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Mariahilferstraße

Mariahilferstraße, 6th, 7th, 14th and 15th, since 1897 (in the 6th and 7th district originally Kremser Sraße, then Bavarian highway, Laimgrubner main road, Mariahilfer main street, Fünfhauserstraße, Schönbrunnerstraße and Penzinger Poststraße, then Schönbrunner Straße), in memory of the old suburb name; Mariahilf was an independent municipality from 1660 to 1850, since then with Gumpendorf, Magdalenengrund, Windmühle and Laimgrube 6th District.

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Mariahilferstraße, 1908 - Wien Museum

Mariahilferstraße, 1908

Picture taken from "August Stauda - A documentarian of old Vienna"

published by Christian Brandstätter - to Book Description

History

Pottery and wine

The first ones who demonstrably populated the area of ​​today's Mariahilferstraße (after the mammoth) were the Illyrians. They took advantage of the rich clay deposits for making simple vessels. The Celts planted on the sunny hills the first grape vines and understood the wine-making process very well. When the Romans occupied at the beginning of our Era Vienna for several centuries, they left behind many traces. The wine culture of the Celts they refined. On the hill of today's Mariahilferstraße run a Roman ridge trail, whose origins lay in the camp of Vindobona. After the rule of the Romans, the migration of peoples temporarily led many cultures here until after the expulsion of the Avars Bavarian colonists came from the West.

The peasant Middle Ages - From the vineyard to the village

Thanks to the loamy soil formed the winery, which has been pushed back only until the development of the suburbs, until the mid-17th Century the livelihood of the rural population. "Im Schöff" but also "Schöpf - scoop" and "Schiff - ship" (from "draw of") the area at the time was called. The erroneous use of a ship in the seal of the district is reminiscent of the old name, which was then replaced by the picture of grace "Mariahilf". The Weinberg (vineyard) law imposed at that time that the ground rent in the form of mash on the spot had to be paid. This was referred to as a "draw".

1495 the Mariahilfer wine was added to the wine disciplinary regulations for Herrenweine (racy, hearty, fruity, pithy wine with pleasant acidity) because of its special quality and achieved high prices.

1529 The first Turkish siege

Mariahilferstraße, already than an important route to the West, was repeatedly the scene of historical encounters. When the Turks besieged Vienna for the first time, was at the lower end of today Mariahilferstrasse, just outside the city walls of Vienna, a small settlement of houses and cottages, gardens and fields. Even the St. Theobald Monastery was there. This so-called "gap" was burned at the approach of the Turks, for them not to offer hiding places at the siege. Despite a prohibition, the area was rebuilt after departure of the Turks.

1558, a provision was adopted so that the glacis, a broad, unobstructed strip between the city wall and the outer settlements, should be left free. The Glacis existed until the demolition of the city walls in 1858. Here the ring road was later built.

1663 The new Post Road

With the new purpose of the Mariahilferstrasse as post road the first three roadside inn houses were built. At the same time the travel increased, since the carriages were finally more comfortable and the roads safer. Two well-known expressions date from this period. The "tip" and "kickbacks". In the old travel handbooks of that time we encounter them as guards beside the route, the travel and baggage tariff. The tip should the driver at the rest stop pay for the drink, while the bribe was calculated in proportion to the axle grease. Who was in a hurry, just paid a higher lubricant (Schmiergeld) or tip to motivate the coachman.

1683 The second Turkish siege

The second Turkish siege brought Mariahilferstraße the same fate. Meanwhile, a considerable settlement was formed, a real suburb, which, however, still had a lot of fields and brick pits. Again, the suburb along the Mariahilferstraße was razed to the ground, the population sought refuge behind the walls or in the Vienna Woods. The reconstruction progressed slowly since there was a lack of funds and manpower. Only at the beginning of the 18th Century took place a targeted reconstruction.

1686 Palais Esterhazy

On several "Brandstetten", by the second Turkish siege destroyed houses, the Hungarian aristocratic family Esterhazy had built herself a simple palace, which also had a passage on the Mariahilferstrasse. 1764 bought the innkeeper Paul Winkelmayr from Spittelberg the building, demolished it and built two new buildings that have been named in accordance with the Esterhazy "to the Hungarian crown."

17th Century to 19th Century. Fom the village to suburb

With the development of the settlements on the Mariahilferstraße from village to suburbs, changed not only the appearance but also the population. More and more agricultural land fell victim to the development, craftsmen and tradesmen settled there. There was an incredible variety of professions and trades, most of which were organized into guilds or crafts. Those cared for vocational training, quality and price of the goods, and in cases of unemployment, sickness and death.

The farms were replaced by churches and palaces, houses and shops. Mariahilf changed into a major industrial district, Mariahilferstrasse was an important trading center. Countless street traders sold the goods, which they carried either with them, or put in a street stall on display. The dealers made themselves noticeable by a significant Kaufruf (purchase call). So there was the ink man who went about with his bottles, the Wasserbauer (hydraulic engineering) who sold Danube water on his horse-drawn vehicle as industrial water, or the lavender woman. This lovely Viennese figures disappeared with the emergence of fixed premises and the improvement of urban transport.

Private carriages, horse-drawn carriages and buggies populated the streets, who used this route also for trips. At Mariahilferplatz Linientor (gate) was the main stand of the cheapest and most popular means of transport, the Zeiselwagen, which the Wiener used for their excursions into nature, which gradually became fashionable. In the 19th Century then yet arrived the Stellwagen (carriage) and bus traffic which had to accomplish the connection between Vienna and the suburbs. As a Viennese joke has it, suggests the Stellwagen that it has been so called because it did not come from the spot.

1719 - 1723 Royal and Imperial Court Stables

Emperor Charles VI. gave the order for the construction of the stables to Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. 1772 the building was extended by two houses on the Mariahilferstrasse. The size of the stables still shows, as it serves as the Museum Quarter - its former importance. The Mariahilferstraße since the building of Schönbrunn Palace by the Imperial court very strongly was frequented. Today in the historic buildings the Museum Quarter is housed.

The church and monastery of Maria Hülff

Coloured engraving by J. Ziegler, 1783

1730 Mariahilferkirche

1711 began the renovation works at the Mariahilferkirche, giving the church building today's appearance and importance as a baroque monument. The plans stem from Franziskus Jänkl, the foreman of Lukas von Hildebrandt. Originally stood on the site of the Mariahilferkirche in the medieval vineyard "In Schoeff" a cemetery with wooden chapel built by the Barnabites. Already in those days, the miraculous image Mariahilf was located therein. During the Ottoman siege the chapel was destroyed, the miraculous image could be saved behind the protective walls. After the provisional reconstruction the miraculous image in a triumphal procession was returned, accompanied by 30,000 Viennese.

1790 - 1836 Ferdinand Raimund

Although in the district Mariahilf many artists and historical figures of Vienna lived , it is noticeable that as a residence they rather shunned the Mariahilferstraße, because as early as in the 18th Century there was a very lively and loud bustle on the street. The most famous person who was born on the Mariahilferstrasse is the folk actor and dramatist Ferdinand Raimund. He came in the house No. 45, "To the Golden deer (Zum Goldenen Hirschen)", which still exists today, as son of a turner into the world. As confectioners apprentice, he also had to visit the theaters, where he was a so-called "Numero", who sold his wares to the visitors. This encounter with the theater was fateful. He took flight from his training masters and joined a traveling troupe as an actor. After his return to Vienna, he soon became the most popular comedian. In his plays all those figures appeared then bustling the streets of Vienna. His most famous role was that of the "ash man" in "Farmer as Millionaire", a genuine Viennese guy who brings the wood ash in Butte from the houses, and from the proceeds leading a modest existence.

1805 - 1809 French occupation

The two-time occupation of Vienna by the French hit the suburbs hard. But the buildings were not destroyed fortunately.

19th century Industrialization

Here, where a higher concentration of artisans had developed as in other districts, you could feel the competition of the factories particularly hard. A craftsman after another became factory worker, women and child labor was part of the day-to-day business. With the sharp rise of the population grew apartment misery and flourished bed lodgers and roomers business.

1826

The Mariahilferstraße is paved up to the present belt (Gürtel).

1848 years of the revolution

The Mariahilferstraße this year was in turmoil. At the outbreak of the revolution, the hatred of the people was directed against the Verzehrungssteuerämter (some kind of tax authority) at the lines that have been blamed for the rise of food prices, and against the machines in the factories that had made the small craftsmen out of work or dependent workers. In October, students, workers and citizens tore up paving stones and barricaded themselves in the Mariahilfer Linientor (the so-called Linienwall was the tax frontier) in the area of ​​today's belt.

1858 The Ring Road

The city walls fell and on the glacis arose the ring-road, the now 6th District more closely linking to the city center.

1862 Official naming

The Mariahilferstraße received its to the present day valid name, after it previously was bearing the following unofficial names: "Bavarian country road", "Mariahilfer Grund Straße", "Penzinger Street", "Laimgrube main street" and "Schönbrunner Linienstraße".

The turn of the century: development to commercial street

After the revolution of 1848, the industry displaced the dominant small business rapidly. At the same time the Mariahilferstraße developed into the first major shopping street of Vienna. The rising supply had to be passed on to the customer, and so more and more new shops sprang up. Around the turn of the century broke out a real building boom. The low suburban houses with Baroque and Biedermeier facade gave way to multi-storey houses with flashy and ostentatious facades in that historic style mixture, which was so characteristic of the late Ringstrasse period. From the former historic buildings almost nothing remained. The business portals were bigger and more pompous, the first department stores in the modern style were Gerngross and Herzmansky. Especially the clothing industry took root here.

1863 Herzmansky opened

On 3 March opened August Herzmansky a small general store in the Church Lane (Kirchengasse) 4. 1897 the great establishment in the pin alley (Stiftgasse) was opened, the largest textile company of the monarchy. August Herzmansky died a year before the opening, two nephews take over the business. In 1928, Mariahilferstraße 28 is additionally acquired. 1938, the then owner Max Delfiner had to flee, the company Rhonberg and Hämmerle took over the house. The building in Mariahilferstrasse 30 additionally was purchased. In the last days of the war in 1945 it fell victim to the flames, however. 1948, the company was returned to Max Delfiner, whose son sold in 1957 to the German Hertie group, a new building in Mariahilferstrasse 26 - 30 constructing. Other ownership changes followed.

1869 The Pferdetramway

The Pferdetramway made it first trip through the Mariahilferstraße to Neubaugasse.

Opened in 1879 Gerngroß

Mariahilferstraße about 1905

Alfred Gerngross, a merchant from Bavaria and co-worker August

Herzmanskys, founded on Mariahilferstrasse 48/corner Church alley (Kirchengasse) an own fabric store. He became the fiercest competitor of his former boss.

1901 The k.k. Imperial Furniture Collection

The k.k. Hofmobilien and material depot is established in Mariahilferstrasse 88. The collection quickly grew because each new ruler got new furniture. Today, it serves as a museum. Among other things, there is the office of Emperor Franz Joseph, the equipment of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico from Miramare Castle, the splendid table of Charles VI. and the furniture from the Oriental Cabinet of Crown Prince Rudolf.

1911 The House Stafa

On 18 August 1911, on the birthday of Emperor Franz Joseph, corner Mariahilferstraße/imperial road (Kaiserstraße) the "central palace" was opened. The construction by its architecture created a sensation. Nine large double figure-relief panels of Anton Hanak decorated it. In this building the "1st Vienna Commercial sample collective department store (Warenmuster-Kollektivkaufhaus)", a eight-storey circular building was located, which was to serve primarily the craft. The greatest adversity in the construction were underground springs. Two dug wells had to be built to pump out the water. 970 liters per minute, however, must be pumped out until today.

1945 bombing of Vienna

On 21 February 1945 bombs fell on the Mariahilferstrasse, many buildings were badly damaged. On 10th April Wiener looted the store Herzmansky. Ella Fasser, the owner of the café "Goethe" in Mariahilferstrasse, preserved the Monastery barracks (Stiftskaserne) from destruction, with the help other resistance fighters cutting the fire-conducting cords that had laid the retreating German troops. Meanwhile, she invited the officers to the cafe, and befuddled them with plenty of alcohol.

www.wien-vienna.at/blickpunkte.php?ID=582

 

Mother and bay otter bonding, Morro Bay California. he sea otter (Enhydra lutris) is a marine mammal native to the coasts of the northern and eastern North Pacific Ocean. Adult sea otters typically weigh between 14 and 45 kg (30 and 100 lb), making them the heaviest members of the weasel family, but among[3] the smallest marine mammals. Unlike most marine mammals, the sea otter's primary form of insulation is an exceptionally thick coat of fur, the densest in the animal kingdom. Although it can walk on land, the sea otter is capable of living exclusively in the ocean.

 

The sea otter inhabits nearshore environments, where it dives to the sea floor to forage. It preys mostly on marine invertebrates such as sea urchins, various mollusks and crustaceans, and some species of fish. Its foraging and eating habits are noteworthy in several respects. Its use of rocks to dislodge prey and to open shells makes it one of the few mammal species to use tools. In most of its range, it is a keystone species, controlling sea urchin populations which would otherwise inflict extensive damage to kelp forest ecosystems.[4] Its diet includes prey species that are also valued by humans as food, leading to conflicts between sea otters and fisheries.

 

Sea otters, whose numbers were once estimated at 150,000–300,000, were hunted extensively for their fur between 1741 and 1911, and the world population fell to 1,000–2,000 individuals living in a fraction of their historic range.[5] A subsequent international ban on hunting, sea otter conservation efforts, and reintroduction programs into previously populated areas have contributed to numbers rebounding, and the species occupies about two-thirds of its former range. The recovery of the sea otter is considered an important success in marine conservation, although populations in the Aleutian Islands and California have recently declined or have plateaued at depressed levels. For these reasons, the sea otter remains classified as an endangered species.

 

Evolution

The sea otter is the heaviest (the giant otter is longer, but significantly slimmer) member of the family Mustelidae,[6] a diverse group that includes the 13 otter species and terrestrial animals such as weasels, badgers, and minks. It is unique among the mustelids in not making dens or burrows, in having no functional anal scent glands,[7] and in being able to live its entire life without leaving the water.[8] The only living member of the genus Enhydra, the sea otter is so different from other mustelid species that, as recently as 1982, some scientists believed it was more closely related to the earless seals.[9] Genetic analysis indicates the sea otter and its closest extant relatives, which include the African speckle-throated otter, Eurasian otter, African clawless otter and Asian small-clawed otter, shared an ancestor approximately 5 million years ago.[10]

 

Fossil evidence indicates the Enhydra lineage became isolated in the North Pacific approximately 2 million years ago, giving rise to the now-extinct Enhydra macrodonta and the modern sea otter, Enhydra lutris.[11] One related species has been described, Enhydra reevei, from the Pleistocene of East Anglia.[12] The modern sea otter evolved initially in northern Hokkaidō and Russia, and then spread east to the Aleutian Islands, mainland Alaska, and down the North American coast.[13] In comparison to cetaceans, sirenians, and pinnipeds, which entered the water approximately 50, 40, and 20 million years ago, respectively, the sea otter is a relative newcomer to a marine existence.[14] In some respects, though, the sea otter is more fully adapted to water than pinnipeds, which must haul out on land or ice to give birth.[15] The full genome of the northern sea otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) was sequenced in 2017 and may allow for examination of the sea otter's evolutionary divergence from terrestrial mustelids.[16]

 

Taxonomy

Lutrinae

Pteronura (giant otter)

 

Lontra (4 species)

 

Enhydra (sea otter)

 

Hydrictis

(spotted-necked otter)

 

Lutra (2 species)

 

Aonyx

(African clawless)

 

Amblonyx

(Asian small-clawed)

 

Lutrogale

(smooth-coated)

 

Cladogram showing relationships between sea otters and other otters[17][18]

The first scientific description of the sea otter is contained in the field notes of Georg Steller from 1751, and the species was described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae.[19] Originally named Lutra marina, it underwent numerous name changes before being accepted as Enhydra lutris in 1922.[11] The generic name Enhydra, derives from the Ancient Greek en/εν "in" and hydra/ύδρα "water",[20] meaning "in the water", and the Latin word lutris, meaning "otter".[21] It was formerly sometimes referred to as the "sea beaver".[22]

 

Subspecies

Three subspecies of the sea otter are recognized with distinct geographical distributions. Enhydra lutris lutris (nominate), the Asian sea otter, ranges across Russia's Kuril Islands northeast of Japan, and the Commander Islands in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. In the eastern Pacific Ocean, E. l. kenyoni, the northern sea otter, is found from Alaska's Aleutian Islands to Oregon and E. l. nereis, the southern sea otter, is native to central and southern California.[23] The Asian sea otter is the largest subspecies and has a slightly wider skull and shorter nasal bones than both other subspecies. Northern sea otters possess longer mandibles (lower jaws) while southern sea otters have longer rostrums and smaller teeth.[24][25]

 

Description

 

A sea otter's thick fur makes its body appear plumper on land than in the water.

 

Skull of a sea otter

The sea otter is one of the smallest marine mammal species, but it is the heaviest mustelid.[8] Male sea otters usually weigh 22 to 45 kg (49 to 99 lb) and are 1.2 to 1.5 m (3 ft 11 in to 4 ft 11 in) in length, though specimens up to 54 kg (119 lb) have been recorded.[26] Females are smaller, weighing 14 to 33 kg (31 to 73 lb) and measuring 1.0 to 1.4 m (3 ft 3 in to 4 ft 7 in) in length.[27] For its size, the male otter's baculum is very large, massive and bent upwards, measuring 150 mm (5+7⁄8 in) in length and 15 mm (9⁄16 in) at the base.[28]

 

Unlike most other marine mammals, the sea otter has no blubber and relies on its exceptionally thick fur to keep warm.[29] With up to 150,000 strands of hair per square centimetre (970,000/in2), its fur is the densest of any animal.[30] The fur consists of long, waterproof guard hairs and short underfur; the guard hairs keep the dense underfur layer dry.[27] There is an air compartment between the thick fur and the skin where air is trapped and heated by the body.[31] Cold water is kept completely away from the skin and heat loss is limited.[27] However, a potential disadvantage of this form of insulation is compression of the air layer as the otter dives, thereby reducing the insulating quality of fur at depth when the animal forages.[31] The fur is thick year-round, as it is shed and replaced gradually rather than in a distinct molting season.[32] As the ability of the guard hairs to repel water depends on utmost cleanliness, the sea otter has the ability to reach and groom the fur on any part of its body, taking advantage of its loose skin and an unusually supple skeleton.[33] The coloration of the pelage is usually deep brown with silver-gray speckles, but it can range from yellowish or grayish brown to almost black.[34] In adults, the head, throat, and chest are lighter in color than the rest of the body.[34]

 

The sea otter displays numerous adaptations to its marine environment. The nostrils and small ears can close.[35] The hind feet, which provide most of its propulsion in swimming, are long, broadly flattened, and fully webbed.[36] The fifth digit on each hind foot is longest, facilitating swimming while on its back, but making walking difficult.[37] The tail is fairly short, thick, slightly flattened, and muscular. The front paws are short with retractable claws, with tough pads on the palms that enable gripping slippery prey.[38] The bones show osteosclerosis, increasing their density to reduce buoyancy.[39]

 

The sea otter presents an insight into the evolutionary process of the mammalian invasion of the aquatic environment, which has occurred numerous times over the course of mammalian evolution.[40] Having only returned to the sea about 3 million years ago,[41] sea otters represent a snapshot at the earliest point of the transition from fur to blubber. In sea otters, fur is still advantageous, given their small nature and division of lifetime between the aquatic and terrestrial environments.[42] However, as sea otters evolve and adapt to spending more and more of their lifetimes in the sea, the convergent evolution of blubber suggests that the reliance on fur for insulation would be replaced by a dependency on blubber. This is particularly true due to the diving nature of the sea otter; as dives become lengthier and deeper, the air layer's ability to retain heat or buoyancy decreases,[31] while blubber remains efficient at both of those functions.[42] Blubber can also additionally serve as an energy source for deep dives,[43] which would most likely prove advantageous over fur in the evolutionary future of sea otters.

 

The sea otter propels itself underwater by moving the rear end of its body, including its tail and hind feet, up and down,[36] and is capable of speeds of up to 9 kilometres per hour (5.6 mph).[6] When underwater, its body is long and streamlined, with the short forelimbs pressed closely against the chest.[44] When at the surface, it usually floats on its back and moves by sculling its feet and tail from side to side.[45] At rest, all four limbs can be folded onto the torso to conserve heat, whereas on particularly hot days, the hind feet may be held underwater for cooling.[46] The sea otter's body is highly buoyant because of its large lung capacity – about 2.5 times greater than that of similar-sized land mammals[47] – and the air trapped in its fur. The sea otter walks with a clumsy, rolling gait on land, and can run in a bounding motion.[37]

 

Long, highly sensitive whiskers and front paws help the sea otter find prey by touch when waters are dark or murky.[48] Researchers have noted when they approach in plain view, sea otters react more rapidly when the wind is blowing towards the animals, indicating the sense of smell is more important than sight as a warning sense.[49] Other observations indicate the sea otter's sense of sight is useful above and below the water, although not as good as that of seals.[50] Its hearing is neither particularly acute nor poor.[51]

 

An adult's 32 teeth, particularly the molars, are flattened and rounded for crushing rather than cutting food.[52] Seals and sea otters are the only carnivores with two pairs of lower incisor teeth rather than three;[53] the adult dental formula is

3.1.3.1

2.1.3.2

.[54] The teeth and bones are sometimes stained purple as a result of ingesting sea urchins.[55] The sea otter has a metabolic rate two or three times that of comparatively sized terrestrial mammals. It must eat an estimated 25 to 38% of its own body weight in food each day to burn the calories necessary to counteract the loss of heat due to the cold water environment.[56][57] Its digestive efficiency is estimated at 80 to 85%,[58] and food is digested and passed in as little as three hours.[29] Most of its need for water is met through food, although, in contrast to most other marine mammals, it also drinks seawater. Its relatively large kidneys enable it to derive fresh water from sea water and excrete concentrated urine.[59]

 

Behavior

 

Sensitive vibrissae and forepaws enable sea otters to find prey (like this purple sea urchin) using their sense of touch.

The sea otter is diurnal. It has a period of foraging and eating in the morning, starting about an hour before sunrise, then rests or sleeps in mid-day.[60] Foraging resumes for a few hours in the afternoon and subsides before sunset, and a third foraging period may occur around midnight.[60] Females with pups appear to be more inclined to feed at night.[60] Observations of the amount of time a sea otter must spend each day foraging range from 24 to 60%, apparently depending on the availability of food in the area.[61]

 

Sea otters spend much of their time grooming, which consists of cleaning the fur, untangling knots, removing loose fur, rubbing the fur to squeeze out water and introduce air, and blowing air into the fur. To casual observers, it appears as if the animals are scratching, but they are not known to have lice or other parasites in the fur.[62] When eating, sea otters roll in the water frequently, apparently to wash food scraps from their fur.[63]

  

A sea otter grooming itself by rubbing its dense coat.

Foraging

See also: Physiology of underwater diving

The sea otter hunts in short dives, often to the sea floor. Although it can hold its breath for up to five minutes,[35] its dives typically last about one minute and not more than four.[27] It is the only marine animal capable of lifting and turning over rocks, which it often does with its front paws when searching for prey.[63] The sea otter may also pluck snails and other organisms from kelp and dig deep into underwater mud for clams.[63] It is the only marine mammal that catches fish with its forepaws rather than with its teeth.[29]

  

A sea otter in captivity in Japan, 2015

Under each foreleg, the sea otter has a loose pouch of skin that extends across the chest. In this pouch (preferentially the left one), the animal stores collected food to bring to the surface. This pouch also holds a rock, unique to the otter, that is used to break open shellfish and clams.[64] At the surface, the sea otter eats while floating on its back, using its forepaws to tear food apart and bring it to its mouth. It can chew and swallow small mussels with their shells, whereas large mussel shells may be twisted apart.[65] It uses its lower incisor teeth to access the meat in shellfish.[66] To eat large sea urchins, which are mostly covered with spines, the sea otter bites through the underside where the spines are shortest, and licks the soft contents out of the urchin's shell.[65]

 

The sea otter's use of rocks when hunting and feeding makes it one of the few mammal species to use tools.[67] To open hard shells, it may pound its prey with both paws against a rock on its chest. To pry an abalone off its rock, it hammers the abalone shell using a large stone, with observed rates of 45 blows in 15 seconds.[27] Releasing an abalone, which can cling to rock with a force equal to 4,000 times its own body weight, requires multiple dives.[27]

 

Social structure

 

Sleeping sea otters holding paws at the Vancouver Aquarium[68] are kept afloat by their naturally high buoyancy.

 

Southern sea otters playing with one another at the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve.

Although each adult and independent juvenile forages alone, sea otters tend to rest together in single-sex groups called rafts. A raft typically contains 10 to 100 animals, with male rafts being larger than female ones.[69] The largest raft ever seen contained over 2000 sea otters. To keep from drifting out to sea when resting and eating, sea otters may wrap themselves in kelp.[70]

 

A male sea otter is most likely to mate if he maintains a breeding territory in an area that is also favored by females.[71] As autumn is the peak breeding season in most areas, males typically defend their territory only from spring to autumn.[71] During this time, males patrol the boundaries of their territories to exclude other males,[71] although actual fighting is rare.[69] Adult females move freely between male territories, where they outnumber adult males by an average of five to one.[71] Males that do not have territories tend to congregate in large, male-only groups,[71] and swim through female areas when searching for a mate.[72]

 

The species exhibits a variety of vocal behaviors. The cry of a pup is often compared to that of a gull.[73] Females coo when they are apparently content; males may grunt instead.[74] Distressed or frightened adults may whistle, hiss, or in extreme circumstances, scream.[73] Although sea otters can be playful and sociable, they are not considered to be truly social animals.[75] They spend much time alone, and each adult can meet its own hunting, grooming, and defense needs.[75]

 

Reproduction and life cycle

 

While mating the male bites the nose of the female, often bloodying and scarring it.

Sea otters are polygynous: males have multiple female partners, typically those that inhabit their territory. If no territory is established, they seek out females in estrus. When a male sea otter finds a receptive female, the two engage in playful and sometimes aggressive behavior. They bond for the duration of estrus, or 3 days. The male holds the female's head or nose with his jaws during copulation. Visible scars are often present on females from this behavior.[6][76]

 

Births occur year-round, with peaks between May and June in northern populations and between January and March in southern populations.[77] Gestation appears to vary from four to twelve months, as the species is capable of delayed implantation followed by four months of pregnancy.[77] In California, sea otters usually breed every year, about twice as often as those in Alaska.[78]

 

Birth usually takes place in the water and typically produces a single pup weighing 1.4 to 2.3 kilograms (3 lb 1 oz to 5 lb 1 oz).[79] Twins occur in 2% of births; however, usually only one pup survives.[6] At birth, the eyes are open, ten teeth are visible, and the pup has a thick coat of baby fur.[80] Mothers have been observed to lick and fluff a newborn for hours; after grooming, the pup's fur retains so much air, the pup floats like a cork and cannot dive.[81] The fluffy baby fur is replaced by adult fur after about 13 weeks.[19]

  

A mother floats with her pup on her chest. Georg Steller wrote, "They embrace their young with an affection that is scarcely credible."[82]

Nursing lasts six to eight months in Californian populations and four to twelve months in Alaska, with the mother beginning to offer bits of prey at one to two months.[83] The milk from a sea otter's two abdominal nipples is rich in fat and more similar to the milk of other marine mammals than to that of other mustelids.[84] A pup, with guidance from its mother, practices swimming and diving for several weeks before it is able to reach the sea floor. Initially, the objects it retrieves are of little food value, such as brightly colored starfish and pebbles.[64] Juveniles are typically independent at six to eight months, but a mother may be forced to abandon a pup if she cannot find enough food for it;[85] at the other extreme, a pup may be nursed until it is almost adult size.[79] Pup mortality is high, particularly during an individual's first winter – by one estimate, only 25% of pups survive their first year.[85] Pups born to experienced mothers have the highest survival rates.[86]

 

Females perform all tasks of feeding and raising offspring, and have occasionally been observed caring for orphaned pups.[87] Much has been written about the level of devotion of sea otter mothers for their pups – a mother gives her infant almost constant attention, cradling it on her chest away from the cold water and attentively grooming its fur.[88] When foraging, she leaves her pup floating on the water, sometimes wrapped in kelp to keep it from floating away;[89] if the pup is not sleeping, it cries loudly until she returns.[90] Mothers have been known to carry their pups for days after the pups' deaths.[82]

 

Females become sexually mature at around three or four years of age and males at around five; however, males often do not successfully breed until a few years later.[91] A captive male sired offspring at age 19.[79] In the wild, sea otters live to a maximum age of 23 years,[27] with lifespans ranging from 10 to 15 years for males and 15–20 years for females.[92] Several captive individuals have lived past 20 years, and a female at the Seattle Aquarium named Etika died at the age of 28 years.[93] Sea otters in the wild often develop worn teeth, which may account for their apparently shorter lifespans.[94]

 

Population and distribution

Sea otters live in coastal waters 15 to 23 metres (49 to 75 ft) deep,[95] and usually stay within a kilometre (2⁄3 mi) of the shore.[96] They are found most often in areas with protection from the most severe ocean winds, such as rocky coastlines, thick kelp forests, and barrier reefs.[97] Although they are most strongly associated with rocky substrates, sea otters can also live in areas where the sea floor consists primarily of mud, sand, or silt.[98] Their northern range is limited by ice, as sea otters can survive amidst drift ice but not land-fast ice.[99] Individuals generally occupy a home range a few kilometres long, and remain there year-round.[100]

 

The sea otter population is thought to have once been 150,000 to 300,000,[22] stretching in an arc across the North Pacific from northern Japan to the central Baja California Peninsula in Mexico. The fur trade that began in the 1740s reduced the sea otter's numbers to an estimated 1,000 to 2,000 members in 13 colonies. Hunting records researched by historian Adele Ogden place the westernmost limit of the hunting grounds off the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido and the easternmost limit off Punta Morro Hermosa about 21+1⁄2 miles (34.6 km) south of Punta Eugenia, Baja California's westernmost headland in Mexico.[101]

 

In about two-thirds of its former range, the species is at varying levels of recovery, with high population densities in some areas and threatened populations in others. Sea otters currently have stable populations in parts of the Russian east coast, Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, and California, with reports of recolonizations in Mexico and Japan.[102] Population estimates made between 2004 and 2007 give a worldwide total of approximately 107,000 sea otters.[19][103][104][105][106]

 

Japan

Adele Ogden wrote in The California Sea Otter Trade that western sea otter were hunted "from Yezo northeastward past the Kuril Group and Kamchatka to the Aleutian Chain".[101] "Yezo" refers to the island province of Hokkaido, in northern Japan, where the country’s only confirmed population of western sea otter resides.[1] Sightings have been documented in the waters of Cape Nosappu, Erimo, Hamanaka and Nemuro, among other locations in the region. [107]

 

Russia

Currently, the most stable and secure part of the western sea otter's range is along the Russian Far East coastline, in the northwestern Pacific waters off of the country (namely Kamchatka and Sakhalin Island), occasionally being seen in and around the Sea of Okhotsk.[108] Before the 19th century, around 20,000 to 25,000 sea otters lived near the Kuril Islands, with more near Kamchatka and the Commander Islands. After the years of the Great Hunt, the population in these areas, currently part of Russia, was only 750.[103] By 2004, sea otters had repopulated all of their former habitat in these areas, with an estimated total population of about 27,000. Of these, about 19,000 are at the Kurils, 2,000 to 3,500 at Kamchatka and another 5,000 to 5,500 at the Commander Islands.[103] Growth has slowed slightly, suggesting the numbers are reaching carrying capacity.[103]

 

British Columbia

Along the North American coast south of Alaska, the sea otter's range is discontinuous. A remnant population survived off Vancouver Island into the 20th century, but it died out despite the 1911 international protection treaty, with the last sea otter taken near Kyuquot in 1929. From 1969 to 1972, 89 sea otters were flown or shipped from Alaska to the west coast of Vancouver Island. This population increased to over 5,600 in 2013 with an estimated annual growth rate of 7.2%, and their range on the island's west coast extended north to Cape Scott and across the Queen Charlotte Strait to the Broughton Archipelago and south to Clayoquot Sound and Tofino.[109][110] In 1989, a separate colony was discovered in the central British Columbia coast. It is not known if this colony, which numbered about 300 animals in 2004, was founded by transplanted otters or was a remnant population that had gone undetected.[105] By 2013, this population exceeded 1,100 individuals, was increasing at an estimated 12.6% annual rate, and its range included Aristazabal Island, and Milbanke Sound south to Calvert Island.[109] In 2008, Canada determined the status of sea otters to be "special concern".[111][112]

 

United States

Alaska

Alaska is the central area of the sea otter's range. In 1973, the population in Alaska was estimated at between 100,000 and 125,000 animals.[113] By 2006, though, the Alaska population had fallen to an estimated 73,000 animals.[104] A massive decline in sea otter populations in the Aleutian Islands accounts for most of the change; the cause of this decline is not known, although orca predation is suspected.[114] The sea otter population in Prince William Sound was also hit hard by the Exxon Valdez oil spill, which killed thousands of sea otters in 1989.[63]

 

Washington

In 1969 and 1970, 59 sea otters were translocated from Amchitka Island to Washington, and released near La Push and Point Grenville. The translocated population is estimated to have declined to between 10 and 43 individuals before increasing, reaching 208 individuals in 1989. As of 2017, the population was estimated at over 2,000 individuals, and their range extends from Point Grenville in the south to Cape Flattery in the north and east to Pillar Point along the Strait of Juan de Fuca.[19]

 

In Washington, sea otters are found almost exclusively on the outer coasts. They can swim as close as six feet off shore along the Olympic coast. Reported sightings of sea otters in the San Juan Islands and Puget Sound almost always turn out to be North American river otters, which are commonly seen along the seashore. However, biologists have confirmed isolated sightings of sea otters in these areas since the mid-1990s.[19]

 

Oregon

The last native sea otter in Oregon was probably shot and killed in 1906. In 1970 and 1971, a total of 95 sea otters were transplanted from Amchitka Island, Alaska to the Southern Oregon coast. However, this translocation effort failed and otters soon again disappeared from the state.[115] In 2004, a male sea otter took up residence at Simpson Reef off of Cape Arago for six months. This male is thought to have originated from a colony in Washington, but disappeared after a coastal storm.[116] On 18 February 2009, a male sea otter was spotted in Depoe Bay off the Oregon Coast. It could have traveled to the state from either California or Washington.[117]

 

California

 

California's remote areas of coastline sheltered small colonies of sea otters through the fur trade. The 50 that survived in California, which were rediscovered in 1938, have since reproduced to almost 3,000.

The historic population of California sea otters was estimated at 16,000 before the fur trade decimated the population, leading to their assumed extinction. Today's population of California sea otters are the descendants of a single colony of about 50 sea otters located near Bixby Creek Bridge in March 1938 by Howard G. Sharpe, owner of the nearby Rainbow Lodge on Bixby Bridge in Big Sur.[118][119][120] Their principal range has gradually expanded and extends from Pigeon Point in San Mateo County to Santa Barbara County.[121]

 

Sea otters were once numerous in San Francisco Bay.[122][123] Historical records revealed the Russian-American Company snuck Aleuts into San Francisco Bay multiple times, despite the Spanish capturing or shooting them while hunting sea otters in the estuaries of San Jose, San Mateo, San Bruno and around Angel Island.[101] The founder of Fort Ross, Ivan Kuskov, finding otters scarce on his second voyage to Bodega Bay in 1812, sent a party of Aleuts to San Francisco Bay, where they met another Russian party and an American party, and caught 1,160 sea otters in three months.[124] By 1817, sea otters in the area were practically eliminated and the Russians sought permission from the Spanish and the Mexican governments to hunt further and further south of San Francisco.[125] In 1833, fur trappers George Nidever and George Yount canoed "along the Petaluma side of [the] Bay, and then proceeded to the San Joaquin River", returning with sea otter, beaver, and river otter pelts.[126] Remnant sea otter populations may have survived in the bay until 1840, when the Rancho Punta de Quentin was granted to Captain John B. R. Cooper, a sea captain from Boston, by Mexican Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado along with a license to hunt sea otters, reportedly then prevalent at the mouth of Corte Madera Creek.[127]

 

In the late 1980s, the USFWS relocated about 140 southern sea otters to San Nicolas Island in southern California, in the hope of establishing a reserve population should the mainland be struck by an oil spill. To the surprise of biologists, the majority of the San Nicolas sea otters swam back to the mainland.[128] Another group of twenty swam 74 miles (119 km) north to San Miguel Island, where they were captured and removed.[129] By 2005, only 30 sea otters remained at San Nicolas,[130] although they were slowly increasing as they thrived on the abundant prey around the island.[128] The plan that authorized the translocation program had predicted the carrying capacity would be reached within five to 10 years.[131] The spring 2016 count at San Nicolas Island was 104 sea otters, continuing a 5-year positive trend of over 12% per year.[132] Sea otters were observed twice in Southern California in 2011, once near Laguna Beach and once at Zuniga Point Jetty, near San Diego. These are the first documented sightings of otters this far south in 30 years.[133]

 

When the USFWS implemented the translocation program, it also attempted, in 1986, to implement "zonal management" of the Californian population. To manage the competition between sea otters and fisheries, it declared an "otter-free zone" stretching from Point Conception to the Mexican border. In this zone, only San Nicolas Island was designated as sea otter habitat, and sea otters found elsewhere in the area were supposed to be captured and relocated. These plans were abandoned after many translocated otters died and also as it proved impractical to capture the hundreds of otters which ignored regulations and swam into the zone.[134] However, after engaging in a period of public commentary in 2005, the Fish and Wildlife Service failed to release a formal decision on the issue.[130] Then, in response to lawsuits filed by the Santa Barbara-based Environmental Defense Center and the Otter Project, on 19 December 2012 the USFWS declared that the "no otter zone" experiment was a failure, and will protect the otters re-colonizing the coast south of Point Conception as threatened species.[135] Although abalone fisherman blamed the incursions of sea otters for the decline of abalone, commercial abalone fishing in southern California came to an end from overfishing in 1997, years before significant otter moved south of Point Conception. In addition, white abalone (Haliotis sorenseni), a species never overlapping with sea otter, had declined in numbers 99% by 1996, and became the first marine invertebrate to be federally listed as endangered.[136]

 

Although the southern sea otter's range has continuously expanded from the remnant population of about 50 individuals in Big Sur since protection in 1911, from 2007 to 2010, the otter population and its range contracted and since 2010 has made little progress.[137][138] As of spring 2010, the northern boundary had moved from about Tunitas Creek to a point 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) southeast of Pigeon Point, and the southern boundary has moved along the Gaviota Coast from approximately Coal Oil Point to Gaviota State Park.[139] A toxin called microcystin, produced by a type of cyanobacteria (Microcystis), seems to be concentrated in the shellfish the otters eat, poisoning them. Cyanobacteria are found in stagnant water enriched with nitrogen and phosphorus from septic tank and agricultural fertilizer runoff, and may be flushed into the ocean when streamflows are high in the rainy season.[140][141] A record number of sea otter carcasses were found on California's coastline in 2010, with increased shark attacks an increasing component of the mortality.[142] Great white sharks do not consume relatively fat-poor sea otters but shark-bitten carcasses have increased from 8% in the 1980s to 15% in the 1990s and to 30% in 2010 and 2011.[143]

 

For southern sea otters to be considered for removal from threatened species listing, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) determined that the population should exceed 3,090 for three consecutive years.[137] In response to recovery efforts, the population climbed steadily from the mid-20th century through the early 2000s, then remained relatively flat from 2005 to 2014 at just under 3,000. There was some contraction from the northern (now Pigeon Point) and southern limits of the sea otter's range during the end of this period, circumstantially related to an increase in lethal shark bites, raising concerns that the population had reached a plateau.[144] However, the population increased markedly from 2015 to 2016, with the United States Geological Survey (USGS) California sea otter survey 3-year average reaching 3,272 in 2016, the first time it exceeded the threshold for delisting from the Endangered Species Act (ESA).[132] If populations continued to grow and ESA delisting occurred, southern sea otters would still be fully protected by state regulations and the Marine Mammal Protection Act, which set higher thresholds for protection, at approximately 8,400 individuals.[145] However, ESA delisting seems unlikely due to a precipitous population decline recorded in the spring 2017 USGS sea otter survey count, from the 2016 high of 3,615 individuals to 2,688, a loss of 25% of the California sea otter population.[146]

 

Mexico

Historian Adele Ogden described sea otters are particularly abundant in "Lower California", now the Baja California Peninsula, where "seven bays...were main centers". The southernmost limit was Punta Morro Hermoso about 21+1⁄2 miles (34.6 km) south of Punta Eugenia, in turn a headland at the southwestern end of Sebastián Vizcaíno Bay, on the west coast of the Baja Peninsula. Otter were also taken from San Benito Island, Cedros Island, and Isla Natividad in the Bay.[101] By the early 1900s, Baja's sea otters were extirpated by hunting. In a 1997 survey, small numbers of sea otters, including pups, were reported by local fishermen, but scientists could not confirm these accounts.[147] However, male and female otters have been confirmed by scientists off shores of the Baja Peninsula in a 2014 study, who hypothesize that otter dispersed there beginning in 2005. These sea otters may have dispersed from San Nicolas Island, which is 300 kilometres (190 mi) away, as individuals have been recorded traversing distances of over 800 kilometres (500 mi). Genetic analysis of most of these animals were consistent with California, i.e. United States, otter origins, however one otter had a haplotype not previously reported, and could represent a remnant of the original native Mexican otter population.[148]

 

Ecology

Diet

High energetic requirements of sea otter metabolism require them to consume at least 20% of their body weight a day.[31] Surface swimming and foraging are major factors in their high energy expenditure due to drag on the surface of the water when swimming and the thermal heat loss from the body during deep dives when foraging.[149][31] Sea otter muscles are specially adapted to generate heat without physical activity.[150]

 

Sea otters consume over 100 prey species.[151] In most of its range, the sea otter's diet consists almost exclusively of marine benthic invertebrates, including sea urchins (such as Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and S. purpuratus), fat innkeeper worms, a variety of bivalves such as clams, mussels (such as Mytilus edulis), and scallops (such as Crassadoma gigantea), abalone, limpets (such as Diodora aspera), chitons (such as Katharina tunicata), other mollusks, crustaceans, and snails.[151][152][153] Its prey ranges in size from tiny limpets and crabs to giant octopuses.[151] Where prey such as sea urchins, clams, and abalone are present in a range of sizes, sea otters tend to select larger items over smaller ones of similar type.[151] In California, they have been noted to ignore Pismo clams smaller than 3 inches (76 mm) across.[154]

 

In a few northern areas, fish are also eaten. In studies performed at Amchitka Island in the 1960s, where the sea otter population was at carrying capacity, 50% of food found in sea otter stomachs was fish.[155] The fish species were usually bottom-dwelling and sedentary or sluggish forms, such as Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus and family Tetraodontidae.[155] However, south of Alaska on the North American coast, fish are a negligible or extremely minor part of the sea otter's diet.[19][156] Contrary to popular depictions, sea otters rarely eat starfish, and any kelp that is consumed apparently passes through the sea otter's system undigested.[157]

 

The individuals within a particular area often differ in their foraging methods and prey types, and tend to follow the same patterns as their mothers.[158] The diet of local populations also changes over time, as sea otters can significantly deplete populations of highly preferred prey such as large sea urchins, and prey availability is also affected by other factors such as fishing by humans.[19] Sea otters can thoroughly remove abalone from an area except for specimens in deep rock crevices,[159] however, they never completely wipe out a prey species from an area.[160] A 2007 Californian study demonstrated, in areas where food was relatively scarce, a wider variety of prey was consumed. Surprisingly, though, the diets of individuals were more specialized in these areas than in areas where food was plentiful.[128]

 

As a keystone species

 

Sea otters control herbivore populations, ensuring sufficient coverage of kelp in kelp forests

Sea otters are a classic example of a keystone species; their presence affects the ecosystem more profoundly than their size and numbers would suggest. They keep the population of certain benthic (sea floor) herbivores, particularly sea urchins, in check.[4] Sea urchins graze on the lower stems of kelp, causing the kelp to drift away and die.[161] Loss of the habitat and nutrients provided by kelp forests leads to profound cascade effects on the marine ecosystem. North Pacific areas that do not have sea otters often turn into urchin barrens, with abundant sea urchins and no kelp forest.[6] Kelp forests are extremely productive ecosystems. Kelp forests sequester (absorb and capture) CO2 from the atmosphere through photosynthesis. Sea otters may help mitigate effects of climate change by their cascading trophic influence[162]

 

Reintroduction of sea otters to British Columbia has led to a dramatic improvement in the health of coastal ecosystems,[163] and similar changes have been observed as sea otter populations recovered in the Aleutian and Commander Islands and the Big Sur coast of California[164] However, some kelp forest ecosystems in California have also thrived without sea otters, with sea urchin populations apparently controlled by other factors.[164] The role of sea otters in maintaining kelp forests has been observed to be more important in areas of open coast than in more protected bays and estuaries.[164]

 

Sea otters affect rocky ecosystems that are dominated by mussel beds by removing mussels from rocks. This allows space for competing species and increases species diversity.[164]

 

Predators

Leading mammalian predators of this species include orcas and sea lions, and bald eagles may grab pups from the surface of the water. Young predators may kill an otter and not eat it.[67] On land, young sea otters may face attack from bears and coyotes. In California, great white sharks are their primary predator.[165] In Katmai National Park, grey wolves have been recorded to hunt and kill sea otters.[166]

 

Urban runoff transporting cat feces into the ocean brings Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate parasite of felids, which has killed sea otters.[167] Parasitic infections of Sarcocystis neurona are also associated with human activity.[16] According to the U.S. Geological Survey and the CDC, northern sea otters off Washington have been infected with the H1N1 flu virus and "may be a newly identified animal host of influenza viruses".[168]

 

Relationship with humans

Fur trade

 

Aleut men in Unalaska in 1896 used waterproof kayak gear and garments to hunt sea otters.

Sea otters have the thickest fur of any mammal, which makes them a common target for many hunters. Archaeological evidence indicates that for thousands of years, indigenous peoples have hunted sea otters for food and fur. Large-scale hunting, part of the Maritime Fur Trade, which would eventually kill approximately one million sea otters, began in the 18th century when hunters and traders began to arrive from all over the world to meet foreign demand for otter pelts, which were one of the world's most valuable types of fur.[22]

 

In the early 18th century, Russians began to hunt sea otters in the Kuril Islands[22] and sold them to the Chinese at Kyakhta. Russia was also exploring the far northern Pacific at this time, and sent Vitus Bering to map the Arctic coast and find routes from Siberia to North America. In 1741, on his second North Pacific voyage, Bering was shipwrecked off Bering Island in the Commander Islands, where he and many of his crew died. The surviving crew members, which included naturalist Georg Steller, discovered sea otters on the beaches of the island and spent the winter hunting sea otters and gambling with otter pelts. They returned to Siberia, having killed nearly 1,000 sea otters, and were able to command high prices for the pelts.[169] Thus began what is sometimes called the "Great Hunt", which would continue for another hundred years. The Russians found the sea otter far more valuable than the sable skins that had driven and paid for most of their expansion across Siberia. If the sea otter pelts brought back by Bering's survivors had been sold at Kyakhta prices they would have paid for one tenth the cost of Bering's expedition.[170]

  

Pelt sales (in thousands) in the London fur market – the decline beginning in the 1880s reflects dwindling sea otter populations.[171]

Russian fur-hunting expeditions soon depleted the sea otter populations in the Commander Islands, and by 1745, they began to move on to the Aleutian Islands. The Russians initially traded with the Aleuts inhabitants of these islands for otter pelts, but later enslaved the Aleuts, taking women and children hostage and torturing and killing Aleut men to force them to hunt. Many Aleuts were either murdered by the Russians or died from diseases the hunters had introduced.[172][disputed – discuss] The Aleut population was reduced, by the Russians' own estimate, from 20,000 to 2,000.[173] By the 1760s, the Russians had reached Alaska. In 1799, Tsar Paul I consolidated the rival fur-hunting companies into the Russian-American Company, granting it an imperial charter and protection, and a monopoly over trade rights and territorial acquisition. Under Aleksander I, the administration of the merchant-controlled company was transferred to the Imperial Navy, largely due to the alarming reports by naval officers of native abuse; in 1818, the indigenous peoples of Alaska were granted civil rights equivalent to a townsman status in the Russian Empire.[174]

 

Other nations joined in the hunt in the south. Along the coasts of what is now Mexico and California, Spanish explorers bought sea otter pelts from Native Americans and sold them in Asia.[172] In 1778, British explorer Captain James Cook reached Vancouver Island and bought sea otter furs from the First Nations people. When Cook's ship later stopped at a Chinese port, the pelts rapidly sold at high prices, and were soon known as "soft gold". As word spread, people from all over Europe and North America began to arrive in the Pacific Northwest to trade for sea otter furs.[175]

 

Russian hunting expanded to the south, initiated by American ship captains, who subcontracted Russian supervisors and Aleut hunters[176] in what are now Washington, Oregon, and California. Between 1803 and 1846, 72 American ships were involved in the otter hunt in California, harvesting an estimated 40,000 skins and tails, compared to only 13 ships of the Russian-American Company, which reported 5,696 otter skins taken between 1806 and 1846.[177] In 1812, the Russians founded an agricultural settlement at what is now Fort Ross in northern California, as their southern headquarters.[175] Eventually, sea otter populations became so depleted, commercial hunting was no longer viable. It had stopped in the Aleutian Islands, by 1808, as a conservation measure imposed by the Russian-American Company. Further restrictions were ordered by the company in 1834.[178] When Russia sold Alaska to the United States in 1867, the Alaska population had recovered to over 100,000, but Americans resumed hunting and quickly extirpated the sea otter again.[179] Prices rose as the species became rare. During the 1880s, a pelt brought $105 to $165 in the London market, but by 1903, a pelt could be worth as much as $1,125.[79] In 1911, Russia, Japan, Great Britain (for Canada) and the United States signed the Treaty for the Preservation and Protection of Fur Seals, imposing a moratorium on the harvesting of sea otters.[180] So few remained, perhaps only 1,000–2,000 individuals in the wild, that many believed the species would become extinct.[19]

 

Recovery and conservation

Main article: Sea otter conservation

 

In the wake of the March 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, heavy sheens of oil covered large areas of Prince William Sound.

During the 20th century, sea otter numbers rebounded in about two-thirds of their historic range, a recovery considered one of the greatest successes in marine conservation.[181] However, the IUCN still lists the sea otter as an endangered species, and describes the significant threats to sea otters as oil pollution, predation by orcas, poaching, and conflicts with fisheries – sea otters can drown if entangled in fishing gear.[1] The hunting of sea otters is no longer legal except for limited harvests by indigenous peoples in the United States.[182] Poaching was a serious concern in the Russian Far East immediately after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991; however, it has declined significantly with stricter law enforcement and better economic conditions.[108]

 

The most significant threat to sea otters is oil spills,[67] to which they are particularly vulnerable, since they rely on their fur to keep warm. When their fur is soaked with oil, it loses its ability to retain air, and the animals can quickly die from hypothermia.[67] The liver, kidneys, and lungs of sea otters also become damaged after they inhale oil or ingest it when grooming.[67] The Exxon Valdez oil spill of 24 March 1989 killed thousands of sea otters in Prince William Sound, and as of 2006, the lingering oil in the area continues to affect the population.[183] Describing the public sympathy for sea otters that developed from media coverage of the event, a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service spokesperson wrote:

 

As a playful, photogenic, innocent bystander, the sea otter epitomized the role of victim ... cute and frolicsome sea otters suddenly in distress, oiled, frightened, and dying, in a losing battle with the oil.[19]

The small geographic ranges of the sea otter populations in California, Washington, and British Columbia mean a single major spill could be catastrophic for that state or province.[19][57][63] Prevention of oil spills and preparation to rescue otters if one happens is a major focus for conservation efforts. Increasing the size and range of sea otter populations would also reduce the risk of an oil spill wiping out a population.[19] However, because of the species' reputation for depleting shellfish resources, advocates for commercial, recreational, and subsistence shellfish harvesting have often opposed allowing the sea otter's range to increase, and there have even been instances of fishermen and others illegally killing them.[184]

 

In the Aleutian Islands, a massive and unexpected disappearance of sea otters has occurred in recent decades. In the 1980s, the area was home to an estimated 55,000 to 100,000 sea otters, but the population fell to around 6,000 animals by 2000.[185] The most widely accepted, but still controversial, hypothesis is that killer whales have been eating the otters. The pattern of disappearances is consistent with a rise in predation, but there has been no direct evidence of orcas preying on sea otters to any significant extent.[114]

 

Another area of concern is California, where recovery began to fluctuate or decline in the late 1990s.[186] Unusually high mortality rates amongst adult and subadult otters, particularly females, have been reported.[106] In 2017 the US Geological Survey found a 3% drop in the sea otter population of the California coast. This number still keeps them on track for removal from the endangered species list, although just barely.[187] Necropsies of dead sea otters indicate diseases, particularly Toxoplasma gondii and acanthocephalan parasite infections, are major causes of sea otter mortality in California.[188] The Toxoplasma gondii parasite, which is often fatal to sea otters, is carried by wild and domestic cats and may be transmitted by domestic cat droppings flushed into the ocean via sewage systems.[188][189] Although disease has clearly contributed to the deaths of many of California's sea otters, it is not known why the California population is apparently more affected by disease than populations in other areas.[188]

  

Sea otters off the coast of Washington, within the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary

Sea otter habitat is preserved through several protected areas in the United States, Russia and Canada. In marine protected areas, polluting activities such as dumping of waste and oil drilling are typically prohibited.[190] An estimated 1,200 sea otters live within the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, and more than 500 live within the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary.[191][192]

 

Economic impact

Some of the sea otter's preferred prey species, particularly abalone, clams, and crabs, are also food sources for humans. In some areas, massive declines in shellfish harvests have been blamed on the sea otter, and intense public debate has taken place over how to manage the competition between sea otters and humans for seafood.[193]

 

The debate is complicated because sea otters have sometimes been held responsible for declines of shellfish stocks that were more likely caused by overfishing, disease, pollution, and seismic activity.[63][194] Shellfish declines have also occurred in many parts of the North American Pacific coast that do not have sea otters, and conservationists sometimes note the existence of large concentrations of shellfish on the coast is a recent development resulting from the fur trade's near-extirpation of the sea otter.[194] Although many factors affect shellfish stocks, sea otter predation can deplete a fishery to the point where it is no longer commercially viable.[193] Scientists agree that sea otters and abalone fisheries cannot exist in the same area,[193] and the same is likely true for certain other types of shellfish, as well.[185]

 

Many facets of the interaction between sea otters and the human economy are not as immediately felt. Sea otters have been credited with contributing to the kelp harvesting industry via their well-known role in controlling sea urchin populations; kelp is used in the production of diverse food and pharmaceutical products.[195] Although human divers harvest red sea urchins both for food and to protect the kelp, sea otters hunt more sea urchin species and are more consistently effective in controlling these populations.[196] E. lutris is a controlling predator of the red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) in the Bering Sea, which would otherwise be out of control as it is in its invasive range, the Barents Sea.[197] (Berents otters, Lutra lutra, occupy the same ecological niche and so are believed to help to control them in the Berents but this has not been studied.)[197] The health of the kelp forest ecosystem is significant in nurturing populations of fish, including commercially important fish species.[195] In some areas, sea otters are popular tourist attractions, bringing visitors to local hotels, restaurants, and sea otter-watching expeditions.[195]

 

Roles in human cultures

 

Aleut carving of a sea otter hunt

Left: Aleut sea otter amulet in the form of a mother with pup. Above: Aleut carving of a sea otter hunt on a whalebone spear. Both items are on display at the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography in St. Petersburg. Articles depicting sea otters were considered to have magical properties.[198]

 

For many maritime indigenous cultures throughout the North Pacific, especially the Ainu in the Kuril Islands, the Koryaks and Itelmen of Kamchatka, the Aleut in the Aleutian Islands, the Haida of Haida Gwaii[199] and a host of tribes on the Pacific coast of North America, the sea otter has played an important role as a cultural, as well as material, resource. In these cultures, many of which have strongly animist traditions full of legends and stories in which many aspects of the natural world are associated with spirits, the sea otter was considered particularly kin to humans. The Nuu-chah-nulth, Haida, and other First Nations of coastal British Columbia used the warm and luxurious pelts as chiefs' regalia. Sea otter pelts were given in potlatches to mark coming-of-age ceremonies, weddings, and funerals.[68] The Aleuts carved sea otter bones for use as ornaments and in games, and used powdered sea otter baculum as a medicine for fever.[200]

 

Among the Ainu, the otter is portrayed as an occasional messenger between humans and the creator.[201] The sea otter is a recurring figure in Ainu folklore. A major Ainu epic, the Kutune Shirka, tells the tale of wars and struggles over a golden sea otter. Versions of a widespread Aleut legend tell of lovers or despairing women who plunge into the sea and become otters.[202] These links have been associated with the many human-like behavioral features of the sea otter, including apparent playfulness, strong mother-pup bonds and tool use, yielding to ready anthropomorphism.[203] The beginning of commercial exploitation had a great impact on the human, as well as animal, populations. The Ainu and Aleuts have been displaced or their numbers are dwindling, while the coastal tribes of North America, where the otter is in any case greatly depleted, no longer rely as intimately on sea mammals for survival.[204]

 

Since the mid-1970s, the beauty and charisma of the species have gained wide appreciation, and the sea otter has become an icon of environmental conservation.[186] The round, expressive face and soft, furry body of the sea otter are depicted in a wide variety of souvenirs, postcards, clothing, and stuffed toys.[205]

 

Aquariums and zoos

Sea otters can do well in captivity, and are featured in over 40 public aquariums and zoos.[206] The Seattle Aquarium became the first institution to raise sea otters from conception to adulthood with the birth of Tichuk in 1979, followed by three more pups in the early 1980s.[207] In 2007, a YouTube video of two sea otters holding paws drew 1.5 million viewers in two weeks, and had over 22 million views as of July 2022.[208] Filmed five years previously at the Vancouver Aquarium, it was YouTube's most popular animal video at the time, although it has since been surpassed. The lighter-colored otter in the video is Nyac, a survivor of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill.[209] Nyac died in September 2008, at the age of 20.[210] Milo, the darker one, died of lymphoma in January 2012.[211]

 

Current conservation

Sea otters, being a known keystone species, need a humanitarian effort to be protected from endangerment through "unregulated human exploitation".[212] This species has increasingly been impacted by the large oil spills and environmental degradation caused by overfishing and entanglement in fishing gear.[213] Current efforts have been made in legislation: the international Fur Seal Treaty, The Endangered Species Act, IUCN/The World Conservation Union, Convention on international Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, and the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972. Other conservation efforts are done through reintroduction and zoological parks. Wikipedia

 

Holiday

Inn

 

THE WORLD'S

INNKEEPER

 

Date: 1958

Source Type: Postcard

Printer, Publisher, Photographer: Curt Teich (#8CK-3058)

Postmark: None

Collection: Steven R. Shook

Remark: Printed on the reverse of this postcard is the following information:

 

Holiday Inn

PORTAGE, INDIANA

U. S. 20 & I-94 At Crisman Road

Ph: (219) 762-5546

Color TV -- Air-conditioned

Swimming Pool

Golden Nugget Restaurant

Free Holidex Reservations

 

Copyright 2023. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.

Café Landtmann

(further pictures you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)

Café Landtmann at the Palais Lieben-Auspitz, left the University Ring

The Café Landtmann, photographed from the roof of the Burgtheater

Winter garden and summer beer garden, behind the Town Hall

Great Hall at Café Landtmann

Schanigarten

(Wikipedia: Schanigarten is the Austro-Bavarian term for tables and chairs set up on the sidewalk in front of eating and drinking places. Unlike normal beer gardens (Gastgärten), the customers actually sit on public property. Originally, Schanigärten (pl.) referred only to Viennese coffee houses, but now the expression is used in other parts of Austria and for other types of establishments like restaurants and taverns)

Projection on the façade

Winter Garden, looking towards Universitätsring

The Zuckerkandl room in Landtmann's Bel-Etage

The Café Landtmann in Vienna is a typical Viennese coffee house in the Ringstrasse style. It is located in the first District at the University Ring 4, corner Löwelstraße 22, and is known throughout the city.

Location

The cafe is located on the ground floor of the Palais Lieben-Auspitz called Mietwohnhauses (apartment building), in the immediate vicinity of the Burgtheater, the University of Vienna and the party headquarters of the Social Democrats and close to the Vienna City Hall with the City Hall Park, the Federal Chancellery and three ministries. The café is therefore frequented by, among other actors, politicians, civil servants and journalists and is the venue for press conferences.

History

The coffee was on 1 October 1873 of the Cafétier (café owner) Landtmann as "Vienna 's most elegant and largest café-localities" in a prominent, 1872 built corner house at the at the time also new Franzensring (so to 1919 the address of this part of Vienna's Ringstrasse) opened. The ring road was indeed opened by emperor Franz Joseph I in 1865, but still long not completed in the area of the coffee house: The city hall was under construction since 1872, but was only opened in 1883. The university main building was built 1877-1884, the Burgtheater from 1874 to 1888. The coffee was thus in his early years surrounded mainly by large construction sites.

1881 sold Landtmann his coffeehouse to the brothers Wilhelm and Rudolf Kerrl who continued it under the name Landtmann and extended it in the direction of Oppolzergasse. Rudolf soon retired from active business life, Wilhelm Kerrl led on the café alone until 1916 and then sold it, worn down by the economy of scarcity of the First World War, to Karl Anton Kraus, previously a butcher and innkeeper. He led the coffee for only five years, because in 1921 it was operated by a Hokare Ges.mbH (unlimited company) (the name stands for hotel, coffee and restoration companies). This company had to be liquidated 1925/1926.

The Café Landtmann was now bought in the fall of 1926 by Mr. and Mrs. Conrad and Angela Zauner. The new owners had it in 1929 after a design by Ernst Meller, experienced in the establishment of coffee houses, fully restored: with the preserved to this day interior which is under preservation order. Particularly striking are four wooden pillars at the entrance, which were created by Hans Scheibner and their decoration representing premiere scenes of the Burgtheater. With this elaborate interior design Landtmann consolidated its position as the most elegant café in town. In 1949, Konrad Zauner's son Erwin took the management of the café and led it on with great success.

In 1974 the company received the National Award and since then it is allowed to use the Federal coat of arms in commercial transactions. In 1976, the present owner family took the local and renovated it in 1980 again.

In the café was Robert Böck, on duty only called Mr. Robert, working for 28 years, many years as head waiter in a tuxedo, and he knew all the important guests personally. On his last working day, on 23 December 2003, many celebrities came to his departure from the cafe. Mayor Michael Häupl served Mr. Robert, who had so often served him a "little brown". To this end, he handed him the "Golden Rathausmann" "for the most famous, most discreet and most accommodating waiter of Vienna".

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldener_Rathausmann_(Wien)

Details

Small stage

In the basement below the coffee was after Czeike already 1936-1938 the Cabaret 'Merry Landtmann" for the dancer Cilli Wang set up by her husband. 1953 in the basement the small stage "The Tribune" was established (since 2002: "The new stand", directed by Karl Heinz Wukow). It is one of the numerous small Viennese theaters that operate with modest public support and which offer authors, actors and directors fields of application.

Winter Garden

2007 was built a conservatory on the facade towards the castle theater, designed by Manfred Wehdorn by 1.5 million euros (Bernd Querfeld). With 87 square meters and 29 tables, the conservatory is almost as spacious as the great hall of the café; thus the capacity of the premises has been extended by a quarter.

Landtmann's Bel-Etage

2012 were opened above the café three function rooms, which are referred to as "Landtmann's Bel-Etage". One of the rooms is named after Berta Zuckerkandl, which in the house (entrance Oppolzergasse 6) from 1917 to 1938 run her famous salon, meeting place of artists, scientists and politicians.

Price of water

2013 got the coffee into media because guests who instead of ordering other beverages only want drink tap water this service no longer receive free. The scheme has been criticized partly violently. The glass of water for ordered coffee, as it corresponds to the Viennese coffee house tradition, still is served free.

Miscellaneous

In the Café Landtmann are according to indications of the owner family on average held 2.8 press conferences per day.

Since 2003, the café is every summer venue of the coffee house theater ink & coffee.

In March 2009, was opened in Tokyo in the central district of Minato-ku, in fact, in the district Kitaaoyama in the Aoyama Street, a "Café Landtmann" called local opened.

Guests

The coffee house was according to Czeike visited, among others, by the artists Attila Hörbiger, Paul Hörbiger, Oskar Kokoschka, Hans Moser, Max Reinhardt, Oskar Werner and Paula Wessely. Among the politicians he names Julius German, Robert Dannenberg and Karl Seitz, who were part of the "Red Vienna", and in the postwar period the then very popular Chancellor Julius Raab. Gustav Mahler was encountering here with Karl Goldmark, Gary Cooper and Marlene Dietrich were among the "by-trotting" guests, the authors Jura Soyfer, Felix Salten, Thomas Mann and John Boynton Priestley also frequented the Landtmann. The owners themselves mention over and above Peter Altenberg, Sigmund Freud, Emmerich Kálmán, Curd Jürgens, Otto Preminger and Romy Schneider as regulars.

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Landtmann

A mammoth is any species of the extinct elephantid genus Mammuthus. The various species of mammoth were commonly equipped with long, curved tusks. They lived from the late Miocene epoch (from around 6.2 million years ago) into the Holocene about 4,000 years ago, and various species existed in Africa, Europe, Asia, and North America. Mammoths are more closely related to living Asian elephants than African elephants.

 

The oldest mammoth representative, Mammuthus subplanifrons, appeared around 6 million years ago during the late Miocene in what is now southern and Eastern Africa. Later in the Pliocene, by about three million years ago, mammoths dispersed into Eurasia, eventually covering most of Eurasia before migrating into North America around 1.5–1.3 million years ago, becoming ancestral to the Columbian mammoth (M. columbi). The last species to emerge, the woolly mammoth (M. primigenius), evolved about 700-400,000 years ago in Siberia, with some surviving on Russia's Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean until as recently as roughly 3,700 to 4,000 years ago, still extant during the existence of the earliest civilisations in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia.

 

Teessaurus Park is a 10 acre urban grassland recreational area and sculpture park opened in 1979 in the Riverside Park light industrial estate, Middlesbrough, on the southern bank of the River Tees. It was built on a former slag heap in what was the Ironmasters district and represents, without any irony, the iron and steel industry that used to exist on the site and in the area. The park has its own small car park and has become something of a nature reserve. The route of the Teesdale Way passes through the park.

 

The park was started as a result of entering an Art to Landscape competition organised by The Sunday Times and the Arts Council. Middlesbrough Council had commissioned a life size painted steel sculpture of a triceratops called Teessaurus from Genevieve Glatt that was fabricated by Harts of Stockton at a total cost of £16,000 and installed on a mound at the northern end of the park. The park was opened with this sculpture in 1979 and two infant triceratops were added later. From 1987 onwards, a life-size brachiosaurus, brontosaurus, mammoth, stegosaurus and tyrannosaurus sculptures were added at the sides of the park. These sculptures were built by workers on the government Youth and Employment Training Scheme at Amarc Training and Safety.

 

Middlesbrough is a town in the Middlesbrough unitary authority borough of North Yorkshire, England. The town lies near the mouth of the River Tees and north of the North York Moors National Park. The built-up area had a population of 148,215 at the 2021 UK census. It is the largest town of the wider Teesside area, which had a population of 376,633 in 2011.

 

Until the early 1800s, the area was rural farmland in the historic county of Yorkshire. The town was a planned development which started in 1830, based around a new port with coal and later ironworks added. Steel production and ship building began in the late 1800s, remaining associated with the town until the post-industrial decline of the late twentieth century. Trade (notably through ports) and digital enterprise sectors contemporarily contribute to the local economy, Teesside University and Middlesbrough College to local education.

 

Middlesbrough was made a municipal borough in 1853. When elected county councils were created in 1889, Middlesbrough was considered large enough to provide its own county-level services and so it became a county borough, independent from North Riding County Council. The borough of Middlesbrough was abolished in 1968 when the area was absorbed into the larger County Borough of Teesside. Six years later in 1974 Middlesbrough was re-established as a borough within the new county of Cleveland. Cleveland was abolished in 1996, since when Middlesbrough has been a unitary authority within the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire.

 

Middlesbrough started as a Benedictine priory on the south bank of the River Tees, its name possibly derived from it being midway between the holy sites of Durham and Whitby. The earliest recorded form of Middlesbrough's name is "Mydilsburgh", containing the term burgh.

 

In 686, a monastic cell was consecrated by St. Cuthbert at the request of St. Hilda, Abbess of Whitby. The manor of Middlesburgh belonged to Whitby Abbey and Guisborough Priory.[1] Robert Bruce, Lord of Cleveland and Annandale, granted and confirmed, in 1119, the church of St. Hilda of Middleburg to Whitby. Up until its closure on the Dissolution of the Monasteries by Henry VIII in 1537, the church was maintained by 12 Benedictine monks, many of whom became vicars, or rectors, of various places in Cleveland.

 

After the Angles, the area became home to Viking settlers. Names of Viking origin (with the suffix by meaning village) are abundant in the area; for example, Ormesby, Stainsby and Tollesby were once separate villages that belonged to Vikings called Orm, Steinn and Toll that are now areas of Middlesbrough were recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086. Other names around Middlesbrough include the village of Maltby (of Malti) along with the towns of Ingleby Barwick (Anglo-place and barley-wick) and Thornaby (of Thormod).

 

Links persist in the area, often through school or road names, to now-outgrown or abandoned local settlements, such as the medieval settlement of Stainsby, deserted by 1757, which amounts to little more today than a series of grassy mounds near the A19 road.

 

In 1801, Middlesbrough was a small farm with a population of just 25; however, during the latter half of the 19th century, it experienced rapid growth. In 1828 the influential Quaker banker, coal mine owner and Stockton and Darlington Railway (S&DR) shareholder Joseph Pease sailed up the River Tees to find a suitable new site downriver of Stockton on which to place new coal staithes. As a result, in 1829 he and a group of Quaker businessmen bought the Middlesbrough farmstead and associated estate, some 527 acres (213 ha) of land, and established the Middlesbrough Estate Company.

 

Through the company, the investors set about a new coal port development (designed by John Harris) on the southern banks of the Tees. The first coal shipping staithes at the port (known as "Port Darlington") were constructed with a settlement to the east established on the site of Middlesbrough farm as labour for the port, taking on the farm's name as it developed into a village. The small farmstead became a village of streets such as North Street, South Street, West Street, East Street, Commercial Street, Stockton Street and Cleveland Street, laid out in a grid-iron pattern around a market square, with the first house being built on West Street in April 1830. New businesses bought premises and plots of land in the new town including: shippers, merchants, butchers, innkeepers, joiners, blacksmiths, tailors, builders and painters.

 

The first coal shipping staithes at the port (known as "Port Darlington") were constructed just to the west of the site earmarked for the location of Middlesbrough. The port was linked to the S&DR on 27 December 1830 via a branch that extended to an area just north of the current Middlesbrough railway station, helping secure the town's future.

 

The success of the port meant it soon became overwhelmed by the volume of imports and exports, and in 1839 work started on Middlesbrough Dock. Laid out by Sir William Cubitt, the whole infrastructure was built by resident civil engineer George Turnbull. After three years and an expenditure of £122,000 (equivalent to £9.65 million at 2011 prices), first water was let in on 19 March 1842, and the formal opening took place on 12 May 1842. On completion, the docks were bought by the S&DR.

 

Iron and steel have dominated the Tees area since 1841 when Henry Bolckow in partnership with John Vaughan, founded the Vulcan iron foundry and rolling mill. Vaughan, who had worked his way up through the Iron industry in South Wales, used his technical expertise to find a more abundant supply of Ironstone in the Eston Hills in 1850, and introduced the new "Bell Hopper" system of closed blast furnaces developed at the Ebbw Vale works. These factors made the works an unprecedented success with Teesside becoming known as the "Iron-smelting centre of the world" and Bolckow, Vaughan & Co., Ltd became the largest company in existence.

 

By 1851 Middlesbrough's population had grown from 40 people in 1829 to 7,600. Pig iron production rose tenfold between 1851 and 1856 and by the mid-1870s Middlesbrough was producing one third of the entire nations Pig Iron output. It was during this time Middlesbrough earned the nickname "Ironopolis".

 

On 21 January 1853, Middlesbrough received its Royal Charter of Incorporation, giving the town the right to have a mayor, aldermen and councillors. Henry Bolckow became mayor, in 1853.

 

A Welsh community was established in Middlesbrough sometime before the 1840s, with mining being the main form of employment. These migrants included figures who would become important leaders in the commercial, political and cultural life of the town:

 

John Vaughan established Teesside's first ironworks in 1841, The Vulcan Works at Middlesbrough. Vaughan had worked his way up through the industry at the Dowlais Ironworks in south Wales and encouraged hundreds of the skilled Welsh workers to follow him to Teesside.

Edward Williams (iron-master), although he was the grandson of the famous Welsh Bard Iolo Morganwg, Edward had started as a mere clerk at Dowlais. His move to the Tees saw him rise to ironmaster, alderman, magistrate and Mayor of Middlesbrough. Edward was also the father of Aneurin and Penry, who both became Liberal MPs for the area.

E.T. John arrived from Pontypridd as a junior clerk in Williams' office. John became the director of several industrial enterprises and a radical politician.

Windsor Richards, an Engineer and manager, oversaw the town's transition from iron to steel production.

Much like the contemporary Welsh migration to America, the Welsh of Middlesbrough came almost exclusively from the iron-smelting and coal districts of South Wales. By 1861 42% of the town's ironworkers identified as Welsh and one in twenty of the total population. Place names such as "Welch Cottages" and "Welch Place" appeared around the Vulcan works, and Middlesbrough became a centre for the Welsh communities at Witton Park, Spennymoor, Consett and Stockton on Tees (especially Portrack). David Williams also recorded that a number of the Welsh workers at the Hughesovka Ironworks in 1869 had migrated from Middlesbrough.

 

A Welsh Baptist chapel was active in the town as early as 1858, and St Hilda's Anglican church began providing services in the Welsh language. Churches and chapels were the centres of Welsh culture, supporting choirs, Sunday Schools, social societies, adult education, lectures and literary meetings. By the 1870s, many more Welsh chapels were built (one reputed to seat 500 people), and the first Eisteddfodau were held.

 

By the 1880s, a "Welsh cultural revival" was underway, with the Eisteddfodau attracting competitors and spectators from outside the Welsh communities. In 1890 the Middlesbrough Town Hall hosted the first Cleveland and Durham Eisteddfod, an event notable for its non-denominational inclusivity, with Irish Catholic choirs and the bishop of the newly created Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough as honoured guests.

 

In the early twentieth century this Eisteddfod had become the biggest annual event in the town and the largest annual Eisteddfod outside Wales. The Eisteddfod had a clear impact on the culture of the town, especially through its literary and music events, by 1911 the Eisteddfod had twenty-two classes of musical competition only two of which were for Welsh language content. By 1914, thirty choirs from across the area were competing in 284 entries. A choral tradition remained part of the town's culture long after the eisteddfod and chapels had gone. In 2012 an exhibition at the Dorman Museum marked the Apollo Male Voice Choir's 125 years as an active choir in the town.

 

Industrial Wales was noted for its "radical Liberal-Labour" politics, and the rhetoric of these politicians clearly won favour with the urban population of the North East. Penry Williams and Jonathan Samuel won the seats of Middlesbrough and Stockton-on-Tees for the Liberal Party and Penry's brother, Aneurin would also win the newly created Consett seat in 1918.

 

Sir Horace Davey stressed his Welsh lineage and stated that "it was scarcely an exaggeration to say that Welshmen had founded Middlesbrough", courting the Welsh vote that saw him elected MP for Stockton. However, others complained that local Conservative candidates were losing to "Fenians and Welshers" (Irish and Welsh people).

 

These sentiments had grown by 1900 when Samuel lost his seat after a Unionist complained publicly that the town had been "forced to submit to the indignity of being trailed ignominiously through the mire by Welsh constituents". Samuel lost the seat but regained it in 1910 with a campaign that made few, if any, references to his Welsh background.

 

From 1861 to 1871, the census of England & Wales showed that Middlesbrough consistently had the second highest percentage of Irish born people in England after Liverpool. The Irish population in 1861 accounted for 15.6% of the total population of Middlesbrough. In 1871 the amount had dropped to 9.2% yet this still placed Middlesbrough's Irish population second in England behind Liverpool. Due to the rapid development of the town and its industrialisation there was much need for people to work in the many blast furnaces and steel works along the banks of the Tees. This attracted many people from Ireland, who were in much need of work. As well as people from Ireland, the Scottish, Welsh and overseas inhabitants made up 16% of Middlesbrough's population in 1871. A second influx of Irish migration was observed in the early 1900s as Middlesbrough's steel industry boomed producing 1/3 of Britain's total steel output. This second influx lasted through to the 1950s after which Irish migration to Middlesbrough saw a drastic decline. Middlesbrough no longer has a strong Irish presence, with Irish born residents making up around 2% of the current population, however there is still a strong cultural and historical connection with Ireland mainly through the heritage and ancestry of many families within Middlesbrough.

 

The town's rapid expansion continued throughout the second half of the 19th century, fuelled by the iron and steel industry. In 1864 the North Riding Infirmary (an ear, nose and mouth hospital) opened in Newport Road; this was demolished in 2006.

 

On 15 August 1867, a Reform Bill was passed, making Middlesbrough a new parliamentary borough, Bolckow was elected member for Middlesbrough the following year. In 1875, Bolckow, Vaughan & Co opened the Cleveland Steelworks in Middlesbrough beginning the transition from Iron production to Steel and by the turn of the century. Henry Bolckow died in 1878 and left an endowment of £5,000 for the infirmary.

 

In the latter third of the 19th century, Old Middlesbrough was starting to decline and was overshadowed by developments built around the new town hall, south of the original town hall, the town's population reaching 90,000 by the dawn of the 20th century.[9] In 1900, Bolckow, Vaughan & Co had become the largest producer of steel in Great Britain and possibly came to be one of the major steel centres in the world.

 

In 1914, Dorman Long, another major steel producer from Middlesbrough, became the largest company in Britain. It employed a workforce of over 20,000 and by 1929 and gained enough to take over from Bolckow, Vaughan & Co's dominance and to acquire their assets. The steel components of the Sydney Harbour Bridge (1932) were engineered and fabricated by Dorman Long of Middlesbrough. The company was also responsible for the New Tyne Bridge in Newcastle.

 

Several large shipyards also lined the Tees, including the Sir Raylton Dixon & Company, Smith's Dock Company of South Bank and Furness Shipbuilding Company of Haverton Hill.

 

Middlesbrough was the first major British town and industrial target to be bombed during the Second World War. The Luftwaffe first attacked the town on 25 May 1940 when a lone bomber dropped 13 bombs between South Bank Road and the South Steel Plant. One of the bombs fell on the South Bank football ground making a large crater in the pitch. The bomber was forced to leave after RAF night fighters were scrambled to intercept. Two months after the first bombing Prime Minister Winston Churchill visited the town to meet the public and inspect coastal defences.

 

German bombers often flew over the Eston Hills while heading for targets further inland, such as Manchester. On 30 March 1941 a Junkers Ju 88 was shot down by two Spitfires of No. 41 Squadron, piloted by Tony Lovell and Archie Winskill, over Middlesbrough. The aircraft dived into the ground at Barnaby Moor, Eston; the engines and most of the airframe were entirely buried upon impact.

 

On 5 December 1941 a Spitfire of No. 122 Squadron, piloted by Sgt Hutton, crashed into rising ground near Mill Farm, Upsall, on the lower slopes of Eston Hills. Poor visibility due to bad weather and low cloud is believed to have been the cause of the crash.

 

On 15 January 1942, minutes after being hit by gunfire from a merchant ship anchored off Hartlepool, a Dornier Do 217 collided with the cable of a barrage balloon over the River Tees. The blazing bomber plummeted onto the railway sidings in South Bank leaving a crater twelve feet deep. In 1997 the remains of the Dornier were unearthed by a group of workers clearing land for redevelopment; the remains were put on display for a short while at Kirkleatham museum.

 

On 4 August 1942 a lone Dornier Do 217 picked its way through the barrage balloons and dropped a stick of bombs onto the railway station. One bomb caused serious damage to the Victorian glass and steel roof. A train in the station was also badly damaged although there were no passengers aboard. The station was put out action for two weeks.

 

The Green Howards was a British Army infantry regiment very strongly associated with Middlesbrough and the area south of the River Tees. Originally formed at Dunster Castle, Somerset in 1688 to serve King William of Orange, later King William III, this regiment became affiliated to the North Riding of Yorkshire in 1782. As Middlesbrough grew, its population of men came to be a group most targeted by the recruiters. The Green Howards were part of the King's Division. On 6 June 2006, this famous regiment was merged into the new Yorkshire Regiment and are now known as 2 Yorks, The 2nd Battalion The Yorkshire Regiment (Green Howards). There is also a Territorial Army (TA) company at Stockton Road in Middlesbrough, part of 4 Yorks which is wholly reserve.

 

Post Second World War to contemporary era

By the end of the war over 200 buildings had been destroyed within the Middlesbrough area. The borough lost 99 civilians as a result of enemy action.

 

Areas of early and mid-Victorian housing were demolished and much of central Middlesbrough was redeveloped. Heavy industry was relocated to areas of land better suited to the needs of modern technology. Middlesbrough itself began to take on a completely different look.

 

Middlesbrough's 1903 Gaumont cinema, originally an opera house until the 1930s, was demolished in 1971. The Cleveland Centre opened in the same year. In 1974, Middlesbrough and other areas around the Tees, became part of the county of Cleveland. This was to create a county within a single NUTS region of England, with the UK joining the European Union predecessor (European Communities) a year earlier.

 

Middlesbrough's Royal Exchange building was demolished, to make way for the road. A multi-storey the Star and Garter Hotel built in the 1890s near to the exchange on the site of a former Welsh Congregational Church, was also demolished. The Victorian era North Riding Infirmary was demolished in 2006 and replaced by a hotel and supermarket.

 

The Cleveland Centre opened in 1971, Hill Street shopping centre opened in 1981 and Captain Cook Square opened in 1999.

 

Middlesbrough F.C.'s modern Riverside Stadium opened on 26 August 1995 next to Middlesbrough Dock. The club moved from Ayresome Park their previous home in the town for 92 years.

 

With the abolition of Cleveland County in 1996, Middlesbrough again became part of North Yorkshire.

 

The original St.Hilda's area of Middlesbrough, after decades of decline and clearance, was given a new name of Middlehaven in 1986 on investment proposals to build on the land. Middlehaven has since had new buildings built there including Middlesbrough College and Middlesbrough FC's Riverside Stadium amongst others. Also situated at Middlehaven is the "Boho" zone, offering office space to the area's business and to attract new companies, and also "Bohouse", housing. Some of the street names from the original grid-iron street plan of the town still exist in the area today.

 

The expansion of Middlesbrough southwards, eastwards and westwards continued throughout the 20th century absorbing villages such as Linthorpe, Acklam, Ormesby, Marton and Nunthorpe[9] and continues to the present day.

Just a little further along the road where we had lunch, we could see the stunning Hotel Negresco.

 

The Hotel Negresco is a hotel and site of the restaurant Le Chantecler, located on the Promenade des Anglais on the Baie des Anges in Nice, France. It was named after Henri Negresco (1868–1920), who had the palatial hotel constructed in 1912. In keeping with the conventions of the times, when the Negresco opened in 1913 its front opened on the side opposite the Mediterranean Sea.Henri Negresco, born Alexandru Negrescu, was the son of an innkeeper. He was educated in Romania and began his professional career as a confectioner at the renowned Casa Capșa in Bucharest. At the age of 25—though some earlier sources suggest 15, which seems unlikely given that he completed military service in Romania and there is photographic evidence of him in Bucharest at an older age—Negresco left Romania. He first moved to Paris and later settled on the French Riviera, where he found considerable success.

Over the years, the hotel had its ups and downs, and in 1957, it was sold to the Augier family. Madame Jeanne Augier reinvigorated the hotel with luxurious decorations and furnishings, including an outstanding art collection and rooms with mink bedspreads. She also popularised it with celebrities; Elton John featured it in the video for his song "I'm Still Standing", and she told Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft, that purchasing it would be beyond his means.

The fifth floor of the hotel is for "VVIP" guests, which stands for "very, very important persons". The hotel has a private beach, which is located across the street from the facility.

In the wake of the 2016 Nice truck attack, the hotel's main hall was used to triage wounded civilians (From Wikipedia)

  

My entry fort the "Every set could be a Castle Set" category in the Summer Joust 2020. A a re-imagination of the Mos Eisley Cantina (set 75052), with the color scheme of the Guarded Inn (set 6067).

 

It can open and close and the scenes pop-out just like the original Star Wars set. For more photos check out my album.

 

"Welcome to the Black Rav-Inn!", the innkeeper caws. There's a sign at the door that reads "No droids allowed!", I wonder what that means...

  

Café Landtmann

(further pictures you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)

Café Landtmann at the Palais Lieben-Auspitz, left the University Ring

The Café Landtmann, photographed from the roof of the Burgtheater

Winter garden and summer beer garden, behind the Town Hall

Great Hall at Café Landtmann

Schanigarten

(Wikipedia: Schanigarten is the Austro-Bavarian term for tables and chairs set up on the sidewalk in front of eating and drinking places. Unlike normal beer gardens (Gastgärten), the customers actually sit on public property. Originally, Schanigärten (pl.) referred only to Viennese coffee houses, but now the expression is used in other parts of Austria and for other types of establishments like restaurants and taverns)

Projection on the façade

Winter Garden, looking towards Universitätsring

The Zuckerkandl room in Landtmann's Bel-Etage

The Café Landtmann in Vienna is a typical Viennese coffee house in the Ringstrasse style. It is located in the first District at the University Ring 4, corner Löwelstraße 22, and is known throughout the city.

Location

The cafe is located on the ground floor of the Palais Lieben-Auspitz called Mietwohnhauses (apartment building), in the immediate vicinity of the Burgtheater, the University of Vienna and the party headquarters of the Social Democrats and close to the Vienna City Hall with the City Hall Park, the Federal Chancellery and three ministries. The café is therefore frequented by, among other actors, politicians, civil servants and journalists and is the venue for press conferences.

History

The coffee was on 1 October 1873 of the Cafétier (café owner) Landtmann as "Vienna 's most elegant and largest café-localities" in a prominent, 1872 built corner house at the at the time also new Franzensring (so to 1919 the address of this part of Vienna's Ringstrasse) opened. The ring road was indeed opened by emperor Franz Joseph I in 1865, but still long not completed in the area of the coffee house: The city hall was under construction since 1872, but was only opened in 1883. The university main building was built 1877-1884, the Burgtheater from 1874 to 1888. The coffee was thus in his early years surrounded mainly by large construction sites.

1881 sold Landtmann his coffeehouse to the brothers Wilhelm and Rudolf Kerrl who continued it under the name Landtmann and extended it in the direction of Oppolzergasse. Rudolf soon retired from active business life, Wilhelm Kerrl led on the café alone until 1916 and then sold it, worn down by the economy of scarcity of the First World War, to Karl Anton Kraus, previously a butcher and innkeeper. He led the coffee for only five years, because in 1921 it was operated by a Hokare Ges.mbH (unlimited company) (the name stands for hotel, coffee and restoration companies). This company had to be liquidated 1925/1926.

The Café Landtmann was now bought in the fall of 1926 by Mr. and Mrs. Conrad and Angela Zauner. The new owners had it in 1929 after a design by Ernst Meller, experienced in the establishment of coffee houses, fully restored: with the preserved to this day interior which is under preservation order. Particularly striking are four wooden pillars at the entrance, which were created by Hans Scheibner and their decoration representing premiere scenes of the Burgtheater. With this elaborate interior design Landtmann consolidated its position as the most elegant café in town. In 1949, Konrad Zauner's son Erwin took the management of the café and led it on with great success.

In 1974 the company received the National Award and since then it is allowed to use the Federal coat of arms in commercial transactions. In 1976, the present owner family took the local and renovated it in 1980 again.

In the café was Robert Böck, on duty only called Mr. Robert, working for 28 years, many years as head waiter in a tuxedo, and he knew all the important guests personally. On his last working day, on 23 December 2003, many celebrities came to his departure from the cafe. Mayor Michael Häupl served Mr. Robert, who had so often served him a "little brown". To this end, he handed him the "Golden Rathausmann" "for the most famous, most discreet and most accommodating waiter of Vienna".

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldener_Rathausmann_(Wien)

Details

Small stage

In the basement below the coffee was after Czeike already 1936-1938 the Cabaret 'Merry Landtmann" for the dancer Cilli Wang set up by her husband. 1953 in the basement the small stage "The Tribune" was established (since 2002: "The new stand", directed by Karl Heinz Wukow). It is one of the numerous small Viennese theaters that operate with modest public support and which offer authors, actors and directors fields of application.

Winter Garden

2007 was built a conservatory on the facade towards the castle theater, designed by Manfred Wehdorn by 1.5 million euros (Bernd Querfeld). With 87 square meters and 29 tables, the conservatory is almost as spacious as the great hall of the café; thus the capacity of the premises has been extended by a quarter.

Landtmann's Bel-Etage

2012 were opened above the café three function rooms, which are referred to as "Landtmann's Bel-Etage". One of the rooms is named after Berta Zuckerkandl, which in the house (entrance Oppolzergasse 6) from 1917 to 1938 run her famous salon, meeting place of artists, scientists and politicians.

Price of water

2013 got the coffee into media because guests who instead of ordering other beverages only want drink tap water this service no longer receive free. The scheme has been criticized partly violently. The glass of water for ordered coffee, as it corresponds to the Viennese coffee house tradition, still is served free.

Miscellaneous

In the Café Landtmann are according to indications of the owner family on average held 2.8 press conferences per day.

Since 2003, the café is every summer venue of the coffee house theater ink & coffee.

In March 2009, was opened in Tokyo in the central district of Minato-ku, in fact, in the district Kitaaoyama in the Aoyama Street, a "Café Landtmann" called local opened.

Guests

The coffee house was according to Czeike visited, among others, by the artists Attila Hörbiger, Paul Hörbiger, Oskar Kokoschka, Hans Moser, Max Reinhardt, Oskar Werner and Paula Wessely. Among the politicians he names Julius German, Robert Dannenberg and Karl Seitz, who were part of the "Red Vienna", and in the postwar period the then very popular Chancellor Julius Raab. Gustav Mahler was encountering here with Karl Goldmark, Gary Cooper and Marlene Dietrich were among the "by-trotting" guests, the authors Jura Soyfer, Felix Salten, Thomas Mann and John Boynton Priestley also frequented the Landtmann. The owners themselves mention over and above Peter Altenberg, Sigmund Freud, Emmerich Kálmán, Curd Jürgens, Otto Preminger and Romy Schneider as regulars.

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Landtmann

Fiaker, Viennese term for a two-horse, numbered hackney carriage, as opposed to the earlier, unnumbered carriages called "Janschky-Wagen" and one-horse "Comfortables"); "fiaker" also refers to the carriage driver. The term "fiaker" became a standard name for this type of carriage almost thirty years after the first fiaker was licensed (1693), and was adopted from the type of horse-drawn hackney carriages in Paris run by an innkeeper who lived in the Rue de Saint Fiacre in 1662. Around 1790 there were approximately 700 in Vienna, in their heyday between 1860-1908 there were over 1,000 fiakers. The carriage drivers were often local eccentrics, who sometimes publicly performed as whistlers or untrained singers. The annual Fiaker Ball held on Ash Wednesday also became famous and the chanteuse "Fiakermilli" was immortalised by R. Strauss in his opera "Arabella". In 1997 there were approximately 100 fiakers available for tours around the city for tourists. In 1984 women began driving fiakers as well. Since 1998 a special fiaker driving license has been required. Vienna's 17th district is home to a fiaker museum.

(further information and pictures you can get by clicking on the link at the end of page!)

Mariahilferstraße

Mariahilferstraße, 6th, 7th, 14th and 15th, since 1897 (in the 6th and 7th district originally Kremser Sraße, then Bavarian highway, Laimgrubner main road, Mariahilfer main street, Fünfhauserstraße, Schönbrunnerstraße and Penzinger Poststraße, then Schönbrunner Straße), in memory of the old suburb name; Mariahilf was an independent municipality from 1660 to 1850, since then with Gumpendorf, Magdalenengrund, Windmühle and Laimgrube 6th District.

From

aeiou - the cultural information system of the bm: bwk

14,000 key words and 2000 pictures from history, geography, politics and business in Austria

www.aeiou.at

Mariahilferstraße, 1908 - Wien Museum

Mariahilferstraße, 1908

Picture taken from "August Stauda - A documentarian of old Vienna"

published by Christian Brandstätter - to Book Description

History

Pottery and wine

The first ones who demonstrably populated the area of ​​today's Mariahilferstraße (after the mammoth) were the Illyrians. They took advantage of the rich clay deposits for making simple vessels. The Celts planted on the sunny hills the first grape vines and understood the wine-making process very well. When the Romans occupied at the beginning of our Era Vienna for several centuries, they left behind many traces. The wine culture of the Celts they refined. On the hill of today's Mariahilferstraße run a Roman ridge trail, whose origins lay in the camp of Vindobona. After the rule of the Romans, the migration of peoples temporarily led many cultures here until after the expulsion of the Avars Bavarian colonists came from the West.

The peasant Middle Ages - From the vineyard to the village

Thanks to the loamy soil formed the winery, which has been pushed back only until the development of the suburbs, until the mid-17th Century the livelihood of the rural population. "Im Schöff" but also "Schöpf - scoop" and "Schiff - ship" (from "draw of") the area at the time was called. The erroneous use of a ship in the seal of the district is reminiscent of the old name, which was then replaced by the picture of grace "Mariahilf". The Weinberg (vineyard) law imposed at that time that the ground rent in the form of mash on the spot had to be paid. This was referred to as a "draw".

1495 the Mariahilfer wine was added to the wine disciplinary regulations for Herrenweine (racy, hearty, fruity, pithy wine with pleasant acidity) because of its special quality and achieved high prices.

1529 The first Turkish siege

Mariahilferstraße, already than an important route to the West, was repeatedly the scene of historical encounters. When the Turks besieged Vienna for the first time, was at the lower end of today Mariahilferstrasse, just outside the city walls of Vienna, a small settlement of houses and cottages, gardens and fields. Even the St. Theobald Monastery was there. This so-called "gap" was burned at the approach of the Turks, for them not to offer hiding places at the siege. Despite a prohibition, the area was rebuilt after departure of the Turks.

1558, a provision was adopted so that the glacis, a broad, unobstructed strip between the city wall and the outer settlements, should be left free. The Glacis existed until the demolition of the city walls in 1858. Here the ring road was later built.

1663 The new Post Road

With the new purpose of the Mariahilferstrasse as post road the first three roadside inn houses were built. At the same time the travel increased, since the carriages were finally more comfortable and the roads safer. Two well-known expressions date from this period. The "tip" and "kickbacks". In the old travel handbooks of that time we encounter them as guards beside the route, the travel and baggage tariff. The tip should the driver at the rest stop pay for the drink, while the bribe was calculated in proportion to the axle grease. Who was in a hurry, just paid a higher lubricant (Schmiergeld) or tip to motivate the coachman.

1683 The second Turkish siege

The second Turkish siege brought Mariahilferstraße the same fate. Meanwhile, a considerable settlement was formed, a real suburb, which, however, still had a lot of fields and brick pits. Again, the suburb along the Mariahilferstraße was razed to the ground, the population sought refuge behind the walls or in the Vienna Woods. The reconstruction progressed slowly since there was a lack of funds and manpower. Only at the beginning of the 18th Century took place a targeted reconstruction.

1686 Palais Esterhazy

On several "Brandstetten", by the second Turkish siege destroyed houses, the Hungarian aristocratic family Esterhazy had built herself a simple palace, which also had a passage on the Mariahilferstrasse. 1764 bought the innkeeper Paul Winkelmayr from Spittelberg the building, demolished it and built two new buildings that have been named in accordance with the Esterhazy "to the Hungarian crown."

17th Century to 19th Century. Fom the village to suburb

With the development of the settlements on the Mariahilferstraße from village to suburbs, changed not only the appearance but also the population. More and more agricultural land fell victim to the development, craftsmen and tradesmen settled there. There was an incredible variety of professions and trades, most of which were organized into guilds or crafts. Those cared for vocational training, quality and price of the goods, and in cases of unemployment, sickness and death.

The farms were replaced by churches and palaces, houses and shops. Mariahilf changed into a major industrial district, Mariahilferstrasse was an important trading center. Countless street traders sold the goods, which they carried either with them, or put in a street stall on display. The dealers made themselves noticeable by a significant Kaufruf (purchase call). So there was the ink man who went about with his bottles, the Wasserbauer (hydraulic engineering) who sold Danube water on his horse-drawn vehicle as industrial water, or the lavender woman. This lovely Viennese figures disappeared with the emergence of fixed premises and the improvement of urban transport.

Private carriages, horse-drawn carriages and buggies populated the streets, who used this route also for trips. At Mariahilferplatz Linientor (gate) was the main stand of the cheapest and most popular means of transport, the Zeiselwagen, which the Wiener used for their excursions into nature, which gradually became fashionable. In the 19th Century then yet arrived the Stellwagen (carriage) and bus traffic which had to accomplish the connection between Vienna and the suburbs. As a Viennese joke has it, suggests the Stellwagen that it has been so called because it did not come from the spot.

1719 - 1723 Royal and Imperial Court Stables

Emperor Charles VI. gave the order for the construction of the stables to Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. 1772 the building was extended by two houses on the Mariahilferstrasse. The size of the stables still shows, as it serves as the Museum Quarter - its former importance. The Mariahilferstraße since the building of Schönbrunn Palace by the Imperial court very strongly was frequented. Today in the historic buildings the Museum Quarter is housed.

The church and monastery of Maria Hülff

Coloured engraving by J. Ziegler, 1783

1730 Mariahilferkirche

1711 began the renovation works at the Mariahilferkirche, giving the church building today's appearance and importance as a baroque monument. The plans stem from Franziskus Jänkl, the foreman of Lukas von Hildebrandt. Originally stood on the site of the Mariahilferkirche in the medieval vineyard "In Schoeff" a cemetery with wooden chapel built by the Barnabites. Already in those days, the miraculous image Mariahilf was located therein. During the Ottoman siege the chapel was destroyed, the miraculous image could be saved behind the protective walls. After the provisional reconstruction the miraculous image in a triumphal procession was returned, accompanied by 30,000 Viennese.

1790 - 1836 Ferdinand Raimund

Although in the district Mariahilf many artists and historical figures of Vienna lived , it is noticeable that as a residence they rather shunned the Mariahilferstraße, because as early as in the 18th Century there was a very lively and loud bustle on the street. The most famous person who was born on the Mariahilferstrasse is the folk actor and dramatist Ferdinand Raimund. He came in the house No. 45, "To the Golden deer (Zum Goldenen Hirschen)", which still exists today, as son of a turner into the world. As confectioners apprentice, he also had to visit the theaters, where he was a so-called "Numero", who sold his wares to the visitors. This encounter with the theater was fateful. He took flight from his training masters and joined a traveling troupe as an actor. After his return to Vienna, he soon became the most popular comedian. In his plays all those figures appeared then bustling the streets of Vienna. His most famous role was that of the "ash man" in "Farmer as Millionaire", a genuine Viennese guy who brings the wood ash in Butte from the houses, and from the proceeds leading a modest existence.

1805 - 1809 French occupation

The two-time occupation of Vienna by the French hit the suburbs hard. But the buildings were not destroyed fortunately.

19th century Industrialization

Here, where a higher concentration of artisans had developed as in other districts, you could feel the competition of the factories particularly hard. A craftsman after another became factory worker, women and child labor was part of the day-to-day business. With the sharp rise of the population grew apartment misery and flourished bed lodgers and roomers business.

1826

The Mariahilferstraße is paved up to the present belt (Gürtel).

1848 years of the revolution

The Mariahilferstraße this year was in turmoil. At the outbreak of the revolution, the hatred of the people was directed against the Verzehrungssteuerämter (some kind of tax authority) at the lines that have been blamed for the rise of food prices, and against the machines in the factories that had made the small craftsmen out of work or dependent workers. In October, students, workers and citizens tore up paving stones and barricaded themselves in the Mariahilfer Linientor (the so-called Linienwall was the tax frontier) in the area of ​​today's belt.

1858 The Ring Road

The city walls fell and on the glacis arose the ring-road, the now 6th District more closely linking to the city center.

1862 Official naming

The Mariahilferstraße received its to the present day valid name, after it previously was bearing the following unofficial names: "Bavarian country road", "Mariahilfer Grund Straße", "Penzinger Street", "Laimgrube main street" and "Schönbrunner Linienstraße".

The turn of the century: development to commercial street

After the revolution of 1848, the industry displaced the dominant small business rapidly. At the same time the Mariahilferstraße developed into the first major shopping street of Vienna. The rising supply had to be passed on to the customer, and so more and more new shops sprang up. Around the turn of the century broke out a real building boom. The low suburban houses with Baroque and Biedermeier facade gave way to multi-storey houses with flashy and ostentatious facades in that historic style mixture, which was so characteristic of the late Ringstrasse period. From the former historic buildings almost nothing remained. The business portals were bigger and more pompous, the first department stores in the modern style were Gerngross and Herzmansky. Especially the clothing industry took root here.

1863 Herzmansky opened

On 3 March opened August Herzmansky a small general store in the Church Lane (Kirchengasse) 4. 1897 the great establishment in the pin alley (Stiftgasse) was opened, the largest textile company of the monarchy. August Herzmansky died a year before the opening, two nephews take over the business. In 1928, Mariahilferstraße 28 is additionally acquired. 1938, the then owner Max Delfiner had to flee, the company Rhonberg and Hämmerle took over the house. The building in Mariahilferstrasse 30 additionally was purchased. In the last days of the war in 1945 it fell victim to the flames, however. 1948, the company was returned to Max Delfiner, whose son sold in 1957 to the German Hertie group, a new building in Mariahilferstrasse 26 - 30 constructing. Other ownership changes followed.

1869 The Pferdetramway

The Pferdetramway made it first trip through the Mariahilferstraße to Neubaugasse.

Opened in 1879 Gerngroß

Mariahilferstraße about 1905

Alfred Gerngross, a merchant from Bavaria and co-worker August

Herzmanskys, founded on Mariahilferstrasse 48/corner Church alley (Kirchengasse) an own fabric store. He became the fiercest competitor of his former boss.

1901 The k.k. Imperial Furniture Collection

The k.k. Hofmobilien and material depot is established in Mariahilferstrasse 88. The collection quickly grew because each new ruler got new furniture. Today, it serves as a museum. Among other things, there is the office of Emperor Franz Joseph, the equipment of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico from Miramare Castle, the splendid table of Charles VI. and the furniture from the Oriental Cabinet of Crown Prince Rudolf.

1911 The House Stafa

On 18 August 1911, on the birthday of Emperor Franz Joseph, corner Mariahilferstraße/imperial road (Kaiserstraße) the "central palace" was opened. The construction by its architecture created a sensation. Nine large double figure-relief panels of Anton Hanak decorated it. In this building the "1st Vienna Commercial sample collective department store (Warenmuster-Kollektivkaufhaus)", a eight-storey circular building was located, which was to serve primarily the craft. The greatest adversity in the construction were underground springs. Two dug wells had to be built to pump out the water. 970 liters per minute, however, must be pumped out until today.

1945 bombing of Vienna

On 21 February 1945 bombs fell on the Mariahilferstrasse, many buildings were badly damaged. On 10th April Wiener looted the store Herzmansky. Ella Fasser, the owner of the café "Goethe" in Mariahilferstrasse, preserved the Monastery barracks (Stiftskaserne) from destruction, with the help other resistance fighters cutting the fire-conducting cords that had laid the retreating German troops. Meanwhile, she invited the officers to the cafe, and befuddled them with plenty of alcohol.

www.wien-vienna.at/blickpunkte.php?ID=582

 

Riddlehamhope stands in a commanding position on side of the fell from which it takes its name around 4 miles west of Blanchland. It is south-facing, over-looking Beldon Burn.

I've seen this deserted building described as a one time 'Victorian Hunting Lodge', although that seems to be the sum total of information about it. I'm currently trying to find out a little more about it and I did come across someone on the 1901 census whose birth is recorded as Riddlehamhope in 1865.

 

My grateful thanks to one of my work colleagues for digging up some of the following information on Riddlehamhope:

1610 - Freehold of Riddlehamhope was owned by John Heth senior, esq., although it was rented out. Matthew Armstrong, a tenant for 3 years, was thrown off the 40 acres of land in this year!

1815 - Robert Graham, innkeeper of the Click'em Inn (aka Fox and Hounds) at Whitley Chapel, was gamekeeper of Riddlehamhope from about this time.

1821 - The New Sporting Magazine mentions hunting at Riddlehamhope - when ‘poachers’ carried off ‘no less than 200 braces of grouse in two days.’ The estate belonged to C.J. Clavering at the time - High Sheriff of County Durham.

1832 - Electoral Register records Riddlehamhope as being the home of Charles John Clavering and that also there, as a tenant farmer of 400 acres is one Abraham Bell. Charles John Clavering had a daughter called Diana Marie, who married an MP by the rather fanciful name of James Drummond Buller-Elphinstone (1788-1857) of Trenant Park, nr Looe, Cornwall.

1833 - Abraham Hope, of Riddlehamhope, stood for election in 1833 for Hexham High Quarter Township.

1863 - A certificate of contract for the redemption of Land and Tax on Sir W.A. Clavering's estates at Riddlehamhope and Holywell alias Halleywell was issued this year.

1917 - Falcons were kept by Major Fisher at Riddlehamhope around 1917 and before, which were used for hunting game birds - especially grouse.

1970 - References to Riddlehamhope as having been visited by the Duchess of Connaught before becoming derelict in the 1970’s [Sic].

This ancient, polished dark stone font, with its unique carvings of the miracles of St Nicholas, the kindly children’s saint, is one of the Cathedral’s greatest treasures. It was brought from Tournai, in modern Belgium, in the 12th century, and has been in constant use ever since. You can find it on the north side of the nave.

 

This massive, ancient font, carved from a single block weighing about 1.5 tonnes, dates from about 1150. Its upper, ‘marble’ section sits on a stone base with four corner pillars. However, it’s not real marble, a term once used for any stone that took a polish. It’s in fact made of carboniferous limestone quarried in Tournai, in modern Belgium, and was probably shipped to England in separate pieces.

 

It is the finest of just 10 fonts of this type in England today, including three others in Hampshire. This font is lavishly decorated with unique carvings of the miracles of St Nicholas, alongside images of symbolic animals such as lions and birds.

It was brought from Tournai. It’s said to have been the gift of Henry of Blois, the French-speaking grandson of William the Conqueror and Bishop of Winchester during the 12th century.

 

Who was St Nicholas?

We know that he was Bishop of Myra in modern Turkey in the 4th century, and his remains are housed in a shrine in Bari, Italy. But many legends and stories cluster around these bare facts.

He is strongly associated with acts of kindness, especially to children – lending his name to the jolly Santa Claus who brings Christmas gifts down the chimney today.

The font’s carvings work a bit like a modern cartoon strip. Several different stories are depicted, but you can always spot St Nicholas by his bishop’s mitre and crozier, a stylised shepherd’s crook symbolising his care for his flock.

One shows the saint miraculously bringing three apprentices back to life after their murder by a wicked innkeeper. In another, he saves lives at sea. The panel features the earliest known picture of a ship with a high prow and fixed stern rudder.

A third shows him with the three grateful daughters of an impoverished nobleman. He had saved them from a life on the street by secretly throwing three bags of gold into their home. These led to the symbol of three gold ‘balls’ still used by pawnbrokers today.

(further information and pictures you can get by clicking on the link at the end of page!)

Mariahilferstraße

Mariahilferstraße, 6th, 7th, 14th and 15th, since 1897 (in the 6th and 7th district originally Kremser Sraße, then Bavarian highway, Laimgrubner main road, Mariahilfer main street, Fünfhauserstraße, Schönbrunnerstraße and Penzinger Poststraße, then Schönbrunner Straße), in memory of the old suburb name; Mariahilf was an independent municipality from 1660 to 1850, since then with Gumpendorf, Magdalenengrund, Windmühle and Laimgrube 6th District.

From

aeiou - the cultural information system of the bm: bwk

14,000 key words and 2000 pictures from history, geography, politics and business in Austria

www.aeiou.at

Mariahilferstraße, 1908 - Wien Museum

Mariahilferstraße, 1908

Picture taken from "August Stauda - A documentarian of old Vienna"

published by Christian Brandstätter - to Book Description

History

Pottery and wine

The first ones who demonstrably populated the area of ​​today's Mariahilferstraße (after the mammoth) were the Illyrians. They took advantage of the rich clay deposits for making simple vessels. The Celts planted on the sunny hills the first grape vines and understood the wine-making process very well. When the Romans occupied at the beginning of our Era Vienna for several centuries, they left behind many traces. The wine culture of the Celts they refined. On the hill of today's Mariahilferstraße run a Roman ridge trail, whose origins lay in the camp of Vindobona. After the rule of the Romans, the migration of peoples temporarily led many cultures here until after the expulsion of the Avars Bavarian colonists came from the West.

The peasant Middle Ages - From the vineyard to the village

Thanks to the loamy soil formed the winery, which has been pushed back only until the development of the suburbs, until the mid-17th Century the livelihood of the rural population. "Im Schöff" but also "Schöpf - scoop" and "Schiff - ship" (from "draw of") the area at the time was called. The erroneous use of a ship in the seal of the district is reminiscent of the old name, which was then replaced by the picture of grace "Mariahilf". The Weinberg (vineyard) law imposed at that time that the ground rent in the form of mash on the spot had to be paid. This was referred to as a "draw".

1495 the Mariahilfer wine was added to the wine disciplinary regulations for Herrenweine (racy, hearty, fruity, pithy wine with pleasant acidity) because of its special quality and achieved high prices.

1529 The first Turkish siege

Mariahilferstraße, already than an important route to the West, was repeatedly the scene of historical encounters. When the Turks besieged Vienna for the first time, was at the lower end of today Mariahilferstrasse, just outside the city walls of Vienna, a small settlement of houses and cottages, gardens and fields. Even the St. Theobald Monastery was there. This so-called "gap" was burned at the approach of the Turks, for them not to offer hiding places at the siege. Despite a prohibition, the area was rebuilt after departure of the Turks.

1558, a provision was adopted so that the glacis, a broad, unobstructed strip between the city wall and the outer settlements, should be left free. The Glacis existed until the demolition of the city walls in 1858. Here the ring road was later built.

1663 The new Post Road

With the new purpose of the Mariahilferstrasse as post road the first three roadside inn houses were built. At the same time the travel increased, since the carriages were finally more comfortable and the roads safer. Two well-known expressions date from this period. The "tip" and "kickbacks". In the old travel handbooks of that time we encounter them as guards beside the route, the travel and baggage tariff. The tip should the driver at the rest stop pay for the drink, while the bribe was calculated in proportion to the axle grease. Who was in a hurry, just paid a higher lubricant (Schmiergeld) or tip to motivate the coachman.

1683 The second Turkish siege

The second Turkish siege brought Mariahilferstraße the same fate. Meanwhile, a considerable settlement was formed, a real suburb, which, however, still had a lot of fields and brick pits. Again, the suburb along the Mariahilferstraße was razed to the ground, the population sought refuge behind the walls or in the Vienna Woods. The reconstruction progressed slowly since there was a lack of funds and manpower. Only at the beginning of the 18th Century took place a targeted reconstruction.

1686 Palais Esterhazy

On several "Brandstetten", by the second Turkish siege destroyed houses, the Hungarian aristocratic family Esterhazy had built herself a simple palace, which also had a passage on the Mariahilferstrasse. 1764 bought the innkeeper Paul Winkelmayr from Spittelberg the building, demolished it and built two new buildings that have been named in accordance with the Esterhazy "to the Hungarian crown."

17th Century to 19th Century. Fom the village to suburb

With the development of the settlements on the Mariahilferstraße from village to suburbs, changed not only the appearance but also the population. More and more agricultural land fell victim to the development, craftsmen and tradesmen settled there. There was an incredible variety of professions and trades, most of which were organized into guilds or crafts. Those cared for vocational training, quality and price of the goods, and in cases of unemployment, sickness and death.

The farms were replaced by churches and palaces, houses and shops. Mariahilf changed into a major industrial district, Mariahilferstrasse was an important trading center. Countless street traders sold the goods, which they carried either with them, or put in a street stall on display. The dealers made themselves noticeable by a significant Kaufruf (purchase call). So there was the ink man who went about with his bottles, the Wasserbauer (hydraulic engineering) who sold Danube water on his horse-drawn vehicle as industrial water, or the lavender woman. This lovely Viennese figures disappeared with the emergence of fixed premises and the improvement of urban transport.

Private carriages, horse-drawn carriages and buggies populated the streets, who used this route also for trips. At Mariahilferplatz Linientor (gate) was the main stand of the cheapest and most popular means of transport, the Zeiselwagen, which the Wiener used for their excursions into nature, which gradually became fashionable. In the 19th Century then yet arrived the Stellwagen (carriage) and bus traffic which had to accomplish the connection between Vienna and the suburbs. As a Viennese joke has it, suggests the Stellwagen that it has been so called because it did not come from the spot.

1719 - 1723 Royal and Imperial Court Stables

Emperor Charles VI. gave the order for the construction of the stables to Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. 1772 the building was extended by two houses on the Mariahilferstrasse. The size of the stables still shows, as it serves as the Museum Quarter - its former importance. The Mariahilferstraße since the building of Schönbrunn Palace by the Imperial court very strongly was frequented. Today in the historic buildings the Museum Quarter is housed.

The church and monastery of Maria Hülff

Coloured engraving by J. Ziegler, 1783

1730 Mariahilferkirche

1711 began the renovation works at the Mariahilferkirche, giving the church building today's appearance and importance as a baroque monument. The plans stem from Franziskus Jänkl, the foreman of Lukas von Hildebrandt. Originally stood on the site of the Mariahilferkirche in the medieval vineyard "In Schoeff" a cemetery with wooden chapel built by the Barnabites. Already in those days, the miraculous image Mariahilf was located therein. During the Ottoman siege the chapel was destroyed, the miraculous image could be saved behind the protective walls. After the provisional reconstruction the miraculous image in a triumphal procession was returned, accompanied by 30,000 Viennese.

1790 - 1836 Ferdinand Raimund

Although in the district Mariahilf many artists and historical figures of Vienna lived , it is noticeable that as a residence they rather shunned the Mariahilferstraße, because as early as in the 18th Century there was a very lively and loud bustle on the street. The most famous person who was born on the Mariahilferstrasse is the folk actor and dramatist Ferdinand Raimund. He came in the house No. 45, "To the Golden deer (Zum Goldenen Hirschen)", which still exists today, as son of a turner into the world. As confectioners apprentice, he also had to visit the theaters, where he was a so-called "Numero", who sold his wares to the visitors. This encounter with the theater was fateful. He took flight from his training masters and joined a traveling troupe as an actor. After his return to Vienna, he soon became the most popular comedian. In his plays all those figures appeared then bustling the streets of Vienna. His most famous role was that of the "ash man" in "Farmer as Millionaire", a genuine Viennese guy who brings the wood ash in Butte from the houses, and from the proceeds leading a modest existence.

1805 - 1809 French occupation

The two-time occupation of Vienna by the French hit the suburbs hard. But the buildings were not destroyed fortunately.

19th century Industrialization

Here, where a higher concentration of artisans had developed as in other districts, you could feel the competition of the factories particularly hard. A craftsman after another became factory worker, women and child labor was part of the day-to-day business. With the sharp rise of the population grew apartment misery and flourished bed lodgers and roomers business.

1826

The Mariahilferstraße is paved up to the present belt (Gürtel).

1848 years of the revolution

The Mariahilferstraße this year was in turmoil. At the outbreak of the revolution, the hatred of the people was directed against the Verzehrungssteuerämter (some kind of tax authority) at the lines that have been blamed for the rise of food prices, and against the machines in the factories that had made the small craftsmen out of work or dependent workers. In October, students, workers and citizens tore up paving stones and barricaded themselves in the Mariahilfer Linientor (the so-called Linienwall was the tax frontier) in the area of ​​today's belt.

1858 The Ring Road

The city walls fell and on the glacis arose the ring-road, the now 6th District more closely linking to the city center.

1862 Official naming

The Mariahilferstraße received its to the present day valid name, after it previously was bearing the following unofficial names: "Bavarian country road", "Mariahilfer Grund Straße", "Penzinger Street", "Laimgrube main street" and "Schönbrunner Linienstraße".

The turn of the century: development to commercial street

After the revolution of 1848, the industry displaced the dominant small business rapidly. At the same time the Mariahilferstraße developed into the first major shopping street of Vienna. The rising supply had to be passed on to the customer, and so more and more new shops sprang up. Around the turn of the century broke out a real building boom. The low suburban houses with Baroque and Biedermeier facade gave way to multi-storey houses with flashy and ostentatious facades in that historic style mixture, which was so characteristic of the late Ringstrasse period. From the former historic buildings almost nothing remained. The business portals were bigger and more pompous, the first department stores in the modern style were Gerngross and Herzmansky. Especially the clothing industry took root here.

1863 Herzmansky opened

On 3 March opened August Herzmansky a small general store in the Church Lane (Kirchengasse) 4. 1897 the great establishment in the pin alley (Stiftgasse) was opened, the largest textile company of the monarchy. August Herzmansky died a year before the opening, two nephews take over the business. In 1928, Mariahilferstraße 28 is additionally acquired. 1938, the then owner Max Delfiner had to flee, the company Rhonberg and Hämmerle took over the house. The building in Mariahilferstrasse 30 additionally was purchased. In the last days of the war in 1945 it fell victim to the flames, however. 1948, the company was returned to Max Delfiner, whose son sold in 1957 to the German Hertie group, a new building in Mariahilferstrasse 26 - 30 constructing. Other ownership changes followed.

1869 The Pferdetramway

The Pferdetramway made it first trip through the Mariahilferstraße to Neubaugasse.

Opened in 1879 Gerngroß

Mariahilferstraße about 1905

Alfred Gerngross, a merchant from Bavaria and co-worker August

Herzmanskys, founded on Mariahilferstrasse 48/corner Church alley (Kirchengasse) an own fabric store. He became the fiercest competitor of his former boss.

1901 The k.k. Imperial Furniture Collection

The k.k. Hofmobilien and material depot is established in Mariahilferstrasse 88. The collection quickly grew because each new ruler got new furniture. Today, it serves as a museum. Among other things, there is the office of Emperor Franz Joseph, the equipment of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico from Miramare Castle, the splendid table of Charles VI. and the furniture from the Oriental Cabinet of Crown Prince Rudolf.

1911 The House Stafa

On 18 August 1911, on the birthday of Emperor Franz Joseph, corner Mariahilferstraße/imperial road (Kaiserstraße) the "central palace" was opened. The construction by its architecture created a sensation. Nine large double figure-relief panels of Anton Hanak decorated it. In this building the "1st Vienna Commercial sample collective department store (Warenmuster-Kollektivkaufhaus)", a eight-storey circular building was located, which was to serve primarily the craft. The greatest adversity in the construction were underground springs. Two dug wells had to be built to pump out the water. 970 liters per minute, however, must be pumped out until today.

1945 bombing of Vienna

On 21 February 1945 bombs fell on the Mariahilferstrasse, many buildings were badly damaged. On 10th April Wiener looted the store Herzmansky. Ella Fasser, the owner of the café "Goethe" in Mariahilferstrasse, preserved the Monastery barracks (Stiftskaserne) from destruction, with the help other resistance fighters cutting the fire-conducting cords that had laid the retreating German troops. Meanwhile, she invited the officers to the cafe, and befuddled them with plenty of alcohol.

www.wien-vienna.at/blickpunkte.php?ID=582

Italien / Südtirol - Schloss Sigmundskron MMM

 

Sigmundskron Castle (German: Schloss Sigmundskron, Italian: Castel Firmiano) is an extensive castle and set of fortifications near Bolzano in South Tyrol. Today its ruins house the fourth mountain museum established by the South Tyrolean mountaineer, Reinhold Messner. On 9 June 2006 the MMM (Messner Mountain Museum Firmian) was opened in this fortified castle dating to the Late Middle Ages.

 

History

 

The first historical mention of the castle, under the name Formicaria (later Formigar), dates back to AD 945. In 1027 Emperor Conrad II transferred it to the Bishop of Trent. In the 12th century it was given to ministeriales, who from then on were named the Firmian family. Around 1473 the Prince of Tyrol, Duke Sigismund the Rich, bought the castle, renamed it Sigmundskron Castle and had it developed to withstand firearms. Of the old castle of Formigar there are only a few remnants left today, mostly located on the highest point of the site. Due to financial difficulties Sigmund had to pledge the castle soon afterwards. As a result the site fell increasingly into disrepair.

 

At the end of the 18th century the castle belonged to the Count Wolkenstein, from 1807 to 1870 the counts of Sarnthein and from then until 1994 the counts of Toggenburg. In 1976, the half-ruined castle was partially restored by an innkeeper's family and opened as a restaurant. In 1996 the castle passed into the possession of the Province of Bolzano. In the spring of 2003, after much controversy, Reinhold Messner was given a licence for his long-planned mountain museum.

 

During construction work a Neolithic grave was discovered in March 2006, in which a woman's skeletal remains were found. The age of the grave is estimated to be 6,000-7,000 years.

 

A symbol of the independence movement

 

The fortress is an important political symbol in South Tyrol. In 1957, under the leadership of Silvius Magnago, the largest protest rally in the history of South Tyrol was held here. More than 30,000 gathered in the castle to protest against the failure of the Paris Convention to protest and demand freedom for South Tyrol ("Freedom from Trent").

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Firmiano Castle MMM

 

The mighty Firmiano Castle, located between Bolzano and Appiano, houses the MMM Firmian Museum.

 

In the south-west of Bolzano, above Frangarto in the municipality of Appiano, there is Firmiano Castle - "Schloss Sigmundskron" in German, "Castel Firmiano" in Italian -, sitting enthroned on the back of a mountain. It is one of the largest castles of the region: Its original name "Formigar" dates from the Latin "formicaria", which is one of the oldest castle names of South Tyrol. This name has been mentioned for the first time in 945 AD and later on changed into "Firmian".

 

Since 1027, the building was in possession of the Bishops of Trento, in 1473 it changed hands and was passed to Sigismund, Archduke of Austria and territorial lord of Tyrol. Only then the castle received the name German name of "Schloss Sigmungskron" - this name as well as the form of the castle complex reminds the owner ("Crown of Sigismund"). Moreover this castle is a political symbol for many inhabitants of South Tyrol, as in 1957 the historical event "Los von Trient" was held in this place. This was a huge manifestation with participation of Silvius Magnago, calling for autonomy and protesting against the non compliance of the Agreement of Paris.

 

Since 1996, Firmiano Castle is in possession of the Province of Bolzano. In June 2006, Reinhold Messner inaugurated the Messner Mountain Museum MMM Firmian in the castle. It gives an insight into the importance and significance of mountains for humans with the permanent exhibition "The enchanted mountain". The so-called "White Tower", however, is dedicated to the history of the castle and the struggle for the autonomy of South Tyrol. And how to reach Firmiano Castle? A small road leads you from Frangarto up the hill where a large parking space is located (subject to charge). From there, in a few minutes walk you reach the castle gate.

 

(suedtirolerland.it)

 

Schloss Sigmundskron (auch Firmian, italienisch Castel Firmiano) ist eine ausgedehnte Burg- und Festungsanlage bei Bozen in Südtirol. Die Ruine beherbergt heute das vierte Bergmuseum des Südtiroler Extrembergsteigers Reinhold Messner. Am 9. Juni 2006 wurde das MMM (Messner Mountain Museum Firmian) in der spätmittelalterlichen Festungsanlage eröffnet.

 

Geographische Lage

 

Sigmundskron liegt auf dem nördlichsten Ausläufer des Mitterbergs (hier auch Kaiserberg genannt) im Etschtal am Südwestrand des Bozner Talkessels. Administrativ liegt die Burg auf dem Gemeindegebiet von Bozen; die nächstgelegene Siedlung ist Frangart, eine Fraktion von Eppan. Unterhalb des Porphyrfelsens fließen Etsch und Eisack. Durch den Felsen unter der Burg verläuft die Schnellstraße Meran–Bozen in einem Tunnel.

 

Geschichte

 

Die erste geschichtliche Erwähnung unter dem Namen Formicaria (= Ameisenhaufen) (später Formigar) stammt aus dem Jahre 945. Kaiser Konrad II. übergab 1027 die Burg dem Bischof von Trient. Im 12. und 13. Jahrhundert wurde sie mehreren Ministerialenfamilien (Estrich, Hahn, Häring, Kastraun, Ripp und Zungel) verliehen, die sich von da an von Firmian nannten. Um 1473 kaufte der Landesfürst von Tirol, Herzog Sigmund der Münzreiche, die Burg, benannte sie in Schloss Sigmundskron um (1474: „unser slosz Sigmundskron“) und ließ sie mit Bering und Ecktürmen massiv ausbauen, so dass sie Feuerwaffen standhalten konnte. Von der alten Burg Formigar blieben nur noch relativ kleine Reste erhalten, größtenteils auf dem höchsten Punkt des Festungsterrains rund um die Burgkapelle St. Blasius und Ulrich von Augsburg gelegen. Wegen finanzieller Schwierigkeiten musste Sigmund die Burg bald darauf verpfänden. In der Folge verfiel die Anlage zunehmend.

 

Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts gehörte die Burg den Grafen Wolkenstein, 1807 bis 1870 den Grafen von Sarnthein, danach bis 1994 den Grafen Toggenburg. 1976 wurde die Halbruine von einer Gastwirtsfamilie teilweise restauriert und ein Gastbetrieb eröffnet. 1996 ging das Schloss in das Eigentum der Südtiroler Landesverwaltung über. Im Frühjahr 2003 erhielt Reinhold Messner nach vielen Diskussionen eine Konzession für die Benutzung der Anlage für ein seit langem geplantes Bergmuseum. Das architektonische Adaptierungsprojekt besorgte Werner Tscholl.

 

Bei Bauarbeiten wurde im März 2006 ein jungsteinzeitliches Grab entdeckt, in dem Skelettreste einer Frau gefunden wurden. Das Alter des Grabes wird auf 6000 bis 7000 Jahre geschätzt.

 

Sigmundskron als Symbol der Autonomiebestrebung

 

Die Festungsanlage ist ein wichtiges politisches Symbol für die Südtiroler: Am 17. November 1957 fand hier unter der Führung von Silvius Magnago die Großkundgebung von Schloss Sigmundskron statt. Über 30.000 Südtiroler versammelten sich in der Burganlage, um gegen die Nichteinhaltung des Pariser Abkommens zu protestieren und eine weitreichende Autonomie Südtirols zu fordern („Los von Trient“).

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Schloss Sigmundskron MMM

 

Auf Schloss Sigmundskron, zwischen Bozen und Eppan gelegen, befindet sich das Museum MMM Firmian.

 

Südwestlich von Bozen, oberhalb des kleinen Dorfes Frangart in der Gemeinde Eppan, trohnt Schloss Sigmundskron auf einem Porphyrfelsen, eine der größten Burganlagen Südtirols. Der ursprüngliche Name "Formigar" stammt aus dem Lateinischen "formicaria" . Es handelt sich um einen der ältesten bekannten Namen einer Burg in Südtirol. Unter diesem Namen wurde der Bau um 945 n. Chr. zum ersten Mal erwähnt, später wurde der Name in "Firmian" geändert. Die italienische Bezeichnung von Sigmundskron ist heute noch Firmiano.

 

Seit 1027 im Besitz des Bischofs von Trient, ging die Anlage 1473 an Sigmund "den Münzreichen" über, den Landesfürsten von Tirol. Erst zu dieser Zeit erhielt das Schloss seinen heutigen Namen "Schloss Sigmundskron". Den Namen verdankt das Schloss auch seiner Form, da die breit angelegte Anlage an eine Krone erinnert (Sigmunds Krone). Das Schloss ist außerdem ein politisches Symbol für viele Südtiroler, da 1957 hier das "Los von Trient" stattfand, eine große Volkskundgebung unter Silvius Magnago, um eine eigenständige Autonomie zu fordern und gegen die Nichteinhaltung des Pariser Abkommens zu protestieren.

 

Seit 1996 ist Schloss Sigmundskron im Besitz der Provinz Bozen. 10 Jahre darauf, im Juni 2006, eröffnete Reinhold Messner hier eines seiner sechs Messer Mountain Museen, kurz MMM: Schloss Sigmundskron beherbergt nun das vierte und zentrale Haus des Museumskonzeptes, das MMM Firmian. Nach Abschluss aufwendiger Renovierungsarbeiten erzählt es dir heute in der Dauerausstellung "Der verzauberte Berg" von der Bedeutung der Berge für den Menschen. Der sogenannte "Weiße Turm" ist hingegen der Geschichte der Burg und dem Kampf um die Autonomie des Landes gewidmet. Und wie ist Schloss Sigmundskron zu erreichen? Eine kleine Straße führt bei Frangart links den Hügel hinauf, wo sich ein großer Parkplatz befindet (gebührenpflichtig). Das Gebäude ist dann in wenigen Minuten Fußweg erreichbar.

 

(suedtirolerland.it)

Die Bergkirche St. Marien am Annaberger Marktplatz ist die einzige "knappschaftliche Sonderkirche" in Sachsen. Es waren tatsächlich Bergleute, die das Gotteshaus in den Jahren 1502 bis 1511 erbaut haben. Heute hat St. Marien eine ganz spezielle Funktion. Es sind dort nämlich ganzjährig die Figuren der "Annaberger Weihnachtsgeschichte" ausgestellt, die inzwischen einige Berühmtheit erlangt hat. Die Holzskulpturen entstanden in den Jahren 2000-2015 und erhalten die große Tradition der Erzgebirgischen Holzschnitzkunst lebendig. Selbst nach dem offiziellen Abschluss des Projekts, an dem fünf Künstler beteiligt waren, kommen immer noch weitere Figuren hinzu. Bis dato existieren (mindestens) schon 35. Jede von ihnen ist ca. 1,20 m groß und farbig gefasst. Die Kunstwerke stellen Menschen aus dem 19. Jahrhundert dar und repräsentieren einen großen Teil der Berufs- und Bevölkerungsgruppen, die damals im Erzgebirge anzutreffen waren - vom Bäcker bis zum Pfarrer, und von der Spitzenklöpplerin bis zum kleinen Chorknaben. Der Heilige Josef zum Beispiel ist als Bergzimmerer dargestellt. Es gibt aber auch einen Gastwirt und mehrere Marktfrauen, eine komplette Bäckersfamilie, einen Silberschmied und vieles mehr.

 

English translation:

The mountain church of St. Marien on the Annaberg market square is the only dedicated "Knappschafts" church in Saxony (a "Knappschaft" is a traditional corporation of miners). In deed it were workers from the ore mines around Annaberg who built the church in the years between 1502 and 1511. Today St. Marien has a very special function: The building hosts the sculptures which form a large cycle which is known as the “Annaberg Christmas Story. The characters are exhibited in the church all year round. The wooden sculptures were created between 2000 and 2015 and keep the famous tradition of Erzgebirge wood carving alive. Five local artists joined in the project; and even after its completion from time to time a new work is being added. To date there are (at least) 35 of them. Each one is approx. 1.20 m tall and colored. All these works of art depict people from the 19th century and represent a large part of the professional and population groups that could be found in the Erzgebirge at that time - from bakers to priests, and from lace makers to little choir boys. Saint Joseph, for example, is depicted as a mine carpenter. There is an innkeeper as well, and you will find several market women, a complete baker's family, a proud silversmith and much more.

Café Landtmann

(further pictures you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)

Café Landtmann at the Palais Lieben-Auspitz, left the University Ring

The Café Landtmann, photographed from the roof of the Burgtheater

Winter garden and summer beer garden, behind the Town Hall

Great Hall at Café Landtmann

Schanigarten

(Wikipedia: Schanigarten is the Austro-Bavarian term for tables and chairs set up on the sidewalk in front of eating and drinking places. Unlike normal beer gardens (Gastgärten), the customers actually sit on public property. Originally, Schanigärten (pl.) referred only to Viennese coffee houses, but now the expression is used in other parts of Austria and for other types of establishments like restaurants and taverns)

Projection on the façade

Winter Garden, looking towards Universitätsring

The Zuckerkandl room in Landtmann's Bel-Etage

The Café Landtmann in Vienna is a typical Viennese coffee house in the Ringstrasse style. It is located in the first District at the University Ring 4, corner Löwelstraße 22, and is known throughout the city.

Location

The cafe is located on the ground floor of the Palais Lieben-Auspitz called Mietwohnhauses (apartment building), in the immediate vicinity of the Burgtheater, the University of Vienna and the party headquarters of the Social Democrats and close to the Vienna City Hall with the City Hall Park, the Federal Chancellery and three ministries. The café is therefore frequented by, among other actors, politicians, civil servants and journalists and is the venue for press conferences.

History

The coffee was on 1 October 1873 of the Cafétier (café owner) Landtmann as "Vienna 's most elegant and largest café-localities" in a prominent, 1872 built corner house at the at the time also new Franzensring (so to 1919 the address of this part of Vienna's Ringstrasse) opened. The ring road was indeed opened by emperor Franz Joseph I in 1865, but still long not completed in the area of the coffee house: The city hall was under construction since 1872, but was only opened in 1883. The university main building was built 1877-1884, the Burgtheater from 1874 to 1888. The coffee was thus in his early years surrounded mainly by large construction sites.

1881 sold Landtmann his coffeehouse to the brothers Wilhelm and Rudolf Kerrl who continued it under the name Landtmann and extended it in the direction of Oppolzergasse. Rudolf soon retired from active business life, Wilhelm Kerrl led on the café alone until 1916 and then sold it, worn down by the economy of scarcity of the First World War, to Karl Anton Kraus, previously a butcher and innkeeper. He led the coffee for only five years, because in 1921 it was operated by a Hokare Ges.mbH (unlimited company) (the name stands for hotel, coffee and restoration companies). This company had to be liquidated 1925/1926.

The Café Landtmann was now bought in the fall of 1926 by Mr. and Mrs. Conrad and Angela Zauner. The new owners had it in 1929 after a design by Ernst Meller, experienced in the establishment of coffee houses, fully restored: with the preserved to this day interior which is under preservation order. Particularly striking are four wooden pillars at the entrance, which were created by Hans Scheibner and their decoration representing premiere scenes of the Burgtheater. With this elaborate interior design Landtmann consolidated its position as the most elegant café in town. In 1949, Konrad Zauner's son Erwin took the management of the café and led it on with great success.

In 1974 the company received the National Award and since then it is allowed to use the Federal coat of arms in commercial transactions. In 1976, the present owner family took the local and renovated it in 1980 again.

In the café was Robert Böck, on duty only called Mr. Robert, working for 28 years, many years as head waiter in a tuxedo, and he knew all the important guests personally. On his last working day, on 23 December 2003, many celebrities came to his departure from the cafe. Mayor Michael Häupl served Mr. Robert, who had so often served him a "little brown". To this end, he handed him the "Golden Rathausmann" "for the most famous, most discreet and most accommodating waiter of Vienna".

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldener_Rathausmann_(Wien)

Details

Small stage

In the basement below the coffee was after Czeike already 1936-1938 the Cabaret 'Merry Landtmann" for the dancer Cilli Wang set up by her husband. 1953 in the basement the small stage "The Tribune" was established (since 2002: "The new stand", directed by Karl Heinz Wukow). It is one of the numerous small Viennese theaters that operate with modest public support and which offer authors, actors and directors fields of application.

Winter Garden

2007 was built a conservatory on the facade towards the castle theater, designed by Manfred Wehdorn by 1.5 million euros (Bernd Querfeld). With 87 square meters and 29 tables, the conservatory is almost as spacious as the great hall of the café; thus the capacity of the premises has been extended by a quarter.

Landtmann's Bel-Etage

2012 were opened above the café three function rooms, which are referred to as "Landtmann's Bel-Etage". One of the rooms is named after Berta Zuckerkandl, which in the house (entrance Oppolzergasse 6) from 1917 to 1938 run her famous salon, meeting place of artists, scientists and politicians.

Price of water

2013 got the coffee into media because guests who instead of ordering other beverages only want drink tap water this service no longer receive free. The scheme has been criticized partly violently. The glass of water for ordered coffee, as it corresponds to the Viennese coffee house tradition, still is served free.

Miscellaneous

In the Café Landtmann are according to indications of the owner family on average held 2.8 press conferences per day.

Since 2003, the café is every summer venue of the coffee house theater ink & coffee.

In March 2009, was opened in Tokyo in the central district of Minato-ku, in fact, in the district Kitaaoyama in the Aoyama Street, a "Café Landtmann" called local opened.

Guests

The coffee house was according to Czeike visited, among others, by the artists Attila Hörbiger, Paul Hörbiger, Oskar Kokoschka, Hans Moser, Max Reinhardt, Oskar Werner and Paula Wessely. Among the politicians he names Julius German, Robert Dannenberg and Karl Seitz, who were part of the "Red Vienna", and in the postwar period the then very popular Chancellor Julius Raab. Gustav Mahler was encountering here with Karl Goldmark, Gary Cooper and Marlene Dietrich were among the "by-trotting" guests, the authors Jura Soyfer, Felix Salten, Thomas Mann and John Boynton Priestley also frequented the Landtmann. The owners themselves mention over and above Peter Altenberg, Sigmund Freud, Emmerich Kálmán, Curd Jürgens, Otto Preminger and Romy Schneider as regulars.

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Landtmann

(further information and pictures you can get by clicking on the link at the end of page!)

Mariahilferstraße

Mariahilferstraße, 6th, 7th, 14th and 15th, since 1897 (in the 6th and 7th district originally Kremser Sraße, then Bavarian highway, Laimgrubner main road, Mariahilfer main street, Fünfhauserstraße, Schönbrunnerstraße and Penzinger Poststraße, then Schönbrunner Straße), in memory of the old suburb name; Mariahilf was an independent municipality from 1660 to 1850, since then with Gumpendorf, Magdalenengrund, Windmühle and Laimgrube 6th District.

From

aeiou - the cultural information system of the bm: bwk

14,000 key words and 2000 pictures from history, geography, politics and business in Austria

www.aeiou.at

Mariahilferstraße, 1908 - Wien Museum

Mariahilferstraße, 1908

Picture taken from "August Stauda - A documentarian of old Vienna"

published by Christian Brandstätter - to Book Description

History

Pottery and wine

The first ones who demonstrably populated the area of ​​today's Mariahilferstraße (after the mammoth) were the Illyrians. They took advantage of the rich clay deposits for making simple vessels. The Celts planted on the sunny hills the first grape vines and understood the wine-making process very well. When the Romans occupied at the beginning of our Era Vienna for several centuries, they left behind many traces. The wine culture of the Celts they refined. On the hill of today's Mariahilferstraße run a Roman ridge trail, whose origins lay in the camp of Vindobona. After the rule of the Romans, the migration of peoples temporarily led many cultures here until after the expulsion of the Avars Bavarian colonists came from the West.

The peasant Middle Ages - From the vineyard to the village

Thanks to the loamy soil formed the winery, which has been pushed back only until the development of the suburbs, until the mid-17th Century the livelihood of the rural population. "Im Schöff" but also "Schöpf - scoop" and "Schiff - ship" (from "draw of") the area at the time was called. The erroneous use of a ship in the seal of the district is reminiscent of the old name, which was then replaced by the picture of grace "Mariahilf". The Weinberg (vineyard) law imposed at that time that the ground rent in the form of mash on the spot had to be paid. This was referred to as a "draw".

1495 the Mariahilfer wine was added to the wine disciplinary regulations for Herrenweine (racy, hearty, fruity, pithy wine with pleasant acidity) because of its special quality and achieved high prices.

1529 The first Turkish siege

Mariahilferstraße, already than an important route to the West, was repeatedly the scene of historical encounters. When the Turks besieged Vienna for the first time, was at the lower end of today Mariahilferstrasse, just outside the city walls of Vienna, a small settlement of houses and cottages, gardens and fields. Even the St. Theobald Monastery was there. This so-called "gap" was burned at the approach of the Turks, for them not to offer hiding places at the siege. Despite a prohibition, the area was rebuilt after departure of the Turks.

1558, a provision was adopted so that the glacis, a broad, unobstructed strip between the city wall and the outer settlements, should be left free. The Glacis existed until the demolition of the city walls in 1858. Here the ring road was later built.

1663 The new Post Road

With the new purpose of the Mariahilferstrasse as post road the first three roadside inn houses were built. At the same time the travel increased, since the carriages were finally more comfortable and the roads safer. Two well-known expressions date from this period. The "tip" and "kickbacks". In the old travel handbooks of that time we encounter them as guards beside the route, the travel and baggage tariff. The tip should the driver at the rest stop pay for the drink, while the bribe was calculated in proportion to the axle grease. Who was in a hurry, just paid a higher lubricant (Schmiergeld) or tip to motivate the coachman.

1683 The second Turkish siege

The second Turkish siege brought Mariahilferstraße the same fate. Meanwhile, a considerable settlement was formed, a real suburb, which, however, still had a lot of fields and brick pits. Again, the suburb along the Mariahilferstraße was razed to the ground, the population sought refuge behind the walls or in the Vienna Woods. The reconstruction progressed slowly since there was a lack of funds and manpower. Only at the beginning of the 18th Century took place a targeted reconstruction.

1686 Palais Esterhazy

On several "Brandstetten", by the second Turkish siege destroyed houses, the Hungarian aristocratic family Esterhazy had built herself a simple palace, which also had a passage on the Mariahilferstrasse. 1764 bought the innkeeper Paul Winkelmayr from Spittelberg the building, demolished it and built two new buildings that have been named in accordance with the Esterhazy "to the Hungarian crown."

17th Century to 19th Century. Fom the village to suburb

With the development of the settlements on the Mariahilferstraße from village to suburbs, changed not only the appearance but also the population. More and more agricultural land fell victim to the development, craftsmen and tradesmen settled there. There was an incredible variety of professions and trades, most of which were organized into guilds or crafts. Those cared for vocational training, quality and price of the goods, and in cases of unemployment, sickness and death.

The farms were replaced by churches and palaces, houses and shops. Mariahilf changed into a major industrial district, Mariahilferstrasse was an important trading center. Countless street traders sold the goods, which they carried either with them, or put in a street stall on display. The dealers made themselves noticeable by a significant Kaufruf (purchase call). So there was the ink man who went about with his bottles, the Wasserbauer (hydraulic engineering) who sold Danube water on his horse-drawn vehicle as industrial water, or the lavender woman. This lovely Viennese figures disappeared with the emergence of fixed premises and the improvement of urban transport.

Private carriages, horse-drawn carriages and buggies populated the streets, who used this route also for trips. At Mariahilferplatz Linientor (gate) was the main stand of the cheapest and most popular means of transport, the Zeiselwagen, which the Wiener used for their excursions into nature, which gradually became fashionable. In the 19th Century then yet arrived the Stellwagen (carriage) and bus traffic which had to accomplish the connection between Vienna and the suburbs. As a Viennese joke has it, suggests the Stellwagen that it has been so called because it did not come from the spot.

1719 - 1723 Royal and Imperial Court Stables

Emperor Charles VI. gave the order for the construction of the stables to Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. 1772 the building was extended by two houses on the Mariahilferstrasse. The size of the stables still shows, as it serves as the Museum Quarter - its former importance. The Mariahilferstraße since the building of Schönbrunn Palace by the Imperial court very strongly was frequented. Today in the historic buildings the Museum Quarter is housed.

The church and monastery of Maria Hülff

Coloured engraving by J. Ziegler, 1783

1730 Mariahilferkirche

1711 began the renovation works at the Mariahilferkirche, giving the church building today's appearance and importance as a baroque monument. The plans stem from Franziskus Jänkl, the foreman of Lukas von Hildebrandt. Originally stood on the site of the Mariahilferkirche in the medieval vineyard "In Schoeff" a cemetery with wooden chapel built by the Barnabites. Already in those days, the miraculous image Mariahilf was located therein. During the Ottoman siege the chapel was destroyed, the miraculous image could be saved behind the protective walls. After the provisional reconstruction the miraculous image in a triumphal procession was returned, accompanied by 30,000 Viennese.

1790 - 1836 Ferdinand Raimund

Although in the district Mariahilf many artists and historical figures of Vienna lived , it is noticeable that as a residence they rather shunned the Mariahilferstraße, because as early as in the 18th Century there was a very lively and loud bustle on the street. The most famous person who was born on the Mariahilferstrasse is the folk actor and dramatist Ferdinand Raimund. He came in the house No. 45, "To the Golden deer (Zum Goldenen Hirschen)", which still exists today, as son of a turner into the world. As confectioners apprentice, he also had to visit the theaters, where he was a so-called "Numero", who sold his wares to the visitors. This encounter with the theater was fateful. He took flight from his training masters and joined a traveling troupe as an actor. After his return to Vienna, he soon became the most popular comedian. In his plays all those figures appeared then bustling the streets of Vienna. His most famous role was that of the "ash man" in "Farmer as Millionaire", a genuine Viennese guy who brings the wood ash in Butte from the houses, and from the proceeds leading a modest existence.

1805 - 1809 French occupation

The two-time occupation of Vienna by the French hit the suburbs hard. But the buildings were not destroyed fortunately.

19th century Industrialization

Here, where a higher concentration of artisans had developed as in other districts, you could feel the competition of the factories particularly hard. A craftsman after another became factory worker, women and child labor was part of the day-to-day business. With the sharp rise of the population grew apartment misery and flourished bed lodgers and roomers business.

1826

The Mariahilferstraße is paved up to the present belt (Gürtel).

1848 years of the revolution

The Mariahilferstraße this year was in turmoil. At the outbreak of the revolution, the hatred of the people was directed against the Verzehrungssteuerämter (some kind of tax authority) at the lines that have been blamed for the rise of food prices, and against the machines in the factories that had made the small craftsmen out of work or dependent workers. In October, students, workers and citizens tore up paving stones and barricaded themselves in the Mariahilfer Linientor (the so-called Linienwall was the tax frontier) in the area of ​​today's belt.

1858 The Ring Road

The city walls fell and on the glacis arose the ring-road, the now 6th District more closely linking to the city center.

1862 Official naming

The Mariahilferstraße received its to the present day valid name, after it previously was bearing the following unofficial names: "Bavarian country road", "Mariahilfer Grund Straße", "Penzinger Street", "Laimgrube main street" and "Schönbrunner Linienstraße".

The turn of the century: development to commercial street

After the revolution of 1848, the industry displaced the dominant small business rapidly. At the same time the Mariahilferstraße developed into the first major shopping street of Vienna. The rising supply had to be passed on to the customer, and so more and more new shops sprang up. Around the turn of the century broke out a real building boom. The low suburban houses with Baroque and Biedermeier facade gave way to multi-storey houses with flashy and ostentatious facades in that historic style mixture, which was so characteristic of the late Ringstrasse period. From the former historic buildings almost nothing remained. The business portals were bigger and more pompous, the first department stores in the modern style were Gerngross and Herzmansky. Especially the clothing industry took root here.

1863 Herzmansky opened

On 3 March opened August Herzmansky a small general store in the Church Lane (Kirchengasse) 4. 1897 the great establishment in the pin alley (Stiftgasse) was opened, the largest textile company of the monarchy. August Herzmansky died a year before the opening, two nephews take over the business. In 1928, Mariahilferstraße 28 is additionally acquired. 1938, the then owner Max Delfiner had to flee, the company Rhonberg and Hämmerle took over the house. The building in Mariahilferstrasse 30 additionally was purchased. In the last days of the war in 1945 it fell victim to the flames, however. 1948, the company was returned to Max Delfiner, whose son sold in 1957 to the German Hertie group, a new building in Mariahilferstrasse 26 - 30 constructing. Other ownership changes followed.

1869 The Pferdetramway

The Pferdetramway made it first trip through the Mariahilferstraße to Neubaugasse.

Opened in 1879 Gerngroß

Mariahilferstraße about 1905

Alfred Gerngross, a merchant from Bavaria and co-worker August

Herzmanskys, founded on Mariahilferstrasse 48/corner Church alley (Kirchengasse) an own fabric store. He became the fiercest competitor of his former boss.

1901 The k.k. Imperial Furniture Collection

The k.k. Hofmobilien and material depot is established in Mariahilferstrasse 88. The collection quickly grew because each new ruler got new furniture. Today, it serves as a museum. Among other things, there is the office of Emperor Franz Joseph, the equipment of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico from Miramare Castle, the splendid table of Charles VI. and the furniture from the Oriental Cabinet of Crown Prince Rudolf.

1911 The House Stafa

On 18 August 1911, on the birthday of Emperor Franz Joseph, corner Mariahilferstraße/imperial road (Kaiserstraße) the "central palace" was opened. The construction by its architecture created a sensation. Nine large double figure-relief panels of Anton Hanak decorated it. In this building the "1st Vienna Commercial sample collective department store (Warenmuster-Kollektivkaufhaus)", a eight-storey circular building was located, which was to serve primarily the craft. The greatest adversity in the construction were underground springs. Two dug wells had to be built to pump out the water. 970 liters per minute, however, must be pumped out until today.

1945 bombing of Vienna

On 21 February 1945 bombs fell on the Mariahilferstrasse, many buildings were badly damaged. On 10th April Wiener looted the store Herzmansky. Ella Fasser, the owner of the café "Goethe" in Mariahilferstrasse, preserved the Monastery barracks (Stiftskaserne) from destruction, with the help other resistance fighters cutting the fire-conducting cords that had laid the retreating German troops. Meanwhile, she invited the officers to the cafe, and befuddled them with plenty of alcohol.

www.wien-vienna.at/blickpunkte.php?ID=582

 

Italian postcard, no. 69. Photo: Bragaglia.

 

Luisa Ferida (1914-1945) was an Italian stage and screen film, who was a popular leading actress in the late 1930s and 1940s Italian sound film. She was married to actor Osvaldo Valenti. Because of his close links with the fascist regime, the couple was shot by partisans in April 1945.

 

Luisa Ferida was born Luigia Manfrini Frané in Castel San Pietro Terme, near Bologna, in 1914. Her father Luigi, a rich lander owner, died when she was a child. She was then sent to a convent school. Ferida started her career as a stage actress. In 1935 she made her first film appearance with a supporting role in the crime film La Freccia d'oro/Golden Arrow (Piero Ballerini, Corrado D'Errico, 1935). Because of her photogenic looks and talent as an actress, she soon graduated to leading roles in such films as the historical comedy Il re Burlone/The Joker King (Enrico Guazzoni, 1935) with Armando Falconi. The following year, she appeared in the comedy Lo smemorato/The Amnesiac (Gennaro Righelli, 1936) starring Angelo Musco, the screwball comedy Amazzoni bianche/White Amazons (Gennaro Righelli, 1936) starring Paola Barbara, and the historical comedy L'ambasciatore/The Ambassador (Baldassarre Negroni, 1936) starring Leda Gloria. She starred opposite Antonio Centa in the romantic comedy I tre desideri/The Three Wishes (Giorgio Ferroni, Kurt Gerron, 1937) of which also a Dutch-language version was made - without Ferida. Next, she appeared opposite Amedeo Nazzari in the drama La fossa degli angeli/Tomb of the Angels (Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia, 1937). Roberto Rossellini co-wrote the screenplay and served as assistant director. It was shot on location in the Apuan Alps in Liguria and is set amidst the marble quarries of the area. It marked an early attempt at realism in Italian cinema, anticipating neorealism of the postwar era, and it celebrated Italy's industrial strength in line with the propaganda of the Mussolini regime. She co-starred with Totò in the comedy Animali pazzi/Mad Animals (Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia, 1939). In 1939, while working on the Swashbuckler Un Avventura di Salvator Rosa/An Adventure of Salvator Rosa (Alessandro Blasetti, 1940), Luisa Ferida met the actor Osvaldo Valenti. The pair became romantically involved and had a son, Kim, who died 4 days after his birth. Valenti had been linked with many Fascist officials and personalities for years and he eventually joined the Italian Social Republic, and for these reasons, he was on the partisans' hit list.

 

In the first half of the 1940s, Luisa Ferida's career was at its zenith, and she played memorable roles in such films as La fanciulla di Portici/The girl from Portici (Mario Bonnard, 1940), La corona di ferro/The Iron Crown (Alessandro Blasetti, 1941), and the drama Gelosia/Jealousy (Ferdinando Maria Poggioli, 1942). She had a supporting role in the drama Nozze di sangue/Blood Wedding (Goffredo Alessandrini, 1941) starring Beatrice Mancini, and Fosco Giachetti. The film about an arranged marriage in 19th century South America, is based on the Spanish play by Federico Garcia Lorca. She played the lead in the historical drama Fedora (Camillo Mastrocinque, 1942) opposite Amedeo Nazzari and Osvaldo Valenti. Opposite Fosco Giacchetti, she starred in the drama Fari nella nebbia/Headlights in the Fog (Gianni Franciolini, 1942). The film about a group of truck drivers is considered to be part of the development of Neorealism, which emerged around this time. She starred with Osvaldo Valenti in the adventure film I cavalieri del deserto/Knights of the Desert (Gino Talamo, Osvaldo Valenti, 1942) with a screenplay by Federico Fellini and Vittorio Mussolini, the son of Italy's dictator Benito Mussolini. It was produced by the Rome-based ACI which was run by Vittorio Mussolini and shot on location in Libya before the North African Campaign turned decisively against Italy and its Allies. Fellini may have directed some of the Libyan scenes after Gino Talamo was injured in a car accident. The film was ultimately never released due to the defeats suffered in Libya, which meant its plot was now a potential embarrassment to the regime. She appeared again with Valenti in the extremely popular historical film La cena delle beffe/The Jester's Supper (Alessandro Blasetti, 1942), also starring Amedeo Nazzari, and Clara Calamai. The film is set in the 15th century Florence of Lorenzo the Magnificent and portrays a rivalry that leads to a series of increasingly violent jokes. She again co-starred with Valenti and Nazzari in the drama Sleeping Beauty (Luigi Chiarini, 1942), which belongs to the films of the Calligrafismo style. Calligrafismo is in sharp contrast to the Telefoni Bianchi-American style comedies and is rather artistic, highly formalistic, expressive in complexity, and deals mainly with contemporary literary material. In 1942 she won the Best Italian Actress award. In the historical comedy La locandiera/The Innkeeper (Luigi Chiarini, 1944), she co-starred again with Armando Falconi and Osvaldo Valenti. During the last stages of completion, Mussolini was overthrown. The final editing was done in Venice, the film capital of the Italian Social Republic, but without the presence of Chiarini. At the end of 1943, the fascist government of the Republic of Salo decided to create an Italian cinematographic center in the north of the country.

Ferida and Valenti agreed to go there. They made Un fatto di cronaca/A Chronicle (Piero Ballerini, 1945), which was released in February 1945. Two months later, Valenti was finally arrested in Milan, alongside a pregnant Ferida. They were both sentenced to be executed and shot immediately in the street, without a proper trial. Opinions are divided as to whether the couple deserved this fatal fate. The pregnant Ferida had a blue shoe of her deceased son Kim in her hand when she was killed. The twelve suitcases of the couple, full of clothes, furs, money, and jewels were stolen that day. Her Milanese house was burglarised a few days later. The partisan chief who organised the execution, Giuseppe 'Vero' Marozin, declared years later that one of the partisan leaders that ordered the two actors to be executed was Sandro Pertini, who decades later became president of the Italian republic. No other source, however, supports Marozin's version of the incident. Her mother Lucia asked for support from the Italian government since her daughter was her only support. After the actress was cleared of charges during the 1950s, Lucia received a small monthly pension. She died in poverty. Both lovers' graves are side to side in Cimitero Maggiore di Musocco in Milan. The film Sanguepazzo/Wild Blood (Marco Tullio Giordana, 2008) starring Monica Bellucci and Luca Zingaretti, discusses Luisa Ferida's relationship with Osvaldo Valenti.

 

Sources: Marlene Pilaete (La collectionneuse - French), Hugo Bartoli (IMDb), Find-A-Grave, Wikipedia, and IMDb.

 

And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.

nrhp # 73001270- Benjamin Patterson Inn, also known as Jenning's Tavern, is a historic inn and tavern located in Corning in Steuben County, New York. It is a two-story, ell shaped frame structure in the Federal style. Built in 1796, it is the oldest frame building in the area and perhaps all of Steuben County.[2]

 

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.[1]

 

The Benjamin Patterson Inn is a historic house operated as part of the Heritage Village of the Southern Finger Lakes by the Corning Painted Post Historical Society.[3] Visitors can tour the historic tavern room, dining room, kitchen, guest quarters and innkeeper's quarters, and view the Society's collection of textile equipment in the Long Room. The Inn grounds also include an 1855 log cabin, an 1878 schoolhouse, a barn with agriculture tools and equipment and a working late 19th-century blacksmith shop.[4]

 

The Society also operates the Painted Post-Erwin Museum, a museum of local history located in a late 19th-century railroad depot in Painted Post, New York.

 

from Wikipedia

Rasen Lane, Lincoln, Lincolnshire.

 

A possible medieval road or track connecting Newport with Bradegate and Cliffgate. The first documentary references date from the late 12th century but has been suggested that it may be as early as the late 11th century.

 

It is possible that the name is from the Rasen family in the 15th century or Joseph Reason a landowner in the area and innkeeper at the Dolphins Inn before 1784, and the Scarborough Arms 1784-1820, but the name may be early 19th-century, as the Enclosure Award plan names it Newport Road, and it is Dum Mans Lane in 16th-century documents. It was also named Racecourse Road (as was Long Leys Road) in the early 19th century, and widened at the south-east corner of Saxon Street in 1897.

 

TOUR OF MIDDLE EARTH - Next Stop - The PRANCING PONY in the village of BREE - A place of Meetings and Danger.

MOC BUILT Entirely of Intellibrix, the short-lived LOTR Line from Playmates, features a kitbashed Barliman Butterbur the Innkeeper (using only parts from other LOTR figs) and official, legit Lego Minifigs

Great Yarmouth racecourse takes the form of a narrow oblong of a mile and five furlongs round, with a straight that allows races of up to a mile to be run. It is a left-handed course, used for flat racing only.

Racing at Yarmouth was first recorded in 1715, when a lease was granted by the Gt. Yarmouth Corporation to a group of innkeepers for some land where they could stage race meetings. Racing may well have been taking place there before that date. It was probably intermittent during the 18th. century, and will often have coincided with the annual town fair. Not until 1810 did the official Racing Calendar begin to record meetings with thoroughbred races and sufficient prize money. The course, on the South Denes, then became established. A two-day meeting was held in the late summer each year. Not until 1866 did the number of fixtures start to increase.

Racing resumed after its suspension during World War I, but in 1920 the course was moved to the North Denes, in the face of pressure from the local fishing industry to expand its premises onto land on the South Denes. Two grandstands were dismantled and relocated to the North Denes, where they are still in use today.

The local council took over ownership of the course in 1904, but since 2001 they have been the minority shareholder in a new company set up to run the course, the majority shareholder being Northern Racing. During that time improvements were made that the council could not previously finance, including the construction of an additional grandstand, The Nelson Stand, in 2004. The course merged in 2012 with Arena Racing Company .

The three day Eastern Meeting in September is the season’s main fixture and features Yarmouth's most valuable race, the John Musker Fillies' Stakes, run over a mile and a quarter.

Gt. Yarmouth is 70 miles from Newmarket, the home of British horseracing, and Newmarket trainers are the track’s most frequent visitors. They regularly bring top notch two-year-olds to race on the course that's ideally suited for strong gallopers, and some of these young horses go on to compete in and win valuable races.

In 1998 Dubai Millennium won his debut at Yarmouth, impressively, ridden by Frankie Dettori, before becoming one of the best horses to run for the worldwide Godolphin operation, owned by the Dubai royal family.

Since then Yarmouth winners have included Ouija Board, over 7 furlongs, who went on to win the English and Irish Oaks, both in 2004 before winning the Breeders Cup, in the USA, in 2004 and 2006 and the Hong Kong Vase in 2005. During her career Ouija Board amassing over £3 million in prize money.

Wilko, Raven's Pass and Donativum were others that won at Great Yarmouth en route to future Breeders Cup glory.

   

(further information and pictures you can get by clicking on the link at the end of page!)

Mariahilferstraße

Mariahilferstraße, 6th, 7th, 14th and 15th, since 1897 (in the 6th and 7th district originally Kremser Sraße, then Bavarian highway, Laimgrubner main road, Mariahilfer main street, Fünfhauserstraße, Schönbrunnerstraße and Penzinger Poststraße, then Schönbrunner Straße), in memory of the old suburb name; Mariahilf was an independent municipality from 1660 to 1850, since then with Gumpendorf, Magdalenengrund, Windmühle and Laimgrube 6th District.

From

aeiou - the cultural information system of the bm: bwk

14,000 key words and 2000 pictures from history, geography, politics and business in Austria

www.aeiou.at

Mariahilferstraße, 1908 - Wien Museum

Mariahilferstraße, 1908

Picture taken from "August Stauda - A documentarian of old Vienna"

published by Christian Brandstätter - to Book Description

History

Pottery and wine

The first ones who demonstrably populated the area of ​​today's Mariahilferstraße (after the mammoth) were the Illyrians. They took advantage of the rich clay deposits for making simple vessels. The Celts planted on the sunny hills the first grape vines and understood the wine-making process very well. When the Romans occupied at the beginning of our Era Vienna for several centuries, they left behind many traces. The wine culture of the Celts they refined. On the hill of today's Mariahilferstraße run a Roman ridge trail, whose origins lay in the camp of Vindobona. After the rule of the Romans, the migration of peoples temporarily led many cultures here until after the expulsion of the Avars Bavarian colonists came from the West.

The peasant Middle Ages - From the vineyard to the village

Thanks to the loamy soil formed the winery, which has been pushed back only until the development of the suburbs, until the mid-17th Century the livelihood of the rural population. "Im Schöff" but also "Schöpf - scoop" and "Schiff - ship" (from "draw of") the area at the time was called. The erroneous use of a ship in the seal of the district is reminiscent of the old name, which was then replaced by the picture of grace "Mariahilf". The Weinberg (vineyard) law imposed at that time that the ground rent in the form of mash on the spot had to be paid. This was referred to as a "draw".

1495 the Mariahilfer wine was added to the wine disciplinary regulations for Herrenweine (racy, hearty, fruity, pithy wine with pleasant acidity) because of its special quality and achieved high prices.

1529 The first Turkish siege

Mariahilferstraße, already than an important route to the West, was repeatedly the scene of historical encounters. When the Turks besieged Vienna for the first time, was at the lower end of today Mariahilferstrasse, just outside the city walls of Vienna, a small settlement of houses and cottages, gardens and fields. Even the St. Theobald Monastery was there. This so-called "gap" was burned at the approach of the Turks, for them not to offer hiding places at the siege. Despite a prohibition, the area was rebuilt after departure of the Turks.

1558, a provision was adopted so that the glacis, a broad, unobstructed strip between the city wall and the outer settlements, should be left free. The Glacis existed until the demolition of the city walls in 1858. Here the ring road was later built.

1663 The new Post Road

With the new purpose of the Mariahilferstrasse as post road the first three roadside inn houses were built. At the same time the travel increased, since the carriages were finally more comfortable and the roads safer. Two well-known expressions date from this period. The "tip" and "kickbacks". In the old travel handbooks of that time we encounter them as guards beside the route, the travel and baggage tariff. The tip should the driver at the rest stop pay for the drink, while the bribe was calculated in proportion to the axle grease. Who was in a hurry, just paid a higher lubricant (Schmiergeld) or tip to motivate the coachman.

1683 The second Turkish siege

The second Turkish siege brought Mariahilferstraße the same fate. Meanwhile, a considerable settlement was formed, a real suburb, which, however, still had a lot of fields and brick pits. Again, the suburb along the Mariahilferstraße was razed to the ground, the population sought refuge behind the walls or in the Vienna Woods. The reconstruction progressed slowly since there was a lack of funds and manpower. Only at the beginning of the 18th Century took place a targeted reconstruction.

1686 Palais Esterhazy

On several "Brandstetten", by the second Turkish siege destroyed houses, the Hungarian aristocratic family Esterhazy had built herself a simple palace, which also had a passage on the Mariahilferstrasse. 1764 bought the innkeeper Paul Winkelmayr from Spittelberg the building, demolished it and built two new buildings that have been named in accordance with the Esterhazy "to the Hungarian crown."

17th Century to 19th Century. Fom the village to suburb

With the development of the settlements on the Mariahilferstraße from village to suburbs, changed not only the appearance but also the population. More and more agricultural land fell victim to the development, craftsmen and tradesmen settled there. There was an incredible variety of professions and trades, most of which were organized into guilds or crafts. Those cared for vocational training, quality and price of the goods, and in cases of unemployment, sickness and death.

The farms were replaced by churches and palaces, houses and shops. Mariahilf changed into a major industrial district, Mariahilferstrasse was an important trading center. Countless street traders sold the goods, which they carried either with them, or put in a street stall on display. The dealers made themselves noticeable by a significant Kaufruf (purchase call). So there was the ink man who went about with his bottles, the Wasserbauer (hydraulic engineering) who sold Danube water on his horse-drawn vehicle as industrial water, or the lavender woman. This lovely Viennese figures disappeared with the emergence of fixed premises and the improvement of urban transport.

Private carriages, horse-drawn carriages and buggies populated the streets, who used this route also for trips. At Mariahilferplatz Linientor (gate) was the main stand of the cheapest and most popular means of transport, the Zeiselwagen, which the Wiener used for their excursions into nature, which gradually became fashionable. In the 19th Century then yet arrived the Stellwagen (carriage) and bus traffic which had to accomplish the connection between Vienna and the suburbs. As a Viennese joke has it, suggests the Stellwagen that it has been so called because it did not come from the spot.

1719 - 1723 Royal and Imperial Court Stables

Emperor Charles VI. gave the order for the construction of the stables to Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. 1772 the building was extended by two houses on the Mariahilferstrasse. The size of the stables still shows, as it serves as the Museum Quarter - its former importance. The Mariahilferstraße since the building of Schönbrunn Palace by the Imperial court very strongly was frequented. Today in the historic buildings the Museum Quarter is housed.

The church and monastery of Maria Hülff

Coloured engraving by J. Ziegler, 1783

1730 Mariahilferkirche

1711 began the renovation works at the Mariahilferkirche, giving the church building today's appearance and importance as a baroque monument. The plans stem from Franziskus Jänkl, the foreman of Lukas von Hildebrandt. Originally stood on the site of the Mariahilferkirche in the medieval vineyard "In Schoeff" a cemetery with wooden chapel built by the Barnabites. Already in those days, the miraculous image Mariahilf was located therein. During the Ottoman siege the chapel was destroyed, the miraculous image could be saved behind the protective walls. After the provisional reconstruction the miraculous image in a triumphal procession was returned, accompanied by 30,000 Viennese.

1790 - 1836 Ferdinand Raimund

Although in the district Mariahilf many artists and historical figures of Vienna lived , it is noticeable that as a residence they rather shunned the Mariahilferstraße, because as early as in the 18th Century there was a very lively and loud bustle on the street. The most famous person who was born on the Mariahilferstrasse is the folk actor and dramatist Ferdinand Raimund. He came in the house No. 45, "To the Golden deer (Zum Goldenen Hirschen)", which still exists today, as son of a turner into the world. As confectioners apprentice, he also had to visit the theaters, where he was a so-called "Numero", who sold his wares to the visitors. This encounter with the theater was fateful. He took flight from his training masters and joined a traveling troupe as an actor. After his return to Vienna, he soon became the most popular comedian. In his plays all those figures appeared then bustling the streets of Vienna. His most famous role was that of the "ash man" in "Farmer as Millionaire", a genuine Viennese guy who brings the wood ash in Butte from the houses, and from the proceeds leading a modest existence.

1805 - 1809 French occupation

The two-time occupation of Vienna by the French hit the suburbs hard. But the buildings were not destroyed fortunately.

19th century Industrialization

Here, where a higher concentration of artisans had developed as in other districts, you could feel the competition of the factories particularly hard. A craftsman after another became factory worker, women and child labor was part of the day-to-day business. With the sharp rise of the population grew apartment misery and flourished bed lodgers and roomers business.

1826

The Mariahilferstraße is paved up to the present belt (Gürtel).

1848 years of the revolution

The Mariahilferstraße this year was in turmoil. At the outbreak of the revolution, the hatred of the people was directed against the Verzehrungssteuerämter (some kind of tax authority) at the lines that have been blamed for the rise of food prices, and against the machines in the factories that had made the small craftsmen out of work or dependent workers. In October, students, workers and citizens tore up paving stones and barricaded themselves in the Mariahilfer Linientor (the so-called Linienwall was the tax frontier) in the area of ​​today's belt.

1858 The Ring Road

The city walls fell and on the glacis arose the ring-road, the now 6th District more closely linking to the city center.

1862 Official naming

The Mariahilferstraße received its to the present day valid name, after it previously was bearing the following unofficial names: "Bavarian country road", "Mariahilfer Grund Straße", "Penzinger Street", "Laimgrube main street" and "Schönbrunner Linienstraße".

The turn of the century: development to commercial street

After the revolution of 1848, the industry displaced the dominant small business rapidly. At the same time the Mariahilferstraße developed into the first major shopping street of Vienna. The rising supply had to be passed on to the customer, and so more and more new shops sprang up. Around the turn of the century broke out a real building boom. The low suburban houses with Baroque and Biedermeier facade gave way to multi-storey houses with flashy and ostentatious facades in that historic style mixture, which was so characteristic of the late Ringstrasse period. From the former historic buildings almost nothing remained. The business portals were bigger and more pompous, the first department stores in the modern style were Gerngross and Herzmansky. Especially the clothing industry took root here.

1863 Herzmansky opened

On 3 March opened August Herzmansky a small general store in the Church Lane (Kirchengasse) 4. 1897 the great establishment in the pin alley (Stiftgasse) was opened, the largest textile company of the monarchy. August Herzmansky died a year before the opening, two nephews take over the business. In 1928, Mariahilferstraße 28 is additionally acquired. 1938, the then owner Max Delfiner had to flee, the company Rhonberg and Hämmerle took over the house. The building in Mariahilferstrasse 30 additionally was purchased. In the last days of the war in 1945 it fell victim to the flames, however. 1948, the company was returned to Max Delfiner, whose son sold in 1957 to the German Hertie group, a new building in Mariahilferstrasse 26 - 30 constructing. Other ownership changes followed.

1869 The Pferdetramway

The Pferdetramway made it first trip through the Mariahilferstraße to Neubaugasse.

Opened in 1879 Gerngroß

Mariahilferstraße about 1905

Alfred Gerngross, a merchant from Bavaria and co-worker August

Herzmanskys, founded on Mariahilferstrasse 48/corner Church alley (Kirchengasse) an own fabric store. He became the fiercest competitor of his former boss.

1901 The k.k. Imperial Furniture Collection

The k.k. Hofmobilien and material depot is established in Mariahilferstrasse 88. The collection quickly grew because each new ruler got new furniture. Today, it serves as a museum. Among other things, there is the office of Emperor Franz Joseph, the equipment of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico from Miramare Castle, the splendid table of Charles VI. and the furniture from the Oriental Cabinet of Crown Prince Rudolf.

1911 The House Stafa

On 18 August 1911, on the birthday of Emperor Franz Joseph, corner Mariahilferstraße/imperial road (Kaiserstraße) the "central palace" was opened. The construction by its architecture created a sensation. Nine large double figure-relief panels of Anton Hanak decorated it. In this building the "1st Vienna Commercial sample collective department store (Warenmuster-Kollektivkaufhaus)", a eight-storey circular building was located, which was to serve primarily the craft. The greatest adversity in the construction were underground springs. Two dug wells had to be built to pump out the water. 970 liters per minute, however, must be pumped out until today.

1945 bombing of Vienna

On 21 February 1945 bombs fell on the Mariahilferstrasse, many buildings were badly damaged. On 10th April Wiener looted the store Herzmansky. Ella Fasser, the owner of the café "Goethe" in Mariahilferstrasse, preserved the Monastery barracks (Stiftskaserne) from destruction, with the help other resistance fighters cutting the fire-conducting cords that had laid the retreating German troops. Meanwhile, she invited the officers to the cafe, and befuddled them with plenty of alcohol.

www.wien-vienna.at/blickpunkte.php?ID=582

Die Bergkirche St. Marien am Annaberger Marktplatz ist die einzige "knappschaftliche Sonderkirche" in Sachsen. Es waren tatsächlich Bergleute, die das Gotteshaus in den Jahren 1502 bis 1511 erbaut haben. Heute hat St. Marien eine ganz spezielle Funktion. Es sind dort nämlich ganzjährig die Figuren der "Annaberger Weihnachtsgeschichte" ausgestellt, die inzwischen einige Berühmtheit erlangt hat. Die Holzskulpturen entstanden in den Jahren 2000-2015 und erhalten die große Tradition der Erzgebirgischen Holzschnitzkunst lebendig. Selbst nach dem offiziellen Abschluss des Projekts, an dem fünf Künstler beteiligt waren, kommen immer noch weitere Figuren hinzu. Bis dato existieren (mindestens) schon 35. Jede von ihnen ist ca. 1,20 m groß und farbig gefasst. Die Kunstwerke stellen Menschen aus dem 19. Jahrhundert dar und repräsentieren einen großen Teil der Berufs- und Bevölkerungsgruppen, die damals im Erzgebirge anzutreffen waren - vom Bäcker bis zum Pfarrer, und von der Spitzenklöpplerin bis zum kleinen Chorknaben. Der Heilige Josef zum Beispiel ist als Bergzimmerer dargestellt. Es gibt aber auch einen Gastwirt und mehrere Marktfrauen, eine komplette Bäckersfamilie, einen Silberschmied und vieles mehr.

 

English translation:

The mountain church of St. Marien on the Annaberg market square is the only dedicated "Knappschafts" church in Saxony (a "Knappschaft" is a traditional corporation of miners). In deed it were workers from the ore mines around Annaberg who built the church in the years between 1502 and 1511. Today St. Marien has a very special function: The building hosts the sculptures which form a large cycle which is known as the “Annaberg Christmas Story. The characters are exhibited in the church all year round. The wooden sculptures were created between 2000 and 2015 and keep the famous tradition of Erzgebirge wood carving alive. Five local artists joined in the project; and even after its completion from time to time a new work is being added. To date there are (at least) 35 of them. Each one is approx. 1.20 m tall and colored. All these works of art depict people from the 19th century and represent a large part of the professional and population groups that could be found in the Erzgebirge at that time - from bakers to priests, and from lace makers to little choir boys. Saint Joseph, for example, is depicted as a mine carpenter. There is an innkeeper as well, and you will find several market women, a complete baker's family, a proud silversmith and much more.

Kitchen garden and onion-domed bell tower of Frauenwörth Abbey on Lake Chiemsee’s Fraueninsel (in English: "Ladies’ Island"), Bavaria, Germany

 

Some background information:

 

Frauenwörth Abbey is a Benedictine Nunnery which is located on Fraueninsel (in English: "Ladies’ Island"), the second largest island on Lake Chiemsee. Fraueninsel has an area of 15.5 ha and is also home to a small car free village of about 300 residents. The people on Fraueninsel used to make a living from fishing in former times, but today are fishermen, artists or even innkeepers.

 

Frauenwörth Abbey was founded in 782 by Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria. In 788 it became a Carolingian imperial abbey. The abbey’s gate house still dates from the Carolingian era. After heavy demolitions by Hungarian troops in the 9th and 10th century the nunnery experienced a long period of prosperity between the 11th and 15th century. Between 1728 and 1732 the monastery buildings were rebuilt in the Baroque style. Between 1803 and 1835, In the course of the German Mediatisation Frauenwörth Abbey was secularised.

 

In 1836, King Ludwig I of Bavaria rebuilt the Benedictine monastery under the new requirement that the nuns should undertake the education of "fallen women". However, the nuns educated not only "fallen women", but all girls whose parents were interested in Catholic education. The Irmengard-Gymnasium, a girls’ boarding school, existed until 1982, when it was transformed into to vocational school for young women which existed until 1995. Today the nunnery still prospers as it is one of the main tourist attractions on Lake Chiemsee. The nuns produce different kinds of liqueur, which are sold in the nunnery’s own shop and are much in demand by the numerous visitors of the abbey.

 

Lake Chiemsee is a freshwater lake in the Alpine Foreland, a rather southern part of the Bavarian district of Upper Bavaria. It is located near the Austrian border, between the cities of Rosenheim, Germany, and Salzburg, Austria. In the vernacular Chiemsee is often called "The Bavarian Sea”, because with its surface area of about 80 km² (30.9 square miles) it is the biggest lake that is completely situated in Bavaria. Lake Bodensee is bigger of course, but its area is shared between the two German federal states of Bavaria and Baden-Wuerttemberg as well as the countries of Austria and Switzerland. Chiemsee is also the third biggest lake in Germany, only excelled by the abovementioned Bodensee and the Mueritz. The region around the Chiemsee, the Chiemgau, is a popular recreation area.

 

Like many other pre-alpine lakes, the Chiemsee was formed at the end of the last ice age about 10,000 years ago, from a hollow carved out by a glacier. Hence it is a glacial lake with its origins in a melted glacier. It is fed by the rivers Tiroler Achen and Prien, which flow into the lake from the south, while the river Alz is the lake’s outlet in the north. The Chiemsee comprises a water quantity of 2.048 km³ and has a shore line of 63.96 km (39.7 miles). Including the islands the shore line is actually 83 km long.

 

There are three main islands on the lake: Next to Fraueninsel there is Herreninsel (in English: "Gentlemen’s Island") With an area of 238 ha it is the largest island on the lake. Herreninsel has a palace built by King Ludwig II in 1878 called Herrenchiemsee, which was never completed but was meant to be an even larger replica of the Palace of Versailles. The third largest island after Herreninsel and Fraueninsel is inhabited Krautinsel (in English "Cabbage Island") with an area of 3.5 ha. Another three smaller islands complete the Chiemsee’s island world.

 

The major settlements on the lake with a lakeside promenade are Prien, Chieming, Uebersee, Gstadt, Breitbrunn and Seebruck. There is also a community on the lake named Chiemsee, which consists from the three major islands and their residents.

 

Chiemsee is a popular local recreation area (among others for the citizens of Munich) and also a well-frequented tourist area. There is a walkway and a cycle lane around the lake and people can carry out all kinds of aquatic sport. Above all the lake with its consistent winds coming from the Alps is a popular sailing area. However, the wind direction often changes, which may lead to sailing boats that sail around in circuits, although their yachtsmen don’t even change the position of the sails.

 

Along the south bank of the Chiemsee visitors can view the Alps, in particular the Chiemgau Alps, whose highest peak is the Sonntagshorn (1,961 m resp. 6,434 feet) and the Wilder Kaiser mountain range (in English: "Wild Emperor") which is located in the Tyrol district in Austria, with the Ellmauer Halt (2,344 m resp. 7,690 feet) and the Ackerlspitze (2,329 m resp. 7,641 feet) as its highest summits.

 

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Publisher, Printer, Photographer: Universal Match Company

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Copyright 2022. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.

View of Lake Chiemsee northwards, photographed on the Fraueninsel (in English: "Ladies’ Island"), Bavaria, Germany

 

Some background information:

 

Lake Chiemsee is a freshwater lake in the Alpine Foreland, a rather southern part of the Bavarian district of Upper Bavaria. It is located near the Austrian border, between the cities of Rosenheim, Germany, and Salzburg, Austria. In the vernacular Chiemsee is often called "The Bavarian Sea”, because with its surface area of about 80 km² (30.9 square miles) it is the biggest lake that is completely situated in Bavaria. Lake Bodensee is bigger of course, but its area is shared between the two German federal states of Bavaria and Baden-Wuerttemberg as well as the countries of Austria and Switzerland. Chiemsee is also the third biggest lake in Germany, only excelled by the abovementioned Bodensee and the Mueritz. The region around the Chiemsee, the Chiemgau, is a popular recreation area.

 

Like many other pre-alpine lakes, the Chiemsee was formed at the end of the last ice age about 10,000 years ago, from a hollow carved out by a glacier. Hence it is a glacial lake with its origins in a melted glacier. It is fed by the rivers Tiroler Achen and Prien, which flow into the lake from the south, while the river Alz is the lake’s outlet in the north. The Chiemsee comprises a water quantity of 2.048 km³ and has a shore line of 63.96 km (39.7 miles). Including the islands the shore line is actually 83 km long.

 

There are three main islands on the lake: Herreninsel (in English: "Gentlemen’s Island") with an area of 238 ha is the largest. Herreninsel has a palace built by King Ludwig II in 1878 called Herrenchiemsee, which was never completed but was meant to be an even larger replica of the Palace of Versailles. The second largest is Fraueninsel (in English: "Ladies’ Island") with an area of 15.5 ha. It houses a Benedictine nunnery, built in 782, as well as a small village of about 300 residents, who made a living from fishing in former times, but today are fishermen, artists or even innkeepers. Finally the third largest island is Krautinsel (in English "Cabbage Island") with an area of 3.5 ha, which isn't inhabited. Another three smaller islands complete the Chiemsee’s island world.

 

The major settlements on the lake with lakeside promenades are Prien, Chieming, Uebersee, Gstadt, Breitbrunn and Seebruck. There is also a community on the lake named Chiemsee, which consists from the three major islands and their residents.

 

As mentioned before, the Chiemsee is a popular local recreation area (among others for the citizens of Munich) and also a well-frequented tourist area. There is a walkway and a cycle lane around the lake and people can carry out all kinds of aquatic sport. Above all the lake with its consistent winds coming from the Alps is a popular sailing area. However, the wind direction often changes, which may lead to sailing boats that sail around in circuits, although their yachtsmen don’t even change the position of the sails.

French postcard by Cinémagazine-Edition, no. 968. Photo: Studio G.L. Manuel Frères. Early 1930s, probably.

 

French music hall star Florelle (1898 – 1974) was one of the queens of Paris. The petite blonde appeared in 54 films between 1912 and 1956, and also toured around the world. Her most beautiful role was as Fantine in a classic version of Les Miserables (1934)

 

Florelle was born Odette Elisa Joséphine Marguerite Rousseau in Les Sables-d'Olonne, France. Her father was a modest commercial employee. In 1905 her parents moved to Paris and her mother Diadéma became the cashier of La Cigale, a café-concert in Montmartre. At 14, Florelle appeared on stage in a sketch with Raimu. That same year she made her film debut credited as Mlle Rousseau in the Pathé production Le masque d'horreur/The Mask of Horror (1912). This short silent French horror film was directed by famous director Abel Gance and co-starred famous French actors such as Edouard de Max and Charles de Rochefort. A mad sculptor, searching for the perfect realization of ‘the mask of horror’, places himself in front of a mirror after smearing blood over himself with the glass of an oil lamp. He then swallows a virulent poison to observe the effects of pain. Florelle then played in another silent short for the production company Le Film d’art, La petite Fifi/The Crime on the Coast (1913, Henri Pouctal) with Marcel Vibert. Florelle showed a gift for singing, and started to perform, first at La Cigale and other Montmartre venues, later in Austria, Romania, Turkey. From 1918 on, she was back in the Montmartre music halls and became one of the queens of Paris. From 1923 on, she continued her film career with such silent films as the mystery L'affaire de la rue de Lourcine (1923, Henri Diamant-Berger) with Maurice Chevalier. She was now credited as Odette Florelle. For director Diamant-Berger, she also appeared in L'accordeur (1923, Henri Diamant-Berger), starring Louis Pré Fils and Albert Préjean, Jim Bougne, boxeur (1923, Henri Diamant-Berger), and in Gonzague (1923, Henri Diamant-Berger) both with Maurice Chevalier. But then, she is on tour again and performs in Cuba, South-America, Greece and Turkey.

 

After the introduction of sound film, Florelle played in several of alternate language versions of foreign films. In 1930, she appeared at the side of Jean-Max and Colette Darfeuil in the French drama Le procureur Hallers/The Prosecutor Hallers (1930, Robert Wiene). It was the French-language version of the German Tobis-production Der Andere/The Other, based on a play by Paul Lindau. The two films were made at the same studio in Berlin, with Wiene beginning work on the French version immediately after finishing the German film. In Berlin, Georg Wilhelm Pabst invited her for a screen-test for his film L'opéra de quat' sous/The Threepenny Opera (1930). James Travers at Films de France: “In 1928, Bertolt Brecht et Kurt Weill worked on one of their most successful collaborations, Die Dreigroschenoper, a stage play based on John Gay’s 1728 satire, The Beggar’s Opera. The success of the play soon led to a film adaptation by G.W. Pabst, then one of Germany’s most prominent directors. Three versions of the film were planned – one in English, one in German, and one in French. The English version was abandoned at an early stage, and the German and French versions were made in parallel, with two separate casts. The German version, Die Dreigroschenoper, is the one which is most widely available. L’Opéra de quat’ sous was the name given to the French version.” Florelle got the role of Polly Peachum and her interpretations of the Kurt Weil songs were a huge success.

 

The operetta Nuits de Venise/Venetian Nights (1931, Pierre Billon, Robert Wiene) was an alternative-language version of the German comedy Der Liebesexpreß/The Love Express (1931, Robert Wiene), made at the Emelka Studios in Munich. Florelle also played in the classic fantasy L'Atlantide (1932, Georg Wilhelm Pabst), an alternate language version of Die Herrin von Atlantis/Queen of Atlantis (1932, Georg Wilhelm Pabst). In both versions Brigitte Helm starred as the Queen of Atlantis. Florelle performed an unforgettable Can-can in the film. She then played the lead role in the British French-language comedy La dame de chez Maxim's/The Girl from Maxim's (1933, Alexander Korda). It was the alternate language version of The Girl from Maxim's (1933, Alexander Korda) made by London Film Productions. Both films were based on the 1899 farce La Dame de chez Maxim by Georges Feydeau. Her lively, fresh and carefree performances made her a popular film star, while she also was the ’vedette’ at the Folies Bergère, at the Moulin Rouge, and at the Casino de Paris...

 

One of Florelle’s most important films was Les Misérables (1934), a film adaptation of Victor Hugo's novel. It was written and directed by Raymond Bernard and starred Harry Baur as Jean Valjean and Charles Vanel as Javert. Florelle played Fantine, a woman forced into prostitution to help pay two cruel innkeepers. Wikipedia: “The film lasts four and a half hours and is considered by critics to be the greatest adaptation of the novel, due to its in-depth development of the themes and characters in comparison with most shorter adaptations.” It was released as three films that premiered over a period of three weeks. She had a small role in Liliom (1936, Fritz Lang) starring Charles Boyer. It is the only film Fritz Lang made in France, after he fled Nazi Germany and before moving to the States, and he brings all his skill and heart and humour to the wonderful Ferenc Molnar story.

 

Another classic is Le Crime de Monsieur Lange/The Crime of Monsieur Lange (1936, Jean Renoir) about a publishing cooperative. Wikipedia: “Imbued with the spirit of the left-wing political movement, Popular Front, which would have a major political victory that year, the film chronicles the story of M. Lange (René Lefèvre), a mild-mannered clerk at a publishing company who dreams of writing Western stories. He gets his chance when Batala (Jules Berry), the salacious head of the company, fakes his own death and the abandoned workers decide to form a cooperative. They have great success with Lange's stories about the cowboy, Arizona Jim — whose stories parallel the real-life experiences of the cooperative. At the same time, Lange and his neighbor, Valentine (Florelle), fall in love.” The whole story is a flashback, told by Valentine to staff and visitors of an inn close to the border.

 

After 1940, the cinema seemed to have forgotten Florelle, and she moved to North-Africa. Later, Florelle hosted a bar in Montmartre, and sang in cabarets and music halls in Paris. Incidentally, she appeared in small film parts. An example is the anthology film Trois femmes/Three Women (1952, André Michel), which was entered into the 1952 Cannes Film Festival. Later she had a part in Gervaise (1956, René Clément) with Maria Schell, and her final film was Le sang à la tête/Blood to the Head (1956, Gilles Grangier) starring Jean Gabin. At 76, Florelle died in La Roche-sur-Yon, France.

 

Sources: Paul Dubé & Jacques Marchioro (Du temps des cerises aux feuilles mortes) (French), James Travers (Films de France), Ciné-Ressources (French), Wikipedia (English and French), and IMDb.

"Jesus replied, ‘A man was once on his way down from Jerusalem to Jericho and fell into the hands of brigands; they took all he had, beat him and then made off, leaving him half dead. Now a priest happened to be travelling down the same road, but when he saw the man, he passed by on the other side. In the same way a Levite who came to the place saw him, and passed by on the other side. But a Samaritan traveller who came upon him was moved with compassion when he saw him. He went up and bandaged his wounds, pouring oil and wine on them. He then lifted him on to his own mount, carried him to the inn and looked after him. Next day, he took out two denarii and handed them to the innkeeper. “Look after him,” he said “and on my way back I will make good any extra expense you have.” Which of these three, do you think, proved himself a neighbour to the man who fell into the brigands‘ hands?’ ‘The one who took pity on him’ he replied. Jesus said to him, ‘Go, and do the same yourself.’"

 

– Luke 10:30-37, which is part of today's Gospel for the 15th Sunday of Ordinary Time.

My sermon for today can be read here.

 

Stained glass detail from St Salvators chapel in St Andrews.

Some of the saddest words on earth are we don’t have room for you. Jesus knew the sounds of those words. He was still in Mary’s womb when the innkeeper said, “We don’t have room for you.” And when He hung on the cross, wasn’t the message one of utter rejection? We don’t have room for you in this world.

 

Today Jesus is given the same treatment. He goes from heart to heart, asking if He might enter. Every so often, He’s welcomed. Someone throws open the door of his or her heart and invites Him to stay. And to that person Jesus gives this great promise, “In my Father’s house are many rooms…” (John 14:2). We make room for Him in our hearts. And Jesus makes room for us in His house!

-Max Lucado

A set of colorful KInder working gnomes captured in macro. The attention is focused on the construction worker, the inn keeper, the farmer, the chef and the potter.

The Grade II Listed Queens Arcade in Leeds West Yorkshire.

 

Leeds first began as a Saxon village, by 1207 the Lord of the Manor, Maurice De Gant, had extended it into a town. He created a new street of houses west of the existing village and he divided the land into plots for building. In Medieval Leeds, there were butchers, bakers, carpenters, and blacksmiths. However, the main industry in Leeds was making wool.

 

In 1628 a writer described Leeds as standing pleasantly in a fruitful and enclosed vale upon the north side of the River Eyer over or beyond a stone bridge from where it has a large and broad street leading directly north and continually ascending. The houses on both sides are very thick and closely compacted together, being old, rough, and low built and generally all made of timber.

 

In 1642 came civil war between king and parliament. Most of the townspeople supported the king and a royalist army occupied Leeds. But in January 1643 parliamentary soldiers captured it. They held Leeds until the summer of 1643 when, after losing a battle in Yorkshire, they were forced to abandon the town. The parliamentary army returned to Leeds in April 1644. They held Leeds for the rest of the civil war.

 

In the 17th century Leeds was a wealthy town. The wool trade boomed. However, like all towns in those days, it suffered from outbreaks of the plague. There was a severe outbreak in 1645. However, in 1694 Leeds gained a piped water supply (for those who could afford to be connected).

 

In the 18th century wool manufacture was still the lifeblood of Leeds but there were other industries. Leeds pottery began in 1770. There was also a brick making industry in Georgian Leeds. There were also many craftsmen such as coachmakers, clockmakers, booksellers, and jewelers as well as more mundane trades such as butchers, bakers, barbers, innkeepers, carpenters, blacksmiths, and glaziers. In 1700 the rivers Aire and Calder were made navigable from Leeds to Wakefield. In 1794 work began on the Leeds to Liverpool canal. It was completed in 1816. For the rich and the middle-class life grew more comfortable and more genteel during the 18th century.

 

The city flourished in the Victorian year’s textiles became less important. But tailoring for a more mass market flourished with the leather industry boot and shoemakers. Leeds grew rapidly but many of the new houses built were dreadful. Overcrowding was rife and streets were very dirty.

 

In the 1850s the council-built sewers but very many of the houses in Leeds were not connected to them. Many dwellings continued to use cesspits or buckets which were emptied at night by the 'night soil' men. Not until 1899 was it made compulsory for dwellings in Leeds to be connected to sewers.

 

Information Source:

www.localhistories.org/Leeds.html

 

"There was a lawyer who, to disconcert Jesus, stood up and said to him, ‘Master, what must I do to inherit eternal life?’ He said to him, ‘What is written in the Law? What do you read there?’ He replied, ‘You must love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your strength, and with all your mind, and your neighbour as yourself.’ ‘You have answered right,’ said Jesus ‘do this and life is yours.’

But the man was anxious to justify himself and said to Jesus, ‘And who is my neighbour?’ Jesus replied, ‘A man was once on his way down from Jerusalem to Jericho and fell into the hands of brigands; they took all he had, beat him and then made off, leaving him half dead. Now a priest happened to be travelling down the same road, but when he saw the man, he passed by on the other side. In the same way a Levite who came to the place saw him, and passed by on the other side. But a Samaritan traveller who came upon him was moved with compassion when he saw him. He went up and bandaged his wounds, pouring oil and wine on them. He then lifted him on to his own mount, carried him to the inn and looked after him. Next day, he took out two denarii and handed them to the innkeeper. “Look after him,” he said “and on my way back I will make good any extra expense you have.” Which of these three, do you think, proved himself a neighbour to the man who fell into the brigands‘ hands?’ ‘The one who took pity on him’ he replied. Jesus said to him, ‘Go, and do the same yourself.’"

– Luke 10:25-37, which is today's Gospel at Mass.

 

My sermon for today can be read here.

 

Stained glass from Grace Episcopal Cathedral in San Francisco.

Café Landtmann

(further pictures you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)

Café Landtmann at the Palais Lieben-Auspitz, left the University Ring

The Café Landtmann, photographed from the roof of the Burgtheater

Winter garden and summer beer garden, behind the Town Hall

Great Hall at Café Landtmann

Schanigarten

(Wikipedia: Schanigarten is the Austro-Bavarian term for tables and chairs set up on the sidewalk in front of eating and drinking places. Unlike normal beer gardens (Gastgärten), the customers actually sit on public property. Originally, Schanigärten (pl.) referred only to Viennese coffee houses, but now the expression is used in other parts of Austria and for other types of establishments like restaurants and taverns)

Projection on the façade

Winter Garden, looking towards Universitätsring

The Zuckerkandl room in Landtmann's Bel-Etage

The Café Landtmann in Vienna is a typical Viennese coffee house in the Ringstrasse style. It is located in the first District at the University Ring 4, corner Löwelstraße 22, and is known throughout the city.

Location

The cafe is located on the ground floor of the Palais Lieben-Auspitz called Mietwohnhauses (apartment building), in the immediate vicinity of the Burgtheater, the University of Vienna and the party headquarters of the Social Democrats and close to the Vienna City Hall with the City Hall Park, the Federal Chancellery and three ministries. The café is therefore frequented by, among other actors, politicians, civil servants and journalists and is the venue for press conferences.

History

The coffee was on 1 October 1873 of the Cafétier (café owner) Landtmann as "Vienna 's most elegant and largest café-localities" in a prominent, 1872 built corner house at the at the time also new Franzensring (so to 1919 the address of this part of Vienna's Ringstrasse) opened. The ring road was indeed opened by emperor Franz Joseph I in 1865, but still long not completed in the area of the coffee house: The city hall was under construction since 1872, but was only opened in 1883. The university main building was built 1877-1884, the Burgtheater from 1874 to 1888. The coffee was thus in his early years surrounded mainly by large construction sites.

1881 sold Landtmann his coffeehouse to the brothers Wilhelm and Rudolf Kerrl who continued it under the name Landtmann and extended it in the direction of Oppolzergasse. Rudolf soon retired from active business life, Wilhelm Kerrl led on the café alone until 1916 and then sold it, worn down by the economy of scarcity of the First World War, to Karl Anton Kraus, previously a butcher and innkeeper. He led the coffee for only five years, because in 1921 it was operated by a Hokare Ges.mbH (unlimited company) (the name stands for hotel, coffee and restoration companies). This company had to be liquidated 1925/1926.

The Café Landtmann was now bought in the fall of 1926 by Mr. and Mrs. Conrad and Angela Zauner. The new owners had it in 1929 after a design by Ernst Meller, experienced in the establishment of coffee houses, fully restored: with the preserved to this day interior which is under preservation order. Particularly striking are four wooden pillars at the entrance, which were created by Hans Scheibner and their decoration representing premiere scenes of the Burgtheater. With this elaborate interior design Landtmann consolidated its position as the most elegant café in town. In 1949, Konrad Zauner's son Erwin took the management of the café and led it on with great success.

In 1974 the company received the National Award and since then it is allowed to use the Federal coat of arms in commercial transactions. In 1976, the present owner family took the local and renovated it in 1980 again.

In the café was Robert Böck, on duty only called Mr. Robert, working for 28 years, many years as head waiter in a tuxedo, and he knew all the important guests personally. On his last working day, on 23 December 2003, many celebrities came to his departure from the cafe. Mayor Michael Häupl served Mr. Robert, who had so often served him a "little brown". To this end, he handed him the "Golden Rathausmann" "for the most famous, most discreet and most accommodating waiter of Vienna".

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldener_Rathausmann_(Wien)

Details

Small stage

In the basement below the coffee was after Czeike already 1936-1938 the Cabaret 'Merry Landtmann" for the dancer Cilli Wang set up by her husband. 1953 in the basement the small stage "The Tribune" was established (since 2002: "The new stand", directed by Karl Heinz Wukow). It is one of the numerous small Viennese theaters that operate with modest public support and which offer authors, actors and directors fields of application.

Winter Garden

2007 was built a conservatory on the facade towards the castle theater, designed by Manfred Wehdorn by 1.5 million euros (Bernd Querfeld). With 87 square meters and 29 tables, the conservatory is almost as spacious as the great hall of the café; thus the capacity of the premises has been extended by a quarter.

Landtmann's Bel-Etage

2012 were opened above the café three function rooms, which are referred to as "Landtmann's Bel-Etage". One of the rooms is named after Berta Zuckerkandl, which in the house (entrance Oppolzergasse 6) from 1917 to 1938 run her famous salon, meeting place of artists, scientists and politicians.

Price of water

2013 got the coffee into media because guests who instead of ordering other beverages only want drink tap water this service no longer receive free. The scheme has been criticized partly violently. The glass of water for ordered coffee, as it corresponds to the Viennese coffee house tradition, still is served free.

Miscellaneous

In the Café Landtmann are according to indications of the owner family on average held 2.8 press conferences per day.

Since 2003, the café is every summer venue of the coffee house theater ink & coffee.

In March 2009, was opened in Tokyo in the central district of Minato-ku, in fact, in the district Kitaaoyama in the Aoyama Street, a "Café Landtmann" called local opened.

Guests

The coffee house was according to Czeike visited, among others, by the artists Attila Hörbiger, Paul Hörbiger, Oskar Kokoschka, Hans Moser, Max Reinhardt, Oskar Werner and Paula Wessely. Among the politicians he names Julius German, Robert Dannenberg and Karl Seitz, who were part of the "Red Vienna", and in the postwar period the then very popular Chancellor Julius Raab. Gustav Mahler was encountering here with Karl Goldmark, Gary Cooper and Marlene Dietrich were among the "by-trotting" guests, the authors Jura Soyfer, Felix Salten, Thomas Mann and John Boynton Priestley also frequented the Landtmann. The owners themselves mention over and above Peter Altenberg, Sigmund Freud, Emmerich Kálmán, Curd Jürgens, Otto Preminger and Romy Schneider as regulars.

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Landtmann

The Dawson Hotel was built in 1883 with a Joseph Richardson registered as its first licence publican. The hotel closed in 1961 with the general decline of the township.

 

Dawson, South Australia:

 

The ghost town of Dawson, named after Henry Dawson, the first mail contractor from Burra to Outalpa, is located 23 kilometers north east of Peterborough in the Hundred of Coglin. The area was opened up for agricultural use in 1880, the Hundred being proclaimed in 1878. The first land sale occurred shortly after and some 30 individuals bought land in the Hundred with the undoubted intention of developing wheat farms.

 

The town of Dawson was also created at the same time, with 360 allotments laid out in a grid pattern that were first offered for sale in June 1881. Some 14 individuals bought land in the township. Dawson and the surrounding lands lie beyond Goyder's Line. It is marginal agricultural land and the years after settlement were not kind to the farmers.

 

The farms and hence the town did not thrive. The later years of the nineteenth century after the sale of the Hundred of Coglin were difficult years where drought conditions were experienced. The land simply could not be used to grow crops and with the failure of the farms, the township also declined.

 

The creation of the Hundred, its presumed use as agricultural land and the subdivision of the township of Dawson illustrate the optimistic mood that surrounded the expansion of the northern agricultural frontier in South Australia during this period.

 

Source: Dawson Hall Incorp. (plaque at hotel) & Heritage Of the Upper North, Volume 6 - District Council of Peterborough, page 56.

British postcard in the Colourgraph Series, London, no. C 203a. Photo: Paramount.

 

American film and stage actress Jean Parker (1915–2005) landed her first screen test while still in high school. She played the tragic Beth in the original Little Women (1933), starred as the spoiled daughter of an American chain store millionaire who persuades her nouveau riche father to transport a Scottish castle in the hilarious British fantasy-comedy The Ghost Goes West (1936), and she was a perfect stooge for Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy, as an innkeeper's daughter with whom Ollie falls in love in The Flying Deuces (1939).

Piel Island lies in Morecambe Bay , around 1⁄2 mile (800 metres) off the southern tip of the Furness peninsula in the administrative county of Cumbria, England. It is one of the Islands of Furness, three of which sit near to Piel at the mouth of Walney Channel. The island is the location of Piel Castle, built by the monks of Furness Abbey in the fourteenth century.

 

Historically within Lancashire, the island today is owned by the town of Barrow-in-Furness, having been given to the people by the Duke of Buccleuch in 1922. The Borough Council's administrative duties also include the selection of the "King" of Piel, who is the landlord of the island's public house, the Ship Inn. Piel is about 26 acres (11 hectares) in size. The landlord and their family and three others who live in the old Ships pilots Cottages are the islands only permanent residents.

 

In the Middle Ages Piel was known as Fowdray (or Fouldrey or Fowdrey) island. This name would seem to be derived from the Old Norse words fouder, meaning "fodder", and ay or oy, meaning "island". The island was part of the Liberty of Furness, granted in 1066 to Earl Tostig,[1] and 1127 it formed part of the Liberty that was granted by King Stephen to the Savignac monks as part of a land grant for an abbey. When the Savignacs became part of the Cistercian order later in the 12th century, the island came under the control of the Cistercians at nearby Furness Abbey. The Cistercians increased their power, and soon controlled the whole of the Furness, including Piel. In the early 13th century the Cistercians used Piel as a safe harbour and built a warehouse for the storage of grain, wine and wool. Some of these commodities were shipped over from Ireland. In 1212 the monks were granted a licence by King John to land one cargo of "wheat, flour and other provisions" to stave off a famine caused by the failure of the local harvest. Later in the century an unlimited cargo licence was granted and in 1258 ships owned by the abbey were placed under royal protection.

 

The monks fortified the island, firstly with a wooden tower surrounded by a ditch with palisades, and then in 1327 they commenced the building of a motte and bailey fort (also known as a "peel"—hence the island's modern name). This structure was, at the time, the largest of its kind in northwest England. It was probably built as a fortified warehouse to repel pirates and raiders, but it would appear to have had a measure of success in keeping the customs men at bay as well; smuggling was widespread at the time and the abbey was known to have been involved. Indeed, in 1423 an accusation was made against the Abbott of Furness that he smuggled wool out of the country from "la Peele de Foddray". The red sandstone ruins of the fort came to be known as the "Pile of Fouldrey", and are known today as Piel Castle.

 

The next noteworthy episode in the island's history occurred on 4 June 1487 when Lambert Simnel and his supporters arrived from Dublin. Simnel, crowned as "Edward VI" in Ireland, was being passed off as Edward, 17th Earl of Warwick, the Yorkist heir, by John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln in his attempt to regain the throne for the Yorkists. Simnel and 2,000 German mercenaries made their way via Piel to do battle for the throne. They were eventually defeated at the Battle of Stoke near Newark-on-Trent in Nottinghamshire on 16 June 1487.

 

Following the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1537 Piel Island and its castle became the property of the king. The castle's fortifications were strengthened at the time of the Spanish Armada but from then until the Civil War nothing of note happened on the island. The area of Furness was a Parliamentarian stronghold during the Civil War. For this reason the Parliamentarian fleet retreated to Piel Harbour when the Royalists captured Liverpool.

 

In 1662, following the restoration of Charles II, the lordship of Furness was given to the Duke of Albemarle and this included the castle and parts of the island. After this date activity on Piel seems to have revolved around shipping and industry. A salt works is recorded as existing on the island from as early as 1662, which was still apparently present in the 1690s.

 

Piel Island became an important trading post during the 18th century and customs men were permanently stationed there; smuggling was still rife at the time.[citation needed] In the second half of the 18th century the iron ore trade began to develop on the Furness Peninsula and the harbour continued to be important to the local economy. As the volume of shipping increased "His Majesty's boatmen" were stationed on Piel as harbour pilots and customs inspectors.[citation needed] In formal terms, it was a creek (outstation) of the port of Lancaster, and known as Piel Foudray. The impact of industry was relatively low on the appearance of the island, however, and in the 19th century the ruins of the castle became a major attraction to the romanticist art movement. The island was painted in 1805 by Sir George Beaumont, a painting which inspired William Wordsworth's Elegiac Stanzas, based also on his own time living at Rampside with a view out to Piel.

 

The ownership of Piel Island eventually descended to the Duke of Buccleuch. The 5th Duke heavily developed industry around Furness, and in 1875 had the fishermen's cottages built on the island. The 7th Duke later donated the island to the people of Barrow-in-Furness in 1920 as a World War I memorial.

 

Being separated from neighbouring Roa Island by the Piel Channel, the island is accessible via a ferryboat from Roa Island pier during summer weekends. Piel can be reached on foot or by off-road vehicle (licenses are required to drive on the sands) from Walney Island, but this route is only passable with care at low tide; local guidance is recommended. Piel Castle is managed by English Heritage and there is free, unlimited access once on the island. The castle, located on the southeast tip of Piel Island, is an impressive ruin made up largely of stones from the beach. The three-storey keep affords good views of the island although it is no longer accessible to visitors. Campers may pitch a tent on the island.

 

The island is a haven for wildlife with many different species of sea bird to be found. Visitors should take care not to disturb nesting birds while walking on the beach. A marsh pond in the centre of the island now attracts many other types of bird.

 

The origins of the Ship Inn are obscure; it is said to be over 300 years old, but the evidence is uncertain. In 1746 a lease for agricultural land situated within the castle ditch was granted to an Edward Postlethwaite, who is described as an innkeeper from the 'Pile of Fowdrey'. The earliest direct reference to an inn, or 'publick house', is in 1800. In 1813 a visitor painted a vivid picture of the life of the innkeeper at that time:

 

"There is a public-house on the island, the only habitation, tenanted by an old Scotchman, who has been lord of this domain for many years, and goes through the duties of guide and expositor among the ruins of the castle with admirable fluency. The custom of the seamen from the roadstead, and the donations of occasional visitors in the summer time, support him in a state of which he has no right, he thinks, to complain; but he acknowledged that when there were no vessels in the roadstead he found his situation rather too lonesome, and apt to drive him to his beer-barrel for company."

 

The earliest map reference, in 1833, refers to the inn as 'The Herdhouse', and the first person who can confidently be identified as a landlord of the Ship Inn is James Hool as he is listed in the 1841 census as a publican.

 

The landlord of the Ship Inn pub is known as 'The King of Piel', a title instituted in the 19th century and harking back to Lambert Simnel and his attempt to usurp the English throne. A tradition handed down by fishermen for centuries is the 'Knighthood of Piel'. In a room of the inn is a large oak chair and anyone who sits in it is made a 'Knight of Piel'. The ceremonial knighting is carried out by the King of Piel or a fellow knight. The present-day cost of becoming a knight is to buy a round of drinks for all those present. However, the privilege afforded to knights is that they may demand food and lodging of the innkeeper should they be shipwrecked on Piel.

 

The longest recorded serving landlords were Thomas and Elizabeth Ashburner, c.1894-c.1922, and the 20-year license of Rod and Karen Scarr which ended in November 2005 is the second-longest recorded. Following their departure in 2006 the pub was fully renovated by Barrow Borough Council, with work beginning in 2008, shortly before the new 'King of Piel', Steve Chattaway, was crowned (an event that was documented in the TV series Islands of Britain). The Chattaways left in 2020, with the new landlord Aaron Sanderson moving in in May 2022.

This sculpture commemorates innkeeper Angelina Eberly, one of Austin, Texas' earliest residents. On Dec. 30, 1842, three years after the Republic of Texas was founded and Austin was designated the capital, a campaign was waged to move the capital to Houston. When a military detachment arrived in Austin to take all official documents from the Land Office, Eberly stymied the attempt by firing the town cannon and alerting the populace.

 

La leggenda di Zlatorog, il camoscio dalle corna d’oro della Slovenia.

 

Una volta il Monte Triglav, in Slovenia, non era come lo conosciamo. La selvaggia Valle dei Laghi, nel cuore del parco nazionale, non esisteva.

E’ questo che racconta la leggenda.

 

La leggenda racconta che un tempo la valle era uno splendido giardino, dove Zlatorog era solito scorrazzare in compagnia delle Signore Bianche, delle fate benevoli (o comunque delle ragazze vergini) il cui compito era di mantenere rigogliosa la zona e aiutare gli abitanti quando ne avevano bisogno.

 

Poco lontano, nella Valle del Soča la figlia di un locandiere aveva ricevuto dei gioielli come dono da un ricco mercante di Venezia. Però la figlia aveva un altro pretendente: un cacciatore di grande esperienza ma molto povero.

Il cacciatore non poteva competere con il dono del ricco mercante, per cui la madre della ragazza gli chiese in cambio di recuperare l’oro di Zlatorog, custodito sotto il Monte Bogatin e protetto da un serpente con molte teste.

 

Vi sembra una prova crudele? Pur di ottenere la mano della ragazza, il cacciatore non esitò a tentare l’impresa. Per onor di cronaca precisiamo che la madre gli concesse un’alternativa: recuperare un mazzo di rose del Triglav (le cinquefoglie) in pieno inverno. Un’impresa impossibile, per cui in effetti il cacciatore non ebbe molta scelta.Il cacciatore scalò il Triglav in inverno e ritrovò le tracce di Zlatorog. Da lontano, prese la mira e sparò, colpendo il camoscio in pieno.

 

Ed ecco fare breccia la magia. Il sangue della ferita di Zlatorog sciolse la neve e subito crebbe una rosa guaritrice. Il camoscio mangiò qualche petalo e la sua ferita si richiuse, permettendogli la fuga.

Zlatorog corse verso la cima e a ogni sua zoccolata portava alla nascita di una nuova rosa, che il cacciatore seguiva prontamente.Durante l’inseguimento, però, spuntò l’alba. La luce del Sole andò a rimbalzare sulle corna dorate del camoscio e il cacciatore si ritrovò abbagliato. Cieco, il giovane barcollò e finì per precipitare nella gola.A Zlatorog non bastò la morte del cacciatore. Era furioso per la ferita e per come era stato trattato. Spinto dall’ira, cominciò a devastare la Valle dei Laghi, fino a ridurla all’ammasso di nuda pietra che compone oggi quella zona del Triglav.

Dopodiché, sia Zlatorog che le Signore Bianche decisero di abbandonare la terra che per secoli avevano protetto e di lasciarla in mano agli uomini.

 

Che ne fu della figlia del locandiere? La ragazza aspettò il ritorno del cacciatore fino a primavera. Allora il caldo sciolse le nevi e il Soča le portò il corpo del giovane amato, che ancora stringeva la rosa in mano.

 

The legend of Zlatorog, the chamois with golden horns of Slovenia.

 

Once Mount Triglav, Slovenia, was not as we know it. The wild Valley of Lakes, in the heart of the national park, did not exist.

That 's what the legend says.

 

Legend has it that once the valley was a beautiful garden, where he used to run around Zlatorog in the company of Lord White, fairy benevolent (or virgin girls) whose job was to keep the area lush and help people whenever they felt need.

 

Not far away, in the Valley of the Soca daughter of an innkeeper he had received jewelry as a gift from a wealthy merchant of Venice. But the daughter had another suitor, a hunter of great experience but very poor.

The hunter could not compete with the gift of the wealthy merchant, so the girl's mother asked him in return to recover the gold of Zlatorog, guarded beneath Mount Bogatin and protected by a snake with many heads.

 

Sounds like a cruel test? Just to get the girl's hand, the hunter did not hesitate to groped the company. To tell the truth we point out that his mother gave him a choice: to retrieve a bunch of roses Triglav (the cinquefoils) in winter. An impossible task, so in fact the hunter did not have much scelta.Il hunter climbed the Triglav in the winter and found traces Zlatorog. From a distance, he took aim and fired, hitting the chamois in full.And here to break the spell. Blood wound Zlatorog melted snow and quickly grew a rose healer. Chamois ate a few petals and his wound closed, allowing him to escape.

Zlatorog ran to the top and every zoccolata led to the birth of a new rose, the hunter followed promptly.

During the chase, however, the dawn broke. The sunlight went to bounce on the horns of the golden chamois and the hunter found himself dazzled. Blind, the young man staggered and ended up falling into gola.A Zlatorog was not enough the death of the hunter. He was furious at the wound and how it was handled. Driven by anger, he began to ravage the Valley of the Lakes, to reduce storage of bare stone that makes up today the area of ​​the Triglav.

After that, both Zlatorog that Lord White decided to leave the land that for centuries had protected and leave it in the hands of men.

 

Who was the daughter of the innkeeper? The girl waited for the return of the hunter until spring. Then the heat melted the snows and the Soca brought her the body of her beloved, still clutching the rose in his hand.

 

"The Old Palace in Bayreuth was the residence of the Margraves of Brandenburg-Bayreuth from 1603 to 1753, before the move to the New Palace in the mid-18th century. Today the building on Maximilianstrasse is part of the historic city center and has served as the headquarters of the tax office since 1953. It is not to be confused with the Old Palace in the Bayreuth Hermitage.

 

The Counts of Andechs, who were also Dukes of Merania from 1180 onwards, were lords of the town between 1098 and 1248 and had their first castle built in Bayreuth. It was probably an unfortified official residence, because the construction of a fortification would have contradicted the Giechburg Treaty of 1149 between the Andechsers and the Bishopric of Bamberg. The so-called Meranier Castle can be located in the area of ​​the Old Castle as the predecessor of the Margrave Wing, which burned down in 1753. This place is now occupied by the Palais d'Adhémar and the Gontard House, completed in 1761.

 

It is assumed that the property was only built after a market square and town houses were already in place. From there, the Margraves of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (with the residences of Ansbach and Plassenburg) conducted their business during a visit to the city. The building, which is located in a favorable fortification location, could also have played a role in the founding or relocation of the settlement. Even in the 17th century, contemporary sources spoke of the “castle” of Bayreuth.

 

The appearance of the Meranier Castle is not known. In 1481, Hans von Redwitz reported to Margrave Albrecht Achilles that the castle was in great disrepair. The roof needed to be replaced and the beams could no longer bear the load of the roofing. His information shows that the building was half-timbered and had a tower. In October 1491, a master Hansen from Trebgast received the order to “hew over the tower on the old walls, tweak it as necessary and discard it”. The stonemason was supposed to “make the vault over the chapel as necessities required” and create a transition between the tower and the bower.

 

The tower at that time is not identical to the castle tower today. It probably stood at the northeast corner of the sandstone spur and already had bells in 1447. According to Article 11 of the police regulations of that year, once the castle bells had rung at night, no innkeeper was allowed to serve drinks anymore. During the Margravial War, the besieged heard that the leader of the besiegers wanted to “seriously bombard the corner of the castle”. The tower in the castle was therefore “built with great hard work and labor, but no serious action followed”.

 

Bayreuth (German: [baɪˈʁɔʏt], Upper Franconian: [ba(ː)ˈɾaɪ̯t]; Bareid) is a town in northern Bavaria, Germany, on the Red Main river in a valley between the Franconian Jura and the Fichtel Mountains. The town's roots date back to 1194. In the 21st century, it is the capital of Upper Franconia and has a population of 72,148 (2015). It hosts the annual Bayreuth Festival, at which performances of operas by the 19th-century German composer Richard Wagner are presented.

 

Bayreuth lies on the Red Main river, the southern of the two headstreams of the river Main, between the Fichtelgebirge Mountains and Franconian Switzerland. The town is also part of the Nuremberg Metropolitan Region.

 

Upper Franconia (German: Oberfranken) is a Regierungsbezirk (administrative [Regierungs] region [bezirk]) of the state of Bavaria, southern Germany. It forms part of the historically significant region of Franconia, the others being Middle Franconia and Lower Franconia, which are all now part of the German Federal State of Bayern (Bavaria).

 

With more than 200 independent breweries which brew approximately 1000 different types of beer, Upper Franconia has the world's highest brewery-density per capita. A special Franconian beer route (Fränkische Brauereistraße) runs through many popular breweries.

 

The administrative region borders on Thuringia (Thüringen) to the north, Lower Franconia (Unterfranken) to the west, Middle Franconia (Mittelfranken) to the south-west, and Upper Palatinate (Oberpfalz) to the south-east, Saxony (Sachsen) to the north-east and the Czech Republic to the east.

 

After the founding of the Kingdom of Bavaria the state was totally reorganized and, in 1808, divided into 15 administrative government regions (German: Regierungsbezirke (singular Regierungsbezirk)), in Bavaria called Kreise (singular: Kreis). They were created in the fashion of the French departements, quite even in size and population, and named after their main rivers.

 

In the following years, due to territorial changes (e. g. loss of Tyrol, addition of the Palatinate), the number of Kreise was reduced to 8. One of these was the Mainkreis (Main District). In 1837 king Ludwig I of Bavaria renamed the Kreise after historical territorial names and tribes of the area. This also involved some border changes or territorial swaps. Thus the name Mainkreis changed to Upper Franconia.

 

Next to the former episcopal residence city of Bamberg, the capital Bayreuth, the former residence city of Coburg and the classicist centre of Hof, as well as the towns of Lichtenfels, Kronach, Gößweinstein and Kulmbach, the Weißenstein Palace, Banz Abbey and the Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers, the scenic attractions of the River Main and the low mountain ranges of the Fichtel Mountains with the town of Wunsiedel and the Franconian Forest belong among the region's major tourist attractions. There are also numerous spas like Bad Rodach, Bad Steben, Bad Staffelstein, Bad Berneck and Bad Alexandersbad." - info from Wikipedia.

 

Summer 2019 I did a solo cycling tour across Europe through 12 countries over the course of 3 months. I began my adventure in Edinburgh, Scotland and finished in Florence, Italy cycling 8,816 km. During my trip I took 47,000 photos.

 

Now on Instagram.

 

Become a patron to my photography on Patreon or donate.

The Christmas Ferris Wheel in Leeds, West Yorkshire.

 

Leeds first began as a Saxon village, by 1207 the Lord of the Manor, Maurice De Gant, had extended it into a town. He created a new street of houses west of the existing village and he divided the land into plots for building. In Medieval Leeds, there were butchers, bakers, carpenters, and blacksmiths. However, the main industry in Leeds was making wool.

 

In 1628 a writer described Leeds as standing pleasantly in a fruitful and enclosed vale upon the north side of the River Eyer over or beyond a stone bridge from where it has a large and broad street leading directly north and continually ascending. The houses on both sides are very thick and closely compacted together, being old, rough, and low built and generally all made of timber.

 

In 1642 came civil war between king and parliament. Most of the townspeople supported the king and a royalist army occupied Leeds. But in January 1643 parliamentary soldiers captured it. They held Leeds until the summer of 1643 when, after losing a battle in Yorkshire, they were forced to abandon the town. The parliamentary army returned to Leeds in April 1644. They held Leeds for the rest of the civil war.

 

In the 17th century Leeds was a wealthy town. The wool trade boomed. However, like all towns in those days, it suffered from outbreaks of the plague. There was a severe outbreak in 1645. However, in 1694 Leeds gained a piped water supply (for those who could afford to be connected).

 

In the 18th century wool manufacture was still the lifeblood of Leeds but there were other industries. Leeds pottery began in 1770. There was also a brick making industry in Georgian Leeds. There were also many craftsmen such as coachmakers, clockmakers, booksellers, and jewelers as well as more mundane trades such as butchers, bakers, barbers, innkeepers, carpenters, blacksmiths, and glaziers. In 1700 the rivers Aire and Calder were made navigable from Leeds to Wakefield. In 1794 work began on the Leeds to Liverpool canal. It was completed in 1816. For the rich and the middle-class life grew more comfortable and more genteel during the 18th century.

 

The city flourished in the Victorian year’s textiles became less important. But tailoring for a more mass market flourished with the leather industry boot and shoemakers. Leeds grew rapidly but many of the new houses built were dreadful. Overcrowding was rife and streets were very dirty.

 

In the 1850s the council-built sewers but very many of the houses in Leeds were not connected to them. Many dwellings continued to use cesspits or buckets which were emptied at night by the 'night soil' men. Not until 1899 was it made compulsory for dwellings in Leeds to be connected to sewers.

 

Information Source:

www.localhistories.org/Leeds.html

 

Wearyall Hill (Wirral Hill) is a long narrow ridge to the south west of Glastonbury. It's summit offers views across to Glastonbury Tor and the Somerset levels to one side, the town to another. It is on this hill that the legend of the Glastonbury Holy Thorn begins. The original was said to have blossomed from the staff of Joseph of Arimathea whom legend says came to Glastonbury after the crucifixion. Glastonbury was once an inland isle, surrounded by water and only connected to the mainland by a narrow strip of land. Visitors to the Isle could sail up the tidal river Brue and legend tells us that on arrival, Joseph planted his staff which took root and blossomed into the now world-famous Glastonbury Thorn.

 

Hearse’s History and Antiquities of Glastonbury (1722) describes a Mr. Eyston being given information on the Thorn by a local innkeeper: "I was told by the innkeeper where I set up my horses, who rents a considerable part of the enclosure of the late dissolved abbey, that St. Joseph of Arimathea landed not far from the town, at a place where there was an oak planted in memory of his landing, called the Oak of Avalon; that he and his companions marched thence to a hill near a mile on the south side of the town, and there being weary, rested themselves; which gave the hill the name of Weary-all-Hill; and Joseph on arrival, planted his staff in the ground and it immediately blossomed."

 

If you have something of an over-active imagination, this place can look a little creepy... but it's still only a old farmhouse and I didn't see anything too spooky (apart from the desicated remains of a rabbit in a fireside oven!).

 

My grateful thanks to one of my work colleagues for digging up some of the following information on Riddlehamhope:

1610 - Freehold of Riddlehamhope was owned by John Heth senior, esq., although it was rented out. Matthew Armstrong, a tenant for 3 years, was thrown off the 40 acres of land in this year!

1815 - Robert Graham, innkeeper of the Click'em Inn (aka Fox and Hounds) at Whitley Chapel, was gamekeeper of Riddlehamhope from about this time.

1821 - The New Sporting Magazine mentions hunting at Riddlehamhope - when ‘poachers’ carried off ‘no less than 200 braces of grouse in two days.’ The estate belonged to C.J. Clavering at the time - High Sheriff of County Durham.

1832 - Electoral Register records Riddlehamhope as being the home of Charles John Clavering and that also there, as a tenant farmer of 400 acres is one Abraham Bell. Charles John Clavering had a daughter called Diana Marie, who married an MP by the rather fanciful name of James Drummond Buller-Elphinstone (1788-1857) of Trenant Park, nr Looe, Cornwall.

1833 - Abraham Hope, of Riddlehamhope, stood for election in 1833 for Hexham High Quarter Township.

1863 - A certificate of contract for the redemption of Land and Tax on Sir W.A. Clavering's estates at Riddlehamhope and Holywell alias Halleywell was issued this year.

1917 - Falcons were kept by Major Fisher at Riddlehamhope around 1917 and before, which were used for hunting game birds - especially grouse.

1970 - References to Riddlehamhope as having been visited by the Duchess of Connaught before becoming derelict in the 1970’s [Sic].

 

Aldborough Roman Site contains the remains of the Roman town of Isurium Brigantium as well as an interesting museum looking at the history of the settlement.

Before the Roman occupation, the region in which modern Aldborough stands was ruled by the Celtic Brigantes. The Brigantes were one of the dominant tribes of the Iron Age in Britain, controlling the area which is now Yorkshire and Lancashire. At the time the Aldborough area was a Brigantian settlement called Iseur, however the Romans built their own settlement here and named the town Isurium Brigantium.

After the Roman invasion of Britain the Brigantes were initially compliant with Roman rule; 'Brigantia' became a client state. Indeed it was the Brigantes Queen Cartimunda who handed over a major adversary of Rome, the Catuvellauni chieftain Caratacus.

After Cartimunda divorced her husband, Venutius, in favour of his armour bearer, Venutius rebelled, and the Brigantian territories descended into civil war. Cartimunda was rescued by Roman aid. Soon after, however, the Romans took advantage of the unrest to take control of the region. In AD71, Petilius Cerialis, the Roman governor of Britain, subjugated the local population and established Isurium Brigantium as the headquarters for controlling the regional population.

In the beginning Isurium Brigantium would simply have been a fort, with a civilian population inhabiting the perimeter of the town. During the second century, the military capacity of the town was much reduced, and it established itself as a civilian centre. Approximately 55 acres in area, Isurium Brigantium was surrounded by a significant stone wall, reaching 12 feet in height, and in some parts, having a depth of 9 feet.

However, the town seems to have diminished during the later Empire period, and with the withdrawal of Roman troops from Britain much of the original Roman town suffered.

Today, very little of the original Roman town remains, except for an area which is managed by English Heritage.

The entrance to Aldborough Roman Site is through an area close to the original Roman south gate. Visitors immediately arrive at the Aldborough Roman Museum, which has on display fascinating architectural finds from the town.

Some parts of the southern wall remain intact, as well as the foundations of two defensive towers. Visitors can also follow the path through the gardens to view the highlight of the site, two magnificent mosaics. The mosaics date from the second or third century AD, and were discovered in the nineteenth century, the first by accident when a calf was being buried by an innkeeper. This mosaic has sustained some damage, and depicts a lion resting under a tree. The second remains well preserved, and shows an eight sided star in the centre.

In 2011, scientists using geomagnetic sensors located the remains of the Roman amphitheatre at Aldborough, under Studforth Hill, just outside the village.

1-7 Constitution Hill Birmingham. Designed by Doubleday and Shaw 1896.

 

In red brick with red terracotta. Wonderful example of its type. Wildly extravagant decoration. Rivals the old National Telephone Exchange in Newhall Street.

 

Henry Bailey Sale was the son of an innkeeper. He became a metal letter cutter and by the mid 1860s had a workshop at 65 Constitution Hill employing around 16 men and boys. Obviously business prospered and he had this landmark building built.

 

Deservedly Grade II listed.

 

HDS only occupied the building for less than 20 years. By the end of WW1, it was being used as The Lord Roberts Memorial Workshops for disabled soldiers and sailors. HBS had moved to new, less attractive premises in nearby Summer Lane.

PFC (Pucca Firecaster's Creations) - Innkeeper outfit

 

Dusty says its a level 2 Renfaire corset.

Brontosaurus meaning "thunder lizard" from the Greek words βροντή, brontē "thunder" and σαῦρος, sauros "lizard") is a genus of herbivorous sauropod dinosaur that lived in present-day United States during the Late Jurassic period. It was described by American paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh in 1879, the type species being dubbed B. excelsus, based on a partial skeleton lacking a skull found in Como Bluff, Wyoming. In subsequent years, two more species of Brontosaurus were named: B. parvus in 1902 and B. yahnahpin in 1994. Brontosaurus lived about 156 to 146 million years ago (mya) during the Kimmeridgian and Tithonian ages in the Morrison Formation of what is now Utah and Wyoming. For decades, the animal was thought to have been a taxonomic synonym of its close relative Apatosaurus, but a 2015 study by Emmanuel Tschopp and colleagues found it to be distinct. It has seen widespread representation in popular culture, being the archetypal "long-necked" dinosaur in general media.

 

The anatomy of Brontosaurus is well known, with fossils demonstrating that it was large, long-necked, and quadrupedal with a long tail terminating in a whip-like structure. The cervical vertebrae are notably extremely robust and heavily-built, in contrast to its lightly built relatives Diplodocus and Barosaurus. The forelimbs were short and stout whereas the hindlimbs were elongated and thick, supported respectively by a heavily built shoulder girdle and pelvis. Several size estimates have been made, with the largest species B. excelsus reaching up to 21–22 m (69–72 ft) from head to tail and weighing in at 15–17 t (17–19 short tons), whereas the smaller B. parvus only got up to 19 m (62 ft) long. Juvenile specimens of Brontosaurus are known, with younger individuals growing rapidly to adult size in as little as 15 years.

 

Brontosaurus has been classified within the family Diplodocidae, which was a group of sauropods that had shorter necks and longer tails compared to other families like brachiosaurs and mamenchisaurs. Diplodocids first evolved in the Middle Jurassic but peaked in diversity during the Late Jurassic with forms like Brontosaurus before becoming extinct in the Early Cretaceous. Brontosaurus is a genus in the subfamily Apatosaurinae, which includes only it and Apatosaurus, which are distinguished by their firm builds and thick necks. Although Apatosaurinae was named in 1929, the group was not used validly until an extensive 2015 paper, which found Brontosaurus to be valid. However, the status of Brontosaurus is still uncertain, with some paleontologists still considering it a synonym of Apatosaurus.

 

Being from the Morrison Formation, Brontosaurus coexisted with a menagerie of other taxa such as the sauropods Diplodocus, Barosaurus, and Brachiosaurus; herbivorous ornithischians Stegosaurus, Dryosaurus, and Nanosaurus; as well as the carnivorous theropods Allosaurus, Marshosaurus and Ceratosaurus. This formation was a hotspot of sauropod biodiversity, with over 16 recognized genera, which resulted in niche partitioning between different sauropods.

 

Teessaurus Park is a 10 acre urban grassland recreational area and sculpture park opened in 1979 in the Riverside Park light industrial estate, Middlesbrough, on the southern bank of the River Tees. It was built on a former slag heap in what was the Ironmasters district and represents, without any irony, the iron and steel industry that used to exist on the site and in the area. The park has its own small car park and has become something of a nature reserve. The route of the Teesdale Way passes through the park.

 

The park was started as a result of entering an Art to Landscape competition organised by The Sunday Times and the Arts Council. Middlesbrough Council had commissioned a life size painted steel sculpture of a triceratops called Teessaurus from Genevieve Glatt that was fabricated by Harts of Stockton at a total cost of £16,000 and installed on a mound at the northern end of the park. The park was opened with this sculpture in 1979 and two infant triceratops were added later. From 1987 onwards, a life-size brachiosaurus, brontosaurus, mammoth, stegosaurus and tyrannosaurus sculptures were added at the sides of the park. These sculptures were built by workers on the government Youth and Employment Training Scheme at Amarc Training and Safety.

 

Middlesbrough is a town in the Middlesbrough unitary authority borough of North Yorkshire, England. The town lies near the mouth of the River Tees and north of the North York Moors National Park. The built-up area had a population of 148,215 at the 2021 UK census. It is the largest town of the wider Teesside area, which had a population of 376,633 in 2011.

 

Until the early 1800s, the area was rural farmland in the historic county of Yorkshire. The town was a planned development which started in 1830, based around a new port with coal and later ironworks added. Steel production and ship building began in the late 1800s, remaining associated with the town until the post-industrial decline of the late twentieth century. Trade (notably through ports) and digital enterprise sectors contemporarily contribute to the local economy, Teesside University and Middlesbrough College to local education.

 

Middlesbrough was made a municipal borough in 1853. When elected county councils were created in 1889, Middlesbrough was considered large enough to provide its own county-level services and so it became a county borough, independent from North Riding County Council. The borough of Middlesbrough was abolished in 1968 when the area was absorbed into the larger County Borough of Teesside. Six years later in 1974 Middlesbrough was re-established as a borough within the new county of Cleveland. Cleveland was abolished in 1996, since when Middlesbrough has been a unitary authority within the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire.

 

Middlesbrough started as a Benedictine priory on the south bank of the River Tees, its name possibly derived from it being midway between the holy sites of Durham and Whitby. The earliest recorded form of Middlesbrough's name is "Mydilsburgh", containing the term burgh.

 

In 686, a monastic cell was consecrated by St. Cuthbert at the request of St. Hilda, Abbess of Whitby. The manor of Middlesburgh belonged to Whitby Abbey and Guisborough Priory.[1] Robert Bruce, Lord of Cleveland and Annandale, granted and confirmed, in 1119, the church of St. Hilda of Middleburg to Whitby. Up until its closure on the Dissolution of the Monasteries by Henry VIII in 1537, the church was maintained by 12 Benedictine monks, many of whom became vicars, or rectors, of various places in Cleveland.

 

After the Angles, the area became home to Viking settlers. Names of Viking origin (with the suffix by meaning village) are abundant in the area; for example, Ormesby, Stainsby and Tollesby were once separate villages that belonged to Vikings called Orm, Steinn and Toll that are now areas of Middlesbrough were recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086. Other names around Middlesbrough include the village of Maltby (of Malti) along with the towns of Ingleby Barwick (Anglo-place and barley-wick) and Thornaby (of Thormod).

 

Links persist in the area, often through school or road names, to now-outgrown or abandoned local settlements, such as the medieval settlement of Stainsby, deserted by 1757, which amounts to little more today than a series of grassy mounds near the A19 road.

 

In 1801, Middlesbrough was a small farm with a population of just 25; however, during the latter half of the 19th century, it experienced rapid growth. In 1828 the influential Quaker banker, coal mine owner and Stockton and Darlington Railway (S&DR) shareholder Joseph Pease sailed up the River Tees to find a suitable new site downriver of Stockton on which to place new coal staithes. As a result, in 1829 he and a group of Quaker businessmen bought the Middlesbrough farmstead and associated estate, some 527 acres (213 ha) of land, and established the Middlesbrough Estate Company.

 

Through the company, the investors set about a new coal port development (designed by John Harris) on the southern banks of the Tees. The first coal shipping staithes at the port (known as "Port Darlington") were constructed with a settlement to the east established on the site of Middlesbrough farm as labour for the port, taking on the farm's name as it developed into a village. The small farmstead became a village of streets such as North Street, South Street, West Street, East Street, Commercial Street, Stockton Street and Cleveland Street, laid out in a grid-iron pattern around a market square, with the first house being built on West Street in April 1830. New businesses bought premises and plots of land in the new town including: shippers, merchants, butchers, innkeepers, joiners, blacksmiths, tailors, builders and painters.

 

The first coal shipping staithes at the port (known as "Port Darlington") were constructed just to the west of the site earmarked for the location of Middlesbrough. The port was linked to the S&DR on 27 December 1830 via a branch that extended to an area just north of the current Middlesbrough railway station, helping secure the town's future.

 

The success of the port meant it soon became overwhelmed by the volume of imports and exports, and in 1839 work started on Middlesbrough Dock. Laid out by Sir William Cubitt, the whole infrastructure was built by resident civil engineer George Turnbull. After three years and an expenditure of £122,000 (equivalent to £9.65 million at 2011 prices), first water was let in on 19 March 1842, and the formal opening took place on 12 May 1842. On completion, the docks were bought by the S&DR.

 

Iron and steel have dominated the Tees area since 1841 when Henry Bolckow in partnership with John Vaughan, founded the Vulcan iron foundry and rolling mill. Vaughan, who had worked his way up through the Iron industry in South Wales, used his technical expertise to find a more abundant supply of Ironstone in the Eston Hills in 1850, and introduced the new "Bell Hopper" system of closed blast furnaces developed at the Ebbw Vale works. These factors made the works an unprecedented success with Teesside becoming known as the "Iron-smelting centre of the world" and Bolckow, Vaughan & Co., Ltd became the largest company in existence.

 

By 1851 Middlesbrough's population had grown from 40 people in 1829 to 7,600. Pig iron production rose tenfold between 1851 and 1856 and by the mid-1870s Middlesbrough was producing one third of the entire nations Pig Iron output. It was during this time Middlesbrough earned the nickname "Ironopolis".

 

On 21 January 1853, Middlesbrough received its Royal Charter of Incorporation, giving the town the right to have a mayor, aldermen and councillors. Henry Bolckow became mayor, in 1853.

 

A Welsh community was established in Middlesbrough sometime before the 1840s, with mining being the main form of employment. These migrants included figures who would become important leaders in the commercial, political and cultural life of the town:

 

John Vaughan established Teesside's first ironworks in 1841, The Vulcan Works at Middlesbrough. Vaughan had worked his way up through the industry at the Dowlais Ironworks in south Wales and encouraged hundreds of the skilled Welsh workers to follow him to Teesside.

Edward Williams (iron-master), although he was the grandson of the famous Welsh Bard Iolo Morganwg, Edward had started as a mere clerk at Dowlais. His move to the Tees saw him rise to ironmaster, alderman, magistrate and Mayor of Middlesbrough. Edward was also the father of Aneurin and Penry, who both became Liberal MPs for the area.

E.T. John arrived from Pontypridd as a junior clerk in Williams' office. John became the director of several industrial enterprises and a radical politician.

Windsor Richards, an Engineer and manager, oversaw the town's transition from iron to steel production.

Much like the contemporary Welsh migration to America, the Welsh of Middlesbrough came almost exclusively from the iron-smelting and coal districts of South Wales. By 1861 42% of the town's ironworkers identified as Welsh and one in twenty of the total population. Place names such as "Welch Cottages" and "Welch Place" appeared around the Vulcan works, and Middlesbrough became a centre for the Welsh communities at Witton Park, Spennymoor, Consett and Stockton on Tees (especially Portrack). David Williams also recorded that a number of the Welsh workers at the Hughesovka Ironworks in 1869 had migrated from Middlesbrough.

 

A Welsh Baptist chapel was active in the town as early as 1858, and St Hilda's Anglican church began providing services in the Welsh language. Churches and chapels were the centres of Welsh culture, supporting choirs, Sunday Schools, social societies, adult education, lectures and literary meetings. By the 1870s, many more Welsh chapels were built (one reputed to seat 500 people), and the first Eisteddfodau were held.

 

By the 1880s, a "Welsh cultural revival" was underway, with the Eisteddfodau attracting competitors and spectators from outside the Welsh communities. In 1890 the Middlesbrough Town Hall hosted the first Cleveland and Durham Eisteddfod, an event notable for its non-denominational inclusivity, with Irish Catholic choirs and the bishop of the newly created Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough as honoured guests.

 

In the early twentieth century this Eisteddfod had become the biggest annual event in the town and the largest annual Eisteddfod outside Wales. The Eisteddfod had a clear impact on the culture of the town, especially through its literary and music events, by 1911 the Eisteddfod had twenty-two classes of musical competition only two of which were for Welsh language content. By 1914, thirty choirs from across the area were competing in 284 entries. A choral tradition remained part of the town's culture long after the eisteddfod and chapels had gone. In 2012 an exhibition at the Dorman Museum marked the Apollo Male Voice Choir's 125 years as an active choir in the town.

 

Industrial Wales was noted for its "radical Liberal-Labour" politics, and the rhetoric of these politicians clearly won favour with the urban population of the North East. Penry Williams and Jonathan Samuel won the seats of Middlesbrough and Stockton-on-Tees for the Liberal Party and Penry's brother, Aneurin would also win the newly created Consett seat in 1918.

 

Sir Horace Davey stressed his Welsh lineage and stated that "it was scarcely an exaggeration to say that Welshmen had founded Middlesbrough", courting the Welsh vote that saw him elected MP for Stockton. However, others complained that local Conservative candidates were losing to "Fenians and Welshers" (Irish and Welsh people).

 

These sentiments had grown by 1900 when Samuel lost his seat after a Unionist complained publicly that the town had been "forced to submit to the indignity of being trailed ignominiously through the mire by Welsh constituents". Samuel lost the seat but regained it in 1910 with a campaign that made few, if any, references to his Welsh background.

 

From 1861 to 1871, the census of England & Wales showed that Middlesbrough consistently had the second highest percentage of Irish born people in England after Liverpool. The Irish population in 1861 accounted for 15.6% of the total population of Middlesbrough. In 1871 the amount had dropped to 9.2% yet this still placed Middlesbrough's Irish population second in England behind Liverpool. Due to the rapid development of the town and its industrialisation there was much need for people to work in the many blast furnaces and steel works along the banks of the Tees. This attracted many people from Ireland, who were in much need of work. As well as people from Ireland, the Scottish, Welsh and overseas inhabitants made up 16% of Middlesbrough's population in 1871. A second influx of Irish migration was observed in the early 1900s as Middlesbrough's steel industry boomed producing 1/3 of Britain's total steel output. This second influx lasted through to the 1950s after which Irish migration to Middlesbrough saw a drastic decline. Middlesbrough no longer has a strong Irish presence, with Irish born residents making up around 2% of the current population, however there is still a strong cultural and historical connection with Ireland mainly through the heritage and ancestry of many families within Middlesbrough.

 

The town's rapid expansion continued throughout the second half of the 19th century, fuelled by the iron and steel industry. In 1864 the North Riding Infirmary (an ear, nose and mouth hospital) opened in Newport Road; this was demolished in 2006.

 

On 15 August 1867, a Reform Bill was passed, making Middlesbrough a new parliamentary borough, Bolckow was elected member for Middlesbrough the following year. In 1875, Bolckow, Vaughan & Co opened the Cleveland Steelworks in Middlesbrough beginning the transition from Iron production to Steel and by the turn of the century. Henry Bolckow died in 1878 and left an endowment of £5,000 for the infirmary.

 

In the latter third of the 19th century, Old Middlesbrough was starting to decline and was overshadowed by developments built around the new town hall, south of the original town hall, the town's population reaching 90,000 by the dawn of the 20th century.[9] In 1900, Bolckow, Vaughan & Co had become the largest producer of steel in Great Britain and possibly came to be one of the major steel centres in the world.

 

In 1914, Dorman Long, another major steel producer from Middlesbrough, became the largest company in Britain. It employed a workforce of over 20,000 and by 1929 and gained enough to take over from Bolckow, Vaughan & Co's dominance and to acquire their assets. The steel components of the Sydney Harbour Bridge (1932) were engineered and fabricated by Dorman Long of Middlesbrough. The company was also responsible for the New Tyne Bridge in Newcastle.

 

Several large shipyards also lined the Tees, including the Sir Raylton Dixon & Company, Smith's Dock Company of South Bank and Furness Shipbuilding Company of Haverton Hill.

 

Middlesbrough was the first major British town and industrial target to be bombed during the Second World War. The Luftwaffe first attacked the town on 25 May 1940 when a lone bomber dropped 13 bombs between South Bank Road and the South Steel Plant. One of the bombs fell on the South Bank football ground making a large crater in the pitch. The bomber was forced to leave after RAF night fighters were scrambled to intercept. Two months after the first bombing Prime Minister Winston Churchill visited the town to meet the public and inspect coastal defences.

 

German bombers often flew over the Eston Hills while heading for targets further inland, such as Manchester. On 30 March 1941 a Junkers Ju 88 was shot down by two Spitfires of No. 41 Squadron, piloted by Tony Lovell and Archie Winskill, over Middlesbrough. The aircraft dived into the ground at Barnaby Moor, Eston; the engines and most of the airframe were entirely buried upon impact.

 

On 5 December 1941 a Spitfire of No. 122 Squadron, piloted by Sgt Hutton, crashed into rising ground near Mill Farm, Upsall, on the lower slopes of Eston Hills. Poor visibility due to bad weather and low cloud is believed to have been the cause of the crash.

 

On 15 January 1942, minutes after being hit by gunfire from a merchant ship anchored off Hartlepool, a Dornier Do 217 collided with the cable of a barrage balloon over the River Tees. The blazing bomber plummeted onto the railway sidings in South Bank leaving a crater twelve feet deep. In 1997 the remains of the Dornier were unearthed by a group of workers clearing land for redevelopment; the remains were put on display for a short while at Kirkleatham museum.

 

On 4 August 1942 a lone Dornier Do 217 picked its way through the barrage balloons and dropped a stick of bombs onto the railway station. One bomb caused serious damage to the Victorian glass and steel roof. A train in the station was also badly damaged although there were no passengers aboard. The station was put out action for two weeks.

 

The Green Howards was a British Army infantry regiment very strongly associated with Middlesbrough and the area south of the River Tees. Originally formed at Dunster Castle, Somerset in 1688 to serve King William of Orange, later King William III, this regiment became affiliated to the North Riding of Yorkshire in 1782. As Middlesbrough grew, its population of men came to be a group most targeted by the recruiters. The Green Howards were part of the King's Division. On 6 June 2006, this famous regiment was merged into the new Yorkshire Regiment and are now known as 2 Yorks, The 2nd Battalion The Yorkshire Regiment (Green Howards). There is also a Territorial Army (TA) company at Stockton Road in Middlesbrough, part of 4 Yorks which is wholly reserve.

 

Post Second World War to contemporary era

By the end of the war over 200 buildings had been destroyed within the Middlesbrough area. The borough lost 99 civilians as a result of enemy action.

 

Areas of early and mid-Victorian housing were demolished and much of central Middlesbrough was redeveloped. Heavy industry was relocated to areas of land better suited to the needs of modern technology. Middlesbrough itself began to take on a completely different look.

 

Middlesbrough's 1903 Gaumont cinema, originally an opera house until the 1930s, was demolished in 1971. The Cleveland Centre opened in the same year. In 1974, Middlesbrough and other areas around the Tees, became part of the county of Cleveland. This was to create a county within a single NUTS region of England, with the UK joining the European Union predecessor (European Communities) a year earlier.

 

Middlesbrough's Royal Exchange building was demolished, to make way for the road. A multi-storey the Star and Garter Hotel built in the 1890s near to the exchange on the site of a former Welsh Congregational Church, was also demolished. The Victorian era North Riding Infirmary was demolished in 2006 and replaced by a hotel and supermarket.

 

The Cleveland Centre opened in 1971, Hill Street shopping centre opened in 1981 and Captain Cook Square opened in 1999.

 

Middlesbrough F.C.'s modern Riverside Stadium opened on 26 August 1995 next to Middlesbrough Dock. The club moved from Ayresome Park their previous home in the town for 92 years.

 

With the abolition of Cleveland County in 1996, Middlesbrough again became part of North Yorkshire.

 

The original St.Hilda's area of Middlesbrough, after decades of decline and clearance, was given a new name of Middlehaven in 1986 on investment proposals to build on the land. Middlehaven has since had new buildings built there including Middlesbrough College and Middlesbrough FC's Riverside Stadium amongst others. Also situated at Middlehaven is the "Boho" zone, offering office space to the area's business and to attract new companies, and also "Bohouse", housing. Some of the street names from the original grid-iron street plan of the town still exist in the area today.

 

The expansion of Middlesbrough southwards, eastwards and westwards continued throughout the 20th century absorbing villages such as Linthorpe, Acklam, Ormesby, Marton and Nunthorpe[9] and continues to the present day.

Longfellow's Wayside Inn—a nationally significant Massachusetts Historic Landmark—is the oldest Inn still operating in the United States and has been serving travelers along the old Boston Post Road for almost 300 years. What began as a two-room home in 1707, the Howe family ran a successful tavern and innkeeping business on this site from 1716 to 1861.

 

From its Colonial roots as an important stagecoach stop, to Henry Ford's historic preservation of the property as a living museum of American history from 1923 to 1945, the Wayside Inn offers a unique experience of history. The Inn is the perfect backdrop for your own memory-making occasions, as well as a unique casual touring and educational destination.

 

Part of the Wayside Inn Historic Site, Longfellow's Wayside Inn offers informative exhibits as well as atmospheric dining and guest rooms for the visiting public. The Inn serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner to compliment your exploration of the property's 125 scenic acres.

 

As part of the "Adventurers" collection, an outfit for Iplehouse nYID girls (small bust): "The Innkeeper" ver 1.1

 

It includes:

- white cotton shirt closed with metal snap buttons on the front

- kashmere pattern cotton round skirt

- white cotton underskirt with a frilled decoration at the bottom

- black cotton simple underbust corset with satin ribbon

 

www.etsy.com/listing/222497012/ih-nyid-outfit-the-innkeep...

 

The Henry Ford Museum