerings.
None of the metalworking sites showed evidence of on-site mining of any of the materials.
In addition, the spondylus shell, emeralds, feathers, and other minerals were imported to the area. Their materials came from mainly the northern Andes, such as Ecuador (from the Manteno and Milagro cultures), Peru, Colombia, but could have also reached as far south as the Tiwanaku empire in the south-central Andes and east to the Marañón River, a major tributary of the Amazon River.[2][5][9]
The Middle Sican trade networks appear to be unprecedented in range and goods involved, which helped to insure the spread of Sican religion and polity outside of the Lambayeque and La Leche valleys (Shimada 2000, p. 58).
They also could have controlled the transport methods in addition to the goods being traded. The breeding and herding of llamas on the North Coast since the time of the Moche could have been utilized by the Sican to provide the goods as well as a caravan of llamas to transport the goods considerable distances (Shimada 1985, p. 391).
The Sicán culture is characterized by the establishment of religious cities with monumental temples.[2][5]
The religious capital city and cultural center of the Middle Sicán is referenced as the Sicán Precinct. (Bruhns 1994, p. 293).
This T-shaped area is defined by monumental mounds of Huaca Loro, El Moscón, Las Ventanas, La Merced, and Abejas built between around AD 900 and 1050.[5][10] The pyramidal monumental mounds were used as both burials sites for the elite and places of worship and ritual.[2][10]
The construction of the monumental mounds required considerable material, labor resources and time, indicating the Sicán elite's control and monopoly over the society's resources and manpower.
They are a dramatic symbol of the power, wealth and permanence of the Middle Sicán elite and their theocratic state that dominated much of the north coast.[2]
Two types of mounds are found in the Lambayeque Valley dating to the Sicán. The first type is the T-shaped mound, which is a relatively low mound with a short, central ramp providing direct access to the top of the mound.
The second type is a relatively tall mound with steep sides and a zig-zagging ramp to provide circuitous access to the mound top. This second type also featured an enclosed structure at the top of the mound, likely for private rituals, whereas the first type of mound was likely for public rituals (Shimada 2000, p. 60; Shimada, Shinoda, Farnum, Corruccini, Watanabe 2004, p. 388).
The mounds also covered and protected the shafts of tombs of elites underneath.
The Sicán used a walled-chamber-and-fill technique (which first appeared on the North Coast during Moche V) for constructing the monumental mound where the walls were created by adobe bricks and mortar in conjunction with chambers of superimposed lattices filled with refuse and other readily available materials.[2][5][11]
Marks on the adobe bricks used to make the mounds are indications of the patrons donating materials and/or labor for the construction of the temples (Shimada 2000, p. 60).
This construction technique required “large-scale, unified construction with centrally pooled materials and labor force” (Shimada 2000 p. 60). It allowed for rapid erection of monumental buildings while minimizing labor and material investment and promoted the centralization of political and religious power in order to plan and complete these monumental mounds.[2][12]
Agriculture and canals
While the Sican ceramics and metallurgy are vastly studied, agriculture during the Middle to Late Sican may have been linked to their increasing craft production.
Shimada suggests that the canals at Pampa de Chaparri were developed by the Sican as part of an agro-industrial complex marked by an increase in mining and smelting operations, settlement growth, and the expansion of agriculture.[13] Along the canals, 39
Middle Sican sites and 76 Late Sican sites were identified; however, few sites were located in the irrigation fields.
This Sican occupation at the irrigation system points to its construction during the Middle Sican. The construction of this irrigation system, as well as the association of hierarchical social units and canal branches, coincides with the rapid and dramatic growth of the Middle Sican. Irrigation for agriculture was a necessity for the Sican elite to produce a surplus of food to feed artisans and laborers, who in turn support the elites.[14]
The Late Sican period began around 1100 and ended with the conquest of the Lambayeque region by the Chimú kingdom of Chimor circa 1375.
Around 1020, a major drought lasting 30 years occurred at Sican. At the time of the drought, the Sican Deity, so closely tied to the ocean and water in general, was at the center of Sican religion. The catastrophic changes in weather were thus linked to the Sican Deity, mainly to the failure of the Sican Deity to mediate nature for the Sican people.[15]
The Sican ceremonies (and temples/mounds on which they were performed) were supposed to ensure that there was an abundance of nature for the people.
The elites were the mediators between the common people and the Sican Deity, as the Sican Deity was the mediator between nature and the Sican people.[15]
After 30 years of uncertainty in respect to nature, the temples that were the center of Middle Sican religion and elite power were burned and abandoned between 1050 and 1100.
Perhaps the ancestor cult and aggrandizing of the elites caused too much resentment. Coupled with the drought that surely weakened agriculture in the area, the tolerance of the common population plummeted, forcing the removal of the political and religious leadership at Sican to save the people.[2]
There was little or no repair of the destruction of Sican, and further damage was inflicted by El Nino floods around 1100.
The burning and abandonment of the previous capital meant that a new capital needed to be built. Túcume or "el Purgatorio" was constructed as the new Late Sican capital at the juncture of the La Leche and Lambayeque Valleys.
Túcume became the new religious and ceremonial center of the Sican. The religious and iconographic legacies of the Middle Sican abruptly disappeared. It is at this juncture, when the Sican Deity and Sican Lord disappear from art, is when the Late Sican begins.
Other mythical depictions from the Middle Sican continued in the Late Sican and reflect the revitalization of the religion going back to tradition relationships with nature. Icons include felines, fish, and birds that were secondary to the Sican Deity during the previous era, but were also linked to previous cultures in the area.
Sican material culture, such as ceramics and metallurgy, unrelated to religion or politics did not suffer a severe change during the Middle Sican to Late Sican transition.[2][5][15][16]
Agriculture and irrigation were also not affected by the transition of political and religious power, as evidenced by the lack of effects on Pampa de Chaparri and numerous large urban hill-side settlements.[14][17]
Túcume took on the religious and ceremonial prestige as the site of Sican claimed during the Middle Sican. The mounds and temples from the Middle Sican were continued into the Late Sican since the idea of mounds were not associated with the fall of the Middle Sican, only those mounds in Batán Grande.
The same types of ceremonial and religious artifacts made from the same materials were found at Túcume.
The site grew enormously during its 250-year Late Sican occupation. By the time of the Chimú conquest of the Lambayeque region in 1375, there were 26 major mounds and enclosures.
The site is built on 220 hectares around the La Raya Mountain. Túcume is seen as the reorganization and reunification of the Sican elite and Sican population as a whole until the fall of the Sican to the Chimú.[17]
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