Hadrian's Wall (Latin: Vallum Hadriani, also known as the Roman Wall, Picts' Wall, or Vallum Aelium in Latin), is a former defensive fortification of the Roman province of Britannia, begun in AD 122 in the reign of the Emperor Hadrian.[1] Running from Wallsend on the River Tyne in the east to Bowness-on-Solway in the west of what is now northern England, it was a stone wall with large ditches in front of it and behind it that crossed the whole width of the island. Soldiers were garrisoned along the line of the wall in large forts, smaller milecastles, and intervening turrets. In addition to the wall's defensive military role, its gates may have been customs posts.

 

Hadrian's Wall Path generally runs very close to the wall. Almost all of the standing masonry of the wall was removed in early modern times and used for local roads and farmhouses. None of it stands to its original height, but modern work has exposed much of the footings, and some segments display a few courses of modern masonry reconstruction. Many of the excavated forts on or near the wall are open to the public, and various nearby museums present its history. The largest Roman archaeological feature in Britain, it runs a total of 73 miles (117.5 kilometres) in northern England. Regarded as a British cultural icon, Hadrian's Wall is one of Britain's major ancient tourist attractions. It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. The turf-built Antonine Wall in what is now central Scotland, which briefly superseded Hadrian's Wall before being abandoned, was declared a World Heritage Site in 2008.

 

Hadrian's Wall marked the boundary between Roman Britannia and unconquered Caledonia to the north. The wall lies entirely within England and has never formed the Anglo-Scottish border, though it is sometimes loosely or colloquially described as being such.

 

Roman Britain was the territory that became the Roman province of Britannia after the Roman conquest of Britain, consisting of a large part of the island of Great Britain. The occupation lasted from AD 43 to AD 410.

 

Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 and 54 BC as part of his Gallic Wars. According to Caesar, the Britons had been overrun or culturally assimilated by the Belgae during the British Iron Age and had been aiding Caesar's enemies. The Belgae were the only Celtic tribe to cross the sea into Britain, for to all other Celtic tribes this land was unknown. He received tribute, installed the friendly king Mandubracius over the Trinovantes, and returned to Gaul. Planned invasions under Augustus were called off in 34, 27, and 25 BC. In 40 AD, Caligula assembled 200,000 men at the Channel on the continent, only to have them gather seashells (musculi) according to Suetonius, perhaps as a symbolic gesture to proclaim Caligula's victory over the sea. Three years later, Claudius directed four legions to invade Britain and restore the exiled king Verica over the Atrebates. The Romans defeated the Catuvellauni, and then organized their conquests as the province of Britain. By 47 AD, the Romans held the lands southeast of the Fosse Way. Control over Wales was delayed by reverses and the effects of Boudica's uprising, but the Romans expanded steadily northward.

 

The conquest of Britain continued under command of Gnaeus Julius Agricola (77–84), who expanded the Roman Empire as far as Caledonia. In mid-84 AD, Agricola faced the armies of the Caledonians, led by Calgacus, at the Battle of Mons Graupius. Battle casualties were estimated by Tacitus to be upwards of 10,000 on the Caledonian side and about 360 on the Roman side. The bloodbath at Mons Graupius concluded the forty-year conquest of Britain, a period that possibly saw between 100,000 and 250,000 Britons killed. In the context of pre-industrial warfare and of a total population of Britain of c. 2 million, these are very high figures.

 

Under the 2nd-century emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, two walls were built to defend the Roman province from the Caledonians, whose realms in the Scottish Highlands were never controlled. Around 197 AD, the Severan Reforms divided Britain into two provinces: Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior. During the Diocletian Reforms, at the end of the 3rd century, Britannia was divided into four provinces under the direction of a vicarius, who administered the Diocese of the Britains. A fifth province, Valentia, is attested in the later 4th century. For much of the later period of the Roman occupation, Britannia was subject to barbarian invasions and often came under the control of imperial usurpers and imperial pretenders. The final Roman withdrawal from Britain occurred around 410; the native kingdoms are considered to have formed Sub-Roman Britain after that.

 

Following the conquest of the Britons, a distinctive Romano-British culture emerged as the Romans introduced improved agriculture, urban planning, industrial production, and architecture. The Roman goddess Britannia became the female personification of Britain. After the initial invasions, Roman historians generally only mention Britain in passing. Thus, most present knowledge derives from archaeological investigations and occasional epigraphic evidence lauding the Britannic achievements of an emperor. Roman citizens settled in Britain from many parts of the Empire.

 

History

Britain was known to the Classical world. The Greeks, the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians traded for Cornish tin in the 4th century BC. The Greeks referred to the Cassiterides, or "tin islands", and placed them near the west coast of Europe. The Carthaginian sailor Himilco is said to have visited the island in the 6th or 5th century BC and the Greek explorer Pytheas in the 4th. It was regarded as a place of mystery, with some writers refusing to believe it existed.

 

The first direct Roman contact was when Julius Caesar undertook two expeditions in 55 and 54 BC, as part of his conquest of Gaul, believing the Britons were helping the Gallic resistance. The first expedition was more a reconnaissance than a full invasion and gained a foothold on the coast of Kent but was unable to advance further because of storm damage to the ships and a lack of cavalry. Despite the military failure, it was a political success, with the Roman Senate declaring a 20-day public holiday in Rome to honour the unprecedented achievement of obtaining hostages from Britain and defeating Belgic tribes on returning to the continent.

 

The second invasion involved a substantially larger force and Caesar coerced or invited many of the native Celtic tribes to pay tribute and give hostages in return for peace. A friendly local king, Mandubracius, was installed, and his rival, Cassivellaunus, was brought to terms. Hostages were taken, but historians disagree over whether any tribute was paid after Caesar returned to Gaul.

 

Caesar conquered no territory and left no troops behind, but he established clients and brought Britain into Rome's sphere of influence. Augustus planned invasions in 34, 27 and 25 BC, but circumstances were never favourable, and the relationship between Britain and Rome settled into one of diplomacy and trade. Strabo, writing late in Augustus's reign, claimed that taxes on trade brought in more annual revenue than any conquest could. Archaeology shows that there was an increase in imported luxury goods in southeastern Britain. Strabo also mentions British kings who sent embassies to Augustus, and Augustus's own Res Gestae refers to two British kings he received as refugees. When some of Tiberius's ships were carried to Britain in a storm during his campaigns in Germany in 16 AD, they came back with tales of monsters.

 

Rome appears to have encouraged a balance of power in southern Britain, supporting two powerful kingdoms: the Catuvellauni, ruled by the descendants of Tasciovanus, and the Atrebates, ruled by the descendants of Commius. This policy was followed until 39 or 40 AD, when Caligula received an exiled member of the Catuvellaunian dynasty and planned an invasion of Britain that collapsed in farcical circumstances before it left Gaul. When Claudius successfully invaded in 43 AD, it was in aid of another fugitive British ruler, Verica of the Atrebates.

 

Roman invasion

The invasion force in 43 AD was led by Aulus Plautius,[26] but it is unclear how many legions were sent. The Legio II Augusta, commanded by future emperor Vespasian, was the only one directly attested to have taken part. The Legio IX Hispana, the XIV Gemina (later styled Martia Victrix) and the XX (later styled Valeria Victrix) are known to have served during the Boudican Revolt of 60/61, and were probably there since the initial invasion. This is not certain because the Roman army was flexible, with units being moved around whenever necessary. The IX Hispana may have been permanently stationed, with records showing it at Eboracum (York) in 71 and on a building inscription there dated 108, before being destroyed in the east of the Empire, possibly during the Bar Kokhba revolt.

 

The invasion was delayed by a troop mutiny until an imperial freedman persuaded them to overcome their fear of crossing the Ocean and campaigning beyond the limits of the known world. They sailed in three divisions, and probably landed at Richborough in Kent; at least part of the force may have landed near Fishbourne, West Sussex.

 

The Catuvellauni and their allies were defeated in two battles: the first, assuming a Richborough landing, on the river Medway, the second on the river Thames. One of their leaders, Togodumnus, was killed, but his brother Caratacus survived to continue resistance elsewhere. Plautius halted at the Thames and sent for Claudius, who arrived with reinforcements, including artillery and elephants, for the final march to the Catuvellaunian capital, Camulodunum (Colchester). Vespasian subdued the southwest, Cogidubnus was set up as a friendly king of several territories, and treaties were made with tribes outside direct Roman control.

 

Establishment of Roman rule

After capturing the south of the island, the Romans turned their attention to what is now Wales. The Silures, Ordovices and Deceangli remained implacably opposed to the invaders and for the first few decades were the focus of Roman military attention, despite occasional minor revolts among Roman allies like the Brigantes and the Iceni. The Silures were led by Caratacus, and he carried out an effective guerrilla campaign against Governor Publius Ostorius Scapula. Finally, in 51, Ostorius lured Caratacus into a set-piece battle and defeated him. The British leader sought refuge among the Brigantes, but their queen, Cartimandua, proved her loyalty by surrendering him to the Romans. He was brought as a captive to Rome, where a dignified speech he made during Claudius's triumph persuaded the emperor to spare his life. The Silures were still not pacified, and Cartimandua's ex-husband Venutius replaced Caratacus as the most prominent leader of British resistance.

 

On Nero's accession, Roman Britain extended as far north as Lindum. Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, the conqueror of Mauretania (modern day Algeria and Morocco), then became governor of Britain, and in 60 and 61 he moved against Mona (Anglesey) to settle accounts with Druidism once and for all. Paulinus led his army across the Menai Strait and massacred the Druids and burnt their sacred groves.

 

While Paulinus was campaigning in Mona, the southeast of Britain rose in revolt under the leadership of Boudica. She was the widow of the recently deceased king of the Iceni, Prasutagus. The Roman historian Tacitus reports that Prasutagus had left a will leaving half his kingdom to Nero in the hope that the remainder would be left untouched. He was wrong. When his will was enforced, Rome[clarification needed] responded by violently seizing the tribe's lands in full. Boudica protested. In consequence, Rome[clarification needed] punished her and her daughters by flogging and rape. In response, the Iceni, joined by the Trinovantes, destroyed the Roman colony at Camulodunum (Colchester) and routed the part of the IXth Legion that was sent to relieve it. Paulinus rode to London (then called Londinium), the rebels' next target, but concluded it could not be defended. Abandoned, it was destroyed, as was Verulamium (St. Albans). Between seventy and eighty thousand people are said to have been killed in the three cities. But Paulinus regrouped with two of the three legions still available to him, chose a battlefield, and, despite being outnumbered by more than twenty to one, defeated the rebels in the Battle of Watling Street. Boudica died not long afterwards, by self-administered poison or by illness. During this time, the Emperor Nero considered withdrawing Roman forces from Britain altogether.

 

There was further turmoil in 69, the "Year of the Four Emperors". As civil war raged in Rome, weak governors were unable to control the legions in Britain, and Venutius of the Brigantes seized his chance. The Romans had previously defended Cartimandua against him, but this time were unable to do so. Cartimandua was evacuated, and Venutius was left in control of the north of the country. After Vespasian secured the empire, his first two appointments as governor, Quintus Petillius Cerialis and Sextus Julius Frontinus, took on the task of subduing the Brigantes and Silures respectively.[38] Frontinus extended Roman rule to all of South Wales, and initiated exploitation of the mineral resources, such as the gold mines at Dolaucothi.

 

In the following years, the Romans conquered more of the island, increasing the size of Roman Britain. Governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola, father-in-law to the historian Tacitus, conquered the Ordovices in 78. With the XX Valeria Victrix legion, Agricola defeated the Caledonians in 84 at the Battle of Mons Graupius, in north-east Scotland. This was the high-water mark of Roman territory in Britain: shortly after his victory, Agricola was recalled from Britain back to Rome, and the Romans initially retired to a more defensible line along the Forth–Clyde isthmus, freeing soldiers badly needed along other frontiers.

 

For much of the history of Roman Britain, a large number of soldiers were garrisoned on the island. This required that the emperor station a trusted senior man as governor of the province. As a result, many future emperors served as governors or legates in this province, including Vespasian, Pertinax, and Gordian I.

 

Roman military organisation in the north

In 84 AD

In 84 AD

 

In 155 AD

In 155 AD

 

Hadrian's Wall, and Antonine Wall

There is no historical source describing the decades that followed Agricola's recall. Even the name of his replacement is unknown. Archaeology has shown that some Roman forts south of the Forth–Clyde isthmus were rebuilt and enlarged; others appear to have been abandoned. By 87 the frontier had been consolidated on the Stanegate. Roman coins and pottery have been found circulating at native settlement sites in the Scottish Lowlands in the years before 100, indicating growing Romanisation. Some of the most important sources for this era are the writing tablets from the fort at Vindolanda in Northumberland, mostly dating to 90–110. These tablets provide evidence for the operation of a Roman fort at the edge of the Roman Empire, where officers' wives maintained polite society while merchants, hauliers and military personnel kept the fort operational and supplied.

 

Around 105 there appears to have been a serious setback at the hands of the tribes of the Picts: several Roman forts were destroyed by fire, with human remains and damaged armour at Trimontium (at modern Newstead, in SE Scotland) indicating hostilities at least at that site.[citation needed] There is also circumstantial evidence that auxiliary reinforcements were sent from Germany, and an unnamed British war of the period is mentioned on the gravestone of a tribune of Cyrene. Trajan's Dacian Wars may have led to troop reductions in the area or even total withdrawal followed by slighting of the forts by the Picts rather than an unrecorded military defeat. The Romans were also in the habit of destroying their own forts during an orderly withdrawal, in order to deny resources to an enemy. In either case, the frontier probably moved south to the line of the Stanegate at the Solway–Tyne isthmus around this time.

 

A new crisis occurred at the beginning of Hadrian's reign): a rising in the north which was suppressed by Quintus Pompeius Falco. When Hadrian reached Britannia on his famous tour of the Roman provinces around 120, he directed an extensive defensive wall, known to posterity as Hadrian's Wall, to be built close to the line of the Stanegate frontier. Hadrian appointed Aulus Platorius Nepos as governor to undertake this work who brought the Legio VI Victrix legion with him from Germania Inferior. This replaced the famous Legio IX Hispana, whose disappearance has been much discussed. Archaeology indicates considerable political instability in Scotland during the first half of the 2nd century, and the shifting frontier at this time should be seen in this context.

 

In the reign of Antoninus Pius (138–161) the Hadrianic border was briefly extended north to the Forth–Clyde isthmus, where the Antonine Wall was built around 142 following the military reoccupation of the Scottish lowlands by a new governor, Quintus Lollius Urbicus.

 

The first Antonine occupation of Scotland ended as a result of a further crisis in 155–157, when the Brigantes revolted. With limited options to despatch reinforcements, the Romans moved their troops south, and this rising was suppressed by Governor Gnaeus Julius Verus. Within a year the Antonine Wall was recaptured, but by 163 or 164 it was abandoned. The second occupation was probably connected with Antoninus's undertakings to protect the Votadini or his pride in enlarging the empire, since the retreat to the Hadrianic frontier occurred not long after his death when a more objective strategic assessment of the benefits of the Antonine Wall could be made. The Romans did not entirely withdraw from Scotland at this time: the large fort at Newstead was maintained along with seven smaller outposts until at least 180.

 

During the twenty-year period following the reversion of the frontier to Hadrian's Wall in 163/4, Rome was concerned with continental issues, primarily problems in the Danubian provinces. Increasing numbers of hoards of buried coins in Britain at this time indicate that peace was not entirely achieved. Sufficient Roman silver has been found in Scotland to suggest more than ordinary trade, and it is likely that the Romans were reinforcing treaty agreements by paying tribute to their implacable enemies, the Picts.

 

In 175, a large force of Sarmatian cavalry, consisting of 5,500 men, arrived in Britannia, probably to reinforce troops fighting unrecorded uprisings. In 180, Hadrian's Wall was breached by the Picts and the commanding officer or governor was killed there in what Cassius Dio described as the most serious war of the reign of Commodus. Ulpius Marcellus was sent as replacement governor and by 184 he had won a new peace, only to be faced with a mutiny from his own troops. Unhappy with Marcellus's strictness, they tried to elect a legate named Priscus as usurper governor; he refused, but Marcellus was lucky to leave the province alive. The Roman army in Britannia continued its insubordination: they sent a delegation of 1,500 to Rome to demand the execution of Tigidius Perennis, a Praetorian prefect who they felt had earlier wronged them by posting lowly equites to legate ranks in Britannia. Commodus met the party outside Rome and agreed to have Perennis killed, but this only made them feel more secure in their mutiny.

 

The future emperor Pertinax (lived 126–193) was sent to Britannia to quell the mutiny and was initially successful in regaining control, but a riot broke out among the troops. Pertinax was attacked and left for dead, and asked to be recalled to Rome, where he briefly succeeded Commodus as emperor in 192.

 

3rd century

The death of Commodus put into motion a series of events which eventually led to civil war. Following the short reign of Pertinax, several rivals for the emperorship emerged, including Septimius Severus and Clodius Albinus. The latter was the new governor of Britannia, and had seemingly won the natives over after their earlier rebellions; he also controlled three legions, making him a potentially significant claimant. His sometime rival Severus promised him the title of Caesar in return for Albinus's support against Pescennius Niger in the east. Once Niger was neutralised, Severus turned on his ally in Britannia; it is likely that Albinus saw he would be the next target and was already preparing for war.

 

Albinus crossed to Gaul in 195, where the provinces were also sympathetic to him, and set up at Lugdunum. Severus arrived in February 196, and the ensuing battle was decisive. Albinus came close to victory, but Severus's reinforcements won the day, and the British governor committed suicide. Severus soon purged Albinus's sympathisers and perhaps confiscated large tracts of land in Britain as punishment. Albinus had demonstrated the major problem posed by Roman Britain. In order to maintain security, the province required the presence of three legions, but command of these forces provided an ideal power base for ambitious rivals. Deploying those legions elsewhere would strip the island of its garrison, leaving the province defenceless against uprisings by the native Celtic tribes and against invasion by the Picts and Scots.

 

The traditional view is that northern Britain descended into anarchy during Albinus's absence. Cassius Dio records that the new Governor, Virius Lupus, was obliged to buy peace from a fractious northern tribe known as the Maeatae. The succession of militarily distinguished governors who were subsequently appointed suggests that enemies of Rome were posing a difficult challenge, and Lucius Alfenus Senecio's report to Rome in 207 describes barbarians "rebelling, over-running the land, taking loot and creating destruction". In order to rebel, of course, one must be a subject – the Maeatae clearly did not consider themselves such. Senecio requested either reinforcements or an Imperial expedition, and Severus chose the latter, despite being 62 years old. Archaeological evidence shows that Senecio had been rebuilding the defences of Hadrian's Wall and the forts beyond it, and Severus's arrival in Britain prompted the enemy tribes to sue for peace immediately. The emperor had not come all that way to leave without a victory, and it is likely that he wished to provide his teenage sons Caracalla and Geta with first-hand experience of controlling a hostile barbarian land.

 

Northern campaigns, 208–211

An invasion of Caledonia led by Severus and probably numbering around 20,000 troops moved north in 208 or 209, crossing the Wall and passing through eastern Scotland on a route similar to that used by Agricola. Harried by punishing guerrilla raids by the northern tribes and slowed by an unforgiving terrain, Severus was unable to meet the Caledonians on a battlefield. The emperor's forces pushed north as far as the River Tay, but little appears to have been achieved by the invasion, as peace treaties were signed with the Caledonians. By 210 Severus had returned to York, and the frontier had once again become Hadrian's Wall. He assumed the title Britannicus but the title meant little with regard to the unconquered north, which clearly remained outside the authority of the Empire. Almost immediately, another northern tribe, the Maeatae, went to war. Caracalla left with a punitive expedition, but by the following year his ailing father had died and he and his brother left the province to press their claim to the throne.

 

As one of his last acts, Severus tried to solve the problem of powerful and rebellious governors in Britain by dividing the province into Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior. This kept the potential for rebellion in check for almost a century. Historical sources provide little information on the following decades, a period known as the Long Peace. Even so, the number of buried hoards found from this period rises, suggesting continuing unrest. A string of forts were built along the coast of southern Britain to control piracy; and over the following hundred years they increased in number, becoming the Saxon Shore Forts.

 

During the middle of the 3rd century, the Roman Empire was convulsed by barbarian invasions, rebellions and new imperial pretenders. Britannia apparently avoided these troubles, but increasing inflation had its economic effect. In 259 a so-called Gallic Empire was established when Postumus rebelled against Gallienus. Britannia was part of this until 274 when Aurelian reunited the empire.

 

Around the year 280, a half-British officer named Bonosus was in command of the Roman's Rhenish fleet when the Germans managed to burn it at anchor. To avoid punishment, he proclaimed himself emperor at Colonia Agrippina (Cologne) but was crushed by Marcus Aurelius Probus. Soon afterwards, an unnamed governor of one of the British provinces also attempted an uprising. Probus put it down by sending irregular troops of Vandals and Burgundians across the Channel.

 

The Carausian Revolt led to a short-lived Britannic Empire from 286 to 296. Carausius was a Menapian naval commander of the Britannic fleet; he revolted upon learning of a death sentence ordered by the emperor Maximian on charges of having abetted Frankish and Saxon pirates and having embezzled recovered treasure. He consolidated control over all the provinces of Britain and some of northern Gaul while Maximian dealt with other uprisings. An invasion in 288 failed to unseat him and an uneasy peace ensued, with Carausius issuing coins and inviting official recognition. In 293, the junior emperor Constantius Chlorus launched a second offensive, besieging the rebel port of Gesoriacum (Boulogne-sur-Mer) by land and sea. After it fell, Constantius attacked Carausius's other Gallic holdings and Frankish allies and Carausius was usurped by his treasurer, Allectus. Julius Asclepiodotus landed an invasion fleet near Southampton and defeated Allectus in a land battle.

 

Diocletian's reforms

As part of Diocletian's reforms, the provinces of Roman Britain were organized as a diocese governed by a vicarius under a praetorian prefect who, from 318 to 331, was Junius Bassus who was based at Augusta Treverorum (Trier).

 

The vicarius was based at Londinium as the principal city of the diocese. Londinium and Eboracum continued as provincial capitals and the territory was divided up into smaller provinces for administrative efficiency.

 

Civilian and military authority of a province was no longer exercised by one official and the governor was stripped of military command which was handed over to the Dux Britanniarum by 314. The governor of a province assumed more financial duties (the procurators of the Treasury ministry were slowly phased out in the first three decades of the 4th century). The Dux was commander of the troops of the Northern Region, primarily along Hadrian's Wall and his responsibilities included protection of the frontier. He had significant autonomy due in part to the distance from his superiors.

 

The tasks of the vicarius were to control and coordinate the activities of governors; monitor but not interfere with the daily functioning of the Treasury and Crown Estates, which had their own administrative infrastructure; and act as the regional quartermaster-general of the armed forces. In short, as the sole civilian official with superior authority, he had general oversight of the administration, as well as direct control, while not absolute, over governors who were part of the prefecture; the other two fiscal departments were not.

 

The early-4th-century Verona List, the late-4th-century work of Sextus Rufus, and the early-5th-century List of Offices and work of Polemius Silvius all list four provinces by some variation of the names Britannia I, Britannia II, Maxima Caesariensis, and Flavia Caesariensis; all of these seem to have initially been directed by a governor (praeses) of equestrian rank. The 5th-century sources list a fifth province named Valentia and give its governor and Maxima's a consular rank. Ammianus mentions Valentia as well, describing its creation by Count Theodosius in 369 after the quelling of the Great Conspiracy. Ammianus considered it a re-creation of a formerly lost province, leading some to think there had been an earlier fifth province under another name (may be the enigmatic "Vespasiana"), and leading others to place Valentia beyond Hadrian's Wall, in the territory abandoned south of the Antonine Wall.

 

Reconstructions of the provinces and provincial capitals during this period partially rely on ecclesiastical records. On the assumption that the early bishoprics mimicked the imperial hierarchy, scholars use the list of bishops for the 314 Council of Arles. The list is patently corrupt: the British delegation is given as including a Bishop "Eborius" of Eboracum and two bishops "from Londinium" (one de civitate Londinensi and the other de civitate colonia Londinensium). The error is variously emended: Bishop Ussher proposed Colonia, Selden Col. or Colon. Camalodun., and Spelman Colonia Cameloduni (all various names of Colchester); Gale and Bingham offered colonia Lindi and Henry Colonia Lindum (both Lincoln); and Bishop Stillingfleet and Francis Thackeray read it as a scribal error of Civ. Col. Londin. for an original Civ. Col. Leg. II (Caerleon). On the basis of the Verona List, the priest and deacon who accompanied the bishops in some manuscripts are ascribed to the fourth province.

 

In the 12th century, Gerald of Wales described the supposedly metropolitan sees of the early British church established by the legendary SS Fagan and "Duvian". He placed Britannia Prima in Wales and western England with its capital at "Urbs Legionum" (Caerleon); Britannia Secunda in Kent and southern England with its capital at "Dorobernia" (Canterbury); Flavia in Mercia and central England with its capital at "Lundonia" (London); "Maximia" in northern England with its capital at Eboracum (York); and Valentia in "Albania which is now Scotland" with its capital at St Andrews. Modern scholars generally dispute the last: some place Valentia at or beyond Hadrian's Wall but St Andrews is beyond even the Antonine Wall and Gerald seems to have simply been supporting the antiquity of its church for political reasons.

 

A common modern reconstruction places the consular province of Maxima at Londinium, on the basis of its status as the seat of the diocesan vicarius; places Prima in the west according to Gerald's traditional account but moves its capital to Corinium of the Dobunni (Cirencester) on the basis of an artifact recovered there referring to Lucius Septimius, a provincial rector; places Flavia north of Maxima, with its capital placed at Lindum Colonia (Lincoln) to match one emendation of the bishops list from Arles;[d] and places Secunda in the north with its capital at Eboracum (York). Valentia is placed variously in northern Wales around Deva (Chester); beside Hadrian's Wall around Luguvalium (Carlisle); and between the walls along Dere Street.

 

4th century

Emperor Constantius returned to Britain in 306, despite his poor health, with an army aiming to invade northern Britain, the provincial defences having been rebuilt in the preceding years. Little is known of his campaigns with scant archaeological evidence, but fragmentary historical sources suggest he reached the far north of Britain and won a major battle in early summer before returning south. His son Constantine (later Constantine the Great) spent a year in northern Britain at his father's side, campaigning against the Picts beyond Hadrian's Wall in the summer and autumn. Constantius died in York in July 306 with his son at his side. Constantine then successfully used Britain as the starting point of his march to the imperial throne, unlike the earlier usurper, Albinus.

 

In the middle of the century, the province was loyal for a few years to the usurper Magnentius, who succeeded Constans following the latter's death. After the defeat and death of Magnentius in the Battle of Mons Seleucus in 353, Constantius II dispatched his chief imperial notary Paulus Catena to Britain to hunt down Magnentius's supporters. The investigation deteriorated into a witch-hunt, which forced the vicarius Flavius Martinus to intervene. When Paulus retaliated by accusing Martinus of treason, the vicarius attacked Paulus with a sword, with the aim of assassinating him, but in the end he committed suicide.

 

As the 4th century progressed, there were increasing attacks from the Saxons in the east and the Scoti (Irish) in the west. A series of forts had been built, starting around 280, to defend the coasts, but these preparations were not enough when, in 367, a general assault of Saxons, Picts, Scoti and Attacotti, combined with apparent dissension in the garrison on Hadrian's Wall, left Roman Britain prostrate. The invaders overwhelmed the entire western and northern regions of Britannia and the cities were sacked. This crisis, sometimes called the Barbarian Conspiracy or the Great Conspiracy, was settled by Count Theodosius from 368 with a string of military and civil reforms. Theodosius crossed from Bononia (Boulogne-sur-Mer) and marched on Londinium where he began to deal with the invaders and made his base.[ An amnesty was promised to deserters which enabled Theodosius to regarrison abandoned forts. By the end of the year Hadrian's Wall was retaken and order returned. Considerable reorganization was undertaken in Britain, including the creation of a new province named Valentia, probably to better address the state of the far north. A new Dux Britanniarum was appointed, Dulcitius, with Civilis to head a new civilian administration.

 

Another imperial usurper, Magnus Maximus, raised the standard of revolt at Segontium (Caernarfon) in north Wales in 383, and crossed the English Channel. Maximus held much of the western empire, and fought a successful campaign against the Picts and Scots around 384. His continental exploits required troops from Britain, and it appears that forts at Chester and elsewhere were abandoned in this period, triggering raids and settlement in north Wales by the Irish. His rule was ended in 388, but not all the British troops may have returned: the Empire's military resources were stretched to the limit along the Rhine and Danube. Around 396 there were more barbarian incursions into Britain. Stilicho led a punitive expedition. It seems peace was restored by 399, and it is likely that no further garrisoning was ordered; by 401 more troops were withdrawn, to assist in the war against Alaric I.

 

End of Roman rule

The traditional view of historians, informed by the work of Michael Rostovtzeff, was of a widespread economic decline at the beginning of the 5th century. Consistent archaeological evidence has told another story, and the accepted view is undergoing re-evaluation. Some features are agreed: more opulent but fewer urban houses, an end to new public building and some abandonment of existing ones, with the exception of defensive structures, and the widespread formation of "dark earth" deposits indicating increased horticulture within urban precincts. Turning over the basilica at Silchester to industrial uses in the late 3rd century, doubtless officially condoned, marks an early stage in the de-urbanisation of Roman Britain.

 

The abandonment of some sites is now believed to be later than had been thought. Many buildings changed use but were not destroyed. There was a growing number of barbarian attacks, but these targeted vulnerable rural settlements rather than towns. Some villas such as Chedworth, Great Casterton in Rutland and Hucclecote in Gloucestershire had new mosaic floors laid around this time, suggesting that economic problems may have been limited and patchy. Many suffered some decay before being abandoned in the 5th century; the story of Saint Patrick indicates that villas were still occupied until at least 430. Exceptionally, new buildings were still going up in this period in Verulamium and Cirencester. Some urban centres, for example Canterbury, Cirencester, Wroxeter, Winchester and Gloucester, remained active during the 5th and 6th centuries, surrounded by large farming estates.

 

Urban life had generally grown less intense by the fourth quarter of the 4th century, and coins minted between 378 and 388 are very rare, indicating a likely combination of economic decline, diminishing numbers of troops, problems with the payment of soldiers and officials or with unstable conditions during the usurpation of Magnus Maximus 383–87. Coinage circulation increased during the 390s, but never attained the levels of earlier decades. Copper coins are very rare after 402, though minted silver and gold coins from hoards indicate they were still present in the province even if they were not being spent. By 407 there were very few new Roman coins going into circulation, and by 430 it is likely that coinage as a medium of exchange had been abandoned. Mass-produced wheel thrown pottery ended at approximately the same time; the rich continued to use metal and glass vessels, while the poor made do with humble "grey ware" or resorted to leather or wooden containers.

 

Sub-Roman Britain

Towards the end of the 4th century Roman rule in Britain came under increasing pressure from barbarian attacks. Apparently, there were not enough troops to mount an effective defence. After elevating two disappointing usurpers, the army chose a soldier, Constantine III, to become emperor in 407. He crossed to Gaul but was defeated by Honorius; it is unclear how many troops remained or ever returned, or whether a commander-in-chief in Britain was ever reappointed. A Saxon incursion in 408 was apparently repelled by the Britons, and in 409 Zosimus records that the natives expelled the Roman civilian administration. Zosimus may be referring to the Bacaudic rebellion of the Breton inhabitants of Armorica since he describes how, in the aftermath of the revolt, all of Armorica and the rest of Gaul followed the example of the Brettaniai. A letter from Emperor Honorius in 410 has traditionally been seen as rejecting a British appeal for help, but it may have been addressed to Bruttium or Bologna. With the imperial layers of the military and civil government gone, administration and justice fell to municipal authorities, and local warlords gradually emerged all over Britain, still utilizing Romano-British ideals and conventions. Historian Stuart Laycock has investigated this process and emphasised elements of continuity from the British tribes in the pre-Roman and Roman periods, through to the native post-Roman kingdoms.

 

In British tradition, pagan Saxons were invited by Vortigern to assist in fighting the Picts, Scoti, and Déisi. (Germanic migration into Roman Britannia may have begun much earlier. There is recorded evidence, for example, of Germanic auxiliaries supporting the legions in Britain in the 1st and 2nd centuries.) The new arrivals rebelled, plunging the country into a series of wars that eventually led to the Saxon occupation of Lowland Britain by 600. Around this time, many Britons fled to Brittany (hence its name), Galicia and probably Ireland. A significant date in sub-Roman Britain is the Groans of the Britons, an unanswered appeal to Aetius, leading general of the western Empire, for assistance against Saxon invasion in 446. Another is the Battle of Deorham in 577, after which the significant cities of Bath, Cirencester and Gloucester fell and the Saxons reached the western sea.

 

Historians generally reject the historicity of King Arthur, who is supposed to have resisted the Anglo-Saxon conquest according to later medieval legends.

 

Trade

During the Roman period Britain's continental trade was principally directed across the Southern North Sea and Eastern Channel, focusing on the narrow Strait of Dover, with more limited links via the Atlantic seaways. The most important British ports were London and Richborough, whilst the continental ports most heavily engaged in trade with Britain were Boulogne and the sites of Domburg and Colijnsplaat at the mouth of the river Scheldt. During the Late Roman period it is likely that the shore forts played some role in continental trade alongside their defensive functions.

 

Exports to Britain included: coin; pottery, particularly red-gloss terra sigillata (samian ware) from southern, central and eastern Gaul, as well as various other wares from Gaul and the Rhine provinces; olive oil from southern Spain in amphorae; wine from Gaul in amphorae and barrels; salted fish products from the western Mediterranean and Brittany in barrels and amphorae; preserved olives from southern Spain in amphorae; lava quern-stones from Mayen on the middle Rhine; glass; and some agricultural products. Britain's exports are harder to detect archaeologically, but will have included metals, such as silver and gold and some lead, iron and copper. Other exports probably included agricultural products, oysters and salt, whilst large quantities of coin would have been re-exported back to the continent as well.

 

These products moved as a result of private trade and also through payments and contracts established by the Roman state to support its military forces and officials on the island, as well as through state taxation and extraction of resources. Up until the mid-3rd century, the Roman state's payments appear to have been unbalanced, with far more products sent to Britain, to support its large military force (which had reached c. 53,000 by the mid-2nd century), than were extracted from the island.

 

It has been argued that Roman Britain's continental trade peaked in the late 1st century AD and thereafter declined as a result of an increasing reliance on local products by the population of Britain, caused by economic development on the island and by the Roman state's desire to save money by shifting away from expensive long-distance imports. Evidence has been outlined that suggests that the principal decline in Roman Britain's continental trade may have occurred in the late 2nd century AD, from c. 165 AD onwards. This has been linked to the economic impact of contemporary Empire-wide crises: the Antonine Plague and the Marcomannic Wars.

 

From the mid-3rd century onwards, Britain no longer received such a wide range and extensive quantity of foreign imports as it did during the earlier part of the Roman period; vast quantities of coin from continental mints reached the island, whilst there is historical evidence for the export of large amounts of British grain to the continent during the mid-4th century. During the latter part of the Roman period British agricultural products, paid for by both the Roman state and by private consumers, clearly played an important role in supporting the military garrisons and urban centres of the northwestern continental Empire. This came about as a result of the rapid decline in the size of the British garrison from the mid-3rd century onwards (thus freeing up more goods for export), and because of 'Germanic' incursions across the Rhine, which appear to have reduced rural settlement and agricultural output in northern Gaul.

 

Economy

Mineral extraction sites such as the Dolaucothi gold mine were probably first worked by the Roman army from c. 75, and at some later stage passed to civilian operators. The mine developed as a series of opencast workings, mainly by the use of hydraulic mining methods. They are described by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History in great detail. Essentially, water supplied by aqueducts was used to prospect for ore veins by stripping away soil to reveal the bedrock. If veins were present, they were attacked using fire-setting and the ore removed for comminution. The dust was washed in a small stream of water and the heavy gold dust and gold nuggets collected in riffles. The diagram at right shows how Dolaucothi developed from c. 75 through to the 1st century. When opencast work was no longer feasible, tunnels were driven to follow the veins. The evidence from the site shows advanced technology probably under the control of army engineers.

 

The Wealden ironworking zone, the lead and silver mines of the Mendip Hills and the tin mines of Cornwall seem to have been private enterprises leased from the government for a fee. Mining had long been practised in Britain (see Grimes Graves), but the Romans introduced new technical knowledge and large-scale industrial production to revolutionise the industry. It included hydraulic mining to prospect for ore by removing overburden as well as work alluvial deposits. The water needed for such large-scale operations was supplied by one or more aqueducts, those surviving at Dolaucothi being especially impressive. Many prospecting areas were in dangerous, upland country, and, although mineral exploitation was presumably one of the main reasons for the Roman invasion, it had to wait until these areas were subdued.

 

By the 3rd and 4th centuries, small towns could often be found near villas. In these towns, villa owners and small-scale farmers could obtain specialist tools. Lowland Britain in the 4th century was agriculturally prosperous enough to export grain to the continent. This prosperity lay behind the blossoming of villa building and decoration that occurred between AD 300 and 350.

 

Britain's cities also consumed Roman-style pottery and other goods, and were centres through which goods could be distributed elsewhere. At Wroxeter in Shropshire, stock smashed into a gutter during a 2nd-century fire reveals that Gaulish samian ware was being sold alongside mixing bowls from the Mancetter-Hartshill industry of the West Midlands. Roman designs were most popular, but rural craftsmen still produced items derived from the Iron Age La Tène artistic traditions. Britain was home to much gold, which attracted Roman invaders. By the 3rd century, Britain's economy was diverse and well established, with commerce extending into the non-Romanised north.

 

Government

Further information: Governors of Roman Britain, Roman client kingdoms in Britain, and Roman auxiliaries in Britain

Under the Roman Empire, administration of peaceful provinces was ultimately the remit of the Senate, but those, like Britain, that required permanent garrisons, were placed under the Emperor's control. In practice imperial provinces were run by resident governors who were members of the Senate and had held the consulship. These men were carefully selected, often having strong records of military success and administrative ability. In Britain, a governor's role was primarily military, but numerous other tasks were also his responsibility, such as maintaining diplomatic relations with local client kings, building roads, ensuring the public courier system functioned, supervising the civitates and acting as a judge in important legal cases. When not campaigning, he would travel the province hearing complaints and recruiting new troops.

 

To assist him in legal matters he had an adviser, the legatus juridicus, and those in Britain appear to have been distinguished lawyers perhaps because of the challenge of incorporating tribes into the imperial system and devising a workable method of taxing them. Financial administration was dealt with by a procurator with junior posts for each tax-raising power. Each legion in Britain had a commander who answered to the governor and, in time of war, probably directly ruled troublesome districts. Each of these commands carried a tour of duty of two to three years in different provinces. Below these posts was a network of administrative managers covering intelligence gathering, sending reports to Rome, organising military supplies and dealing with prisoners. A staff of seconded soldiers provided clerical services.

 

Colchester was probably the earliest capital of Roman Britain, but it was soon eclipsed by London with its strong mercantile connections. The different forms of municipal organisation in Britannia were known as civitas (which were subdivided, amongst other forms, into colonies such as York, Colchester, Gloucester and Lincoln and municipalities such as Verulamium), and were each governed by a senate of local landowners, whether Brythonic or Roman, who elected magistrates concerning judicial and civic affairs. The various civitates sent representatives to a yearly provincial council in order to profess loyalty to the Roman state, to send direct petitions to the Emperor in times of extraordinary need, and to worship the imperial cult.

 

Demographics

Roman Britain had an estimated population between 2.8 million and 3 million people at the end of the second century. At the end of the fourth century, it had an estimated population of 3.6 million people, of whom 125,000 consisted of the Roman army and their families and dependents.[80] The urban population of Roman Britain was about 240,000 people at the end of the fourth century. The capital city of Londinium is estimated to have had a population of about 60,000 people. Londinium was an ethnically diverse city with inhabitants from the Roman Empire, including natives of Britannia, continental Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. There was also cultural diversity in other Roman-British towns, which were sustained by considerable migration, from Britannia and other Roman territories, including continental Europe, Roman Syria, the Eastern Mediterranean and North Africa. In a study conducted in 2012, around 45 percent of sites investigated dating from the Roman period had at least one individual of North African origin.

 

Town and country

During their occupation of Britain the Romans founded a number of important settlements, many of which survive. The towns suffered attrition in the later 4th century, when public building ceased and some were abandoned to private uses. Place names survived the deurbanised Sub-Roman and early Anglo-Saxon periods, and historiography has been at pains to signal the expected survivals, but archaeology shows that a bare handful of Roman towns were continuously occupied. According to S.T. Loseby, the very idea of a town as a centre of power and administration was reintroduced to England by the Roman Christianising mission to Canterbury, and its urban revival was delayed to the 10th century.

 

Roman towns can be broadly grouped in two categories. Civitates, "public towns" were formally laid out on a grid plan, and their role in imperial administration occasioned the construction of public buildings. The much more numerous category of vici, "small towns" grew on informal plans, often round a camp or at a ford or crossroads; some were not small, others were scarcely urban, some not even defended by a wall, the characteristic feature of a place of any importance.

 

Cities and towns which have Roman origins, or were extensively developed by them are listed with their Latin names in brackets; civitates are marked C

 

Alcester (Alauna)

Alchester

Aldborough, North Yorkshire (Isurium Brigantum) C

Bath (Aquae Sulis) C

Brough (Petuaria) C

Buxton (Aquae Arnemetiae)

Caerleon (Isca Augusta) C

Caernarfon (Segontium) C

Caerwent (Venta Silurum) C

Caister-on-Sea C

Canterbury (Durovernum Cantiacorum) C

Carlisle (Luguvalium) C

Carmarthen (Moridunum) C

Chelmsford (Caesaromagus)

Chester (Deva Victrix) C

Chester-le-Street (Concangis)

Chichester (Noviomagus Reginorum) C

Cirencester (Corinium) C

Colchester (Camulodunum) C

Corbridge (Coria) C

Dorchester (Durnovaria) C

Dover (Portus Dubris)

Exeter (Isca Dumnoniorum) C

Gloucester (Glevum) C

Great Chesterford (the name of this vicus is unknown)

Ilchester (Lindinis) C

Leicester (Ratae Corieltauvorum) C

Lincoln (Lindum Colonia) C

London (Londinium) C

Manchester (Mamucium) C

Newcastle upon Tyne (Pons Aelius)

Northwich (Condate)

St Albans (Verulamium) C

Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum) C

Towcester (Lactodurum)

Whitchurch (Mediolanum) C

Winchester (Venta Belgarum) C

Wroxeter (Viroconium Cornoviorum) C

York (Eboracum) C

 

Religion

The druids, the Celtic priestly caste who were believed to originate in Britain, were outlawed by Claudius, and in 61 they vainly defended their sacred groves from destruction by the Romans on the island of Mona (Anglesey). Under Roman rule the Britons continued to worship native Celtic deities, such as Ancasta, but often conflated with their Roman equivalents, like Mars Rigonemetos at Nettleham.

 

The degree to which earlier native beliefs survived is difficult to gauge precisely. Certain European ritual traits such as the significance of the number 3, the importance of the head and of water sources such as springs remain in the archaeological record, but the differences in the votive offerings made at the baths at Bath, Somerset, before and after the Roman conquest suggest that continuity was only partial. Worship of the Roman emperor is widely recorded, especially at military sites. The founding of a Roman temple to Claudius at Camulodunum was one of the impositions that led to the revolt of Boudica. By the 3rd century, Pagans Hill Roman Temple in Somerset was able to exist peaceably and it did so into the 5th century.

 

Pagan religious practices were supported by priests, represented in Britain by votive deposits of priestly regalia such as chain crowns from West Stow and Willingham Fen.

 

Eastern cults such as Mithraism also grew in popularity towards the end of the occupation. The London Mithraeum is one example of the popularity of mystery religions among the soldiery. Temples to Mithras also exist in military contexts at Vindobala on Hadrian's Wall (the Rudchester Mithraeum) and at Segontium in Roman Wales (the Caernarfon Mithraeum).

 

Christianity

It is not clear when or how Christianity came to Britain. A 2nd-century "word square" has been discovered in Mamucium, the Roman settlement of Manchester. It consists of an anagram of PATER NOSTER carved on a piece of amphora. There has been discussion by academics whether the "word square" is a Christian artefact, but if it is, it is one of the earliest examples of early Christianity in Britain. The earliest confirmed written evidence for Christianity in Britain is a statement by Tertullian, c. 200 AD, in which he described "all the limits of the Spains, and the diverse nations of the Gauls, and the haunts of the Britons, inaccessible to the Romans, but subjugated to Christ". Archaeological evidence for Christian communities begins to appear in the 3rd and 4th centuries. Small timber churches are suggested at Lincoln and Silchester and baptismal fonts have been found at Icklingham and the Saxon Shore Fort at Richborough. The Icklingham font is made of lead, and visible in the British Museum. A Roman Christian graveyard exists at the same site in Icklingham. A possible Roman 4th-century church and associated burial ground was also discovered at Butt Road on the south-west outskirts of Colchester during the construction of the new police station there, overlying an earlier pagan cemetery. The Water Newton Treasure is a hoard of Christian silver church plate from the early 4th century and the Roman villas at Lullingstone and Hinton St Mary contained Christian wall paintings and mosaics respectively. A large 4th-century cemetery at Poundbury with its east–west oriented burials and lack of grave goods has been interpreted as an early Christian burial ground, although such burial rites were also becoming increasingly common in pagan contexts during the period.

 

The Church in Britain seems to have developed the customary diocesan system, as evidenced from the records of the Council of Arles in Gaul in 314: represented at the council were bishops from thirty-five sees from Europe and North Africa, including three bishops from Britain, Eborius of York, Restitutus of London, and Adelphius, possibly a bishop of Lincoln. No other early sees are documented, and the material remains of early church structures are far to seek. The existence of a church in the forum courtyard of Lincoln and the martyrium of Saint Alban on the outskirts of Roman Verulamium are exceptional. Alban, the first British Christian martyr and by far the most prominent, is believed to have died in the early 4th century (some date him in the middle 3rd century), followed by Saints Julius and Aaron of Isca Augusta. Christianity was legalised in the Roman Empire by Constantine I in 313. Theodosius I made Christianity the state religion of the empire in 391, and by the 5th century it was well established. One belief labelled a heresy by the church authorities — Pelagianism — was originated by a British monk teaching in Rome: Pelagius lived c. 354 to c. 420/440.

 

A letter found on a lead tablet in Bath, Somerset, datable to c. 363, had been widely publicised as documentary evidence regarding the state of Christianity in Britain during Roman times. According to its first translator, it was written in Wroxeter by a Christian man called Vinisius to a Christian woman called Nigra, and was claimed as the first epigraphic record of Christianity in Britain. This translation of the letter was apparently based on grave paleographical errors, and the text has nothing to do with Christianity, and in fact relates to pagan rituals.

 

Environmental changes

The Romans introduced a number of species to Britain, including possibly the now-rare Roman nettle (Urtica pilulifera), said to have been used by soldiers to warm their arms and legs, and the edible snail Helix pomatia. There is also some evidence they may have introduced rabbits, but of the smaller southern mediterranean type. The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) prevalent in modern Britain is assumed to have been introduced from the continent after the Norman invasion of 1066. Box (Buxus sempervirens) is rarely recorded before the Roman period, but becomes a common find in towns and villas

 

Legacy

During their occupation of Britain the Romans built an extensive network of roads which continued to be used in later centuries and many are still followed today. The Romans also built water supply, sanitation and wastewater systems. Many of Britain's major cities, such as London (Londinium), Manchester (Mamucium) and York (Eboracum), were founded by the Romans, but the original Roman settlements were abandoned not long after the Romans left.

 

Unlike many other areas of the Western Roman Empire, the current majority language is not a Romance language, or a language descended from the pre-Roman inhabitants. The British language at the time of the invasion was Common Brittonic, and remained so after the Romans withdrew. It later split into regional languages, notably Cumbric, Cornish, Breton and Welsh. Examination of these languages suggests some 800 Latin words were incorporated into Common Brittonic (see Brittonic languages). The current majority language, English, is based on the languages of the Germanic tribes who migrated to the island from continental Europe

In Part 2, I discussed how the Serpent was used as a symbol for not only initiation into the mysteries and immortality but also a symbol for sexuality, generation, death and rebirth due to the creature’s ability to shed its skin of the old to reveal a shiny new skin underneath. The mythologized Serpent, of course, does appear in almost every culture around the world over. Genesis 3 relays how the Serpent offers knowledge in the form of a fruit grown from the Tree of Knowledge (the “Good ” and “Evil” part may have have been added later as a gloss.) Like the Serpent, the Tree of Knowledge is sometimes considered to be a phallic symbol. This Fruit along with the Tree also were used to signify the result or effect of some cause, having both a positive and a negative effect and origin.

 

The Two Trees.

 

The Tree of Knowledge and digesting the forbidden fruit in Genesis according to Jewish tradition represented the primeval mixture or intermingling of good and evil, light and darkness in an almost Manichean fashion. Eating the fruit forbidden set off a chain reaction where humanity developed a “yeitzer hara” or “evil inclination.” Unlike the earlier Hebrews, who blamed themselves for their woes, the Jewish Rabbis believed God had implanted in the ‘heart’, the Hebrew place of the unconscious of each individual, at his birth or conception. The yezer was not hereditary. It was intrinsically good and the source of creative energy, but had a strong potential for evil through appetite or greed. Only strict observance of the Law could keep the strong, irrational passions it engendered under control. To the commentators in the five centuries before Christ, Adam’s death was due to his own “sinful actions”, and not to the Augustine-authored “original sin nature” or “ancestral sin” inherent in the DNA in the race of man because of the disobedience of the primal parents. The Zohar claims that Adam and Eve lost their immortality by ingesting the fruit which is ironically enough compared to the occult:

 

Hear what saith scripture when Adam and Eve ate of the fruit of the tree by which death entered into their souls or lower nature, ‘And when they heard the voice of the Lord of the Alhim walking in the garden’ (Gen. iii-8), or, as it ought to be rendered, had walked (mithhalech). Note further that whilst Adam had not fallen, he was a recipient of divine wisdom (hochma) and heavenly light and derived his continuous existence from the Tree of Life to which he had free access, but as soon as he allowed himself to be seduced and deluded with the desire of occult knowledge, he lost everything, heavenly light and life through the disjunction of his higher and lower self, and, the loss of that harmony that should always exist between them, in short, he then first knew what evil was and what it entailed, and, therefore, it is written, ‘Thou art not a God that approveth wickedness, neither shall evil dwell with thee’ (Is. v-5); or, in other words, he who implicitly and blindly follows the dictates of his lower nature or self shall not come near the Tree of Life.

 

According to the Babylonian Talmud, Adam and Eve were in the Garden of Eden for just twelve hours before being unceremoniously thrown out. This is half a day in Paradise. That snake sure was a fast worker! Yahweh gave Adam and Eve the tour round Eden, told them what they could or couldn’t do and had no sooner turned his back than they were disobeying him and he had to expel them and sentence them, and the whole human race to come, to hell-fire for all eternity. Is that not the biggest (pardon this author’s french) fuck up of all time? It takes a spectacular degree of incompetence to screw things up that badly, so quickly. And yet the source who engineered this monumental disaster is supposed to be the Creator of the Universe, all-knowing and all-powerful, incapable of error! It is any wonder why the Gnostics called the creator god of Genesis as a dark and brutal god who was also given names such as: Samael (Blind One) and Saklas (idiot-retard)?

 

The Catholic Church Father Irenaeus mentions in Adv. Hear. 1, 29, 3, that the Barbelognostics revered the classic Qabalistic symbol of the “Tree, which itself they call Knowledge (gnosis).” This Tree is generated by two more primordial entities or “Aeons” called “Man” and “Knowledge.” It is hard to know just what his source for this passage may have been, for the kabbalistic symbol of the Tree does not figure in any of the surviving versions of the Apocryphon of John. There is, however, a passage in the Church Father Origen’s description in Contra Celsum of the diagrams of the cosmos envisaged by the Ophites:

 

And everywhere there, the Tree of Life, and the resurrection of flesh from the Tree …

 

This passage suggests that the form of the Tree had been imposed on the whole diagram. The Church Father Origen also gives a number of “ten circles”, the traditional number of the emanations or “sefiroth” associated with the cosmic spheres in the Kabbalistic Tree of Life – though roughly only seven of them can have planetary names. This image of the spiritual powers circling in the heavenly spheres, which the Jewish scholar, Gershom Scholem has suggested entered Jewish esoteric teaching from Hellenistic-Egyptian traditions in the centuries before Christianity (or at least Christian gnosticism) arose bears also upon the enigma of the seven-headed form of Iao in the fourth sphere (as discussed in the Apocryphon of John), that of the Sun.

 

This idea of the Archons situated upon the astral “aerial toll houses” of Eastern Orthodoxy (and of course Gnosticism, especially in the First Apocalypse of James) does indeed seem to originate in ancient Egypt where the the Book of the Dead lists protective spells learned by initiates to guard against the dangerous “judges” during the post-mortem journey of the soul. Speculation in Christian and in Gnostic circles concerning the order of the celestial hierarchy hinged upon a few passages in the Pauline literature, which seem to imply, however, different sequences as Colassians 1:16 states:

 

For by him all things were created: things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or powers or rulers or authorities; all things were created by him and for him.

 

The names of the authorities are as follows, featured and listed in the Ophite doctrine, refuted by Celsus in Contra Celsum:

 

Michael – lion, Souriel – bull, Raphael – serpent, Gabriel – eagle, Thauthabaoth – bear, Erathaoth – dog, Taphabaoth/Onoel – ass.

 

The sequence was composed using the figures of four biblical Cherubim, to whom three new personages were added. The animal forms are derived from the biblical story of the famous vision of Ezekiel as is the iconography of the four evangelists. Ezekiel had seen four monstrous beings in the shape of winged men with four faces: of a man, a lion, a bull and an eagle, on each of the four sides. Jerome connects this tetramorph with the Four Evangelists, being Matthew, Mark, Luke and John.

 

05200

 

In the Trimorphic Protennoia, the Archons claim that they also were derived from a tree:

 

For as for our tree from which we grew, a fruit of ignorance is what it has; and also its leaves, it is death that dwells in them, and darkness dwells under the shadow of its boughs. And it was in deceit and lust that we harvested it, this (tree) through which ignorant Chaos became for us a dwelling place.

 

As mentioned in Part 1, the Gospel of John 15, 1-2 equates Christ with the vines and fruit of the Tree of Life in the Garden of Eden, which also sounds vaguely Dionysian. Dionysus was also called the surname Dendritês, the god of the tree, which has the same import as Dasyllius, the giver of foliage.

 

The Gospel of Truth also equates the cross to the tree of knowledge in the Garden of Eden:

 

He was nailed to a tree (and) he became fruit of the knowledge of the Father. It did not, however, cause destruction because it was eaten, but to those who ate it, it (cause) to become glad in the discovery, and he discovered them in himself, and they discovered him in themselves.

 

The Gospel of Philip also makes the connection between the Tree of Life, the resurrection via the chrism (anointing) and Jesus Christ, explicit:

 

Philip the apostle said, “Joseph the carpenter planted a garden because he needed wood for his trade. It was he who made the cross from the trees which he planted. His own offspring hung on that which he planted. His offspring was Jesus, and the planting was the cross.” But the Tree of Life is in the middle of the Garden. However, it is from the olive tree that we got the chrism, and from the chrism, the resurrection.

 

Elsewhere in the Gospel of Philip, the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil is identified with the flesh and the Law (the lower natures as opposed to the pnuematic one). Using a riff from the Epistle to the Romans 7:7-11, the author says:

 

“It has the power to give knowledge of good and evil. It neither removed him from evil, nor did it set him in the good. Instead it created death for those who ate of it. For when it said, ‘Eat this. Do not eat that.’ it became the beginning of death.”

 

The pseudepigraphic Jewish-apocalypse Book of Enoch 31:4, describes this tree of knowledge in the midst of the “Garden of Righteousness”:

 

It was like a species of the Tamarind tree, bearing fruit which resembled grapes extremely fine; and its fragrance extended to a considerable distance. I exclaimed, How beautiful is this tree, and how delightful is its appearance!

 

Irenaeus’ pupil, Hippolytus would write in Against All Heresies (VI, 27) on how the Valentinians compared the Logos to the fruit of the Tree of Life:

 

This (one) is styled among them Joint Fruit of the Pleroma. These (matters), then, took place within the Pleroma in this way. And the Joint Fruit of the Pleroma was projected, (that is,) Jesus,— for this is his name—the great High Priest. Sophia, however, who was outside the Pleroma in search of Christ, who had given her form, and of the Holy Spirit, became involved in great terror that she would perish, if he should separate from her, who had given her form and consistency.

 

He also writes that the Father projected a warrior Aeon as a defense mechanism to protect the Aeonic realm of the Pleroma from the shapeless void created by the fallen Sophia, who is often shaped in a Cross:

 

Now this (Aeon) is styled Horos, because he separates from the Pleroma the Hysterema that is outside. And (he is called) Metocheus, because he shares also in the Hysterema. And (he is denominated) Staurus, because he is fixed inflexibly and inexorably, so that nothing of the Hysterema can come near the Aeons who are within the Pleroma.

 

This description also matches with Irenaeus’ account (Against Heresies 1.3.5) on how the Valentinian Christians viewed the hidden, metaphysical meaning and nature of the Cross:

 

“They show, further, that that Horos of theirs, whom they call by a variety of names, has two faculties,-the one of supporting, and the other of separating; and in so far as he supports and sustains, he is Stauros, while in so far as he divides and separates, he is Horos. They then represent the Saviour as having indicated this twofold faculty: first, the sustaining power, when He said, “Whosoever doth not bear his cross (Stauros), and follow after me, cannot be my disciple; ” and again, “Taking up the cross follow me; ” but the separating power when He said, “I came not to send peace, but a word.” They also maintain that John indicated the same thing when he said, “The fan is in His hand, and He will thoroughly purge the floor, and will gather the wheat into His garner; but the chaff He will burn with fire unquenchable.” By this declaration He set forth the faculty of Horos. For that fan they explain to be the cross (Stauros), which consumes, no doubt, all material objects, as fire does chaff, but it purifies all them that are saved, as a fan does wheat. Moreover, they affirm that the Apostle Paul himself made mention of this cross in the following words: “The doctrine of the cross is to them that perish foolishness, but to us who are saved it is the power of God.” And again: “God forbid that I should glory in anything save in the cross of Christ, by whom the world is crucified to me, and I unto the world.”

 

In the above paragraph, Horos or Stauros (the cross of John) is the limit (X) of Plato’s Timaeus. Simon Magus taught this same exact thing as we will see below. The cross symbolizes the separation of powers and realms. It represents the apokatastasis, the Stoic conflagration, the baptism by fire. Paul the Apostle speaks of this fire that purifies and tries men’s works in 1 Corinthians 3:10-15. To be crucified to the world is to bear the symbol of the cross which is a flat-out denial of YHWH and the Elohim archons’ creation. It is to spit in the face of the Greek gods of fate like Socrates. It is hemlock to the flesh and to the spirit it is immortality.

 

It is the Cross of Christ, which in the Gnostic interpretation separates God from the manifest world, the uncreated, transcendent World of Forms from the Creator and the created realm, constituting a Separate and Hidden God. This limit in essence separates the “wheat from the tares”. At the same time, it also serves as a bridge between the saved sparks of light into the realm above. The extremely esoteric Sethian text, Allogenes, mentions a power or aeon by the name of “Kalyptos”, which can mean either “hidden” or “that which covers,” which may derive from the conception of the veil parting the higher from the lower realm. This power derives from the Aeon of Barbelo, which is also a state of being in which a spiritual power descends into matter. The position of Kalyptos comes very close to that of the Valentinian Horos, Stauros or Limit that separates the highest deity Bythos (Depth or Abyss) from the other Aeons that derive from him. This limit also functions though a second barrier between the “hysterema” of the material cosmos and the realm of the Aeons. Sophia also functions as a veil in On the Origin of the World.

 

lightning-flash-on-tree

 

All of these concepts are also reflected in Origen’s Contra Celsum (6, 33) in which he states that that on the diameter of one of the circles a sword of fire was depicted, the same one that had driven Adam and Eve from the earthly Paradise. This flaming sword guarded the Tree of knowledge (gnosis) and of life (zoe). If the sword was above the black line of Tartarus, then the tree of knowledge and of life has to be the series of circles starting from Gnosis and Sophia and leading through the circle of Life to the Father. This could be similar to the Kabbalistic number of 777 being the sum the paths that the Lightening Path of Creation travels down through the Tree of Life. It is through this channel that the Luciferian motif of bringing the light of heaven to the World of Action becomes apparent.

 

In Contra Celsum, Origen reports Celsus’ comments on the Christians (the Ophite-Sethian Gnostics in reality), who called their baptismal rite “seal” (recalling the Five Seals of the Sethians); the person who placed the seal was called “father”; the one who received it was called “son” and “young man”, answering: “I am anointed with the white chrism of the tree of life”. Celsus further down describes the Christian belief of “tree of life” being both synonymous with Christ and the resurrection in 6:34:

 

And in all their writings (is mention made) of the ‘tree of life’ (τό της ζωης ξύλον), and a resurrection of the flesh by means of the ‘tree’ (από ξύλου), because, I imagine, their teacher was nailed to a cross (σταυρω ένηλώθη), and was a carpenter by craft (τέκτων τήν τεχνην)…

 

Celsus connects a so-called “tree of life,” and a resurrection by means of the “tree,” to Jesus’ execution: that he was nailed to an execution pole and his trade being carpenter, joiner. The relevant point Celsus is making here is that Jesus was suspended on some kind of pole, and secured to it with nails. Clearly, the parallels between the Ophite diagram and the Kabbalistic Tree of Life, with the circles shown to have numerical values, are there.

 

The Trimorphic Protennoia and the hermetic Discourse on Eighth and Ninth in the Nag Hammadi library pre-suppose numerical values for the manifestations of God, as does the system of Valentinus as described by his enemy, Irenaeus, which envisioned the theoretical attainment of 10 divine Aeons. He also develops a system consisting of about thirty Aeons, which would suggest that he had taken the simpler Ophite system and expanded it until it was almost uncontrollable. Even more interesting is in the Sethian text, Melchizedek, it portrays Adam and Eve defeating the guardians of the Tree of Life with their own weapon!

 

For when they ate of the tree of knowledge, they trampled the Cherubim and the Seraphim with the flaming sword.

 

Fludd Sephirothic Tree web

 

The Sephirothic Tree by Robert Fludd

 

The Qabalah or Kabbalah itself has many similarities with Gnosticism in their closely related teachings of the hidden God and hypostatization of God’s attributes. The Sephirot (or Enumerations, which also means “book” in Hebrew) are the ten emanations of God (or infinite light: Ein Sof Aur) into the universe. These emanations manifest not only in the physical part of the universe, but also in the metaphysical one. Kabbalah distinguish four different worlds or planes: Atziluth, or World of Emanations, where the Divine Archetypes live; Beri’ah or World of Creations, where Highest Ranking Angels are; Yetzirah or World of Formations is the astral world; and Asiyah or World of Actions, is the physical plane and “low astral” plane. Each of these worlds are progressively grosser and denser (one can see the strong Kabbalistic influence on Neo-Platonic thought here as well), but the ten Sephiroth manifest in all of them.

 

The Kabbalah is rooted in the Merkavah and Assyrian traditions, and the Kabbalah defines Sefirot is also based on the great visions described by Ezekiel. The Sephiroth constitutes the “Tree of Life”, and is aligned in three columns, each headed by a Supernal. The names of the Sephirot are: Kether (Crown), Chochman (Wisdom), Binah (Understanding), Chesed (Mercy), Gevurah (Severity), Tiphareth (Redeemer), Netzach (Victory), Hod (Majesty), Yesod (Foundation), Malkhuth (Kingdom). Some clear Christian and Gnostic associations on the Tree of Life is down the middle path, with Keter relating to the Father, which emanates into Tipharet relating to the Holy Ghost, and Christ as the Solar Logos and Savior, which emanates to Yesod, relating to the Son. This being the path by which God emanates into Malkut, the physical world

 

The Manichean Psalm CCXX illustrates the theme of matter receiving the spiritual Light rather well by using Tree imagery:

 

They rose, that they belong to Matter, the children of Error, desiring to uproot thy unshakable tree and plant it in their land. Matter and her sons divided me up amongst them, they burnt me in their fire, they gave me a bitter likeness.” … “I am the sweet water that is beneath the sons of Matter.

 

SophiaInTree

 

Alchemical image of the Divine Sophia as a Tree of Learning and source of the Elixir of Life.

 

In Jewish Wisdom literature, it was Khokhmah who personified the female Divine. She is understood as an emanation of God, yet she resonates with the Hebrew Goddess who is otherwise assailed in the Old Testament, by Jehovah especially Asherah, the Queen of Heaven. Proverbs 3:18 calls up an image of Khokhmah that originates in the oldest core of Jewish culture: “She is a Tree of Life to all who lay hold of her.” In the same book, Khokhmah sings, “The one who finds me, finds life.” A similar aretalogy can be found in the Sethian text, Thunder-Perfect Mind. The creation story of the 2nd, Century Gnostic, Valentinus of Alexandria, the greatest of Sophia’s devotees, describes the origin and essence of the matter composing this world as emotionally and psychically consubstantial with Sophia as indicated by Irenaeus in Against Heresies, 5, 4:

 

This mother they also call Ogdoad, Sophia, Terra (Gaia), Jerusalem (cf. Gal. 4:26), Holy Spirit, and, with a masculine reference, Lord. Their mother dwells in that place which is above the heavens, that is, in the intermediate abode; the Demiurge in the heavenly place, that is, in the hebdomad; but the Cosmocrator in this our world. The corporeal elements of the world, again, sprang, as we before remarked, from bewilderment and perplexity, as from a more ignoble source. Thus the earth arose from her state of stupor; water from the agitation caused by her fear; air from the consolidation of her grief; while fire, producing death and corruption, was inherent in all these elements, even as they teach that ignorance also lay concealed in these three passions.

 

Furthermore, she knows:

 

the beginning and end and middle of times, the alternations of the solstices and the changes of the seasons, the cycles of the year and the constellations of the stars, the nature of animals and the tempers of wild animals, the powers of spirits and the thoughts of human beings, the varieties of plants and the virtues of roots… (Wisdom 7:15-22)

 

The imagery of the tree is also included in Simon Magus’s cosmology, as reported by Hippolytus of Rome, is a powerful model that describing some rare concepts that Simononians in the early third century work described in the Philosophumena, as the “Great Declaration” or “Great Announcement”. Simon very much describes a tree of fire that consumes itself. This is a third century Simonian document, positing that the root of all existence is infinite, and abides in man, who serves as its dwelling-house. The Logos or the Word is projected down by the luciferian Lightening Flash through the Aeons and into the manifest world and man. From the original root, the hidden principle, spring three pairs of manifestations of: Mind and Thought, Voice and Name, Reasoning and Reflection.

 

The Father is, moreover, “He that hath stood” in relation to premundane existence; “He that standeth” in relation to present being; and “He that shall stand” in relation to the final consummation. Man is simply the realization of “boundless power,” the ultimate end of the cosmic process in which the godhead attains self-consciousness. This infinite power works in all of the aeons as a compound name: He who stands, has stood, and will stand; a term alluded to in the Clementine Homilies and Recognition’s which say, that Simon Magus considered himself as the “Standing One” along with the “that power of God which is called Great”.

 

The Simonian author employs very Stoic language in describing what is hidden and revealed in the divine Fire, the original Boundless Power that is the stuff that the original Ineffable God is made of—the equivalent of the Qabalistic Ein Sof or Kether—the Crown. In this above entry (linked above) by Hippolytus, he refers to Simon’s theology of the “fruit from the Tree” as being the quintessential product of the human incarnation. The tripartite division of spirit, psyche and matter are simply manifest expressions of the original Stoic-like Divine Fire. This concealed fruit or “Hidden Power” which is another term that he used, requires a key in the conscious process of imagining or beholding a power to form mental images.

 

The Simonian author interestingly uses the term “imagining” as a reference of becoming divinized or be initiated into the mysteries. But this can only be manifested “if its imagining has been perfected and it takes the shape of itself.” Later, the text mentions a “storehouse” which is a room, located adjacent to a royal chamber within a palace where the gold, jewels and other wealth are stored. Here, the Simonian author is referring to the treasure-house and the storehouse, both concepts that are found within the Pistis Sophia that refer to a location within the “House of Many Mansions” of John 14:2.

 

Simon Magus also appealed to Matthew 12:33, as Hippolytus writes in Refutations of All Heresies VI, 11:

 

If, however, a tree continues alone, not producing fruit fully formed, it is utterly destroyed. For somewhere near, he says, is the axe (which is laid) at the roots of the tree. Every tree, he says, which does not produce good fruit, is hewn down and cast into fire.

 

This, of course, was also Marcion’s (and much later in Mani’s theological two principle system) main scriptural justification for his radical dualism in Christ’s maxim that a good tree does not bear evil fruit, nor does an evil tree bear bad fruit. So if we also interpret that in terms of origins, then the evil god could not possibly have originated from the good god, because good things do not produce evil things, and vice versa. The Gospel of Thomas says something very similar:

 

(45) Jesus said, “Grapes are not harvested from thorns, nor are figs gathered from thistles, for they do not produce fruit. A good man brings forth good from his storehouse; an evil man brings forth evil things from his evil storehouse, which is in his heart, and says evil things. For out of the abundance of the heart he brings forth evil things.”

 

The fact is Simon had a similar doctrine that condemned false religion and predicted a final dissolution of the cosmos, presumably dissolved in fire, so that Simon’s elect can be redeemed, viz. the Great Announcement; Hippolytus, Refutation of All Heresies, 6:14; Irenaeus, Against Heresies, 1.23.3.

 

These words from Simon and John resonate with a key saying of Jesus in Matthew 7:17-20,

 

Even so every good tree bringeth forth good fruit; but a corrupt tree bringeth forth evil fruit. A good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit, neither can a corrupt tree bring forth good fruit. Every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire. Wherefore by their fruits ye shall know them.

 

This was a key saying used by the Gnostics and Marcionites. Could it be that this metaphor originated from John the Baptist, from whom Simon also learned this same metaphor?

 

Then went out to him Jerusalem, and all Judaea, and all the region round about Jordan, And were baptized of him in Jordan, confessing their sins. But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees come to his baptism, he said unto them, “O generation of vipers, who hath warned you to flee from the wrath to come? Bring forth therefore fruits meet for repentance: And think not to say within yourselves, that you have Abraham for your father: for I say unto you, that God is able of these stones to raise up children unto Abraham.” (Cf. John 8:39, 44; 1:17-18)

 

4D6E857E98

 

In the text On the Origin of the World, it states that the tree of life and the tree of gnosis are situated “to the north of Paradise” and is identified as Epinoia. The Greek name Epinoia carries the meaning of “understanding” or “thought” or “purpose”. She is sent to dwell within Adam, her role being to give him consciousness of his divine origins and the way to return to the Pleroma. The author of On the Origin of the World makes a positive evaluation of the Garden of Eden:

 

And the tree of eternal life is as it appeared by God’s will, to the north of Paradise, so that it might make eternal the souls of the pure, who shall come forth from the modelled forms of poverty at the consummation of the age. Now the color of the tree of life is like the sun. And its branches are beautiful. Its leaves are like those of the cypress. Its fruit is like a bunch of grapes when it is white. Its height goes as far as heaven. And next to it (is) the tree of knowledge (gnosis), having the strength of God. Its glory is like the moon when fully radiant. And its branches are beautiful. Its leaves are like fig leaves. Its fruit is like a good appetizing date. And this tree is to the north of Paradise, so that it might arouse the souls from the torpor of the demons, in order that they might approach the tree of life and eat of its fruit, and so condemn the authorities and their angels.

 

This depiction is in stark contrast with how the the Apocryphon of John depicts Eden as more of a zoo-like prison of the authorities:

 

And the archons took him and placed him in paradise. And they said to him, ‘Eat, that is at leisure,’ for their luxury is bitter and their beauty is depraved. And their luxury is deception and their trees are godlessness and their fruit is deadly poison and their promise is death. And the tree of their life they had placed in the midst of paradise.

 

The Apocalypse of Moses is primarily an account about Adam’s death, its cause and cure. Seth is procured along with Adam’s many other children which leads Adam to recount briefly the story of the temptation, the fall, and the the first parents’ punishment in chapters 7-8. Adam’s narrative explains the reason for his present plight. Adam then subsequently sends his wife Eve and son Seth to paradise in search of the oil of mercy that will bring him relief. (9:3) On the way to the garden, Seth is attacked by a beast (in chapters 10-12) which seems to be evidence that God’s curse in Genesis 3:15 is in effect. Adam’s request to be saved is subsequently denied.

 

(The oil of Mercy) will not be yours now, but at the ends of the times. Then will arise all flesh from Adam to the great day …. , and then all the joy of paradise will be given to them. … (13:2-4)

 

Adam knows he is going to die and later on in Chapters 22-29, God appears in paradise on his chariot while accompanied by his angels. His throne is fixed, and he indicts and sentences his creatures from the consequences of the fall being spelled out in detail in chapters 24-26. Adam seeks the oil of mercy but God commands the angels to get on with the expulsion (27:4-28:1). Again Adam pleads, this time for access to the Tree of Life (28:2). God’s response to Adam’s plea is met with a reproof:

 

You shall not take from it now … if you keep yourself from all evil, as one about to die, when again the resurrection comes to pass, I shall raise you up. And then there shall be given to you from the tree of life. (28:3-4)

 

Another time, Adam pleads with God for herbs from Eden to offer incense and seeds to grow food. God is kind enough to grant this request before Adam and Eve are kicked out from the garden in Chapter 29. The text concludes on a solemn yet promising note which expands on Genesis 3:19:

 

I told you that you are dust, and to dust you will return. Again I promise you the resurrection. I shall raise you up to the last day, in the resurrection, with every man who is of your seed. (41:2-3)

 

In the concluding portion of the book, it describes Eve’s death and her burial by Seth, who is commanded to bury in this fashion everyone who dies until the day of the resurrection. These ideas are also reflected in the apocryphal the Book of the Cave of Treasures, where the dying Adam assembles his sons, including Seth for a request to embalm him with myrrh, cassia and balsam and to leave his body in the Cave of Treasures, situated at a side of a high mountain but below paradise.

 

Seth himself was also considered to be the archetypal father and savior of the Gnostics, resulting from the Jewish exegesis and combination of various biblical themes: (1) that of “the sons of God” in Gen 6:4 (LXX), (2) that of Seth as “another seed” appointed by God in place of the slain Abel in Gen 4:25, who (3) was fathered by Adam as a son in his own likeness and image according to Gen 5:3.

 

These themes, in combination with Gen 1:26, concerning the god “Man” created in the image and likeness of God, implied the divine nature of Seth, the “planter” of the heavenly seed (Gen 4:25). Seth would recover from “the great aeons” the glory that had left Adam and Eve at their Fall, caused by the Ialdabaoth. Seth would preserve his seed against the repeated attempts of Ialdabaoth to steal it by keeping it separate from the lustful seed of Cain which came from the Archons. At the end of time, Seth (or Sophia in On the Origin of the World) would destroy Ialdabaoth and his followers in a Revelations-styled apocalypse and reinstate his seed, the part of mankind untainted by lust, into its original glory. The strongest instant that we see Seth as a Gnostic Savior is in the Apocalypse of Adam, where Adam tells his son Seth:

 

And the glory in our hearts left us, me and your mother Eve, along with the first knowledge that breathed within us.

 

Later, Adam called his son “by the name of that man who is the seed of the great generation as a planter of the righteous seed”, recalling 1 Corinthians 15: 35-49 by Paul the Apostle, who compared the resurrection to a seed. Paul states that when a plant sprouts forth from the seed, and the remnants of the seed whither away. The plant came from the seed, but the plant isn’t the seed, and the seed isn’t the plant. They’re two distinct things, and the plant doesn’t come to life until the seed dies. So what Paul is saying is that spirit is deposited as a seed in the body, and it remains a seed until the body dies and decomposes. Then the spirit sprouts forth from the body, and the body is transmuted into a spiritual body, which also recalls the Parable of the Sower in Matthew, Mark and Thomas. It isn’t reanimation of a corpse at all as Catholic Church Fathers such as Irenaeus and especially Tertullian, have maintained (Against Heresies, 5.12.1, De Resurrectione Carnis). Paul’s theology concerning the spiritual resurrection isn’t so far removed from the ideas expressed in the Great Announcement:

 

…the manifested side corresponds to the trunk, limbs, leaves, and encasing bark. All these members of the tree are set ablaze from the all-consuming flame of the fire and destroyed. But as for the fruit of the tree, if it’s for is perfect and it assumes the true shape, it is gathered into the storehouse, not thrown into the fire.

 

Here, the vegetation and tree motifs are evident. Returning to the Gnostics—is it from Seth’s descendants who would possess the Gnosis. The Apocryphon of John suggests that Sophia prepared a place for the souls in heaven, where Jesus, the incarnation of the aeon Christ would disclose the true knowledge of how to return to their true home in with the Spirit (in Pleroma), where they would ascend past the rulers (archons) and their astral spheres and be healed of all deficiency and become holy and faultless. To gain these higher realms, one must ascend above the Seven Heavens of Chaos into the Aeons as stated in the Gospel of the Egyptians:

 

Then there came forth from the great aeons four hundred ethereal angels, accompanied by the great Aerosiel and the great Selmechel, to guard the great, incorruptible race, its fruit, and the great men of the great Seth, from the time and the moment of Truth and Justice, until the consummation of the aeon and its archons, those whom the great judges have condemned to death.

 

The Apocryphon of John spells it out in a more concise manner:

 

And he placed seven kings – each corresponding to the firmaments of heaven – over the seven heavens, and five over the depth of the abyss, that they may reign. And he shared his fire with them, but he did not send forth from the power of the light which he had taken from his mother, for he is ignorant darkness.

 

Origen, despite being one of the Church Fathers (and theological enemies of the Gnostics), he actually had a doctrine very much influenced by Platonism (but stood firmly against groups like the Valentinians and Marcionites). Origen also did not accept the historicity of the Bible nor did he interpret it literally. One example of this can be taken from De Prinicipiis, 4.1.16, where he discusses the Genesis creation myth more as an allegory:

 

No one, I think, can doubt that the statement that God walked in the afternoon in paradise, and that Adam lay hid under a tree is related figuratively in Scripture, that some mystical meaning may be indicated by it.” And “those who are not altogether blind can collect countless instances of a similar kind recorded as having occurred, but which did not literally take place? Nay, the Gospels themselves are filled with the same kind of narratives; for example, the devil leading Jesus up into a high mountain, in order to show him from thence the kingdoms of the whole world, and the glory of them.

 

Likewise, the Valentinians viewed scripture as allegorical on three different levels that corresponded to the three natures. The earlier Gnostics viewed the Old Testament as a symbolic record of the struggle between Yaldabaoth-Jehovah and Sophia as testified in Irenaeus’ account in Against Heresies, VII, 3:

 

They maintain, moreover, that those souls which possess the seed of Achamoth are superior to the rest, and are more dearly loved by the Demiurge than others, while he knows not the true cause thereof, but imagines that they are what they are through his favour towards them. Wherefore, also, they say he distributed them to prophets, priests, and kings; and they declare that many things were spoken (7) by this seed through the prophets, inasmuch as it was endowed with a transcendently lofty nature. Themother also, they say, spake much about things above, and that both through him and through the souls which were formed by him. Then, again, they divide the prophecies [into different classes], maintaining that one portion was uttered by the mother, a second by her seed, and a third by the Demiurge. In like manner, they hold that Jesus uttered some things under the influence of the Saviour, others under that of the mother, and others still under that of the Demiurge, as we shall show further on in our work.

 

As we can see, the Tree was an important universal symbol for not only the Gnostics, Simonians, Valentinians, etc, but to groups like the Jewish-Kabbalists, alchemists and many occult groups throughout the ages. The Tree is highly associative with the idea of the descent and crucifixion (and eventual ascent and resurrection) of spirit into and from matter as seen in Sophia-Achamoth’s fall from the celestial world and into the prima materia which parallels the Genesis account of the fall of Eve, the “mother of the living”. In Plato’s Timaeus, do we find the account of the Fall of Atlantis, (as strange as it might sound) which could be read as symbolic of the Divine tragedy and catastrophe so predominant in Gnostic cosmology and theology.

 

In Part 4, we will investigate a possible Gnostic exegesis of the Atlantis myth and other Greek tales, the Gnostic science of human physiology and the mind relating to Genesis, where and how exactly Orthodox theology developed from and ultimately became victorious as a common religious Christian doctrine, along with some concluding final thoughts on this series.

 

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Charlie Barr

The Center of Knowledge Through Books

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Acquiring knowledge is hard work!

 

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Dissociative identity disorder (DID), previously known as multiple personality disorder (MPD), is an extremely rare mental disorder characterized by at least two distinct and relatively enduring identities or dissociated personality states that alternately control a person's behavior, and is accompanied by memory impairment for important information not explained by ordinary forgetfulness. These symptoms are not accounted for by substance abuse, seizures, other medical conditions, nor by imaginative play in children. Diagnosis is often difficult as there is considerable comorbidity with other mental disorders. Malingering should be considered if there is possible financial or forensic gain, as well as factitious disorder if help-seeking behavior is prominent.

DID is one of the most controversial psychiatric disorders with no clear consensus regarding its diagnosis or treatment. Research on treatment effectiveness still focuses mainly on clinical approaches and case studies. Dissociative symptoms range from common lapses in attention, becoming distracted by something else, and daydreaming, to pathological dissociative disorders.[6] No systematic, empirically-supported definition of "dissociation" exists.

Although neither epidemiological surveys nor longitudinal studies have been done, it is thought DID rarely resolves spontaneously. Symptoms are said to vary over time.In general, the prognosis is poor, especially for those with co-morbid disorders. There are few systematic data on the prevalence of DID. The International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation states that the prevalence is between 1 and 3% in the general population, and between 1 and 5% in inpatient groups in Europe and North America.[5] DID is diagnosed more frequently in North America than in the rest of the world, and is diagnosed three to nine times more often in females than in males. The prevalence of DID increased greatly in the latter half of the 20th century, along with the number of identities (often referred to as "alters") claimed by patients (increasing from an average of two or three to approximately.DID is also controversial within the legal system[3] where it has been used as a rarely-successful form of the insanity defense.The 1990s showed a parallel increase in the number of court cases involving the diagnosis.

Dissociative disorders including DID have been attributed to disruptions in memory caused by trauma and other forms of stress, but research on this hypothesis has been characterized by poor methodology. So far, scientific studies, usually focusing on memory, have been few and the results have been inconclusive. An alternative hypothesis for the etiology of DID is as a product of techniques employed by some therapists, especially those using hypnosis, and disagreement between the two positions is characterized by intense debate.DID became a popular diagnosis in the 1970s, 80s and 90s but it is unclear if the actual incidence of the disorder increased, if it was more recognized by clinicians, or if sociocultural factors caused an increase in iatrogenic presentations. The unusual number of diagnoses after 1980, clustered around a small number of clinicians and the suggestibility characteristic of those with DID, support the hypothesis that DID is therapist-induced.[15] The unusual clustering of diagnoses has also been explained as due to a lack of awareness and training among clinicians to recognize cases of DID

  

Signs and symptoms]

 

According to the fifth Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), DID includes "the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states" that alternate control of the individual's behavior, accompanied by the inability to recall personal information beyond what is expected through normal forgetfulness. In each individual, the clinical presentation varies and the level of functioning can change from severely impaired to adequate. The symptoms of dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue and depersonalization disorder are subsumed under the DID diagnosis and are not diagnosed separately. Individuals with DID may experience distress from both the symptoms of DID (intrusive thoughts or emotions) as well as the consequences of the accompanying symptoms (dissociation rendering them unable to remember specific information). The majority of patients with DID report childhood sexual and/or physical abuse, though the accuracy of these reports is controversial. Identities may be unaware of each other and compartmentalize knowledge and memories, resulting in chaotic personal lives.Individuals with DID may be reluctant to discuss symptoms due to associations with abuse, shame and fear. DID patients may also frequently and intensely experience time disturbances.

The number of alters varies widely, with most patients identifying fewer than ten, though as many as 4,500 have been reported. The average number of alters has increased over the past few decades, from two or three to now an average of approximately 16. However it is unclear whether this is due to an actual increase in alters, or simply that the psychiatric community has become more accepting of a high number of alters.The primary identity, which often has the patient's given name, tends to be "passive, dependent, guilty and depressed" with other personalities or "alters" being more active, aggressive or hostile, and often containing more complete memories. Most identities are of ordinary people, though fictional, mythical, celebrity and animal alters have also been reported.

Developmental trauma]

 

People diagnosed with DID often report that they have experienced severe physical and sexual abuse, especially during early to mid-childhood, (although the accuracy of these reports has been disputed and others report an early loss, serious medical illness or other traumatic event. They also report more historical psychological trauma than those diagnosed with any other mental illness.[not in citation given]Severe sexual, physical, or psychological trauma in childhood has been proposed as an explanation for its development; awareness, memories and emotions of harmful actions or events caused by the trauma are removed from consciousness, and alternate personalities or subpersonalities form with differing memories, emotions and behavior. DID is attributed to extremes of stress or disorders of attachment. What may be expressed as post-traumatic stress disorder in adults may become DID when occurring in children, possibly due to their greater use of imagination as a form of coping. Possibly due to developmental changes and a more coherent sense of self past the age of six, the experience of extreme trauma may result in different, though also complex, dissociative symptoms and identity disturbances. A specific relationship between childhood abuse, disorganized attachment, and lack of social support are thought to be a necessary component of DID. Other suggested explanations include insufficient childhood nurturing combined with the innate ability of children in general to dissociate memories or experiences from consciousness.

Delinking early trauma from the etiology of dissociation has been explicitly rejected by those supporting the early trauma model. However, a 2012 review article supports the hypothesis that current or recent trauma may affect an individual's assessment of the more distant past, changing the experience of the past and resulting in dissociative states. Giesbrecht et al. have suggested there is no actual empirical evidence linking early trauma to dissociation, and instead suggest that problems with neuropsychological functioning, such as increased distractibility in response to certain emotions and contexts, account for dissociative features. A middle position hypothesizes that trauma, in some situations, alters neuronal mechanisms related to memory. Evidence is increasing that dissociative disorders are related both to a trauma history and to "specific neural mechanisms". It has also been suggested that there may be a genuine but more modest link between trauma and DID, with early trauma causing increased fantasy-proneness, which may in turn render individuals more vulnerable to socio-cognitive influences surrounding the development of DID.

dédoublement de personnalité

Il est important de différencier deux termes : le dédoublement de la personnalité et la personnalité multiple.

En effet, la définition donnée est celle de la , qui fait qu'une personne possède deux (voire plus) personnalités complètement différentes, chacune ayant une vie sociale et professionelle distinctes, parfois un nom propre à chacune d'entre elles et étant parfaitement adaptées à leur(s) milieu(x). Ce n'est pas vraiment un trouble, mais une surconstruction personnelle donnant naissance à plusieurs personnalités au lieu d'une seule.

Le dédoublement de personnalité, en revanche, est un trouble de la personnalité provoqué par le subconscient, qui impose occasionnellement à la personnalité "normale" un comportement incohérent, parfois violent, incontrôlé. Il arrive que la personnalité première ne se rende plus compte de ce qu'elle fait (elle est "déconnectée") ce qui donne l'impression d'une autre personnalité, inadaptée socialement , sentimentalement et intellectuelement.

 

Ce sujet prète à polémique, car certains se contentent du terme troubles dissociatifs de l'identité (Dissociative Identity Disorder) pour englober les deux cas. La différence est de taille : avec cette notion, il n'y aurait pas plusieurs personnalités égales, mais une majeure à laquelle on doit redonner pleine maîtrise de son corps. Comme expliqué plus haut, ce serait dans un cas de dédoublement que l'on peut envisager cette façon de voir les personnalités, et non dans un cas de multiples personnalités. En effet, comment décider qu'une personnalité a plus de droit qu'une autre sur un corps, lorsqu'il n'y en a pas d'originelle ?

Je pense que le sens donné est le sens courant, non ? On peut rajouter des précisions ou mises en garde sur le sens technique du point de vue médical. Lmaltier 18 décembre 2007 à 17:05 (UTC)

En fait, les deux sont liées pour la plupart des gens, c'est pour cela qu'il faut les différencier : on a tendance à croire que les personnes ayant des personnalités multiples sont dangeureuses, peuvent avoir des accès de violence incontrolée dirigés par une personnalité instable. Ce n'est souvent pas le cas (même si c'est possible, comme pour n'importe quelle personnalité dite "normale"). Ce n'est donc pas sur un plan médical qu'il est important de les différencier, mais sur un plan humain : les personnalité multiples sont des personnalités tout ce qu'il y a de plus banales, mais sont persécutées à cause de la mauvaise image que l'on a d'elles, dûe aux dédoublement de personnalités qui, eux, sont des cas de dissociation de personnalités potentiellement dangereux car instables. S Vidal 20 décembre 2007 à 13:20 (UTC)

Peut-être, mais on étudie le mot, pas la maladie (faut voir Wikipédia pour ça). On peut mettre en garde sur les différents sens utilisés, mais c'est tout. Lmaltier 20 décembre 2007 à 17:21 (UTC)

mais justement, le problème est là ! on utilise un même mot pour deux choses différentes... si la définition du mot est faussée, l'étude de ce mot n'a pas lieu d'être, pas sans précisions...

PRECISION:

Il n'y a pas de différence entre ces deux troubles, ils n'en forment en vérité qu'un seul. Le trouble de la personnalité multiple était le nom donné auparavent à cet état, et maintenant il s'appelle Trouble dissociatif de l'identité. Dans les deux cas (puisque ça n'est en fait qu'une maladie) des traumas subits de façon répétitifs ont poussé la personnalité de l'enfant à se dissocier, pour pouvoir supporter les chocs traumatiques, le manque d'attention, etc. Les personnalités apparaissent à différents moments, et peuvent même restées complètement cachées jusqu'assez tard dans la vie d'un individu, avant les premières vraies crises, souvent dues à un stress ou un choc émotionnel important. Elles ont différent degrés de constructions émotionnelles, intellectuelles et sociales, ce qui peut penser à une structure de multiples personnalités toutes égales. Il n'en est en fait rien. même quand on parle de personnalité hote qui doit rester alors que les autres doivent disparaitre, ce n'est pas encore tout à fait juste. Toutes les peronnalités doivent, petit à petit à petit et au long d'une thérapie qui apprendra au patient multiple à se construire et trouver le moyen d'affronter autrement ses traumas passés et à venir, fusionner et ne redevenir qu'une seule et même entité, plus stable, et capable de vivre pleinement sa vie.

dédoublement de la personnalité[modifier]

 

Ma soeur jumelle souffre de ce trouble depuis l'âge de 16 ans mais ne le reconnait que depuis peu,depuis sa première grosse crise. Elle peut changer de comportement d'une minute à l'autre,laissant place à une femme extravertie et sans limites..alcool,hommes,jeux.. Souvent il lui arrive de se réveiller sans souvenirs de la veille et découvre que son compte en banque a fondu p.ex. Elle devient également plus brusque,plus mauvaise.quand l'alcool s'en mêle elle n'a plus de limites et se bagarre violement(en général avec des hommes)et fini parfois à l'hôpital après avoir brutalisé le personnel infirmier.La plupart du temps perd connaissance. Mais reste persuadée que rien de tout ça ne s'est produit.. Qu'y a-t-il à faire pour atténuer cette maladie?Existe-t-il un moyens de guérison?

Ma plus grande question,pouvons-nous faire confiance aux personnes atteintes de ce trouble?

  

Il existe un moyen. Il faut emmener la personne a l'hopital, et les medecins vous donnerons un planing a respecter. (ex: ce coucher a une heure exacte et ne pas manger n'importe quoi). mais attention il faut emmener la personne au plus vite a l'hopital car elle peut passer a l'acte.

   

United States Space Force

Formed in December of 2019, the USSF is a branch of the US AIr Force. Although its mission is public knowledge, much of its activity and infrastructure is unknown except to the highest levels of the military and government. With gravity plating being engineered in the 1950's, the only constraint was the quantity of rare earth elements. There had only been several square feet of plating, no more than a standard bath-mat, but enough to prove the technology. Thus the missions to the Moon. Once acquired, designs for a secret fleet of manned ships in permanent orbit would be feasible.

With a crew of five to ten, the latest and most advanced ships are capable of multiple missions. Armed with nuclear and kinetic weapons for terrestrial targets, and phalanx and ship to ship missiles, these ships are both offensive and defensive platforms.

 

General George J. Stennard was a Union general during the US Civil War. He was in command of the Vermont Brigade at the Battle of Gettysburg. The Vermont Brigade was known for stopping Pickett's Charge, July 3rd, 1863, winning the battle and stopping the invasion of Washington, DC. In spite of the cynicism surrounding the US Space Force, the mission, beginning 1982 as the US Space Command, has been crucial to the US and allied security. Thus, like her namesake, the Stannard and her crew may be the most important ship and soldiers you've never heard of.

  

SHIPtember 2020!

110 Suds. Minifig scale. Point defense weapons, missile silos in the bow section. Dorsal and ventral docking ports, port and starboard airlocks. The bow also serves as a battering ram with various applications.

 

2020 Poster

  

QL008/005 running KFT1 light engine crew tuition training seen running through the Clapham Through Road on 28/12/22.

I had this idea in my head of sort of like a spiritual or mythological library full of knowledge that can be both helpful and at the same time destructive to the human world. At that library is a guardian who guards the entrance of this so-called spiritual library and only those whose purpose is to seek knowledge and not use it for personal gain are only allowed in. The concept was to have me reading and gaining access into the spiritual library itself.

 

The idea was based upon the Royal Library of Alexandria, which was one of the largest and most significant libraries of the ancient world. The Library was in charge of collecting all the world's knowledge. Other than collecting works from the past, the library served as home to a host of international scholars. The library is famous for having been burned resulting in the loss of many scrolls and books, and has become a symbol of the destruction of cultural knowledge. A few sources differ on who is responsible for the destruction and when it occurred. Although there is a mythology of the burning of the Library at Alexandria, the library may have suffered several fires or acts of destruction over many years.-wiki www.facebook.com/kaiyanp

kaiyanpaguyo.showitsite.com/

Rotunda in the Los Angeles Central Library

Guardando las puertas del saber

A ticket for Kay Kyser's Kollege of Musical Knowledge, a musical quiz show featuring bandleader Kay Kyser that ran on radio from 1938 to 1949. Although the ticket displays the correct spelling of "College," the program's name typically appeared as "Kollege" with an initial "K."

 

Kay Kyser's College of Musical Knowledge

 

Fox Theatre, San Bernardino.

 

Hold this ticket! If your number is called—notify a theatre attendant, and he will escort you to the stage.

 

001015.

 

Globe Ticket Company, Los Angeles.

Processed with VSCO with acg preset

Ryerson University.

Located between San Francisco and San Jose in the heart of Silicon Valley, Stanford University is recognized as one of the world's leading research and teaching institutions. It is located in Palo Alto, California.

Of

Self

Understanding

And

Wisdom

 

Only listed as a Historic Landmark in 1993, the Saint Gunthiern chapel hides at the deep end of a private property, near River Blavet and the hamlet of Locoyarn, not too far from the town of Hennebont in the département of Morbihan. No one knows it’s there, and I would like to thank Messrs. Jean-Pierre Henry and Emmanuel Jaffré for letting me access and photograph it.

 

The chapel first appears as modest; built in small to medium apparel, essentially with local pebbles, squared off as one could with little knowledge and imperfect tools, at the hands of people more used to sickle and scythe, working under the loose supervision of a simple mason. Only the corner stones and those framing the doors and the rare windows have been cut, the rest were simply put together with lots of mortar. Nevertheless, the construction is robust, even massive. It was built to last, and last it did for almost a thousand years, as the oldest parts are from the early 1000s, possibly even a little before Year 1000. Archaisms abound, as the photos will show.

 

The chapel is dedicated to the Welsh saint Gunthiern, come to live a hermit’s life on the island of Groix, off the coast of Morbihan. It is very interesting, as it features, in an extremely faithful manner (given the alterations of subsequent centuries), a Roman basilica floor plan with three naves, of a surprising size for a domus Dei so isolated nowadays. The choice of such a floor plan denotes an architectural culture and a historical background beyond that of the simple mason I mentioned above; therefore, we should not hesitate to add a qualified architect to the team, at least for the drawing of the plans.

 

Inside, if it seems possible to date the choir and the side walls to Year 1000 or so, it appears obvious that the walls above the high arches that separate the main nave from the aisles, have been remodeled later during the Romanesque Age: their apparel is of much better quality, allowing for the opening, maybe around 1120–50, of the high windows that did not exist earlier. Was this remodeling caused by structural deformations? It is possible, because although this church was, without a doubt, never vaulted, the triumphal arch has also been subjected to marked skewing, as the photos will also show. Generally, the reason behind such a phenomenon, when not the weight of the vault, would be unstable terrain.

 

The Saint Gunthiern chapel is sparsely decorated. One of the photos, featuring the eastern end of the southern aisle, gives a good idea of what this church looked like originally: simple and functional... with, however, unusual traces of sophistication, such as the engaged small column that stands right nearby, in sharp contrast with the rustic apsidiole and the widely splayed little window, so typical of what has been called “the First Romanesque Art”.

 

Likewise, the nave is devoid of any sculpted decor, but one can find, on one of the pillars, a naive and touching Crucifixion which transports us back through the night of times to the very early days of Christianity, including the positioning of the arms of Christ which are set in the traditional attitude of the very old “orants”, or praying figures...

 

Besides that naïve depiction, which attests to the purest faith, unmitigated by any æstheticism, the nave is bare, as one would expect —and here, I purposefully discard the two Romanesque capitals added later to support the triumphal arch. Except that... and in the same vein as the remark I made above about the slim engaged column next to the southern apsidiole, the easternmost row of the nave is punctuated by two surprising and very unusual square columns, cut in a beveled manner, with bases decorated with motifs more Pagan than anything else, and crowned by sculpted capitals featuring strange monsters or frieze-like geometric motifs...

 

Next to the other six pillars of the nave, those two demonstrate a level of originality and sophistication difficult to explain, as mysterious in their inspiration as they are in the technical expertise they required, which appears nowhere else in the monument, very far from that...

 

Showcased by the deep woods that surround it, this little chapel is a humble abode of God and a place of quiet meditation and prayer, but it also retains riddles to which we will never in this world know the answer...

 

General view of the chapel from the south-west.

Paris, Octobre 2025

Oeuvre de Shepard Ferey alias Obey

Leica M6

Voigtlander Ultron 35 mm

Kentmere 100

Scan Epson Perfection V850

 

sooc, my first roll of film since I was a kid :)

notoriousgor.wordpress.com/2014/11/08/tree-of-knowledge/

Dussmann Kulturkaufhaus, Berlin Mitte

For “Knowledge is Golden” the inspiration was specific to the area which the mural was done. San Francisco is seeing its second gold rush with information and knowledge being the currency of today. SOMA, being slated to be developed as the new downtown of San Francisco with technology leading the transformation, is why we chose this location for our message.

Gold miners have been replaced by tech innovators. Pickaxes and shovels have been replaced with laptops and desktops. Though the times have changed, the human thirst for chasing opportunity remains prevalent in these times. And with this influx of new people, San Francisco culture as we know it will never be the same.

 

www.artandarchitecture-sf.com/tag/ghost-signs

Trinity College Library - Long Room.

It's the real power

---

Knowledge = Conocimiento

Como aprendió Arturo en la peli de Disney "Merlín el encantador" : El talento y el saber son el verdadero poder.

#flickrfriday

 

Seattle, WA

For all UK and most European orchidists, there is one species that stands head and shoulders above all others, and that is the Ghost.

 

Since 2008, just two plants have are known to have been seen in the UK, one in 2008, just after the plant was declared extinct, and the second and most recent in 2024 by a friend, Richard. Who just happens to be a tour co-leader on this tour.

 

In mainland Europe, populations of Ghosts are more stable, and so with some knowledge and luck you can see some. But this is 2026, the year of the drought, record temperatures through Spring and into summer. Wildfires are sweeping the continent from the highlands of Scotland, through Suffolk, Kent and onto mainland Europe through France, Spain and Italy.

 

Europe is burning.

 

And for Ghosts which like damp, moist ground to grow from, this is a problem, meaning that the still hyper-rare plant will be more elusive for us.

 

We began the day in a hotel at Lyon Airport. We had slept well thanks to the best air conditioning I have known, so were well rested.

 

We met with the rest at breakfast, then loaded the car, and they loaded the two vans.

 

Their first call was to see the epipacticis fibri, and as I had my shots, it was suggested we met at a town in The Alps, we could take our time, have lunch and/or a coffee. So, we programmed the village in, and set off, some two hours drive away.

 

All on motorways, and in glorious hot sunshine. It was already twenty five at nine in the morning, and even as the roads began to climb, it got warmer and warmer.

 

As we headed further east, the ground rose, and hills melted into the distance, each layer getting higher and higher.

 

We turned off the motorway, but continued along a valley, until we reach a large industrial town of Les Chavonnes, from there the road climbed in a proper Le Tour Col de something, into the foothills and crashing through the three thousand feet mark.

 

We stopped in Bozel, to stretch our legs and to get a drink. It was thirty degrees, the sun beat down in a way that made just standing still sweaty.

 

We had a cold drink in a cafe, watched the world go by.

 

A struggle up the hill to the parish church revealed a heavily painted interior, all saints and cherubs. It was most surprising in what seemed like a modest church. We rested in the cool interior until midday when the lights came on and mass was to begin.

 

We got news of our meeting point, we headed back down the valley, the way we came for ten miles, then turned south up a narrow twisty lane which took us over four thousand feet. It was wooded, heavily shaded.

 

At a lay by on a long straight road, some thirty miles from Bozel, we found the two buses, and we walked with our friends up into the woods.

 

In a shaded spot, hundreds of yards from the road was a banks, trees grew at the top, and the bank was covered in moss. Saplings covered much in shade, and in the deepest shade was a single Ghost.

 

We took turns to snap the small plant, and its three flowers. It was in good condition.

 

And so the quest ended in a wood, miles away from the modern world.

 

Afterwards we hugged and shook hands with each other, for most this was the first, and probably only time we would see one.

 

We walked back to the vehicles, then drove an hour to our hotel for the next two nights, me finding the last parking space in the small car park.

 

It was a chalet style building. Old and full of character, but the demands of the modern world and en-suite rooms meant that each room was small, but ours had a balcony overlooking the town, with the backdrop of the High Alps in the background.

 

For a leg-stretcher, we went up a high pass to an Alpine meadow which was full of butterflies and plants, so we wandered for a couple of hours, up the waterfall that tumbled down from the high cliffs hundred of metres above.

 

A small building did drinks, so we stopped for liquid refreshments. I had a 50cl beer, and in the hot late afternoon sunshine, it was delicious.

 

Back to the hotel for a debrief at seven, and then dinner at half past, which took the best part of three hours to complete, but was washed down with more cold beer and a half bottle of Beaujolais.

 

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

An amazing butterfly of mountainous regions. You would not forget the first time you saw one, and it rightly has iconic status in the Alpes. Its hairiness, body size, wing shape and markings make it appear to be a throwback to prehistoric insects, unrelated to today’s delicate little creatures. However, it glides effortlessly over mountain slopes in a way that transfixes the watcher. Although it is threatened in France and protected in many European countries, I have found it not uncommon in areas such as the Vercors, the Pyrénées and the Alpes-Maritimes.

   

The markings are very variable, with many different local forms, especially the red spots, and sometimes the underside veins can be clearly yellow (e.g. 25728).

   

The wings tend to have a waxy appearance when worn, through loss of scales, although the forewing margins are usually devoid of scales even in fresh specimens, but it does not seems to affect its flight. The only other non-Parnassius species that has the same waxy appearance is the Black-veined White (Aporia crataegi).

 

www.butterfliesoffrance.com/html/Parnassius%20apollo.htm

without clear, honest self-knowledge…

all other 'knowledge' is built on somewhat shaky foundations ;o)

The ferns of Great Britain, and their allies the club-mosses, pepperworts, and horsetails /.

London :Printed for the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge :[1855].

biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38460711

Thank you to Fraulein Simoneaux for leading a fun and informative discussion on women in 1929 and how to incorporate our knowledge of the period into our rp. Here's a copy of the discussion for those of you who couldn't make it. My apologies for not cleaning up the typos! ~ Zoe

_____

 

Zoe Foodiboo: For those of you just coming in, this is Fraulein Teruumi Simoneaux.

Zoe Foodiboo: Alf!

Zoe Foodiboo: oops

Karlin Lutrova: what an OUT rage

Zoe Foodiboo: Anyway, she's our newest librarian/archivist. Please welcome her.

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): guten abend

Karlin Lutrova: /me giggle soflty " no matter, I make my own coffee at home "

Adele Kling: Welcome!

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): /me claps

Alf Korhonen: Guten Tag Alle!

Adele Kling: Hallo, Rosemary

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): /me claps

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): Guten tag Alf

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): Danke! I'm very excited!

Jani (Janire Coba): guten tag *smiles

Lori Miles (Lorelai Winslet): Very nice to meet you, Frl. Simoneaux

Zoe Foodiboo: We had a wonderful discussion in the library last weekend and we were so excited about it, we thought we’d expand it to include all of you.

webspelunker Ghostraven: Hello Alf!

Zoe Foodiboo: Hallo Rose!

Zoe Foodiboo: Hallo Alf!

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): Hallo Alf, Nice to see you

Karlin Lutrova: /me notices the film directoer and trys to look her best

Zoe Foodiboo: Anyway, I'll be quiet and let Frl Teruumi get the ball rolling.

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): RoseMary! Hello dear

Zoe Foodiboo: Teruumi?

Alf Korhonen: Crowded here!

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): Yes, indeed. Crowded :))

Zoe Foodiboo: whispers: Does everyone have a place to sit?

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): /me clears her throat and begins composing a thought "Danke Zoe"

Alf Korhonen: May I join your table, Karlin?

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): There's one seat next to me.

Zoe Foodiboo: Someone can havve my chair...I can rez my own.

Karlin Lutrova: would be a pleasure

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): there are seats available

Alf Korhonen: Danke

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): Oh no, two seats.

Zoe Foodiboo: oh okay

Karlin Lutrova: gerne Mein Herr

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): As Fraulein Zoe mentioned we had a lovely chat about women last week

Alf Korhonen: I like women too!

Zoe Foodiboo: /me giggles, "I bet you do..."

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): /me chuckles

Adele Kling: haha

Karlin Lutrova: /me coughs a giggle

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): I noticed that many people not even involved with Berlin or SL in general had a very one sided view of what women were like during the 20s

Zoe Foodiboo: whispers: Hallo Fraulein, have a seat

Greta Fuchsin (GretaFuchsin Resident): /me whispers Hello Whispy

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): I think we all can agree that most likely the flapper is a reaction to WWI. and the outdated society model

Karlin Lutrova: /me nods

whispy (whispy Darkstone): hello my dear

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): /me nods

whispy (whispy Darkstone): /me looks round smiling at the people around her

Adele Kling: Yes

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): And women cut their hair, started smoking, the corset was dumped. Women started to gain a voice in the society

Jani (Janire Coba): /me nods

Zoe Foodiboo: /me smiles and smokes

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): and they had jobs, so they had 'economic power', no?

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): Exactly

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): indeed

Karlin Lutrova: well I knew I was smokin' but had no idea it was public knowledge

Karlin Lutrova: my late husband thought so anyway ........

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): and then I thought we roleplay women in 1929. When we look at our RL selves we can notice a change. We are influenced by all kinds of different global and private events and happenings and it changes us as people

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): But we in SL are stuck in a way, especially here in Berlin because we replay the events of 1929 but none of us have lived during that time so we can only trust our imagination

Adele Kling: and history

Zoe Foodiboo: imagination but also rooted in our research...

Jani (Janire Coba): true

Zoe Foodiboo: yes, Adele

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): yes.

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): yes, of course

Karlin Lutrova: /me nods

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): well I guess reading about the time gives us a better idea to know what to imagine...

Adele Kling: and Jo, lol

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): Jo of course!

Zoe Foodiboo: Reading....and looking at photos

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): hahaha Addie

Greta Fuchsin (GretaFuchsin Resident): And OUR interpretation of how people felt.

Jani (Janire Coba): yes

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): and also movies

Zoe Foodiboo: Yes, how can we forget Jo. Our high priestess of the 20s

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): /me nods

whispy (whispy Darkstone): i agree i think fact fiction film all help understand and enhance rp

Karlin Lutrova: yes, and stories from relatives

Zoe Foodiboo: oh yes, good point Karlin

Karlin Lutrova: that were there I mean

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): unfortunately I do not have relatives that old… :(

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): And on that note I thought it would be great for us to meet and discuss how can we enhance our roleplay

Karlin Lutrova: yeah, gives me a sense of some reality to it

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): /me nods

Jani (Janire Coba): yes, that'd be great for me since i'm new to Berlín

Karlin Lutrova: ( oh Mutti and Vati and Ottoa are all gone )

Zoe Foodiboo: Great for me, too. I often forget myself and chatter OOC stuff at inappropriate times.

Karlin Lutrova: me also

Mab Ashdene: Are there more women in Berlin than men?

Zoe Foodiboo: Yes, still.

Karlin Lutrova: rp Berlin right?

Mab Ashdene: That makes it hard.

Zoe Foodiboo: But more men seem to stay.

Mab Ashdene: Yes

webspelunker Ghostraven: Maybe because of that little misunderstanding...

webspelunker Ghostraven: The Great War.

whispy (whispy Darkstone): from my experience there are always more female avs than male

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): Have you seen Boardwalk, the series? I think that show is well in terms of research regarding our time

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): For example, I did some reading here and there and I found information that by 1928 there was a new kind of flapper evolved. She danced, smoked, drove cars but she was a lot tamer from the first flappers

Karlin Lutrova: yes, Second Life™ is a women's shopping paradise

Zoe Foodiboo: Boardwalk Empire? Yes, I love it as a resource. Well, and it's entertaining.

Mab Ashdene: There are no men playing the roles of fathers or husbands.

Adele Kling: Thats interesting.

Karlin Lutrova: simply put

Mab Ashdene: Or only a few.

Adele Kling: Its early 20s, BE

webspelunker Ghostraven: Maybe because they're all dead?

Zoe Foodiboo: Tamer in what ways, Teruummi?

Jani (Janire Coba): oh, i got addicted to 20s since i watched Boardwalk Empire *laughs

whispy (whispy Darkstone): I think a sharing of resources for rp ers is always a good idea

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): I think Web is saying a good point.

Karlin Lutrova: Mutti said thee were very few men in those years anyway too

Mab Ashdene: Without the sense of having a man around or a mother around who cares what we do it is easy to go wild an play a flapper.

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): They didn't participate in petting parties, wore a lot less makeup

webspelunker Ghostraven: TY

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): Some didn't even smoke or drink alcohol

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): Recently I'd found out that learning about 1910s is very important to understand 1920s Berlin.

Adele Kling: Petting parties! Haven't been invited to one in years!

webspelunker Ghostraven: They sound like nuns!

Zoe Foodiboo: How so, Herr Gustav?

Greta Fuchsin (GretaFuchsin Resident): They were becoming more respectable and "professional"

Karlin Lutrova: good to point out Gustav

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): I guess 1920s Berlin or German, is quite similar to 1960s.

Zoe Foodiboo: Now that's an interesting analogy...

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): Lots of men dead or gone. And hunger gave women to position to work in society.

whispy (whispy Darkstone): and politics

webspelunker Ghostraven: That's a good point that others have made too...

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): Work in a society as a matter of course.

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): Amazingly watching the movie, "Berlin Symphony"

Mab Ashdene: That is interesting.

webspelunker Ghostraven: Otto Friedrich wrote of that.

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): I think there is a lack of older women also, and we have to consider that not all the females were flappers. That was actually a minority, as I understand

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): We all notice how many women are working in office.

Zoe Foodiboo: Good point, Tequila.

Mab Ashdene: When the pimp left the brothel, the women took over the running of the place.

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): And commuting. That's veyr interesting.

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): Very good point indeed

Greta Fuchsin (GretaFuchsin Resident): Yes that is a great movie

Adele Kling: Yes, Flappers were young

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): YEs, Tequila.

Greta Fuchsin (GretaFuchsin Resident): Has anyone watched the 13 hour "berlin Alexanderplatz"

Zoe Foodiboo: But there's a whole spectrum of women not represented in our Berlin.

Karlin Lutrova: very true , flappers where thought of as dirty by some of the echelon of high society

Greta Fuchsin (GretaFuchsin Resident): Plaenty or rp material there

Adele Kling: I love Berlin Alexanderplatz, until the end.

webspelunker Ghostraven: Who, Zoe?

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): And not all young females were flappers...it was only the daring, bold, young females

Karlin Lutrova: /me nods

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): Yes!

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): sure, i've never viewed my character as a flapper

Greta Fuchsin (GretaFuchsin Resident): Who Zoe?

Zoe Foodiboo: Older women...yes, as Tequila said, women who weren't as bold as to become a Flapper

Adele Kling: Nor mine.

Greta Fuchsin (GretaFuchsin Resident): /me looks puzzled and curious

Jani (Janire Coba): i'd appreciate if someone knew about some films of Berlin in the 20s ((sorry for interrupting))

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): or middleaged women

Alf Korhonen: Der Letzte Mann I think

Adele Kling: About Berlin in the 20s, or shot in the 20s?

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): apart from frau Yardley, there aren't any middleaged women in Berlin as far as i can remember

Jani (Janire Coba): both would be useful to me

Mab Ashdene: There was Babette Darkfold.

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): Yes, that's true

Zoe Foodiboo: No. We had a grandma type when Bubbe was here but she's long gone.

Zoe Foodiboo: Well, and Vera's mom. But she rarely makes an appearance as well.

Greta Fuchsin (GretaFuchsin Resident): Look up early Fritz Lang movies Janire to start with

Angello Valerian: the great gastby, chanel and stravinsky, therese...

Adele Kling: I can get you a list of films, Jani.

whispy (whispy Darkstone): i came to berlin as a young modern woman, but now have bought this alt along, as a much much older woman, out of interest to how folk react, plus as a very political, perhaps even not as sweet old lady as she looks

Jani (Janire Coba): thanks greta :)

Zoe Foodiboo: Aside from it being difficult to find older women skins and shapes, I'm not sure why I continue to be a young woman as a character in Berlin.

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): I think another thing we don't have is a clear social structure

Zoe Foodiboo: Hi Claire

ClaireDeAir: hiya

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): That's very interesting, Whispy.

Angello Valerian: Guten Abend

Karlin Lutrova: oh! i just saw that 13 hour film was a television series

ClaireDeAir: How are you?

Adele Kling: Hallo Claire

ClaireDeAir: hiya

webspelunker Ghostraven: Hello Claire!

webspelunker Ghostraven: Doing fine, how're you?

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): the "social structure" such as it is, is very much based on where we live

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): Oh, I think there is also a huge woman, I think she is named Lolle...?

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): and it is not clear

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): she's not huge, just curvy

ClaireDeAir: wow I have never seen this many people in here before hehehe

whispy (whispy Darkstone): could the list of films go in a group notice as i would be interested please

Angello Valerian: great idea, would be a great help

Adele Kling: Ok, I can do that whispy. Sometime this week : )

Zoe Foodiboo: I love Lolle's look.

Zoe Foodiboo: and her apartment is lovely. very realistic.

Jani (Janire Coba): oh yes, thanks for the films

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): yes it is

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): how old is Lolle supposed to be?

whispy (whispy Darkstone): i have looked for good older skins and shapes for ages now i have managed to get a look i want slightly older than i ideally wanted, but i am looking forward to developing this look

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): i've always thought around late 20s early 30s

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): but i don't know

Zoe Foodiboo: I'm not sure. She's a mother so I would imagine not that old.

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): OK

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): Finding a good "aged" skin is bit tough in SL....

Karlin Lutrova: oh, one good shop for older type skins is MB Skins

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): it is

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): easier for men actually

Mab Ashdene: Maybe we should all have children and age.

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): Oh really? I must checked it. Thanks Karlin :)

Karlin Lutrova: femme older skins I should add

Karlin Lutrova: yes, well made age skins seem few and far between

Zoe Foodiboo: I have a question. In what ways do you behave different here in Berlin as opposed to other places in SL, as a nod to historical accuracy. Aside from your appearance, I mean?

Karlin Lutrova: most looks like they ahve mud plastered faice makes lol

ClaireDeAir: lol

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): Well, modesty, language...

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): i play more roles here

Adele Kling: Role-playing here is very relaxed. I try to use jargon (American) from the time.

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): i even call them cartoon characters

Jani (Janire Coba): well, i used to rp in versailles, and language of course was different, and protocole was super important there

Karlin Lutrova: well, that was the acccepted values

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): I come here roleplay so as I said when we spoke last week, I try to approach it as a writer

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): the way we intercat as well...it it seems to be more respectful

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): and i never use long paragraphs, mainly because i don't have the patience for it

Jani (Janire Coba): here i act like.. women arr feeling more free

Zoe Foodiboo: Yes, I agree, protocol and respect here is highly valued.

Adele Kling: Respect, proper use of titles.

Mab Ashdene: I only ever roleplay here.

Karlin Lutrova: para rpl is difficult for me also

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): and those who are NOT respectful, are doing it as part of RP

Zoe Foodiboo: I forget myself with that, sometimes, Adele.

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): Me too

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): (thinking of a dark alt)

Adele Kling: For me too, Karlin. I'm not that creative.

Karlin Lutrova: rude r p can be dicely though

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): also I do not think we rp like goreans…they tend to make super long literate statements in each sentence

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): also it slows down the interaction a bit, doing long paragraphs

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): but i don't mind others doing it

whispy (whispy Darkstone): i research all my roles then use my imagination... i mainly use fantasy based on mythology but always with lots of research often to be disapointed that what the sim declares does not happen ie as in much rp,,, mostly occ chat but here i have seen much potential

Jani (Janire Coba): sometimes i just stay quiet and listen cause i'm super respectful with the rp and if i notice my english can be a bit poor, just.. listen and smile hahaha

Karlin Lutrova: yes para rp I found is hard to keep a temp o

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): true

Karlin Lutrova: so to speak

Zoe Foodiboo: Oh, don't worry about your English, Jani :)

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): i think that is very common for newcomers, Jani, just checking how it works in the sim, listening and learning

Zoe Foodiboo: It's an international city after all

Jani (Janire Coba): oh yes, till i finish my english degree i must stay quiet, read and learn

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): i did that as well when i was new

Jani (Janire Coba): hahah

Zoe Foodiboo: True, Rose.

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): I agree Rosemary.

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): I gave this example to Herr Web yesterday. Imagine five people sitting at a table

Jani (Janire Coba): aham

Karlin Lutrova: to be , it is just talking like from a script, not reciting some novel

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): /me nods

Karlin Lutrova: to be **

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): Two are fully IC, two are fully OOC and one is a newbie

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): It confuses people

Karlin Lutrova: yes, very much

Adele Kling: Yes

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): I felt very confused at first as to who is who

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): indeed

Jani (Janire Coba): haha yes

Karlin Lutrova: I have been in rp sims where it was VERY strict

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): haha

Karlin Lutrova: OOC an y ou got in trouble

Jani (Janire Coba): unless they use this "(())" double.. thingies ^^

Karlin Lutrova: here, find it confusing

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): that is why i think the double paragraphs ((like this)) is good to use when OOC

Zoe Foodiboo: I agree, Rose.

Angello Valerian: indeed

Karlin Lutrova: never srue if someone is OOC or not at times

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): agreed

Zoe Foodiboo: I must remember to use them.

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): even if i think we all forget it now and then

Jani (Janire Coba): paragraphs! thanks for the word haha

Karlin Lutrova: true**

Adele Kling: Yes, Berlin is lite-RP, so far.

Karlin Lutrova: /me nods

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): i don't think i would like it if it was that incredibly strict

Zoe Foodiboo: Me neither.

Adele Kling: Which is fine.

whispy (whispy Darkstone): no one can apologise for their english not being good especially if it is a second or third language, some of us who are english academics are also dyslexic and out english appears awfully :D

Karlin Lutrova: I am nver good with vague rules lol

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): me neither

Zoe Foodiboo: But too loose isn't fun either....I guess we need to find that pleasant balance...

Jani (Janire Coba): haha whispy

Karlin Lutrova: I just try to deal with it =)

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): Yet rp is an area of opportunity

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): I agree Zoe

Karlin Lutrova: me too!

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): agree Zoe

Karlin Lutrova: may I mention?

webspelunker Ghostraven: ((For the record I'm a Marxist in RP and RL.))

Karlin Lutrova: IM ing in the middle of RP is also confusing

Karlin Lutrova: like " is this IM roleplay ? or OOC"

Greta Fuchsin (GretaFuchsin Resident): When I came here, I was scared to death about the roleplaying.I wasn't sure what to expect. Listening to some of the residents showed me how to be "me" but still "in character". I try to keep in character but be me also.

Zoe Foodiboo: Oh, I always consider IM to be OOC.

Karlin Lutrova: its not possible in Real Life™ at any rate

Karlin Lutrova: I am find that to be a good idea Zoe

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): I let people know when IIM them IC

Jani (Janire Coba): me too , greta

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): but usually I keep IMs for OOC business

Karlin Lutrova: I unintentionally have offended some because

Karlin Lutrova: I have learned to " keep rp firends in the rp sims"

Adele Kling: I try not to IM at all while in RP. If there one thing I hate is when I enter a room and everyone is quiet, sending IMs, instead of being engaged in RP chat.

Karlin Lutrova: other wise it get's too involved

Karlin Lutrova: if that makes any sense to anyone

Mab Ashdene: I like involved.

Adele Kling: It does.

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): me too Mab

Zoe Foodiboo: oh....I'm terribly guilty of that, adele. :P

Karlin Lutrova: what happens here , stays here

Jani (Janire Coba): hahaha

Karlin Lutrova: RP wise

Adele Kling: haha

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): but i think i'm guilty of it too

Karlin Lutrova: lol, I sound like mafioso

Zoe Foodiboo: But I will try to be better from now on!

Jani (Janire Coba): i use ims to ask about any rule, or doubt, or business

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): especially since i have a husband who is very fond of IM :P

Karlin Lutrova: agrees with Janire

Adele Kling: haha, Rosemary

Zoe Foodiboo: /me wiggles her eyebrows at Rose

Karlin Lutrova: well, that is ,,, a different scenario

Greta Fuchsin (GretaFuchsin Resident): Let's face it. Some things will not translate from the 1920's to the 21st century. We, not matter how much research we do, will not be perfect 1920's people. But we can also respect the time we are in here and act as close to the times as we can.

Zoe Foodiboo: absolutely, Greta

Jani (Janire Coba): agrees

Karlin Lutrova: to be candid, the rules do indeed say to keep , uh,,, private things in IM

Karlin Lutrova: its in the tenant rules

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): I think in order to have a better rp, we all must have our roles clear…otherwise the local chat is simply not interesting

Zoe Foodiboo: I think we all do....

Karlin Lutrova: tell your husband that lol

Zoe Foodiboo: Er, I mean they all do. Not me. I'm never naughty.

Zoe Foodiboo: lol

Jani (Janire Coba): hahaha karlin

Adele Kling: /me coughs

Karlin Lutrova: /me coughs too

Mab Ashdene: Tell us about your youth and innocence, Zoe.

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): Of course, but say you walk into the Keller and it's full of people but dead silent mostly. That's because everyone is IMing

Karlin Lutrova: lol just keeping it real friends

Jani (Janire Coba): me either, the naughtiest thing i've done here is to dance with gustav at eldorado

Jani (Janire Coba): hahaha

Zoe Foodiboo: /me giggles at Mab

Jani (Janire Coba): i can't be more pure and virginal than i am already here lol

Adele Kling: I hate that Teruumi

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): Oh, Jani LOL

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): me too

Karlin Lutrova: the naugtiest for me I think is muttting a milllion fire places here

Karlin Lutrova: lol

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): yes, it's like a film by Ingemar Bergman, silence everywhere

Jani (Janire Coba): hahaha karlin

Karlin Lutrova: is that bad?

Karlin Lutrova: muting,

Mab Ashdene: I will not get into my naughtiness.

Jani (Janire Coba): if i'm quiet is cause i am distracted and afk or i'm ready to learn some rp lol

Karlin Lutrova: I learned a trick

Adele Kling: ((For the newcomers, we have a Facebook page. I'm thinking thats a good place to post the film list, as that way oithers can contribute.))

Karlin Lutrova: I hide in a phone booth

Pola Solo: Hi!

Karlin Lutrova: if I dont want interaction

Zoe Foodiboo: POla!

Mab Ashdene: Darling!

Adele Kling: Hello Pola

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): Hallo Pola

Zoe Foodiboo: YOu made it!

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): Pola! Hallo!

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): Hi Pola

Zoe Foodiboo: Isn't this lovely? Full house!

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): Hello Pola :)

Jani (Janire Coba): may i ask something?

Karlin Lutrova: gruess dich Pola =)

whispy (whispy Darkstone): ty i will look for the fb page

Adele Kling: : )

Adele Kling: your welcome

Jani (Janire Coba): should we have in our profile pics the a little description of our character?

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): I do

Zoe Foodiboo: I think that's up to you....

Zoe Foodiboo: Everyone has a different take on it

Karlin Lutrova: I thought of putting that in picks

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): Me too. I alos posted a Bio in FB

Karlin Lutrova: its not for everyone in Second Life™ ofcourse

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): and I keep a NC where I write up more stuff for myself

Jani (Janire Coba): i mean, so others know why we act in some way, i ont know

Zoe Foodiboo: Some prefer not to because then they can really "meet" people and get to know them the way they would in RL.

Karlin Lutrova: and putting in pics is good advert for Berlin 1929 =)

Adele Kling: I have some info. I like to learn about people by interacting with them in RP, but I give a little background.

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): some of us have created backgrounds for our characters, and i know that it helps, it's easier to understand why our characters do what they do

Karlin Lutrova: /me nods

whispy (whispy Darkstone): i like to put my chars in picks, but i like to float around listening and developing first see where i can slot in

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): I keep a short blurb in my picks and then when I rp needs it I share more

Mab Ashdene: I don't really think of myself as a character.

Zoe Foodiboo: Also, there are oral history interviews you can read on Flickr. To learn more about the histories of some of the old timers.

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): good point RoseMary

Karlin Lutrova: my character is obesessed with her dead husband lol

Zoe Foodiboo: Mab, Pola, Tequila, Rose...theirs are all there.

Adele Kling: Correct, but do we have to give a full bio in our profile? For me, it kind of ruins the RP fun.

Karlin Lutrova: maybe too much

Jani (Janire Coba): i agree adele

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): Agreed

Karlin Lutrova: me too, to a point

Jani (Janire Coba): i meant like... where we're from, or how i ended in berlin, idk

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): yes it's fun to find out each others background stories the "normal" way

Mab Ashdene: Pola darling, am I a character or am I myself?

Karlin Lutrova: its a good idea, so another may have material on what to ask you about

Zoe Foodiboo: Is Pola drunk?

Jani (Janire Coba): loool

Zoe Foodiboo: Why is she sleeping?

Mab Ashdene: Usually.

Jani (Janire Coba): hahaha pola

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): To me it, helps my character reacting to events if I understand where it comes from

Karlin Lutrova: thats why I meantion Otto sometimes

Zoe Foodiboo: see - rp at its finest! :P

Pola Solo: You are a version of yourself.

Mab Ashdene: Interesting.

Karlin Lutrova: to give ppl a idea from which to ask about or rp

ClaireDeAir: Even actors sometimes do a version or themselves.

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): yes Claire

Karlin Lutrova: and my ultra concertvie doting mother in Danzig

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): /me nods

Karlin Lutrova: well yes, "method acting"

Mab Ashdene: I mention grandfather and the mountains sometimes.

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): In a way we are acting

Jani (Janire Coba): hahahaha

Pola Solo: /me giggles.

Jani (Janire Coba): yes mab

Karlin Lutrova: like Dustin Hoffman said his was techique

Jani (Janire Coba): you made me laugh a lot yesterday, you funny woman

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): Exceot that the script is being written while we do that

Karlin Lutrova: in his early years of cineama I

Karlin Lutrova: should say

whispy (whispy Darkstone): improvisation is how i think of rp,,,, something i love

Karlin Lutrova: has to be improv!

Karlin Lutrova: I totally agree

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): yes!

ClaireDeAir: I love to do improv

Karlin Lutrova: it's not like we are professional actorls

ClaireDeAir: it is a lot of fun.

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): hahah Karlin

Adele Kling: thats for sure

Karlin Lutrova: let alone that face its hit an miss when any of us are here

whispy (whispy Darkstone): which is where the place and lose rules set the scene along with brief character background

Karlin Lutrova: =)

Mab Ashdene: Pola and I practice our routines at home before showing up at the Eldo.

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): since i use some alts showing different personalities, i often curse the fact that i'm on as the wrong character, since i may for instance in a discussion know the perfect thing for one of my alts to say, but the problem is that i am not online as the right person

Mab Ashdene: We are no good at improv.

Karlin Lutrova: its not a complaint, more a observation, but its hard to know what to plan in rp

Zoe Foodiboo: Sure you are! Your interview was hysterical.

Karlin Lutrova: even from one week to the next

Karlin Lutrova: if that makes sense to anyone ?

Jani (Janire Coba): alts? for rp?

Pola Solo: We improvise reluctantly, and grumble a lot.

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): yes it does

Jani (Janire Coba): i'd go insane

Jani (Janire Coba): hahaha

Jani (Janire Coba): this is my one and only avi

ClaireDeAir: I am an musician and I do some acting, myself.

Karlin Lutrova: just saying, thats why improv is really the only choice

Karlin Lutrova: not a bad thing mind you =)

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): I only use this avi also

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): me too

Karlin Lutrova: same here I should say this set up and outfits

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): and it proves to be tiring sometimes

Karlin Lutrova: thoug, I do like to go bout sometimes

Zoe Foodiboo: I use my grandpa on occasion. I'm not good at being an old man tho.

Adele Kling: haha

Karlin Lutrova: just today someone asked me about this rp sim

Karlin Lutrova: I was n a sneaker sshop

Jani (Janire Coba): if you all use alts i wont find a husband, in case is any of you, mean women

Karlin Lutrova: anyway, she might come

Jani (Janire Coba): hahaha

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): But I mean, even if having cear roles in the city, sometimes rp simply does not happen…Like Morgie has all those stores, and Addie have the photo studio. How many of you had visited her studios to rp a portrait?

Karlin Lutrova: what if I brought Otto back from the dea d?

Karlin Lutrova: in an lat Oo

Karlin Lutrova: alt lol

Adele Kling: Yeah, how many?

Adele Kling: /me laughs

Zoe Foodiboo: Well, I did ask Adele and we talked, but we're rarely on at the same time.

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): i haven't, but i will :)

Karlin Lutrova: that would be quite a gossip topic at least in the Keller

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): Very good point

Jani (Janire Coba): the thing is... Morganic is too quiet, and i don't dare to speak to him :$

Zoe Foodiboo: there goes the sun

Karlin Lutrova: not too far fetched really

Jani (Janire Coba): he scares me

Adele Kling: Morganic is often afk, hard to RP with him.

Karlin Lutrova: tea leave reading, and all that was the rage

Zoe Foodiboo: He scares you? aw. He's the sweetest man....

Zoe Foodiboo: and so funny

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): but i think Elvina stole some developer fluid from you, Adele

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): I have seen a lot of people taking on roles such as workers in the places, and rp simply does not happenɽ

Adele Kling: But you can hang out at his shops, they are fun.

Jani (Janire Coba): haha i dont know him, maybe that's why

Karlin Lutrova: naaah, its that card board cheef that creeps me out

Adele Kling: Og gawd, hope she doesn't drink it.

Karlin Lutrova: he keeps staring at me !

Jani (Janire Coba): hahahahahha

Karlin Lutrova: the pervert , don't yu know

Zoe Foodiboo: Morgy's such a dear.

Adele Kling: He is

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): Morganic's really not that much into RP, as far as i know, he's into building and organizing

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): hahaha Karlin...Hope Honoria doesn't hear you saying that

Adele Kling: Yes, Rosemary.

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): he's like everybody's brother :)

Karlin Lutrova: he has a heart

Karlin Lutrova: I can tell even behind the screen =)

Zoe Foodiboo: True, he doesn't rp much. But he's very knowledgeable about the period. He's a good resource and fun to talk to.

Jani (Janire Coba): hey, jo

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): yes agree

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): yes

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): ah missed it, blasted

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): Guten Abend Frau Jo

Adele Kling: oh yes

Zoe Foodiboo: Hallo Frau Jo

Zoe Foodiboo: Well, we're still talking.

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): Hallo Frau Jo

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): /me waves to Frau Jo

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): No, you're just in time to continue

Karlin Lutrova: the comment on the mr cardboard was not a relfection on that adorable man

Zoe Foodiboo: There's a couple of seats.

Mab Ashdene: Just in time for gossip.

Jani (Janire Coba): i said maybe he scares me cause i dont know him

Karlin Lutrova: uhoh, that Frau Yardley is here

Angello Valerian: Guten Abend Fray Jo

Karlin Lutrova: everone look busy !

webspelunker Ghostraven: Hello Frau Jo!

Alf Korhonen: I still looking at the girls! :)

Jani (Janire Coba): but he stays there, quiet, with his moustache, and scares me :$

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): Anyone would be able to make a little synthesis for Frau Jo? I do not think we have met any agreements, have we?

Karlin Lutrova: lol greetings Jo !

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): Morganic is friendly and has a lot of knowledge of the time, i've learnt lots from him

Zoe Foodiboo: hahaha, Alf

Alf Korhonen: They are so cute!

Karlin Lutrova: synthesis?

Zoe Foodiboo: Well, no, but many interesting perspectives were shared.

Karlin Lutrova: what do you mean Tequila =)

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): she means a quick sum up

Zoe Foodiboo: I think we agreed we want more old people. and fat people. er, curvy.

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): forget about it

Karlin Lutrova: oh , I'm sorry , dont mind me

Karlin Lutrova: I think that was about language

Pola Solo: Hallo Frau Jo.

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): and more rp

Karlin Lutrova: sorry :(

Jani (Janire Coba): yep

Mab Ashdene: Shall I go fat and old?

Zoe Foodiboo: oh yes, brackets

Karlin Lutrova: lol

Jani (Janire Coba): i wont go fat and old

Alf Korhonen: Maybe I might call my father to visit Berlin again!

Second Life: Cuthbert Helendale is online.

Jani (Janire Coba): sorry, but NO

Zoe Foodiboo: Let's all get fat and old!

Jani (Janire Coba): hahaha

Jani (Janire Coba): no!

Adele Kling: and less IM, heh

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): oh, and that not everyone has to be a flapper

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): we will soon

webspelunker Ghostraven: speak for yourselves!

Karlin Lutrova: what if I do undead like the Nosforatu film in berlin at that time

Jani (Janire Coba): in rl indeed rosemary haha

Karlin Lutrova: lol jk

Karlin Lutrova: wasn't the Jack the Ripper story orginated from Berlin?

whispy (whispy Darkstone): if you all go fat and old i will have to go back to the younger av i arrived with lol

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): in sl too but it takes some time :D

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): and we spoke about developing backgrounds for our characters

Jani (Janire Coba): i miss some policemen bothering people

Jani (Janire Coba): to be honest

Jani (Janire Coba): lol

Karlin Lutrova: Jac des Messer?

Karlin Lutrova: or some thing

Karlin Lutrova: I recalll that 3 penny oper tune

Jani (Janire Coba): like: your skirt is short! you havent paid your rent! or... your car is there in the middle or nowhere

Jani (Janire Coba): i dont know

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): I think we need a criminal organization, lol

Jani (Janire Coba): just bothering

Jani (Janire Coba): lol

Jani (Janire Coba): oh yessss

Jani (Janire Coba): criminals in berlin

webspelunker Ghostraven: It would help!

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): Vera started one last autumn, but then it all ended

Karlin Lutrova: may I ask?

Zoe Foodiboo: we had one, didn't we?

Zoe Foodiboo: Mo's gone

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): why did it end?

Karlin Lutrova: where tere even usch a thing a women as polizeii?

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): Mo was attacking my door the other day

Zoe Foodiboo: I think cause Vera left.

Karlin Lutrova: in those years?

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): he's back apparentky

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): vera vanished, she does that sometimes

Karlin Lutrova: there **

Zoe Foodiboo: He was? I never see him anymore....

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): and yes there were female members of the kriminal polizei

ClaireDeAir: /camto offf

Karlin Lutrova: I am sorry, but its very difficult to type when every letter appears 2 seconds later sorry for errors

Jani (Janire Coba): were there criminal women?

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): of course

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): of course

Adele Kling: Always!

Karlin Lutrova: I wonder , if my rp can go in taht direction Jo

ClaireDeAir: /camto off

Karlin Lutrova: I need to research that

Zoe Foodiboo: I don't see why not.

whispy (whispy Darkstone): i arrived as a young preformer,,, but realised that perhaps there are many of them with the flappers,,,, so bought in granny to explore less filled rp groups etc

Angello Valerian: there is a kind of army ... At least two military who can protect us haha

Mab Ashdene: I broke into the cafe earlier.

Karlin Lutrova: awesome , then I can scold men for rude behavior

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): Criminal women is a must have…they help a lot as they are less suspicious of things

Karlin Lutrova: lo l jk

Jani (Janire Coba): haha yes

Telephone: whispers: Thank you! Click the telephone to place your call

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): there always have been and always will be ciminal women

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): yes

Jani (Janire Coba): we need criminals, murderers, kidnappers, and policemen

Karlin Lutrova: you mean polizei yes Jo?

Mab Ashdene: But surely not VERY criminal women.

Alf Korhonen: Hei isä! Se Alf poikasi!

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): /me looks at Pola

Karlin Lutrova: or do you mean women that did crime

Jani (Janire Coba): it's just a suggestions, lol ,and idea

Zoe Foodiboo: We have policemen

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): kriminal polizei is a division of the police

webspelunker Ghostraven: Female Party members were considered criminals by some.

Jani (Janire Coba): but zoe are they active rpers?

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): Elvina is quite harmless as a criminal

Zoe Foodiboo: Alf, are you alright?

Alf Korhonen: "Muistatko minut! Miten äiti?"

Karlin Lutrova: interestint, I must research that Jo

Jani (Janire Coba): (idk, just asking since i'm new to here)

Zoe Foodiboo: I think they are, Jani. I ran one over a couple of weeks ago.

Mab Ashdene: Pola, are we criminals?

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): its not much walking on the streets but more doing work at police stations and dealing with prisoners

Alf Korhonen: Sorryv talking to dad in Vienna! Line is bad

Karlin Lutrova: ah, desk work

Pola Solo: We are sort of demimonde, I think

Karlin Lutrova: actually makes sense

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): Yes, the police that checks the political events is different than criminal police, no?

Alf Korhonen: "Onko sinulla aikaa käydä Berliini pian!"

webspelunker Ghostraven: Typically!

Zoe Foodiboo: oh, sim police vs rp police you mean?

ClaireDeAir: How do you become a police officer here?

Jani (Janire Coba): or maybe sudenly.... someone with a gun threating people at der keller

Karlin Lutrova: I really must read more than I am if I expect to be in character at all

Jani (Janire Coba): lol

Mab Ashdene: Is auctioning underage boys criminal?

Jani (Janire Coba): that'd be funny

Alf Korhonen: "On lopetettava nyt, koska se on kallista soittaa!"

webspelunker Ghostraven: I have some knowledge of these matters.

whispy (whispy Darkstone): women political activists from the sufferagettes to communists and anarchist did political actions to get noticed then as now

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): people are invited to join the police

ClaireDeAir: ok

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): So, criminal police could be easily rp'ed without interfering with Dantiz

ClaireDeAir: great

Karlin Lutrova: uh, Berlin was wild and progressive but not THAT much

Alf Korhonen: "Terveys äiti katsottuna Voi pian!"

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): criminal police?

Alf Korhonen: "Hyvästi isä!"

Karlin Lutrova: good pont Tequila

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): problem is that in berlin police has real powers and are sim maanagers

ClaireDeAir: a bod cop

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): so we cant make anyone a cop

ClaireDeAir: bad*

Alf Korhonen: Dam line!

Jani (Janire Coba): oh

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): the second you have a badge people assume you're a manager

Karlin Lutrova: maybe rp polizei could interefere with actually Sim security

Jani (Janire Coba): but we can make anyone a criminal with a gun

Karlin Lutrova: never thought of that

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): yes, we would need to separate the groups

Jani (Janire Coba): attacking your der keller

Alf Korhonen: Back!

Jani (Janire Coba): and scaring women

Jani (Janire Coba): hahaha

Mab Ashdene: I once got locked up for pulling a gun.

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): so who would be considered as a good cop in Berlin?

Mab Ashdene: But I didn't mean to shoot it!

Karlin Lutrova: shame on you !

Zoe Foodiboo: it's fun getting arrested

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): it is!

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): i know we have one or two corrupt cops

Alf Korhonen: Shoot and kill

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): Yes, police forces have divisions as far as I understand…some place investigate protests and political crimes, while the criminal police would be on charge of investigating murderers, no? then there is the drug police…if I am right….

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): but most take their job seriously, if only they could be online more

Karlin Lutrova: so man y directions to do with that idea lol

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): any kind of hapenning is fun to take part in

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): some of our cops even have rl law experience :)

Alf Korhonen: My mother was still ill but my father might come next week to Berlin! Depends on mothers health

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): the major RP event in Berlin is getting closer and closer

webspelunker Ghostraven: Or they could be NSA!

Karlin Lutrova: is it ok to bring up the subject of , the politics that was more and more of what Berlinweould be?

Karlin Lutrova: I know its a deliccate subject but

Karlin Lutrova: I enjoy referranes to actual events

Karlin Lutrova: at the time

Karlin Lutrova: Jo?

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): you can discus nazism all you want, just stay away from being a proper antisemite

Karlin Lutrova: well yes ofcourse not that

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): the second we start tp suspect being all excited about jolly nazism is more than just roleplay, you're at trouble

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): the newspapers help us find things to talk about too

Zoe Foodiboo: whispers: Hallo Ludwig!

Ludwig Caesar (Ludwig2005 Resident): huh.....

Karlin Lutrova: but well, maybe its too complicated to try an incorporate that element

Karlin Lutrova: most of it at the time was in Bavaria anyway

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): And you can always be with or against nazism, no? In RL not every German citizen would be in agreement with it

Jani (Janire Coba): uhm... i wouldnt be comfortable talking about nazism

Jani (Janire Coba): so i'd be quiet again lol

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): then don't

Karlin Lutrova: was that ok to bring up? I just really like to know any guiddelines about that

Karlin Lutrova: me either, not in a supporting way at all

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): we're not making mandatory rules, just discussing possibilities

Zoe Foodiboo: sharing ideas

Jani (Janire Coba): yep

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): i find that it happens that we talk about nazis, but that we often just regard them as silly bavarians

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): berlin was a "red" city and mostly anti nazi, even in 1933 the nazis didnt get half the votes

Karlin Lutrova: my character does not support the Reds either btw

Jani (Janire Coba): oh, then alright

Mab Ashdene: I like men in uniform.

Jani (Janire Coba): i can talk about them as silly bavarians

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): but now and then I do let slip that I agree with the nazis on art and the decadence of society, then again socialists agreed with that as well

Jani (Janire Coba): problem sorted ^^

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): and communists

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): or as bumpkins, the way city folk often view people in the countryside

Karlin Lutrova: I agree with Jo

Angello Valerian: i'd prefer a kind of Berlin mafia, than a lot of politicians around us hahah

Jani (Janire Coba): mafia

Jani (Janire Coba): yes!

Karlin Lutrova: some of their values may ahve made sense

Karlin Lutrova: but thats all really imo

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): i remember there were some maffia RP starting some years ago

whispy (whispy Darkstone): hitler was a very charismatic character good speaker just like mussilini, they woed the public or some were just not comfortable with politics more liked fun others took politics very seriously

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): stupid modern art and architecture

Karlin Lutrova: unfortunately true Whispy

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): but it may have been more based on Italy than Germany

Karlin Lutrova: very persuasive

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): I hope people see the movie M and get excited about creating a Berlin based underworld

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): prostitutes, thieves, beggars

Karlin Lutrova: Hind Site is perfect sit so, ppl didnt know

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): like in that movie, not like al capone

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): I read a book that is called 'the wet fish' and it is very interesting, involving some Russian gold that is leading to several murders, but the book is not translated to English for some weird reason

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): that would give so much dimension to the town

Karlin Lutrova: isi t just tittled " M"?

webspelunker Ghostraven: Those are small potatoes....

Alf Korhonen: I can just say it is a great movie and if you have not seen it! you should!

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): M is really an interesting movie indeed.

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): Yes, M, 1931, one of the best movies ever

Karlin Lutrova: oh,it was a romaticiised crimenal?

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): a classic

webspelunker Ghostraven: Organized crime is about extortion, blackmail, fencing, and the like!

Alf Korhonen: it is with sound as well!

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): there is also a magazine about RL crime at the newspaper kiosk here

Zoe Foodiboo: Maybe it'll play again at the Babylon

Karlin Lutrova: fun

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): and I try to put in as many crime stories into the newspaper as I can, but just don't have enough time to write one every day

Karlin Lutrova: btw, are those magazines here readable as a HUD kindd of thing?

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): No, but I am thinking about making one with turnable pages

Karlin Lutrova: Ive only bought posted art on the city walls and suck

Karlin Lutrova: such

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): you suck walls?

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): oh right

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): Oh great!

Karlin Lutrova: lol

Jani (Janire Coba): hhaahahahhaahhhh

Karlin Lutrova: :P

Karlin Lutrova: IT was a TYPO !!

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): haha

Karlin Lutrova: LOL

Jani (Janire Coba): what would Otto say about you sucking walls...

Karlin Lutrova: gosh I am a bit flushed Real Life™

Karlin Lutrova: how funny

Jani (Janire Coba): hahaha

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): hahaha

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): Pola, you have to kidnap Alf and give him a makeover, so, there, I've given you a first criminal underworld plan ;)

Jani (Janire Coba): oh yes, plz

Karlin Lutrova: Oo

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): Wooooo

Karlin Lutrova: the mafioso is alive and well!

Alf Korhonen: WHAT

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): we love you alf, but your 2007 skin makes me want to get a metal brush ;)

Karlin Lutrova: well, it was nice knowing you Alf

Mab Ashdene: Pola, you are not the criminal underground.

Jani (Janire Coba): hahahaha

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): hahaha

Zoe Foodiboo: Frau Jo!

Zoe Foodiboo: my goodness.

Jani (Janire Coba): but she's right!

Jani (Janire Coba): just.... too sincere maybe

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): May I participate in that one? I love shopping...The fashion police arrests Alf!

Jani (Janire Coba): but right

Alf Korhonen: Yw Karlin

Jani (Janire Coba): hahaha

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): be nice to Alf!

Karlin Lutrova: actually true, I mention that too with good intention Alf

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): i agree though :P

Karlin Lutrova: the Sound of Silence........

Jani (Janire Coba): haha

Jani (Janire Coba): ok then

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): sorry, couldnt resist

Karlin Lutrova: I meant no offence either :(

Alf Korhonen: It would not be me if I transfer into someone else! (:

Jani (Janire Coba): we all agree on that

Karlin Lutrova: seriously

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): but alf knows, I've been teasing about that for a while ;)

Jani (Janire Coba): Alf, we love you, but you need a makeover

Jani (Janire Coba): next point!

Alf Korhonen: I know and you still refuse to merry me! :)

Karlin Lutrova: oh comn, 2007 is very sexy

Karlin Lutrova: lol

Zoe Foodiboo: Well, don't go getting to movie star-ish.....the women will never leave you alone and you won't want to leave your apartment

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): skin change first!

Alf Korhonen: Like a rattle snake! LOL

Karlin Lutrova: yeah no Fabio skin PLEASE!

Clara Croll (Lephty Lewsey): or a new liver

Jani (Janire Coba): jo, don't marry him till he looks like an updated avi, please

Karlin Lutrova: Fabio would be worse than the present

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): there is a new skin shop in VR, great realistic real people skins

Jani (Janire Coba): i wonder who fabio is lol

Karlin Lutrova: ooooo, a gossip item

Karlin Lutrova: /me takes notes

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): old people, people who dont sleep enough, in short, people like me

Jani (Janire Coba): hahaha

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): What about Valentino alike skin?

Karlin Lutrova: ok, kind of like Arnold then

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): oh my

Jani (Janire Coba): fabio, valentino, what's up with italian skins? hahaha

webspelunker Ghostraven: Great!

Pola Solo: The Italian sex mall has opened, obviously.

webspelunker Ghostraven: Guess what I'm doing?

Zoe Foodiboo: I'm tellin' ya, being handsome in Berlin ain't for sissies. Some of the women are crazy.

Clara Croll (Lephty Lewsey): do they have older people skins?

Zoe Foodiboo: /me twirls her finger near her temple and whistles

Karlin Lutrova: if Alf appears here looking like Swarzennegger I will shoot !

Jani (Janire Coba): hahaha zoe

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): Hahah, agreed Zoe!

Jani (Janire Coba): oh me to

Alf Korhonen: LOL

Mab Ashdene: Zoe, don't be mean to me.

Zoe Foodiboo: lol

Karlin Lutrova: orsome pin head with maxeed out shoulders ..ick

Jani (Janire Coba): if Afl appears like Arnold it'll be a criminal war here in berlin

Jani (Janire Coba): lol

Jani (Janire Coba): and.. if gustav gets an old skin i wont dance with him again

Karlin Lutrova: hmmmm. who is Daddyo

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): Much older?????LOL

Zoe Foodiboo: Gustav?

Zoe Foodiboo: Rose's husband?

Clara Croll (Lephty Lewsey): well, I would like a slightly aged skin

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): Fru Jo, do you think it is possible to profile some characters for the May protests? I mean, I have no clue on where my character would fit in that event...

Zoe Foodiboo: ohhh, that Gustav

Karlin Lutrova: maybe I should turn off that when avatars enter thingy

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): Yep, me. Much older???LOL

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): profile characters?

Jani (Janire Coba): Gustav is married?

Jani (Janire Coba): him too?

Zoe Foodiboo: I think you're dreamy, Gustav :) I love your look.

Jani (Janire Coba): oh come on

Karlin Lutrova: well, not older than 90 ok?

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): Gustav not Gustov

Zoe Foodiboo: Gustov Chesnokov? Yes, to Rose.

Jani (Janire Coba): then i better change my avi to an old fat one

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): Danke, Zoe ;) My love!

Jani (Janire Coba): since i wint get a rp husband

Jani (Janire Coba): hahaha

Zoe Foodiboo: /me winks

Jani (Janire Coba): no

Jani (Janire Coba): this gustav

Zoe Foodiboo: Oh, that Gustav.

Jani (Janire Coba): the one there

Karlin Lutrova: so it's settled, Otto will mysteriusly come back from the dead

Mab Ashdene: Pola, maybe we should get a rp husband.

Zoe Foodiboo: Well, you might wait a long time if you wait for a marriage proposal from him....

Pola Solo: We could, I suppose.

Jani (Janire Coba): and there'll be some criminals with gund at der keller

Karlin Lutrova: ok, not really, I should get seroiusl sorry

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): like having a bit of description about what characters would fit in the May protests. Like a flapper for example….would she be with the reds or with the status quo?

Mab Ashdene: No one would be brave enough.

Zoe Foodiboo: ooooh, there's a man!

Zoe Foodiboo: Hello there Herr

webspelunker Ghostraven: She's welcome with the Reds!

Karlin Lutrova: greetings Mr daddyo

Clara Croll (Lephty Lewsey): he's a tall one

Daddyo (daddyo99649964 Resident): hello

Zoe Foodiboo: Welcome, have a seat.

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): shah Herr Ghostraven…I mean in a real historical way

Guy Cutter (GeorgeW Carver): Berlin had beatnicks in 1929?

Karlin Lutrova: well, if yoru e talking about time periods no

Guy Cutter (GeorgeW Carver): /me chuckles

Karlin Lutrova: but you can be sure the values and ideals of beatniks was there

Karlin Lutrova: Kerouac would hav e lved Berlin imo

Karlin Lutrova: loved *

Jani (Janire Coba): ok...erm...

Jani (Janire Coba): we need men here in berlin

Jani (Janire Coba): HAHAHAHA

Jani (Janire Coba): a lot of men

Karlin Lutrova: /me nods "true

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): /me chuckles

Karlin Lutrova: omg is it raining men ??

Pola Solo: I have a male alt, but I'm useless at it.

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): well lure them here

Jani (Janire Coba): it should be raining men

webspelunker Ghostraven: Karlin's right...

Jani (Janire Coba): naked ones

Jani (Janire Coba): yoohoo

Guy Cutter (GeorgeW Carver): /me rubs his eyes

Jani (Janire Coba): no, i dont want an alt :(

Karlin Lutrova: for shame Jo !

webspelunker Ghostraven: Weimar was the start of the Beat generation!

Mab Ashdene: How can we lure men in?

Karlin Lutrova: lol jk

Zoe Foodiboo: We'll post you at the Teleportplatz, Mab

Karlin Lutrova: silence

Pola Solo: Hahahah!

Karlin Lutrova: now that could actually work

Jani (Janire Coba): how can we bring some men to rp here in berlin.... lemme think....

whispy (whispy Darkstone): not sure my granny would lure them,,,, *chcuckles*

Mab Ashdene: How about a nice cardboard cutout?

Pola Solo: Yes!

whispy (whispy Darkstone): but being ready to rp with folk when they wander the city works well i think

Zoe Foodiboo: Do you have the one from the exhibit?

Karlin Lutrova: why not, cutouts are hot

Mab Ashdene: No

Pola Solo: Mab is a moveable feast.

Zoe Foodiboo: Those were hilarious.

Jani (Janire Coba): i could post on flickr we need a criminal group of men to rp here

Jani (Janire Coba): loool

Karlin Lutrova: ok, not really

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): I've been trying. But well, all of my friends are....well, you know LOL

webspelunker Ghostraven: Appeal to the workers!

webspelunker Ghostraven: They'll come!

Mab Ashdene: They said things, didn't they?

Pola Solo: Yes.

Jani (Janire Coba): hahaha gustav

Jani (Janire Coba): hahaha

Jani (Janire Coba): i just adore you

Zoe Foodiboo: They did. Maybe Sein has them in his inventory.

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): ;)

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): /me winks

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): we should let people know what berlin is all about

Pola Solo: I have a copy of mine. Let me find it.

Pola Solo: /me searches through her purse.

Karlin Lutrova: in his intentory?

Jani (Janire Coba): i agree with jo

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): there are so many options that people dont consider

Zoe Foodiboo: oh, they were so cute.

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): same problem with kids

Mab Ashdene: What did they say? I am curious. I forgot.

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): people have no imagination these days!

Karlin Lutrova: you have men in your inventory?

Karlin Lutrova: lol being silly

Zoe Foodiboo: She's got Pola in her inventory.

Zoe Foodiboo: Just wait, it's adorable.

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): Pocket Pola

Karlin Lutrova: very convenient

Jani (Janire Coba): uhm... i could bring my ex rl bf here to rp lol

Jani (Janire Coba): he's an english funny one

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): I think a little bit of reading is good for imagination….yet what to read…that is the question

Karlin Lutrova: you sure that could invite drama though ?

Zoe Foodiboo: I tried to bring my beau but he's in EQ all the time.

Karlin Lutrova: to be candid

Jani (Janire Coba): me? drama? nah, we super friends

Karlin Lutrova: awesome

Jani (Janire Coba): and he's as obsessed with boardwalk empire as me lol

Mab Ashdene: Don't bring your boyfriend in. That would be ... unwise.

Zoe Foodiboo: Is that it Pola?

Zoe Foodiboo: oh

Pola Solo: I'm not sure

Jani (Janire Coba): no no, EX boyfriend, now just friends lol

Zoe Foodiboo: I wish I'd kept copies for the archives. I assumed Sein did.

Pola Solo: Yes, there it is. I think.

Pola Solo: You need a scarf with that. Lots of scarves.

Karlin Lutrova: wish I could find someone who could rp my shrew ofa mother

Zoe Foodiboo: oooh, yes!

Pola Solo: No, you'd look terrible in that. Buy something else. No, we don't have anything else.

Zoe Foodiboo: hahahahaha

Zoe Foodiboo: that was such a fun exhibit

Pola Solo: Did I tell you we carried your size? Oops.

Karlin Lutrova: though< i really have not filled out that character though

Pola Solo: It was perfect.

Lori Miles (Lorelai Winslet): : )

Jani (Janire Coba): loool

Mab Ashdene: Haha!

Pola Solo: Did I tell you we carried your size? Oops.

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): I have guests at home RL this evening and most go to organize everything, but I will be following this conversation via FB if you post it there

Karlin Lutrova: fun fun

Pola Solo: This is my "mean shopgirl" cutout.

Tequila Mockingbird (Tequila Krovac): Good night

Zoe Foodiboo: Okay, I will if that's okay with everyone.

Jani (Janire Coba): good night tequila

Karlin Lutrova: oh , I actually bought that outfit I think lol

Pola Solo: Good night, Tequila dear.

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): i am going to remodel teleportplatz one day, might be fun ti try something a bit more up there to lure people in

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): Auf wiedersehen!

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): Good night Tequila

Karlin Lutrova: bis bald Teqiula

Zoe Foodiboo: It was so cute with Mabs

Second Life: Neil Langrishe (Poohneil Streeter) is online.

Karlin Lutrova: =)

Pola Solo: What are you wearing under that? No, don't tell me; I can see it.

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): Auf Wiedersehen Tequila

Jani (Janire Coba): who can make a good sign to atract ment to rp here

Jani (Janire Coba): lol

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): bye tequila

Karlin Lutrova: good idea Jo !

Jani (Janire Coba): something about criminals, they love that stuff

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): Well, I have to go, too. RL things.

Mab Ashdene: I don't have mine.

Jani (Janire Coba): bye, gustav!

Mab Ashdene: Pola, do you have mine?

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): Bye guys.

Karlin Lutrova: tasteful yet a bit more aggressive ?

Pola Solo: Good bye, Gustav. See you later.

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): Auf Wiedersehen Herr Rosenheim

Zoe Foodiboo: Bye Gustav! Thanks for coming.

Pola Solo: I don't think I have yours, darling.

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): well some ideas suggestions backgrounds etc, but I don't want to push too much info on new visitors

Alf Korhonen: Bye Gustav

Gustav von Rosenheim (gustav2005 Resident): /me tips my hat

Pola Solo: I think it's safe to say that ladies should wear proper underthings. Thank goodness we don't carry those here.

Karlin Lutrova: nacht Mein Herr

Zoe Foodiboo: lol

Pola Solo: Did I tell you we carried your size? Oops.

Lori Miles (Lorelai Winslet): Thank you for organizing this event Frl Foodiboo and Frl Simoneaux.

Pola Solo: Whew! I thought she'd NEVER leave.

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): yes it was very interesting

Jani (Janire Coba): loool

Mab Ashdene: Hahaa!

Karlin Lutrova: actually that Old ...does

Jani (Janire Coba): this Pola is mean!

Pola Solo: I think it's safe to say that ladies should wear proper underthings. Thank goodness we don't carry those here.

Pola Solo: No, you'd look terrible in that. Buy something else. No, we don't have anything else.

Zoe Foodiboo: Oh my pleasure. It was all Frl Teruumi. I just sent out the invitations.

Karlin Lutrova: I forgot it 's name

Pola Solo: No, you'd look terrible in that. Buy something else. No, we don't have anything else.

Pola Solo: I think it's safe to say that ladies should wear proper underthings. Thank goodness we don't carry those here.

Pola Solo: What are you wearing under that? No, don't tell me; I can see it.

Karlin Lutrova: Old Vintage?

Pola Solo: Whew! I thought she'd NEVER leave.

whispy (whispy Darkstone): yes thank you very much,,, this has been inspirational,,, i love rp and history and today has been inspiring

Zoe Foodiboo: What did Mab's say? She had some zingers too.

Mab Ashdene: I really don't remember.

Zoe Foodiboo: We'll do it again I think, won't we Frl Teruumi?

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): I hope it was fun and informative to you despite the fact we kind of traveled further from the topic

Karlin Lutrova: the shop to the right as you walk into the lane of shops from the landing spot

Alf Korhonen: The girls still looking cute even if it is late! :)

Pola Solo: Something about facial hair, wasn't it?

Teruumi Jacqueline Simoneaux (Korina Asamoah): I'm sure we will Frl Zoe

Jani (Janire Coba): Alf... your skin.... remember it

Zoe Foodiboo: and medication?

Jani (Janire Coba): hahahahhaha

Frau Jo Yardley (Jo Yardley): we berliners always get distracted

Mab Ashdene: Probably.

Alf Korhonen: ssss don't mention my skin condition

Rosemary Thyme Chesnokova (MsRosemaryThyme Resident): i blame the alcohol

Jani (Janire Coba): oh, plz remember that abput the films, that'll help us a lot

Jani (Janire Coba): Alf, is it a dissease?

Mab Ashde

Juneau, Alaska.

Network Ireland Conference - Network Ireland National Conference 2015 supported by AIB, Mayo LEO and Newstalk, which took place on Friday 25th September in Knockranny House Hotel in Westport, Over 200 business women from all over Ireland gathered to discuss, network and learn from one another and from a powerful lineup of speakers whose expertise and knowledge will be utilized with a theme of Harnessing Opportunity for Women in Changing Times. Nominees for AWARD CATEGORY Established Business. From L/R Yvonne Mullany, Carmel Bracken, Noeleen Cronin, Paula Egan, Caroline Joyce . Pic: Michael Mc Laughlin