Despite the increasing numbers of Japanese light commercial vehicles that have been imported to Malta in recent years, there are still a considerable number of Ford Transit vehicles on the Island. A good number of Mark 1s survive, almost all diesel powered and some with their original Perkins 4.108 engines. This workaday example is a short-wheelbase diesel with a typical Maltese-style dropside body. Laden with rubbish I assumed it was on its way to "the tip". 25.04.10

Ecovolis program has proven successful in dramatically increasing bicycle use in Tirana, which, formerly, was a city without a developed bicycle culture. Ecovolis program is the first project in Albania that provides low-income adults with commuter bicycles as well as a donating program for children bicycles. The program recently completed two major steps, opening new bike stations in the city of Durrës and integrating Tourist Information Point Service to the bicycles stations' structure.

History

The Tirana Community Bicycle Albania project won financial support from the George Soros Open Society Foundation Albania (OSFA). An even larger contribution came from the US-based Pedal for Progress organization, which donated 450 bicycles. Sixty of these were used road bikes, which were modified and painted by local technicians to serve as public bikes in the Ecovolis scheme. Another portion was set aside to donate to children and to activists and volunteers at PASS. Still another portion were diverted to the project's Eco Bicycle Shop, a social enterprise which sells bikes for USD 50-150 and reinvests profits for the service and maintenance of Ecovolis bicycles. The main objective of the program was to introduce the community to an inexpensive, environmental friendly form of transport -- the bicycle; to sell used bikes at low prices; to donate bikes to the children of needy families and to PASS volunteers; to establish a bike sharing-scheme in the city (Ecovolis); and to employ financially disadvantaged people and young students to operate the bike-sharing scheme.

System

Each Ecovolis station is staffed by two employees in two shifts and contains 30 -- 60 bicycles. In order to use the bicycles it is required to provide a personal identification document (such as passport or ID card) or by subscribing to the Ecovolis membership Card.

The first black and red bicycles, (also the colors of the Albanian flag) were donated from US-organization Pedal for Progress, (which collect and donate used bicycles). As these bicycles were of different types, converting them for safe and comfortable public use took months of work. The price per bicycle varies from 60 US$ to 90 US$ each. The bicycle is equipped with a front bicycle basket, a behind carrier, a comfortable saddle and a public fender with the Ecovolis sign.

The bicycle stations also provide touristic information to the visitors and a list of the city attractions. Moreover, being a non-profit social enterprise, during particular days the program offers free bicycle service, cycling courses, donations of bicycles and helmets for children in need, bike tours and a bicycle recycle program.

Fangruida: human landing on Mars 10 cutting-edge technology

 

[Fangruida- human landing on Mars 10 innovative and sophisticated technologies]

 

Aerospace Science and space science and technology major innovation of the most critical of sophisticated technology R & D project

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Aerospace Science Space Science and Technology on behalf of the world's most cutting-edge leader in high technology, materials, mechatronics, information and communication, energy, biomedical, marine, aviation aerospace, microelectronics, computer, automation, intelligent biochips, use of nuclear energy, light mechanical and electrical integration, astrophysics, celestial chemistry, astrophysics and so a series of geological science and technology. Especially after the moon landing, the further development of mankind to Mars and other planets into the powerful offensive, the world's major powers eager to Daxian hand of God, increase investment, vigorously develop new sophisticated technology projects for space to space. Satellite, space station, the new spacecraft, the new space suits, the new radiation protection materials, intelligent materials, new manufacturing technology, communications technology, computer technology, detector technology, rover, rover technology, biomedical technology, and so one after another, is expected to greater breakthroughs and leaps. For example, rocket technology, spacecraft design, large power spacecraft, spacesuits design improvements, radiation multifunctional composite materials, life health care technology and space medicine, prevention against microgravity microgravity applicable drugs, tracking control technology, landing and return technology. Mars lander and returned safely to Earth as a top priority. Secondly, Mars, the Moon base and the use of transforming Mars, the Moon and other development will follow. Whether the former or the latter, are the modern aerospace science, space science basic research, applied basic research and applied research in the major cutting-edge technology. These major cutting-edge technology research and innovation, not only for human landing on Mars and the safe return of great significance, but for the entire space science, impact immeasurable universe sciences, earth sciences and human life. Here the most critical of the most important research projects of several sophisticated technology research and development as well as its core technology brief. Limit non-scientific techniques include non-technical limits of technology, the key lies in technology research and development of technology maturity, advanced technology, innovative, practical, reliable, practical application, business value and investment costs, and not simply like the idea mature technology achievements, difficult to put into things. This is the high-tech research and development, testing, prototype, test application testing, until the outcome of industrialization. Especially in aerospace technology, advanced, novelty, practicality, reliability, economy, maturity, commercial value and so on. For technical and research purely science fiction and the like may be irrelevant depth, but not as aerospace engineering and technology practice. Otherwise, Mars will become a dream fantasy, and even into settling crashed out of danger.

 

Regardless of the moon or Mars, many technical difficulties, especially a human landing on Mars and return safely to Earth, technical difficulties mainly in the following aspects. (Transformation of Mars and the Moon and other planets and detect other livable technology more complex and difficult, at this stage it is difficult to achieve and therefore not discussed in detail in this study). In fact, Mars will be the safe return of a full set of technology, space science, aerospace crucial scientific research development, its significance is not confined to Mars simply a return to scientific value, great commercial value, can not be measure.

1. Powered rocket, the spacecraft overall structural design not be too complex large, otherwise, the safety factor to reduce the risk of failure accidents. Fusion rocket engine main problem to be solved is the high-temperature materials and fuel ignition chamber (reaction chamber temperatures of up to tens of millions of supreme billion degrees), fissile class rocket engine whose essence is the miniaturization of nuclear reactors, and placed on the rocket. Nuclear rocket engine fuel as an energy source, with liquid hydrogen, liquid helium, liquid ammonia working fluid. Nuclear rocket engine mounted in the thrust chamber of the reactor, cooling nozzle, the working fluid delivery and control systems and other components. This engine due to nuclear radiation protection, exhaust pollution, reactor control and efficient heat exchanger design and other issues unresolved. Electrothermal rocket engine utilizing heat energy (resistance heating or electric arc heating) working medium (hydrogen, amines, hydrazine ), vaporized; nozzle expansion accelerated after discharged from the spout to generate thrust. Static rocket engine working fluid (mercury, cesium, hydrogen, etc.) from the tank enter the ionization chamber is formed thrust ionized into a plasma jet. Electric rocket engines with a high specific impulse (700-2500 sec), extremely long life (can be repeated thousands of times a starter, a total of up to thousands of hours of work). But the thrust of less than 100N. This engine is only available for spacecraft attitude control, station-keeping and the like. One nuclear - power rocket design is as follows: Firstly, the reactor heats water to make it into steam, and then the high-speed steam ejected, push the rocket. Nuclear rocket using hydrogen as working substance may be a better solution, it is one of the most commonly used liquid hydrogen rocket fuel rocket carrying liquid hydrogen virtually no technical difficulties. Heating hydrogen nuclear reactor, as long as it eventually reaches or exceeds current jet velocity hydrogen rocket engine jet speed, the same weight of the rocket will be able to work longer, it can accelerate the Rockets faster. Here there are only two problems: First, the final weight includes the weight of the rocket in nuclear reactors, so it must be as light as possible. Ultra-small nuclear reactor has been able to achieve. Furthermore, if used in outer space, we can not consider the problem of radioactive residues, simply to just one proton hydrogen nuclei are less likely to produce induced radioactivity, thus shielding layer can be made thinner, injected hydrogen gas can flow directly through the reactor core, it is not easy to solve, and that is how to get back at high speed heated gas is ejected.

  

Rocket engine with a nuclear fission reactor, based on the heating liquid hydrogen propellant, rather than igniting flammable propellant

High-speed heavy rocket is a major cutting-edge technology. After all, space flight and aircraft carriers, submarines, nuclear reactors differ greatly from the one hand, the use of traditional fuels, on the one hand can be nuclear reactor technology. From the control, for security reasons, the use of nuclear power rocket technology, safe and reliable overriding indicators. Nuclear atomic energy in line with the norms and rules of outer space. For the immature fetal abdominal hatchery technology, and resolutely reject use. This is the most significant development of nuclear-powered rocket principle.

Nuclear-powered spaceship for Use of nuclear power are three kinds:

The first method: no water or air space such media can not be used propeller must use jet approach. Reactor nuclear fission or fusion to produce a lot of heat, we will propellant (such as liquid hydrogen) injection, the rapid expansion of the propellant will be heated and then discharged from the engine speed tail thrust. This method is most readily available.

The second method: nuclear reactor will have a lot of fast-moving ions, these energetic particles moving very fast, so you can use a magnetic field to control their ejection direction. This principle ion rocket similar to the tail of the rocket ejected from the high-speed mobile ions, so that the recoil movement of a rocket. The advantage of this approach is to promote the unusually large ratio, without carrying any medium, continued strong. Ion engine, which is commonly referred to as "electric rocket", the principle is not complicated, the propellant is ionized particles,

Plasma Engine

Electromagnetic acceleration, high-speed spray. From the development trend, the US research scope covers almost all types of electric thrusters, but mainly to the development of ion engines, NASA in which to play the most active intake technology and preparedness plans. "

The third method: the use of nuclear explosions. It is a bold and crazy way, no longer is the use of a controlled nuclear reaction, but to use nuclear explosions to drive the ship, this is not an engine, and it is called a nuclear pulse rocket. This spacecraft will carry a lot of low-yield atomic bombs out one behind, and then detonated, followed by a spacecraft propulsion installation disk, absorbing the blast pushing the spacecraft forward. This was in 1955 to Orion (Project Orion) name of the project, originally planned to bring two thousand atomic bombs, Orion later fetal nuclear thermal rocket. Its principle is mounted on a small rocket reactor, the reactor utilizing thermal energy generated by the propellant is heated to a high temperature, high pressure and high temperature of the propellant from the high-speed spray nozzle, a tremendous impetus.

  

Common nuclear fission technologies, including nuclear pulse rocket engines, nuclear rockets, nuclear thermal rocket and nuclear stamping rockets to nuclear thermal rocket, for example, the size of its land-based nuclear power plant reactor structure than the much smaller, more uranium-235 purity requirements high, reaching more than 90%, at the request of the high specific impulse engine core temperature will reach about 3000K, require excellent high temperature properties of materials.

  

Research and test new IT technologies and new products and new technology and new materials, new equipment, things are difficult, design is the most important part, especially in the overall design, technical solutions, technical route, technical process, technical and economic particularly significant. The overall design is defective, technology there are loopholes in the program, will be a major technical route deviation, but also directly related to the success of research trials. so, any time, under any circumstances, a good grasp of the overall control of design, technical design, is essential. otherwise, a done deal, it is difficult save. aerospace technology research and product development is true.

  

3, high-performance nuclear rocket

Nuclear rocket nuclear fission and fusion energy can rocket rocket two categories. Nuclear fission and fusion produce heat, radiation and shock waves and other large amounts of energy, but here they are contemplated for use as a thermal energy rocket.

Uranium and other heavy elements, under certain conditions, will split their nuclei, called nuclear fission reaction. The atomic bomb is the result of nuclear fission reactions. Nuclear fission reaction to release energy, is a million times more chemical rocket propellant combustion energy. Therefore, nuclear fission energy is a high-performance rocket rockets. Since it requires much less propellant than chemical rockets can, so to its own weight is much lighter than chemical rockets energy. For the same quality of the rocket, the rocket payload of nuclear fission energy is much greater than the chemical energy of the rocket. Just nuclear fission energy rocket is still in the works. 

Use of nuclear fission energy as the energy of the rocket, called the atomic rockets. It is to make hydrogen or other inert gas working fluid through the reactor, the hydrogen after the heating temperature quickly rose to 2000 ℃, and then into the nozzle, high-speed spray to produce thrust. 

A vision plan is to use liquid hydrogen working fluid, in operation, the liquid hydrogen tank in the liquid hydrogen pump is withdrawn through the catheter and the engine cooling jacket and liquid hydrogen into hydrogen gas, hydrogen gas turbine-driven, locally expansion. Then by nuclear fission reactors, nuclear fission reactions absorb heat released, a sharp rise in temperature, and finally into the nozzle, the rapid expansion of high-speed spray. Calculations show that the amount of atomic payload rockets, rocket high chemical energy than 5-8 times.

Hydrogen and other light elements, under certain conditions, their nuclei convergent synthesis of new heavy nuclei, and release a lot of energy, called nuclear fusion reaction, also called thermonuclear reaction. 

Using energy generated by the fusion reaction for energy rocket, called fusion energy rocket or nuclear thermal rockets. But it is also not only take advantage of controlled nuclear fusion reaction to manufacture hydrogen bombs, rockets and controlled nuclear fusion reaction needs still studying it.

Of course there are various research and development of rocket technology and technical solutions to try.

It is envisaged that the rocket deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen with deuterium nuclear fusion reaction of helium nuclei, protons and neutrons, and release huge amounts of energy, just polymerized ionized helium to temperatures up to 100 million degrees the plasma, and then nozzle expansion, high-speed ejection, the exhaust speed of up to 15,000 km / sec, atomic energy is 1800 times the rocket, the rocket is the chemical energy of 3700 times.

 

Nuclear rocket engine fuel as an energy source, with liquid hydrogen, liquid helium, liquid ammonia working fluid. Nuclear rocket engine mounted in the thrust chamber of the reactor, cooling nozzle, the working fluid delivery and control systems and other components. In a nuclear reactor, nuclear energy into heat to heat the working fluid, the working fluid is heated after expansion nozzle to accelerate to the speed of 6500 ~ 11,000 m / sec from the discharge orifice to produce thrust. Nuclear rocket engine specific impulse (250 to 1000 seconds) long life, but the technology is complex, apply only to long-term spacecraft. This engine due to nuclear radiation protection, exhaust pollution, reactor control and efficient heat exchanger design and other issues not resolved, is still in the midst of trials. Nuclear rocket technology is cutting-edge aerospace science technology, centralized many professional and technical sciences and aerospace, nuclear physics, nuclear chemistry, materials science, the long term future ___-- wide width. The United States, Russia and Europe, China, India, Japan, Britain, Brazil and other countries in this regard have studies, in particular the United States and Russia led the way, impressive. Of course, at this stage of nuclear rocket technology, technology development there are still many difficulties. Fully formed, still to be. But humanity marching to the universe, nuclear reactor applications is essential.

  

Outer Space Treaty (International Convention on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space) ****

Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space Principle 15

General Assembly,

Having considered the report of its thirty-fifth session of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and the Commission of 16 nuclear

It can be attached in principle on the use of nuclear power sources in outer space of the text of its report, 17

Recognize that nuclear power sources due to small size, long life and other characteristics, especially suitable for use even necessary

For some missions in outer space,

Recognizing also that the use of nuclear power sources in outer space should focus on the possible use of nuclear power sources

Those uses,

Recognizing also that the use of nuclear power sources should include or probabilistic risk analysis is complete security in outer space

Full evaluation is based, in particular, the public should focus on reducing accidental exposure to harmful radiation or radioactive material risk

risk,

Recognizing the need to a set of principles containing goals and guidelines in this regard to ensure the safety of outer space makes

With nuclear power sources,

Affirming that this set principles apply exclusively on space objects for non-power generation, which is generally characteristic

Mission systems and implementation of nuclear power sources in outer space on similar principles and used by,

Recognizing this need to refer to a new set of principles for future nuclear power applications and internationally for radiological protection

The new proposal will be revised

By the following principles on the use of nuclear power sources in outer space.

Principle 1. Applicability of international law

Involving the use of nuclear power sources in outer space activities should be carried out in accordance with international law, especially the "UN

Principles of the Charter "and" States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies Activities

Treaty "3

.

2. The principle terms

1. For the purpose of these principles, "launching State" and "launching State ......" two words mean, in related

Principles related to a time of nuclear power sources in space objects exercises jurisdiction and control of the country.

2. For the purpose of principle 9, wherein the definition of the term "launching State" as contained in that principle.

3. For the purposes of principle 3, the terms "foreseeable" and "all possible" two words are used to describe the actual hair

The overall likelihood of students that it is considered for safety analysis is credible possibilities for a class of things

Member or circumstances. "General concept of defense in depth" when the term applies to nuclear power sources in outer space refers to various settings

Count form and space operations replace or supplement the operation of the system in order to prevent system failures or mitigate thereafter

"Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 20" 16 (A / 47/20).

17 Ibid., Annex.

38

fruit. To achieve this purpose is not necessarily required for each individual member has redundant safety systems. Given space

Use and special requirements of various space missions, impossible to any particular set of systems or features can be specified as

Necessary to achieve this purpose. For the purpose of Principle 3 (d) of paragraph 2, "made critical" does not include

Including such as zero-power testing which are fundamental to ensuring system safety required.

Principle 3. Guidelines and criteria for safe use

To minimize the risk of radioactive material in space and the number involved, nuclear power sources in outer space

Use should be limited to non-nuclear power sources in space missions can not reasonably be performed

1. General goals for radiation protection and nuclear safety

(A) States launching space objects with nuclear power sources on board shall endeavor to protect individuals, populations and the biosphere

From radiation hazards. The design and use of space objects with nuclear power sources on board shall ensure that risk with confidence

Harm in the foreseeable operational or accidental circumstances, paragraph 1 (b) and (c) to define acceptable water

level.

Such design and use shall also ensure that radioactive material does not reliably significant contamination of outer space.

(B) the normal operation of nuclear power sources in space objects, including from paragraph 2 (b) as defined in foot

High enough to return to the track, shall be subject to appropriate anti-radiation recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection of the public

Protection goals. During such normal operation there shall be no significant radiation exposure;

(C) To limit exposure in accidents, the design and construction of nuclear power source systems shall take into account the international

Relevant and generally accepted radiological protection guidelines.

In addition to the probability of accidents with potentially serious radiological consequences is extremely low, the nuclear power source

Design systems shall be safely irradiated limited limited geographical area, for the individual radiation dose should be

Limited to no more than a year 1mSv primary dose limits. Allows the use of irradiation year for some years 5mSv deputy agent

Quantity limit, but the average over a lifetime effective dose equivalent annual dose not exceed the principal limit 1mSv

degree.

Should make these conditions occur with potentially serious radiological consequences of the probability of the system design is very

small.

Criteria mentioned in this paragraph Future modifications should be applied as soon as possible;

(D) general concept of defense in depth should be based on the design, construction and operation of systems important for safety. root

According to this concept, foreseeable safety-related failures or malfunctions must be capable of automatic action may be

Or procedures to correct or offset.

It should ensure that essential safety system reliability, inter alia, to make way for these systems

Component redundancy, physical separation, functional isolation and adequate independence.

It should also take other measures to increase the level of safety.

2. The nuclear reactor

(A) nuclear reactor can be used to:

39

(I) On interplanetary missions;

(Ii) the second high enough orbit paragraph (b) as defined;

(Iii) low-Earth orbit, with the proviso that after their mission is complete enough to be kept in a nuclear reactor

High on the track;

(B) sufficiently high orbit the orbital lifetime is long enough to make the decay of fission products to approximately actinides

Element active track. The sufficiently high orbit must be such that existing and future outer space missions of crisis

Risk and danger of collision with other space objects to a minimum. In determining the height of the sufficiently high orbit when

It should also take into account the destroyed reactor components before re-entering the Earth's atmosphere have to go through the required decay time

between.

(C) only 235 nuclear reactors with highly enriched uranium fuel. The design shall take into account the fission and

Activation of radioactive decay products.

(D) nuclear reactors have reached their operating orbit or interplanetary trajectory can not be made critical state

state.

(E) nuclear reactor design and construction shall ensure that, before reaching the operating orbit during all possible events

Can not become critical state, including rocket explosion, re-entry, impact on ground or water, submersion

In water or water intruding into the core.

(F) a significant reduction in satellites with nuclear reactors to operate on a lifetime less than in the sufficiently high orbit orbit

For the period (including during operation into the sufficiently high orbit) the possibility of failure, there should be a very

Reliable operating system, in order to ensure an effective and controlled disposal of the reactor.

3. Radioisotope generators

(A) interplanetary missions and other spacecraft out of Earth's gravitational field tasks using radioactive isotopes

Su generator. As they are stored after completion of their mission in high orbit, the Earth can also be used

track. We are required to make the final treatment under any circumstances.

(B) Radioisotope generators shall be protected closed systems, design and construction of the system should

Ensure that in the foreseeable conditions of the track to withstand the heat and aerodynamic forces of re-entry in the upper atmosphere, orbit

Conditions including highly elliptical or hyperbolic orbits when relevant. Upon impact, the containment system and the occurrence of parity

Physical morpheme shall ensure that no radioactive material is scattered into the environment so you can complete a recovery operation

Clear all radioactive impact area.

Principle 4. Safety Assessment

1. When launching State emission consistent with the principles defined in paragraphs 1, prior to the launch in applicable under the

Designed, constructed or manufactured the nuclear power sources, or will operate the space object person, or from whose territory or facility

Transmits the object will be to ensure a thorough and comprehensive safety assessment. This assessment shall cover

All relevant stages of space mission and shall deal with all systems involved, including the means of launching, the space level

Taiwan, nuclear power source and its equipment and the means of control and communication between ground and space.

2. This assessment shall respect the principle of 3 contained in the guidelines and criteria for safe use.

40

3. The principle of States in the Exploration and Use, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies Outer Space Activities Article

Results of about 11, this safety assessment should be published prior to each transmit simultaneously to the extent feasible

Note by the approximate intended time of launch, and shall notify the Secretary-General of the United Nations, how to be issued

This safety assessment before the shot to get the results as soon as possible.

Principle 5. Notification of re-entry

1. Any State launching a space object with nuclear power sources in space objects that failed to produce discharge

When radioactive substances dangerous to return to the earth, it shall promptly notify the country concerned. Notice shall be in the following format:

(A) System parameters:

(I) Name of launching State, including which may be contacted in the event of an accident to Request

Information or assistance to obtain the relevant authorities address;

(Ii) International title;

(Iii) Date and territory or location of launch;

(Iv) the information needed to make the best prediction of orbit lifetime, trajectory and impact region;

(V) General function of spacecraft;

(B) information on the radiological risk of nuclear power source:

(I) the type of power source: radioisotopes / reactor;

(Ii) the fuel could fall into the ground and may be affected by the physical state of contaminated and / or activated components, the number of

The amount and general radiological characteristics. The term "fuel" refers to as a source of heat or power of nuclear material.

This information shall also be sent to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

2. Once you know the failure, the launching State shall provide information on the compliance with the above format. Information should as far as possible

To be updated frequently, and in the dense layers of the Earth's atmosphere is expected to return to a time when close to the best increase

Frequency of new data, so that the international community understand the situation and will have sufficient time to plan for any deemed necessary

National contingency measures.

3. It should also be at the same frequency of the latest information available to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Principle 6. consultation

5 According to the national principles provide information shall, as far as reasonably practicable, other countries

Requirements to obtain further information or consultations promptly reply.

Principle 7. Assistance to States

1. Upon receipt of expected with nuclear power sources on space objects and their components will return through the Earth's atmosphere

After know that all countries possessing space monitoring and tracking facilities, in the spirit of international cooperation, as soon as possible to

The Secretary-General of the United Nations and the countries they may have made space objects carrying nuclear power sources

A fault related information, so that the States may be affected to assess the situation and take any

It is considered to be the necessary precautions.

41

2. In carrying space objects with nuclear power sources back to the Earth's atmosphere after its components:

(A) launching State shall be requested by the affected countries to quickly provide the necessary assistance to eliminate actual

And possible effects, including nuclear power sources to assist in identifying locations hit the Earth's surface, to detect the re substance

Quality and recovery or cleanup activities.

(B) All countries with relevant technical capabilities other than the launching State, and with such technical capabilities

International organizations shall, where possible, in accordance with the requirements of the affected countries to provide the necessary co

help.

When according to the above (a) and subparagraph (b) to provide assistance, should take into account the special needs of developing countries.

Principle 8. Responsibility

In accordance with the States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies activities, including the principles of Article

About Article, States shall bear international responsibility for their use of nuclear power sources in outer space relates to the activities

Whether such activities are carried on by governmental agencies or non-governmental entities, and shall bear international responsibility to ensure that this

Such activities undertaken by the country in line with the principles of the Treaty and the recommendations contained therein. If it involves the use of nuclear power sources

Activities in outer space by an international organization, should be done by the international organizations and States to participate in the organization

Undertakes to comply with the principles of the Treaty and the recommendations contained in these responsibilities.

Principle 9. Liability and Compensation

1. In accordance with the principle of States in the Exploration and Use, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies Outer Space Activities Article

And the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects covenant of Article 7

Provisions, which launches or on behalf of the State

Each State launching a space object and each State from which territory or facility a space object is launched

Kinds of space object or damage caused by components shall bear international liability. This fully applies to this

Kind of space object carrying a nuclear power source case. Two or more States jointly launch a space object,

Each launching State shall in accordance with the above Article of the Convention for any damages jointly and severally liable.

2. Such countries under the aforesaid Convention shall bear the damages shall be in accordance with international law and fair and reasonable

The principles set out in order to provide for damages to make a claim on behalf of its natural or juridical persons, national or

International organizations to restore to the state before the occurrence of the damage.

3. For the purposes of this principle, compensation should be made to include reimbursement of the duly substantiated expenses for search, recovery and clean

Cost management work, including the cost of providing assistance to third parties.

10. The principle of dispute settlement

Since the implementation of these principles will lead to any dispute in accordance with the provisions of the UN Charter, by negotiation or

Other established procedures to resolve the peaceful settlement of disputes.

 

Here quoted the important provisions of the United Nations concerning the use of outer space for peaceful nuclear research and international conventions, the main emphasis on the Peaceful Uses of provisions related constraints .2 the use of nuclear rockets in outer space nuclear studies, etc., can cause greater attention in nuclear power nuclear rocket ship nuclear research, manufacture, use and other aspects of the mandatory hard indicators. this scientists, engineering and technical experts are also important constraints and requirements. as IAEA supervision and management as very important.

 

2. radiation. Space radiation is one of the greatest threats to the safety of the astronauts, including X-rays, γ-rays, cosmic rays and high-speed solar particles. Better than aluminum protective effect of high polymer composite materials.

3. Air. Perhaps the oxygen needed to rely on oxidation-reduction reaction of hydrogen and ilmenite production of water, followed by water electrolysis to generate oxygen. Mars oxygen necessary for survival but also from the decomposition of water, electrolytically separating water molecules of oxygen and hydrogen, this oxygen equipment has been successfully used in the International Space Station. Oxygen is released into the air to sustain life, the hydrogen system into the water system.

4. The issue of food waste recycling. At present, the International Space Station on the use of dehumidifiers, sucked moisture in the air to be purified, and then changed back to drinkable water. The astronauts' urine and sweat recycling. 5. water. The spacecraft and the space station on purification system also makes urine and other liquids can be purified utilization. 6. microgravity. In microgravity or weightlessness long-term space travel, if protective measures shall not be treated, the astronauts will be muscle atrophy, bone softening health. 7. contact. 8. Insulation, 9 energy. Any space exploration are inseparable from the energy battery is a new super hybrid energy storage device, the asymmetric lead-acid batteries and supercapacitors in the same compound within the system - and the so-called inside, no additional separate electronic control unit, this is an optimal combination. The traditional lead-acid battery PbO2 monomer is a positive electrode plate and a negative electrode plate spongy Pb composition, not a super cell. : Silicon solar cells, multi-compound thin film solar cells, multi-layer polymer-modified electrode solar cells, nano-crystalline solar cells, batteries and super class. For example, the solar aircraft .10. To protect the health and life safety and security systems. Lysophosphatidic acid LPA is a growth factor-like lipid mediators, the researchers found that this substance can on apoptosis after radiation injury and animal cells was inhibited. Stable lysophosphatidic acid analogs having the hematopoietic system and gastrointestinal tract caused by acute radiation sickness protection, knockout experiments show that lysophosphatidic acid receptors is an important foundation for the protection of radiation injury. In addition to work under high pressure, the astronauts face a number of health threats, including motion sickness, bacterial infections, blindness space, as well as psychological problems, including toxic dust. In the weightless environment of space, the astronaut's body will be like in preadolescents, as the emergence of various changes.

Plantar molt

After the environment to adapt to zero gravity, the astronaut's body will be some strange changes. Weightlessness cause fluid flow around the main flow torso and head, causing the astronauts facial swelling and inflammation, such as nasal congestion. During long-term stay in space

 

Bone and muscle loss

Most people weightlessness caused by the impact may be known bone and muscle degeneration. In addition, the calcium bones become very fragile and prone to fracture, which is why some of the astronauts after landing need on a stretcher.

Space Blindness

Space Blindness refers astronaut decreased vision.

Solar storms and radiation is one of the biggest challenges facing the long-term space flight. Since losing the protection of Earth's magnetic field, astronauts suffer far more than normal levels of radiation. The cumulative amount of radiation exposure in low earth orbit them exceeded by workers close to nuclear reactors, thereby increasing the risk of cancer.

Prolonged space flight can cause a series of psychological problems, including depression or mood swings, vulnerability, anxiety and fear, as well as other sequelae. We are familiar with the biology of the Earth, the Earth biochemistry, biophysics, after all, the Earth is very different astrophysics, celestial chemistry, biophysics and astrophysics, biochemistry and other celestial bodies. Therefore, you must be familiar with and adapt to these differences and changes.

 

Osteoporosis and its complications ranked first in the space of disease risk.

  

Long-term health risks associated with flying Topics

  

The degree of influence long-term biological effects of radiation in human flight can withstand the radiation and the maximum limit of accumulated radiation on physiology, pathology and genetics.

 

Physiological effects of weightlessness including: long-term bone loss and a return flight after the maximum extent and severity of the continued deterioration of other pathological problems induced by the; maximum flexibility and severity of possible long-term Flight Center in vascular function.

 

Long-term risk of disease due to the high risk of flight stress, microbial variation, decreased immune function, leading to infections

 

Radiation hazards and protection

    

1) radiation medicine, biology and pathway effects Features

  

Radiation protection for interplanetary flight, since the lack of protective effect of Earth's magnetic field, and by the irradiation time is longer, the possibility of increased radiation hazard.

       

Analysis of space flight medical problems that may occur, loss of appetite topped the list, sleep disorders, fatigue and insomnia, in addition, space sickness, musculoskeletal system problems, eye problems, infections problems, skin problems and cardiovascular problems

  

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Development of diagnostic techniques in orbit, the development of the volume of power consumption, features a wide range of diagnostic techniques, such as applied research of ultrasound diagnostic techniques in the abdominal thoracic trauma, bone, ligament damage, dental / sinus infections and other complications and integrated;

 

Actively explore in orbit disposal of medical technology, weightlessness surgical methods, development of special surgical instruments, the role of narcotic drugs and the like.

  

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However, space technology itself is integrated with the use of the most advanced technology, its challenging technical reserves and periodic demanding

 

With the continuous development of science and technology, space agencies plan a manned landing on the moon and Mars, space exploration emergency medicine current concern.

 

Space sickness

  

In the weightless environment of space, in the weightless environment of space, surgery may be extremely difficult and risky.

  

Robot surgeons

 

Space disease in three days after entering the space started to ease, although individual astronauts might subsequently relapse. January 2015 NASA declared working on a fast, anti-nausea and nasal sprays. In addition, due to the zero-gravity environment, and anti-nausea drugs can only be administered by injection or transdermal patches manner.

        

Manned spaceflight in the 21st century is the era of interplanetary flight, aerospace medicine is closely watched era is the era of China's manned space flourish. Only the central issue, and grasp the opportunity to open up a new world of human survival and development.

 

Various emergency contingency measures in special circumstances. Invisible accident risk prevention. Enhancing drugs and other screening methods immunity aerospace medicine and tissue engineering a microgravity environment. Drug mixture of APS, ginseng polysaccharides, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides, polysaccharides and Lentinan, from other compounds. Drug development space syndrome drug, chemical structure modification will be an important part.

These issues are very sensitive, cutting-edge technology is a major difficulty landing on Mars. Countries in the world, especially the world's major space powers in the country strategies and technical research, the results of all kinds continue to emerge. United States, Russia, China, Europe, India, Japan and other countries is different. United States, Russia extraordinary strength. Many patented technology and health, and most belong to the top-secret technology. Especially in aerospace engineering and technological achievements is different from the general scientific literature, practical, commercial, industrial great, especially the performance of patents, know-how, technical drawings, engineering design and other aspects. Present Mars and return safely to Earth, the first manned, significance, everything is hard in the beginning, especially the first person to land on Mars This Mars for Human Sciences Research Mars, the moon, the earth, the solar system and the universe, life and other significant. Its far greater than the value of direct investments and business interests.

 

In addition, it is the development of new materials, suitable for deep space operations universe, life, and other detection, wider field.

Many aerospace materials, continuous research and development of materials are key areas of aerospace development, including material rocket, the spacecraft materials, the suit materials, radiation materials, materials and equipment, instruments, materials and so on biochemistry.

Temperature metal-based compound with a metal matrix composite body with a more primordial higher temperature strength, creep resistance, impact resistance, thermal fatigue and other excellent high temperature performance.

In B, C, SiC fiber reinforced Ti3Al, TiAl, Ni3Al intermetallic matrix composites, etc.

W Fiber Reinforced with nickel-based, iron-based alloys as well as SiC, TiB2, Si3N4 and BN particle reinforced metal matrix composites

High temperature service conditions require the development of ceramic and carbon-based composite materials, etc., not in this eleven Cheung said.

  

Fuel storage

  

In order to survive in space, people need many things: food, oxygen, shelter, and, perhaps most importantly, fuel. The initial quality Mars mission somewhere around 80 percent of the space launch humans will be propellant. The fuel amount of storage space is very difficult.

  

This difference in low Earth orbit cause liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen - rocket fuel - vaporization.

Hydrogen is particularly likely to leak out, resulting in a loss of about 4% per month.

  

When you want to get people to Mars speed to minimize exposure to weightlessness and space radiation hazards

 

Mars

 

Landings on the Martian surface, they realized that they reached the limit. The rapid expansion of the thin Martian atmosphere can not be very large parachute, such as those that will need to be large enough to slow down, carry human spacecraft.

Therefore, the parachute strong mass ratio, high temperature resistance, Bing shot performance and other aspects of textile materials used have special requirements, in order to make a parachute can be used in rockets, missiles, Yu arrows spacecraft and other spacecraft recovery, it is necessary to improve the canopy heat resistance, a high melting point polymeric fiber fabric used, the metal fabric, ceramic fiber fabrics, and other devices.

  

Super rigid parachute to help slow the landing vehicle.

Spacecraft entered the Martian atmosphere at 24,000 km / h. Even after slowing parachute or inflatable, it will be very

  

Once we have the protection of the Earth magnetic field, the solar radiation will accumulate in the body, a huge explosion threw the spacecraft may potentially lethal doses of radiation astronauts.

  

In addition to radiation, the biggest challenge is manned trip to Mars microgravity, as previously described.

  

The moon is sterile. Mars is another case entirely.

 

With dust treatment measures.

  

Arid Martian environment to create a super-tiny dust particles flying around the Earth for billions of years.

 

Apollo moon dust encountered. Ultra-sharp and abrasive lunar dust was named something that can clog the basic functions of mechanical damage. High chloride salt, which can cause thyroid problems in people.

 

*** Mars geological structure and geological structure of the moon, water on Mars geology, geology of the Moon is very important, because he, like the Earth's geology is related to many important issues. Water, the first element of life, air, temperature, and complex geological formations are geological structure. Cosmic geology research methods, mainly through a variety of detection equipment equipped with a space probe, celestial observations of atmospheric composition, composition and distribution of temperature, pressure, wind speed, vertical structure, composition of the solar wind, the water, the surface topography and Zoning, topsoil the composition and characteristics of the component surface of the rock, type and distribution, stratigraphic sequence, structural system and the internal shell structure.

 

Mars internal situation only rely on its surface condition of large amounts of data and related information inferred. It is generally believed that the core radius of 1700 km of high-density material composition; outsourcing a layer of lava, it is denser than the Earth's mantle some; outermost layer is a thin crust. Compared to other terrestrial planets, the lower the density of Mars, which indicates that the Martian core of iron (magnesium and iron sulfide) with may contain more sulfur. Like Mercury and the Moon, Mars and lack active plate movement; there is no indication that the crust of Mars occurred can cause translational events like the Earth like so many of folded mountains. Since there is no lateral movement in the earth's crust under the giant hot zone relative to the ground in a stationary state. Slight stress coupled with the ground, resulting in Tharis bumps and huge volcano. For the geological structure of Mars is very important, which is why repeated explorations and studies of Martian geological reasons.

  

Earth's surface

 

Each detector component landing site soil analysis:

 

Element weight percent

Viking 1

Oxygen 40-45

Si 18-25

Iron 12-15

K 8

Calcium 3-5

Magnesium 3-6

S 2-5

Aluminum 2-5

Cesium 0.1-0.5

Core

Mars is about half the radius of the core radius, in addition to the primary iron further comprises 15 to 17% of the sulfur content of lighter elements is also twice the Earth, so the low melting point, so that the core portion of a liquid, such as outside the Earth nuclear.

 

Mantle

Nuclear outer coating silicate mantle.

 

Crust

The outermost layer of the crust.

Crustal thickness obtained, the original thickness of the low north 40 km south plateau 70 kilometers thick, an average of 50 kilometers, at least 80 km Tharsis plateau and the Antarctic Plateau, and in the impact basin is thin, as only about 10 kilometers Greece plains.

  

Canyon of Mars there are two categories: outflow channels (outflow channel) and tree valley (valley network). The former is very large, it can be 100 km wide, over 2000 km long, streamlined, mainly in the younger Northern Hemisphere, such as the plain around Tyre Chris Canyon and Canyon jam.

 

In addition, the volcanic activity sometimes lava formation lava channels (lava channel); crustal stress generated by fissures, faults, forming numerous parallel extending grooves (fossa), such as around the huge Tharsis volcanic plateau radially distributed numerous grooves, which can again lead to volcanic activity.

  

Presumably, Mars has an iron as the main component of the nucleus, and contains sulfur, magnesium and other light elements, the nuclear share of Mars, the Earth should be relatively small. The outer core is covered with a thick layer of magnesium-rich silicate mantle, the surface of rocky crust. The density of Earth-like planets Mars is the lowest, only 3.93g / cc.

Hierarchy

  

The crust

  

Lunar core

The average density of the Moon is 3.3464 g / cc, the solar system satellites second highest (after Aiou). However, there are few clues mean lunar core is small, only about 350 km radius or less [2]. The core of the moon is only about 20% the size of the moon, the moon's interior has a solid, iron-rich core diameter of about 240 kilometers (150 miles); in addition there is a liquid core, mainly composed of iron outer core, about 330 km in diameter (205 miles), and for the first time compared with the core of the Earth, considered as the earth's outer core, like sulfur and oxygen may have lighter elements [4].

 

Chemical elements on the lunar surface constituted in accordance with its abundance as follows: oxygen (O), silicon (Si), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), titanium ( Ti). The most abundant is oxygen, silicon and iron. The oxygen content is estimated to be 42% (by weight). Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) only traces seem to exist only in trace amounts deposited in the solar wind brings.

 

Lunar Prospector from the measured neutron spectra, the hydrogen (H) mainly in the lunar poles [2].

 

Element content (%)

Oxygen 42%

Silicon 21%

Iron 13%

Calcium 8%

Aluminum 7%

Magnesium 6%

Other 3%

 

Lunar surface relative content of each element (% by weight)

  

Moon geological history is an important event in recent global magma ocean crystallization. The specific depth is not clear, but some studies have shown that at least a depth of about 500 kilometers or more.

 

Lunar landscape

Lunar landscape can be described as impact craters and ejecta, some volcanoes, hills, lava-filled depressions.

  

Regolith

TABLE bear the asteroid and comets billions of years of bombardment. Over time, the impact of these processes have already broken into fine-grained surface rock debris, called regolith. Young mare area, regolith thickness of about 2 meters, while the oldest dated land, regolith thickness of up to 20 meters. Through the analysis of lunar soil components, in particular the isotopic composition changes can determine the period of solar activity. Solar wind gases possible future lunar base is useful because oxygen, hydrogen (water), carbon and nitrogen is not only essential to life, but also may be useful for fuel production. Lunar soil constituents may also be as a future source of energy.

Here, repeatedly stressed that the geological structure and geological structure of celestial bodies, the Earth, Moon, Mars, or that this human existence and development of biological life forms is very important, especially in a series of data Martian geological structure geological structure is directly related to human landing Mars and the successful transformation of Mars or not. for example, water, liquid water, water, oxygen, synthesis, must not be taken lightly.

  

____________________________________________________________----

 

Mars landing 10 Technology

 

Aerospace Science and space science and technology major innovation of the most critical of sophisticated technology R & D project

  

[

"1" rocket propulsion technology ion fusion nuclear pulse propulsion rocket powered high-speed heavy rocket technology, space nuclear reactors spacecraft] brought big problems reflected in the nuclear reaction, nuclear radiation on spacecraft launch, control, brakes and other impact.

In particular, for the future of nuclear power spacecraft, the need to solve the nuclear reactor design, manufacture, control, cooling, radiation shielding, exhaust pollution, high thermoelectric conversion efficiency and a series of technical problems.

In particular, nuclear reactors produce radiation on astronauts' health will pose a great threat, which requires the spacecraft to be nuclear radiation shielding to ensure astronaut and ship the goods from radiation and heat from the reactor influence, but this will greatly increase the weight of the detector.

Space nuclear process applications, nuclear reaction decay is not a problem, but in a vacuum, ultra-low temperature environment, the nuclear reaction materials, energy transport materials have very high demands.

Space facing the reality of a nuclear reactor cooling cooling problems. To prevent problems with the reactor, "Washington" aircraft carrier to take four heavy protective measures for the radiation enclosed in the warship. These four measures are: the fuel itself, fuel storage pressure vessel, reactor shell and the hull. US Navy fuel all metal fuel, designed to take the impact resistance of the war, does not release fission product can withstand more than 50 times the gravity of the impact load; product of nuclear fission reactor fuel will never enter loop cooling water. The third layer of protection is specially designed and manufactured the reactor shell. The fourth layer is a very strong anti-impact combat ship, the reactor is arranged in the center of the ship, very safe. Engage in a reactor can only be loaded up to the aircraft, so as to drive the motor, and then drive the propeller. That is the core advantage of the heat generated by the heated gas flow, high temperature high pressure gas discharge backward, thereby generating thrust.

  

.

  

After installation AMPS1000 type nuclear power plant, a nuclear fuel assembly: He is a core member of the nuclear fuel chain reaction. Usually made into uranium dioxide, of which only a few percent uranium-235, and most of it is not directly involved in the nuclear fission of uranium 238. The uranium dioxide sintered into cylindrical pieces, into a stainless steel or a zirconium alloy do metal tubes called fuel rods or the original, then the number of fuel rods loaded metal cylinder in an orderly composition of the fuel assembly, and finally put a lot of vertical distribution of fuel assemblies in the reactor.

 

Nuclear reactor pressure vessel is a housing for containing nuclear fuel and reactor internals, for producing high-quality high-strength steel is made to withstand the pressure of dozens MPa. Import and export of the coolant in the pressure vessel.

 

The top of the pressure vessel closure, and can be used to accommodate the fixed control rod drive mechanism, pressure vessel head has a semi-circular, flat-topped.

 

Roof bolt: used to connect the locking pressure vessel head, so that the cylinder to form a completely sealed container.

  

Neutron Source: Plug in nuclear reactors can provide sufficient neutron, nuclear fuel ignition, to start to enhance the role of nuclear reactors and nuclear power. Neutron source generally composed of radium, polonium, beryllium, antimony production. Neutron source and neutron fission reactors are fast neutron, can not cause fission of uranium 235, in order to slow down, we need to moderator ---- full of pure water in a nuclear reactor. Aircraft carriers, submarines use nuclear reactor control has proven more successful.

 

Rod: has a strong ability to absorb neutrons, driven by the control rod drive mechanism, can move up and down in a nuclear reactor control rods within the nuclear fuel used to start, shut down the nuclear reactor, and maintain, regulate reactor power. Hafnium control rods in general, silver, indium, cadmium and other metals production.

 

Control rod drive mechanism: He is the executive body of nuclear reactors operating system and security protection systems, in strict accordance with requirements of the system or its operator control rod drives do move up and down in a nuclear reactor, nuclear reactor for power control. In a crisis situation, you also can quickly control rods fully inserted into the reactor in order to achieve the purpose of the emergency shutdown

 

Upper and lower support plate: used to secure the fuel assembly. High temperature and pressure inside the reactor is filled with pure water (so called pressurized water reactors), on the one hand he was passing through a nuclear reactor core, cooling the nuclear fuel, to act as a coolant, on the other hand it accumulates in the pressure vessel in play moderated neutrons role, acting as moderator.

  

Water quality monitoring sampling system:

Adding chemical system: under normal circumstances, for adding hydrazine, hydrogen, pH control agents to the primary coolant system, the main purpose is to remove and reduce coolant oxygen, high oxygen water suppression equipment wall corrosion (usually at a high temperature oxygen with hydrogen, especially at low temperatures during startup of a nuclear reactor with added hydrazine oxygen); when the nuclear reactor control rods stuck for some reason can not shutdown time by the the system can inject the nuclear reactor neutron absorber (such as boric acid solution), emergency shutdown, in order to ensure the safety of nuclear submarines.

 

Water system: a loop inside the water will be reduced at work, such as water sampling and analysis, equipment leaks, because the shutdown process cooling water and reduction of thermal expansion and contraction.

 

Equipment cooling water system:

Pressure safety systems: pressure reactor primary coolant system may change rapidly for some reason, the need for effective control. And in severe burn nuclear fuel rods, resulting in a core melt accident, it is necessary to promptly increase the pressure. Turn the regulator measures the electric, heating and cooling water. If necessary, also temporary startup booster pump.

 

Residual Heat Removal System: reactor scram may be due to an accident, such as when the primary coolant system of the steam generator heat exchanger tube is damaged, it must be urgently closed reactors.

 

Safety Injection System: The main components of this system is the high-pressure injection pump.

 

Radioactive waste treatment systems:

 

Decontamination Systems: for the removal of radioactive deposits equipment, valves, pipes and accessories, and other surfaces.

 

Europe, the United States and Russia and other countries related to aircraft carriers, submarines, icebreakers, nuclear-powered research aircraft, there are lots of achievements use of nuclear energy, it is worth analysis. However, nuclear reactor technology, rocket ships and the former are very different, therefore, requires special attention and innovative research. Must adopt a new new design techniques, otherwise, fall into the stereotype, it will avail, nothing even cause harm Aerospace.

 

[ "2" spacecraft structure]

 

[ "3"] radiation technology is the use of deep-sea sedimentation fabric fabrics deepwater technology development precipitated silver metal fibers or fiber lint and other materials and micronaire value between 4.1 to 4.3 fibers made from blends. For radiation protection field, it greatly enhances the effects of radiation and service life of clothing. Radiation resistant fiber) radiation resistant fiber - fiber polyimide polyimide fibers

60 years the United States has successfully developed polyimide fibers, it has highlighted the high temperature, radiation-resistant, fire-retardant properties.

 

[ "4" cosmic radiation resistant clothing design multifunctional anti-aging, wear underwear] ① comfort layer: astronauts can not wash clothes in a long flight, a lot of sebum, perspiration, etc. will contaminate underwear, so use soft, absorbent and breathable cotton knitwear making.

 

② warm layer: at ambient temperature range is not the case, warm layer to maintain a comfortable temperature environment. Choose warm and good thermal resistance large, soft, lightweight material, such as synthetic fibers, flakes, wool and silk and so on.

 

③ ventilation and cooling clothes clothes

Spacesuit

In astronaut body heat is too high, water-cooled ventilation clothing and clothing to a different way of heat. If the body heat production more than 350 kcal / h (ventilated clothes can not meet the cooling requirements, then that is cooled by a water-cooled suit. Ventilating clothing and water-cooled multi-use compression clothing, durable, flexible plastic tubing, such as polyvinyl chloride pipe or nylon film.

 

④ airtight limiting layer:

 

⑤ insulation: astronaut during extravehicular activities, from hot or cold insulation protection. It multilayer aluminized polyester film or a polyimide film and sandwiched between layers of nonwoven fabric to be made.

 

⑥ protective cover layer: the outermost layer of the suit is to require fire, heat and anti-space radiation on various factors (micrometeorites, cosmic rays, etc.) on the human body. Most of this layer with aluminized fabric.

New space suits using a special radiation shielding material, double design.

And also supporting spacesuit helmet, gloves, boots and so on.

  

[ "5" space - Aerospace biomedical technology, space, special use of rescue medication Space mental health care systems in space without damage restful sleep positions - drugs, simple space emergency medical system

]

[ "6" landing control technology, alternate control technology, high-performance multi-purpose landing deceleration device (parachute)]

 

[ "7" Mars truck, unitary Mars spacecraft solar energy battery super multi-legged (rounds) intelligent robot] multifunction remote sensing instruments on Mars, Mars and more intelligent giant telescope

 

[8 <> Mars warehouse activities, automatic Mars lander - Automatic start off cabin

]

[ "9" Mars - spacecraft docking control system, return to the system design]

 

Space flight secondary emergency life - support system

  

Spacecraft automatic, manual, semi-automatic operation control, remote control switch system

 

Automatic return spacecraft systems, backup design, the spacecraft automatic control operating system modular blocks of]

 

[10 lunar tracking control system

 

Martian dust storms, pollution prevention, anti-corrosion and other special conditions thereof

 

Electric light aircraft, Mars lander, Mars, living spaces, living spaces Mars, Mars entry capsule, compatible utilization technology, plant cultivation techniques, nutrition space - space soil]

 

Aerospace technology, space technology a lot, a lot of cutting-edge technology. Human landing on Mars technology bear the brunt. The main merge the human landing on Mars 10 cutting-edge technology, in fact, these 10 cutting-edge technology, covering a wide range, focused, and is the key to key technologies. They actually shows overall trends and technology Aerospace Science and Technology space technology. Human triumph Mars and safe return of 10 cutting-edge technology is bound to innovation. Moreover, in order to explore the human Venus, Jupiter satellites and the solar system, the Milky Way and other future development of science and laid the foundation guarantee. But also for the transformation of human to Mars, the Moon and other planets livable provides strong technical support. Aerospace Science and Technology which is a major support system.

 

Preparation of oxygen, water, synthesis, temperature, radiation, critical force confrontation. Regardless of the moon or Mars, survive three elements bear the brunt.

 

Chemical formula: H₂O

 

Formula: H-O-H (OH bond between two angle 104.5 °).

 

Molecular Weight: 18.016

 

Chemical Experiment: water electrolysis. Formula: 2H₂O = energized = 2H₂ ↑ + O₂ ↑ (decomposition)

 

Molecules: a hydrogen atom, an oxygen atom.

  

Ionization of water: the presence of pure water ionization equilibrium following: H₂O == == H⁺ + OH⁻ reversible or irreversible H₂O + H₂O = = H₃O⁺ + OH⁻.

 

NOTE: "H₃O⁺" hydronium ions, for simplicity, often abbreviated as H⁺, more accurate to say the H9O4⁺, the amount of hydrogen ion concentration in pure water material is 10⁻⁷mol / L.

 

Electrolysis of water:

 

Water at DC, decomposition to produce hydrogen and oxygen, this method is industrially prepared pure hydrogen and oxygen 2H₂O = 2H₂ ↑ + O₂ ↑.

 

. Hydration Reaction:

 

Water with an alkaline active metal oxides, as well as some of the most acidic oxide hydration reaction of unsaturated hydrocarbons.

 

Na₂O + H₂O = 2NaOH

 

CaO + H₂O = Ca (OH) ₂

 

SO₃ + H₂O = H₂SO₄

 

P₂O₅ + 3H₂O = 2H₃PO₄ molecular structure

 

CH₂ = CH₂ + H₂O ← → C₂H₅OH

  

6. The diameter of the order of magnitude of 10 water molecules negative power of ten, the water is generally believed that a diameter of 2 to 3 this organization. water

 

7. Water ionization:

 

In the water, almost no water molecules ionized to generate ions.

 

H₂O ← → H⁺ + OH⁻

 

Heating potassium chlorate or potassium permanganate preparation of oxygen

  

Pressurized at low temperatures, the air into a liquid, and then evaporated, since the boiling point of liquid nitrogen is -196 deg.] C, lower than the boiling point of liquid oxygen (-183 ℃), so the liquid nitrogen evaporated from the first air, remaining the main liquid oxygen.

Of course, the development of research in space there is a great difference, even more special preparation harsh environments on Earth and synthetic water and oxygen, over the need for more technological breakthroughs.

The main component of air oxygen and nitrogen. The use of oxygen and nitrogen with

To help make mental health and wellness front and centre for students, parents and educators, B.C. schools will now have access to enhanced wellness supports and programs with $8.87 million being invested over the next three years.

 

Funding will be used to provide individual grants to all 60 school districts and independent schools to help them better support mental health for all children and for those with substance use challenges. Grants can be used for different programs and supports, such as staff training, student workshops, family information nights, or the development of new resource materials for educators and families.

 

Learn more: news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2019MMHA0100-001708

@WCF2016 : RT @SriSri: This work will continue till June 10th, desilting an additional 4 lac cu mt area which will increase the capacity by 40 cr litres. (via Twitter twitter.com/WCF2016/status/730284866395246592)

Governor Murphy, Senator Bramnick, and Acting Department of Education Commissioner Angelica Allen-McMillan tour Chatham High School and highlight Increased funding for legislative district 21 at Chatham High School on Friday March 25, 2022(Edwin J. Torres/NJ Governor’s Office).

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Suicide rates in the Gaza Strip have seen a 35-40 per cent increase in recent months compared to the same period in 2013-15, according to the Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor. The 2014 Israeli war on the Strip, the ongoing siege which has crippled the economy and destroyed employment prospects have been highlighted as the main reasons for the increase. Eighty per cent of Gazan households now live below the poverty line, while 43 per cent of adult residents are out of work. “The situation has never been worse,” says Zahia Al-Qarra, MD, a psychiatrist with the Gaza Community Mental Health Program, "we are trapped in Gaza. Everyone appears to be against us. All of the doors are locked.” Read more: ift.tt/1TSO3KA - ift.tt/229tvSE

An increased objectional view can be accessed here

 

For the six word story group

 

Southern San Benito County

October 20th, 2007

For two days only, LEGO.com is offering double VIP points on all LEGO purchases. And since they’ll be raising prices on just about everything they sell, now would be a great time to stock up. The price increase will mostly scale with the price tag, mostly. But some sets will see a shocking increase of […]

  

www.fbtb.net/lego/2022/07/12/lego-com-offering-double-vip...

multicoloured light from all sides, exactly 1 set used.

This is a photograph from the 3rd annual running of the Trim AC 10 Mile Road Race and Fun Run which was held in Trim, Co. Meath, Ireland on Sunday 5th February 2017 at 12:00. The race attracted over 1,200 participants which shows a 100% increase on last year's participation. The event shows growth year on year mirroring the growing popularity of the race. The race started on the Trim/Athboy road on the town's ring road and proceded to take an anti-clockwise loop out towards the village of Dunderry and townland of Kilbride before returning back to the Trim Industrial Estate for the finish. The route is held on quiet country roads with some hills at 3, 6, 8 mile segments.

 

Our full set of photos from mile 1 and the finish are at: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/albums/72157679859593016

 

The weather for this year's race was perfect for racing. There was a hard frost overnight but this brought clear bright skies and crisp air. There was no real wind to speak of.

 

Waterstops were provided at the 4.5 and 7 mile marks on the course. All access roads were well stewarded. The event was sponsored by Bewleys 1840 and many local business establishments. Credit must go to the Trim AC team for their flawless organisation. If the first three years of this year are anything to go on then this race will continue to grow. For runners around the North Leinster area this 10 mile race serves as a perfect training progress stepping stone to the Bohermeen Half Marathon which will take place in March 2016 and is located only 15 minutes drive from Trim.

 

USEFUL LINKS

Our Flickr photographs from the 2016 race: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157664217257512

Our Flickr photographs from the 2015 race: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/albums/72157650166189770

Boards.ie Discussion Thread on the 2017 race: www.boards.ie/vbulletin/showthread.php?t=2057673405

10 Mile Road Race Timelapse Video of the Route: www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Jp84CrctQM

  

USING OUR PHOTOGRAPHS - A QUICK GUIDE AND ANSWERS TO YOUR QUESTIONS

Can I use these photographs directly from Flickr on my social media account(s)?

 

Yes - of course you can! Flickr provides several ways to share this and other photographs in this Flickr set. You can share directly to: email, Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, Tumblr, LiveJournal, and Wordpress and Blogger blog sites. Your mobile, tablet, or desktop device will also offer you several different options for sharing this photo page on your social media outlets.

 

BUT..... Wait there a minute....

We take these photographs as a hobby and as a contribution to the running community in Ireland. We do not charge for our photographs. Our only "cost" is that we request that if you are using these images: (1) on social media sites such as Facebook, Tumblr, Pinterest, Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter,LinkedIn, Google+, VK.com, Vine, Meetup, Tagged, Ask.fm,etc or (2) other websites, blogs, web multimedia, commercial/promotional material that you must provide a link back to our Flickr page to attribute us or acknowledge us as the original photographers.

 

This also extends to the use of these images for Facebook profile pictures. In these cases please make a separate wall or blog post with a link to our Flickr page. If you do not know how this should be done for Facebook or other social media please email us and we will be happy to help suggest how to link to us.

 

I want to download these pictures to my computer or device?

 

You can download this photographic image here directly to your computer or device. This version is the low resolution web-quality image. How to download will vary slight from device to device and from browser to browser. Have a look for a down-arrow symbol or the link to 'View/Download' all sizes. When you click on either of these you will be presented with the option to download the image. Remember just doing a right-click and "save target as" will not work on Flickr.

 

I want get full resolution, print-quality, copies of these photographs?

 

If you just need these photographs for online usage then they can be used directly once you respect their Creative Commons license and provide a link back to our Flickr set if you use them. For offline usage and printing all of the photographs posted here on this Flickr set are available free, at no cost, at full image resolution.

 

Please email petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com with the links to the photographs you would like to obtain a full resolution copy of. We also ask race organisers, media, etc to ask for permission before use of our images for flyers, posters, etc. We reserve the right to refuse a request.

 

In summary please remember when requesting photographs from us - If you are using the photographs online all we ask is for you to provide a link back to our Flickr set or Flickr pages. You will find the link above clearly outlined in the description text which accompanies this photograph. Taking these photographs and preparing them for online posting takes a significant effort and time. We are not posting photographs to Flickr for commercial reasons. If you really like what we do please spread the link around your social media, send us an email, leave a comment beside the photographs, send us a Flickr email, etc. If you are using the photographs in newspapers or magazines we ask that you mention where the original photograph came from.

 

I would like to contribute something for your photograph(s)?

Many people offer payment for our photographs. As stated above we do not charge for these photographs. We take these photographs as our contribution to the running community in Ireland. If you feel that the photograph(s) you request are good enough that you would consider paying for their purchase from other photographic providers or in other circumstances we would suggest that you can provide a donation to any of the great charities in Ireland who do work for Cancer Care or Cancer Research in Ireland.

 

Let's get a bit technical: We use Creative Commons Licensing for these photographs

We use the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License for all our photographs here in this photograph set. What does this mean in reality?

The explaination is very simple.

Attribution- anyone using our photographs gives us an appropriate credit for it. This ensures that people aren't taking our photographs and passing them off as their own. This usually just mean putting a link to our photographs somewhere on your website, blog, or Facebook where other people can see it.

ShareAlike – anyone can use these photographs, and make changes if they like, or incorporate them into a bigger project, but they must make those changes available back to the community under the same terms.

 

Above all what Creative Commons aims to do is to encourage creative sharing. See some examples of Creative Commons photographs on Flickr: www.flickr.com/creativecommons/

 

I ran in the race - but my photograph doesn't appear here in your Flickr set! What gives?

 

As mentioned above we take these photographs as a hobby and as a voluntary contribution to the running community in Ireland. Very often we have actually ran in the same race and then switched to photographer mode after we finished the race. Consequently, we feel that we have no obligations to capture a photograph of every participant in the race. However, we do try our very best to capture as many participants as possible. But this is sometimes not possible for a variety of reasons:

 

     ►You were hidden behind another participant as you passed our camera

     ►Weather or lighting conditions meant that we had some photographs with blurry content which we did not upload to our Flickr set

     ►There were too many people - some races attract thousands of participants and as amateur photographs we cannot hope to capture photographs of everyone

     ►We simply missed you - sorry about that - we did our best!

  

You can email us petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com to enquire if we have a photograph of you which didn't make the final Flickr selection for the race. But we cannot promise that there will be photograph there. As alternatives we advise you to contact the race organisers to enquire if there were (1) other photographs taking photographs at the race event or if (2) there were professional commercial sports photographers taking photographs which might have some photographs of you available for purchase. You might find some links for further information above.

 

Don't like your photograph here?

That's OK! We understand!

 

If, for any reason, you are not happy or comfortable with your picture appearing here in this photoset on Flickr then please email us at petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com and we will remove it as soon as possible. We give careful consideration to each photograph before uploading.

 

I want to tell people about these great photographs!

Great! Thank you! The best link to spread the word around is probably http://www.flickr.com/peterm7/sets

 

Governor Murphy and Mayor Ras Baraka visit Mr. Blackmanâs African American History Class at Science Park High School in Newark to announce that New Jersey will be increasing the number of AP African American Studies classes offered in High School on Tuesday, February 14, 2023(Edwin J. Torres/NJ Governorâs Office).

Increasing access to voluntary family planning services is key to the success of Millennium Development Goal 5, which calls for reducing maternal mortality and achieving universal access to reproductive health services. With renewed country interests and commitments, now is a crucial moment to ensure this important, cost-effective intervention is part of a scaled up global maternal health response. Maureen Norton, senior technical advisor with USAID’s Office of Population and Reproductive Health; Jessica Bowers, portfolio director for Every Mother Counts; Jonathon Cooper, country director of Marie Stopes Uganda; Dr. Benjamin Schwartz, senior director of CARE’s Health Equity Unit; and Sarah Craven, chief of UNFPA’s Washington Office spoke at the Wilson Center on July 31 about achieving this goal.

 

Read more: www.wilsoncenter.org/event/the-role-family-planning-impro...

The Pakistan Strategy Support Program (PSSP) held the conference, “Increasing Productivity and Unleashing Growth” at the Serena Hotel in Islamabad on May 26-27th, 2012. This conference also marked the final round of the Competitive Grants Program that was launched by PSSP in January 2012 for Pakistani PhD and graduate students studying locally and abroad on economic development issues of Pakistan. The finalists presented in front of the Research Advisory Committee, donor heads, professors and students from local universities. The event also consisted of plenary sessions on Pakistan’s various economic growth issues by renowned academics from all over the world, such as Dr. Jock Anderson, Dr. Regina Birner and Dr. David Spielman.

Increase your speed and endurance with Kinetic Bands Resistance Training. Building core muscles will make you FASTER, QUICKER, STRONGER while increasing FLEXIBILITY and improving BALANCE and STAMINA.

myosource.com/

To help make mental health and wellness front and centre for students, parents and educators, B.C. schools will now have access to enhanced wellness supports and programs with $8.87 million being invested over the next three years.

 

Funding will be used to provide individual grants to all 60 school districts and independent schools to help them better support mental health for all children and for those with substance use challenges. Grants can be used for different programs and supports, such as staff training, student workshops, family information nights, or the development of new resource materials for educators and families.

 

Learn more: news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2019MMHA0100-001708

With a significant number of wildfires burning throughout BC, the Province is cautioning all British Columbians to be diligent with fire safety and to report all wildfires to authorities.

 

Learn more: news.gov.bc.ca/stories/province-on-high-alert-with-increa...

Lostock came out strong and took the lead in the 16th minute with a shot off the inside post but saw their lead disappear within minutes due to a goalkeeping error from the Lostock keeper. Oli Evans restored the lead midway through the 1st half with a lovely looping header and had the chance to increase the lead through a penalty after being brought down by the Stoneclough keeper. Unfortunately Evans penalty cleared the bar and was last seen heading over Longton. It was pretty much backs to the wall from Lostock in the 2nd but they held out to take all the points.

Massimo Vitali - 3428

 

Drum scan from 8"x10" color negative.

 

Film: Kodak Portra 160 NC

Camera: Phillips 8"x10"

 

Scansione a tamburo da negativo 20x25 cm

  

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CastorScan's philosophy is completely oriented to provide the highest scan and postproduction

quality on the globe.

 

We work with artists, photographers, agencies, laboratories etc. who demand a state-of-the-art quality at reasonable prices.

 

Our workflow is fully manual and extremely meticulous in any stage.

 

We developed exclusive workflows and profilation systems to obtain unparallel results from our scanners not achievable through semi-automatic and usual workflows.

  

-----

 

CastorScan uses the best scanners in circulation, Dainippon Screen SG-8060P Mark II, the best and most advanced scanner ever made, Kodak-Creo IQSmart 3, a high-end flatbed scanner, and Imacon 848.

 

The image quality offered by our Dainippon Screen 8060 scanner is much higher than that achievable with the best flatbed scanners or filmscanners dedicated and superior to that of scanners so-called "virtual drum" (Imacon – Hasselblad,) and, of course, vastly superior to that amateur or prosumer obtained with scanners such as Epson V750 etc .

 

Dainippon Screen SG-8060P Mark II exceeds in quality any other scanner, including Aztek Premier and ICG 380 (in the results, not just in the technical specifications).

 

8060's main features: 12000 dpi, Hi-Q Xenon lamp, 25 apertures, 2 micron

 

Aztek Premier's main features: 8000 dpi, halogen lamp, 18 apertures, 3 micron

 

ICG 380's main features: 12000 dpi, halogen lamp, 9 apertures, 4 micron

  

Some of the features that make the quality of our drum scanners better than any other existing scan system include:

 

The scans performed on a drum scanner are famous for their detail, depth and realism.

Scans are much cleaner and show fewer imperfections than scans obtained from CCD scanners, and thus save many hours of cleaning and spotting in postproduction.

Image acquisition by the drum scanner is optically similar to using a microscopic lens that scans the image point by point with extreme precision and without deformation or distortion of any kind, while other scanners use enlarger lenses (such as the Rodenstock-Linos Magnagon 75mm f8 used in the Hasselblad-Imacon scanners) and have transmission systems with rubber bands: this involves mild but effective micro-strain and micro-geometric image distortions and quality is not uniform between the center and edges.

Drum scanners are exempt from problems of flatness of the originals, since the same are mounted on a perfectly balanced transparent acrylic drum; on the contrary, the dedicated film scanners that scan slides or negatives in their plastic frames are subject to quite significant inaccuracies, as well as the Imacon-Hasselblad scanners, which have their own rubber and plastic holders: they do not guarantee the perfect flatness of the original and therefore a uniform definition between center and edge, especially with medium and large size originals, which instead are guaranteed by drum scanners.

Again, drum scanners allow scanning at high resolution over the entire surface of the cylinder, while for example the Hasselblad Imacon scans are limited to 3200 dpi in 120 format and 2000 dpi in 4x5" format (the resolution of nearly every CCD scanner in the market drops as the size of the original scanned is increased).

Drum scanners allow complete scanning of the whole negative, including the black-orange mask, perforations etc, while using many other scanners a certain percentage of the image is lost because it is covered by frames or holders.

Drum scanners use photomultiplier tubes to record the light signal, which are much more sensitive than CCDs and can record many more nuances and variations in contrast with a lower digital noise.

If you look at a monitor at 100% the detail in shadows and darker areas of a scan made with a CCD scanner, you will notice that the details are not recorded in a clear and clean way, and the colors are more opaque and less differentiated. Additionally the overall tones are much less rich and differentiated.

  

We would like to say a few words about an unscrupulous and deceitful use of technical specifications reported by many manufacturers of consumer and prosumer scanners; very often we read of scanners that promise cheap or relatively cheap “drum scanner” resolutions, 16 bits of color depth, extremely high DMAX: we would like to say that these “nominal” resolutions do not correspond to an actual optical resolution, so that even in low-resolution scanning you can see an enormous gap between drum scanners and these scanners in terms of detail, as well as in terms of DMAX, color range, realism, “quality” of grain. So very often when using these consumer-prosumer scanners at high resolutions, it is normal to get a disproportionate increase of file size in MB but not an increase of detail and quality.

To give a concrete example: a drum scan of a 24x36mm color negative film at 3500 dpi is much more defined than a scan made with mostly CCD scanner at 8000 dpi and a drum scan at 2500 dpi is dramatically clearer than a scan at 2500 dpi provided by a CCD scanner. So be aware and careful with incorrect advertisement.

 

Scans can be performed either dry or liquid-mounted. The wet mounting further improves cleanliness (helps to hide dirt, scratches and blemishes) and plasticity of the image without compromising the original, and in addition by mounting with liquid the film grain is greatly reduced and it looks much softer and more pleasant than the usual "harsh" grain resulting from dry scans.

 

We use Kami SMF 2001 liquid to mount the transparencies and Kami RC 2001 for cleaning the same. Kami SMF 2001 evaporates without leaving traces, unlike the traditional oil scans, ensuring maximum protection for your film. Out of ignorance some people prefer to avoid liquid scanning because they fear that their films will be dirty or damaged: this argument may be plausible only in reference to scans made using mineral oils, which have nothing to do with the specific professional products we use.

We strongly reiterate that your original is in no way compromised by our scanning liquid and will return as you have shipped it, if not cleaner.

 

With respect to scanning from slides:

Our scanners are carefully calibrated with the finest IT8 calibration targets in circulation and with special customized targets in order to ensure that each scan faithfully reproduces the original color richness even in the most subtle nuances, opening and maintaining detail in shadows and highlights. These color profiles allow our scanners to realize their full potential, so we guarantee our customers that even from a chromatic point of view our scans are noticeably better than similar scans made by mostly other scan services in the market.

In addition, we remind you that our 8060 drum scanner is able to read the deepest shadows of slides without digital noise and with much more detail than CCD scanners; also, the color range and color realism are far better.

 

With respect to scanning from color and bw negatives: we want to emphasize the superiority of our drum scans not only in scanning slides, but also in color and bw negative scanning (because of the orange mask and of very low contrast is extremely difficult for any ccd scanner to read the very slight tonal and contrast nuances in the color negative, while a perfectly profiled 8060 drum scanner – also through the analog gain/white calibration - can give back much more realistic images and true colors, sharper and more three-dimensional).

 

In spite of what many claim, a meticulous color profiling is essential not only for scanning slides, but also, and even more, for color negatives. Without it the scan of a color negative will produce chromatic errors rather significant, thus affecting the tonal balance and then the naturalness-pleasantness of the images.

  

More unique than rare, we do not use standardized profiles provided by the software to invert each specific negative film, because they do not take into account parameters and variables such as the type of development, the level of exposure, the type of light etc.,; at the same time we also avoid systems of "artificial intelligence" or other functions provided by semi-automatic scanning softwares, but instead we carry out the inversion in a full manual workflow for each individual picture.

 

In addition, scanning with Imacon-Hasselblad scanners we do not use their proprietary software - Flexcolor – to make color management and color inversion because we strongly believe that our alternative workflow provides much better results, and we are able to prove it with absolute clarity.

 

At each stage of the process we take care of meticulously adjusting the scanning parameters to the characteristics of the originals, to extrapolate the whole range of information possible from any image without "burning" or reductions in the tonal range, and strictly according to our customer's need and taste.

 

By default, we do not apply unsharp mask (USM) in our scans, except on request.

 

To scan reflective originals we follow the same guidelines and guarantee the same quality standard.

 

We guarantee the utmost thoroughness and expertise in the work of scanning and handling of the originals and we provide scans up to 12,000 dpi of resolution, at 16-bit, in RGB, GRAYSCALE, LAB or CMYK color mode; unless otherwise indicated, files are saved with Adobe RGB 1998 or ProPhoto RGB color profile.

 

WWW.CASTORSCAN.COM

Although one of the rarest butterflies in Europe, what we know about the Aetherie's Fritillary is increasing year after year, especially in Portugal where we knew virtually nothing about its life-cycle until a couple of years ago, there being only a handful of records from the country.

In the last years not only we have made it to double its known distribution (i. e. we in fact doubled the number of 100km2 squares) but have unveiled some important aspects of its biology and got to know its quite an endangered but mobile species of traditionally managed large cereal meadows in the south of Portugal.

 

You can see other pictures and more information here:

www.flickr.com/photos/mothguy/699819470/

www.flickr.com/photos/mothguy/3361526236/

 

Imho, this picture represents an improvement in relation to the ones I had before of this species... this adult male coming from one of the northernmost populations of this species in Europe and a new one found this year by me and Ivo Rodrigues in Alto Alentejo, Portugal.

enjoy!

 

Lance Cpl. Dan Schergen, a metal worker with Support Company, 9th Engineer Support Battalion and a native of Valparaiso, Ind., welds a bolt into place during the construction of a bridge near Combat Outpost Rankel in the district of Garmsir, Helmand province, Jan. 29. The Marines of Bridge Platoon, Alpha Company, 9th Engineer Support Battalion endured a 5-day convoy in order to replace a temporary bridge with a more permanent structure that would increase mobility for Marines operating in the area.

Speaking at Flash Festival en France, 2005.

Increasing access to voluntary family planning services is key to the success of Millennium Development Goal 5, which calls for reducing maternal mortality and achieving universal access to reproductive health services. With renewed country interests and commitments, now is a crucial moment to ensure this important, cost-effective intervention is part of a scaled up global maternal health response. Maureen Norton, senior technical advisor with USAID’s Office of Population and Reproductive Health; Jessica Bowers, portfolio director for Every Mother Counts; Jonathon Cooper, country director of Marie Stopes Uganda; Dr. Benjamin Schwartz, senior director of CARE’s Health Equity Unit; and Sarah Craven, chief of UNFPA’s Washington Office spoke at the Wilson Center on July 31 about achieving this goal.

 

Read more: www.wilsoncenter.org/event/the-role-family-planning-impro...

The Pakistan Strategy Support Program (PSSP) held the conference, “Increasing Productivity and Unleashing Growth” at the Serena Hotel in Islamabad on May 26-27th, 2012. This conference also marked the final round of the Competitive Grants Program that was launched by PSSP in January 2012 for Pakistani PhD and graduate students studying locally and abroad on economic development issues of Pakistan. The finalists presented in front of the Research Advisory Committee, donor heads, professors and students from local universities. The event also consisted of plenary sessions on Pakistan’s various economic growth issues by renowned academics from all over the world, such as Dr. Jock Anderson, Dr. Regina Birner and Dr. David Spielman.

Increase productivity with improved and unified workflows.

 

Image courtesy of Bentley Systems

 

Hollis Increase

CHAPTER I

Son of a Broom Maker

Frederic C. Dumaine was born into a working class Canadian family that had immigrated to the United States prior to his birth. His father died before F.C. reached his teen years.

 

The younger Dumaine went to work to help support his widowed mother. Beginning as an office boy he eventually became the chief executive officer of the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company, the worlds largest textile firm. It was in his original apprenticeship and his gradual assumption of increasing responsibility that Dumaine learned the creed of the "Boston Associates," who were various old New England families given credit for the orign and development of the industrialization of the American economy. This industrialization was accomplished through the construction of textile mills on the rivers throughout New England.

 

The "Boston Associates" creed exemplified the best of the profit system. They were investor managers who were not interested in the "quick buck." Rather, they invested for the long term. When they adapted the manufacturing system they had seen in Great Britain, they too measures to lessen the negative aspects of the factory life as it existed in England. When they built factories, they also built quality housing for their workers. They invested heavily in parks and other recreation enhancements for the towns and cities in which they located their factories.

www.flickr.com/photos/12761257@N06/

Some sixty years after being introduced to this method of investing F.C. would give his grandchildren the following lecture:

You take care of your assets and they will take care of you. Always remember that the most precious assets you have are the people who work for you.

Dumaine went on to become one of Boston's most noted businessmen of the late 19th century and first half of the 2Oth century. In due course, F.C. Dumaine's name would become associated with the Fore River Shipyard, the Waltham Watch Company, and the New Haven Railroad.

Dumaine, however, was more than merely a major player in the Boston business community. He served on corporate boards with J. Pierpont Morgan, dealt with Henry Ford and Charles Schwab on a first-name basis, was openly welcomed in the financial houses of New York, and was offered J.P. Morgan, Jr.'s interest in the House of Morgan when the younger Morgan died.

F.C. became the friend and confidant of several United States presidents and statesmen. In the gray years leading to World War II, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter referred to Dumaine as one of three individuals with the best understanding of world conditions. The other two were President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (popularly called FDR) and Great Britain's Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Of particular interest was Dumaine 's relationship with FDR during both the Great Depression and World War II. Once, when visiting Roosevelt, in an effort to give comfort to the president who was concerned with public opinion on his recent decisions, Dumaine quoted Abraham Lincoln:

If I were trying to read, much less answer all the attacks made on me, this shop might well be closed for any other business. I do the best I know how, the very best I can and mean to keep on doing it to the end. If the end brings me out all right, what is said against me will not amount to anything. If the end brings me out wrong, ten angels swearing I was right would make no difference.

The president liked the quotation and, upon returning to Boston, Dumaine had a copy framed and sent to FDR.

While the quotation was part of Dumaine's creed, it illustrates why any individuals in the past and present never gave Dumaine the credit deserved. Dumaine surely read and was told of the many criticisms of him, but he generally paid no heed. Instead, he simply did the best he could and let the record speak for itself.

During the 1922 strike at Amoskeag and the 1924 strike at Waltham Watch, both of which were in response to wage cuts, it was easy to label Dumaine the enemy of labor. Both cuts, however, were attempts to equalize the local labor costs with those found in other sections of the country. To provide employment in the long run, a firm's wage rate must be competitive. While Dumaine would have preferred to see wages in other mills and factories rise to the levels at Amoskeag and Waltham he had no control over those rates. The introduction of competitive rates / even if this meant a drop in the hourly wage / would ensure employment.

When the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company was forced to close in 1936, most people put the blame on Dumaine. A careful examination of the record vividly illustrates that Dumaine's devotion to his most precious assets, the workers, caused him to expand production and employment in New Hampshire in the early quarter of the century, at time when other firms were closing their mills and opening new factories in the South.

If Dumaine is to be criticized, it should not be for his lack of concern for his work force but for "dreaming the impossible dream," for trying to maintain employment for his workers when the more prudent course, as history has proved, would have been to move or close the enterprise.

The life of Frederic C. Dumaine should be mandatory reading for all current and future business people. Dumaine's life serves as a case study for today's executive in balancing a firm's fiduciary responsibility to the shareholders with its social responsibility to the labor force.

Until recently, there was little known about the ancestry of Frederic Christopher Dumaine. This is not as odd as it may seem. Frequently, the preference of many families emigrating from Canada to the United States in the middle of the 19th century was to alter their names. Even the correct spelling of Dumaine's father's name is uncertain. What Frederic Dumaine did know was that his father, Christopher Dumaine, was born on July 13, 1835, of French-Canadian parents in the Province of Quebec. He was one of three brothers. Apparently, Christopher was baptized a Catholic. F.C.'s mother, Cordelia Roberts, was also born in Canada in 1831. Her parents were Charles and Lucille Roberts. Cordelia attended the Congregational Church. At the age of sixteen, Cordelia Roberts married Barrett Stone. This marriage produced three daughters: Elizabeth, Relenia, and Georgia. Barrett Stone, Cordelia's first husband, died, leaving her with the three young children.

On May 14, 1858, in Chelsea, Massachusetts, Christopher Dumaine married the widow Cordelia, who had also emigrated from Canada. They were residing in Hadley, Massachusetts, when their only son, Frederic, was born. The uncertainty of the spelling of the name Dumaine comes from Frederic's birth certificate, which states in part: "I here certify that the birth of Charles Frederic Domain son of Christopher Domain and ___ Domain born at Hadley, on the 6th day of March, the year 1866," appears in the record for that year. The misspelling likely resulted from the difficulty the clerk had in spelling an unfamiliar French-Canadian name. Frederic Dumaine never bothered to correct the error in his name as recorded on the document.

Only recently, through the efforts of Richard L. Fortin, a genealogist in Manchester, New Hampshire, has Dumaine's ancestry been traced to the original immigration to Canada from France. Louis-Michael Maingot, F.C.'s great-great-grandfather, arrived in Quebec in the spring of 1755. He was a soldier assigned to the French Regiment from Guyenne. In 1760, after the fall of Montreal to the British, Louis-Michael was discharged from the service. It was during his military service that he acquired the "dit," or "also known as" "Dumaine." It was common practice for French soldiers to adopt a second surname, often to specify their geographic origin. Louis-Michael was thus identifying himself from the French Province of Maine.

Following his release from the army, Louis-Michael settled in Rouville County in the Province of Quebec, where he married Marie-Anne Fontaine. One of their grandchildren was Francis-Xavier Maingot-dit- Dumaine, F.C.'s grandfather. Francis-Xavier married Adeline Lescaolt. This marriage would produce two daughters (Philomena and Stephanie) and three sons (Joseph, Pierre, and Christopher, F.C.'s father).

Francis-Xavier did not live to old age. The grandfather of F.C. Dumaine became a casualty of the 1837-38 Rebellion. He was a member of the "Patriots," who rose up, under the leadership of Louis Joseph Papineau, against the perceived injustices of the British Government. Many French-Canadians associated with the rebellion fell away from the Catholic Church when the local bishops did not support their movement. On November 25, 1837, Francis-Xavier lost his life when the government forces attacked and destroyed the village of St. Charles. It appears unlikely that F.C. was ever aware of the role that his grandfather played in the rebellion.

Christopher Dumaine, F.C.'s father, was a broom maker by trade. In 1868, the family moved to Dedham, Massachusetts, where Christopher was employed as a foreman in David Baker's broom factory. They lived in a pleasant, middle-class neighborhood. The only plumbing in the house was a cast-iron water pump in the kitchen sink.

One day when Fred was four years old and sunshine followed a shower the tot was allowed to go outside. It was warm. He was sent out in a new outfit. Horses were drawing loaded wagons on the dirt road in front of his house.

As children are wont to do, Dumaine moved close to the road just as a wagon wheel splashed through black mud. He was covered. Whether out of fear from the punishment that he anticipated from his mother for getting his new ouffit soiled or angry from the insult of being covered with the mud, he let out a series of curses. It was never explained exactly how the young Dumaine had come to learn such expressions. The commotion caused the driver to stop and return to assist young Fred, motivated first to be sure that the child was not hurt, then to see if he could assist in the cleanup. When the driver and other bystanders saw that Fred was not hurt, they chuckled in amusement over the sight. As might have been expected, their amusement made the lad angrier. In this early incident, Dumaine illustrated the gritty attitude that he would demonstrate throughout his life.

The broom factory must have paid good wages for the times, as Christopher Dumaine supported his wife, three stepdaughters, and son. By 1874, when Elizabeth and Relenia had married, Dumaine was able to send the third stepdaughter, Georgia, to secondary school at Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio.

In addition to his job at the broom factory, Christopher Dumaine was also active in the community. He was a member of the local volunteer fire department. While his father's membership in Engine Company Hero Number One of the Upper Village brought Fred and his family great pride, it would also bring a great family tragedy that would force Fred to leave school to help support the family.

On the evening of January 7, 1878, when Fred was eleven years old, the local volunteers responded to a fire near Dedham Square. The temperature was below zero, making the fire difficult to fight. When Christopher returned home the following morning, he was soaking wet and direly chilled. Pneumonia quickly set in.

There was no real method of treatment for the illness. The only remedy of any type was to feed the patient alcohol. Doctors merely would monitor pneumonia cases to see what would come on the ninth day. If the patient lived that long and if the fever "broke," there was a chance for recovery.

Cordelia, sensing that her husband was near death, asked if Christopher wanted her to fetch the local priest. Christopher, who had not been an active member of the church for many years, responded: "No, I came this far alone. I guess I can go the rest of the way by myself." Whether Christopher's disassociation with the Catholic Church was a result of the French bishop's lack of moral support for his father's role in the Rebellion, his marriage to Cordelia, a Protestant, or simply a lack of interest, cannot be determined.

Young Fred assisted his mother in the nursing of his father. The elder Dumaine would sit in his armchair because he had difficulty breathing when lying flat in bed. On the eighth day, Christopher succumbed. Fred would always remember the way his father died. When Fred Dumaine was nearing his death some 73 years later, he asked to be helped to Christopher's chair, which he had kept. It was his desire to die in his father's chair.

Cordelia Dumaine went to work as a midwife and also took in washing. The family was forced to move into a smaller house. A few months later, young Fred, by then twelve years old, quit school to help support the household by working at a local dry goods store.

One of his children's and grandchildren's favorite stories of Fred prior to his landing the job at Amoskeag was when he was the proud owner of a mongrel Boston bull terrier, which he loved dearly. The dog went everywhere with him, following him to and from work.

To get to the general store where he worked, Fred and his dog had to pass the town bully's house, which was set back from the road. The bully was Fred's senior by 14 or 15 years and he owned a ferocious half-hound, half-collie, which was a noted fighter. The bully boasted his dog could lick any dog in town. Fred's Tiger had the reputation of being able to hold his own. One day the town bully and his dog met Fred and Tiger. The bully encouraged a fight. When it started, young Fred said, "I told you that you one day would see that my dog could and would lick your dog."

Tiger shook the 'bejabbers' out of his opponent. Fred gathered up his scattered belongings, and with triumphant Tiger at his heels, ran home while the bully unmercifully beat his dog with a stick.

A few days later the town bully, whose dog had recovered, waited for a chance to spot Tiger without his young master. A fight between the dogs ensued and, as an excuse to stop the fight, the town bully shot Tiger.

Fred reported the bully to the police and inquired as to how he could have him sued for killing his dog. He sued the bully, who contested, claiming that Dumaine should be fined for having had such a dog that was a fighting nuisance that attacked all the other dogs in town.

Fred was served notice to appear in the Dedham Court House. He had no money and did not want to ask anyone for help. Determined to vindicate his faithiul Tiger's good name, he hit upon a plan and boldly went to work doing extra errands to fund his idea. With his earnings, he took Tiger to a taxidermist and had him stuffed.

The day young Fred was called to court he went to the attic where he had hidden Tiger carefully in an old trunk. He wrapped the dog in newspaper tied together with string and carried his bundle to the Dedharn Court. He was ushered in by a policeman, who took him to the front of the courtroom. His case was just being called. Frightened but determined, Fred weathered the preliminaries and, wide-eyed, stood his ground.

After the complainant's version of Fred's ferocious, savage, attacking dog was heard by the court, the judge asked the defendant where his lawyer was. Fred said he couldn't afford one and preferred to argue his own cause. The judge asked, "How can you prove anything? Your dog is dead." Fred squared his shoulders, looked the judge in the eye, then asked if he could call two witnesses. With the judge's permission, Fred called for the town bully to bring his dog on a leash into the court. While the complainant was fetching his dog (he lived a block or so away), Fred lay his package on a wooden bench in the front of the courtroom and began to untie the strings and loosen the newspaper. Just as the bully returned with his ferocious dog, Fred opened the paper. The bully's dog took one look and savagely flew across the room, grabbing the stuffed Tiger, and shook the daylights out of it, causing a great commotion in ourt room. Fred dissolved into tears and rage at seeing his Tiger being savaged again. He pounded the bench and poured out his claim to the judge that his dog was not the aggressor. The judge found in Fred's favor and went on to encourage Fred to defend himself and stand up to injustices, but with some wisdom in gathering his facts for his testimony.

Young Fred profited by the advice. In later years, he studied law with his uncle-by-marriage, the prominent Boston lawyer Richard Olney, gaining a deep grasp of legal principles and procedures.

As an adult, Dumaine would become an avid diary keeper. At that time, he recorded in his diaries his activities following his father's death:

My father died the fourteenth of January and one or two months after I went to work for Henry Pettingall in a little dry goods store which he kept. After a year I left him because he would not give me more pay and, for the balance of the school term, went to school. During the summer, I got a job with a screen man named Pedrick, and in the fall went into McLaughlin's haberdashery where I stayed until the following spring when Mrs. Rodman got Steve Weld to find me a place in the city.

Stephen Weld, a former general in the Civil War, lived in Dedham and operated a cotton brokerage office in Boston. Weld knew of Dumaine from his sister-in-law, Harriet Rodman. Dumaine would supplement the family income by picking and selling blueberries. One of his best customers was Mrs. Rodman. Dumaine always remembered the kindness shown by her. In later years, he would name one of his daughters Harriet in her honor. He also handled Mrs. Rodman's estate following the death of her husband in 1910.

Apparently the meeting with the general occurred on an evening when Weld, returning home from Boston, came across Fred Dumaine, who was in the process of leaving home to find employment in the city.

Weld stopped, inquired where Dumaine was heading and offered assistance. He contacted T. Jefferson Coolidge, treasurer of the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company, Weld's best customer. Apparently Coolidge was looking for an office boy and, as a result of that chance meeting Dumaine was hired. Thus, in a boyhood that reads like a story from Horatio Alger, Jr. book, Frederic C. Dumaine began his career with Amoskeag Manufacturing Company.

   

In 1951 Frederic C. Dumaine Sr. died and his oldest son Frederic C. Dumaine Jr., who was called 'Buck', became president of the railroad. The 1950s decade was a time of change and transition for the New Haven. Three different management teams purchased a variety of passenger and freight equipment from a number of different suppliers, causing supply and maintenance headaches and draining cash reserves. Some New Haven Railroad innovations of this era, such as the new parking lot passenger station established at Route 128 near Boston and the Rail Charge Card, were great successes. Other New Haven innovations such as the Mack FCD rail busses and Clejan piggyback flatcars, were great failures. The short-lived and controversial administration of president Patrick McGinnis, which commenced during April 1954 and was over in January 1956, put the New Haven through a comprehensive corporate image design project which gave the railroad a new 'NH' logo and red, white, and black corporate color scheme. The New Haven's president during the latter half of the 1950s, George Alpert, was an early champion of government subsidies for money-losing railroad passenger operations and purchased the unique dual-powered EMD FL-9 diesel-electric-electric locomotives.

 

Expensive hurricane and flood damage during 1954 and 1955, competition from government subsidized highways and airlines, high rates of taxation, enormous commuter service losses, and the out-migration of heavy industry from New England to the south and west caused the New Haven Railroad to go bankrupt again in 1961. After a decade of struggling along under trustees Richard Smith, William Kirk, and Harry Dorrigan, the New Haven Railroad was absorbed by the ill-fated Penn Central Transportation Company on January 1st, 1969.

 

Dumaine Farms Trust: A gift delayed, a promise deferred

 

STONEVILLE — When industrialist F.C. “Buck” Dumaine died 13 years ago, he left behind an estate worth millions, a record of high-wire capitalism chronicled in Time magazine, and one altruistic wish for the people of Rockingham County.

 

He wanted his land to become a model farm for all county residents to enjoy as a showcase for sustainable agriculture, environmental stewardship and wildlife conservation.

“I’m sure he just wanted to do something for the community and maintain the land in the most pristine way,” said Ruth Brooking of Wilmington, Del., daughter of the man who once ran Fieldcrest Mills.

But his gift of 1,370 acres — worth $2.1 million — is controlled by a private group that has made little headway realizing the late financier’s dreams on land that’s now tax-exempt.

The nonprofit Dumaine Farms Trust comprises mainly of current or former residents of the area with no family ties to Buck Dumaine, although two of his sons once were trustees. It’s not clear how they were jettisoned.

Meanwhile, operating largely out of public view, the trust has rebuffed several proposals from such reputable groups as the Dan River Basin Association seeking to put flesh on Dumaine’s vision.

And the trustees, who number about a dozen, enforce a no-trespassing rule that results in charges against people straying onto lands among the Piedmont’s most beautiful.

“Buck used to tell us, 'Anytime you want to go down there, that’s fine, just keep an eye out for anything that isn’t as it should be,’ ” said Dot Shively, who has lived next to Dumaine’s most scenic vista — Bent Farm — for 46 years.

“Now, if you’re caught there without a pass, you end up in court down in Wentworth.”

Trustees say too many people abused the privilege of unsupervised access. People who request permission are allowed to hunt or fish, but usually with a trustee tagging along, said trust chairman Scott Shoulars.

“People have done damage to the roads and left trash and debris,” said Shoulars, Rockingham’s former cooperative extension director. “Our biggest problem is trespassing. We have to take someone to court at least once a year.”

The textile magnate did not appreciate how much his dream would cost and left insufficient funds, Shoulars said. The trustees are all volunteers, doing what they can to tackle a tall order with little cash, he and other trustees say.

Love at first sight

The path toward today’s impasse began in the mid-1950s when Dumaine — scion of a wealthy family steeped in the New England textile industry — made a bold move.

The Bostonian engineered the purchase of Fieldcrest Mills from Chicago retailer Marshall Field & Co., including large-scale operations in Rockingham County and southern Virginia.

Managers in Eden wanted to impress the new Yankee owner. They knew how, after learning he loved to hunt quail with his prized side-by-side, 16-gauge Lefever shotgun.

“They set up some hunts while he was down here looking over the mills,” said Jay Adams, grandson of the late Jim Robertson, who was tapped to organize the excursions.

Robertson was an expert outdoorsman who pursued his passion in his free time from the mill, Adams said. One day, the two were hunting in a heavy snowstorm and they stumbled upon an abandoned cabin not far from Price Grange Road.

“They just waited it out in there, in this run-down, old cabin,” Adams said. “And Buck fell in love with the place.”

Dumaine soon owned the land and renovated the cabin, adding a kitchen and another room. And as Fieldcrest prospered, he became a regular visitor, arriving with his bird dogs and influential guests from all across the country, such as U.S. congressmen and senior executives of such industrial giants as Westinghouse Corp.

Dumaine bought more land near his cabin and in the Shiloh area to the south, farming in ways that created the best game-bird habitat. His local domain eventually spanned hundreds of acres along Belton and River roads, as well as Bent Farm, perched on a picturesque peninsula formed by a hairpin turn in the Dan River near Eagle Falls.

A character, nature lover

People remember Dumaine as a wealthy eccentric whose bird dogs sometimes were chauffeured from Boston to North Carolina in a limo, because flying didn’t agree with them.

But folks also recognized Buck Dumaine as someone with a common touch and a deep love for the land. “If you dropped a piece of paper, he’d take note of where and make you go back and pick it up. You didn’t litter around him,” said Barbara Davis, who lives in a house owned by the trust in exchange for tending some of its acreage.

His no-frills personality made the biggest impression, said former neighbor Shively: “He’d as soon sit and eat a can of wienies with us as anything.”

He hosted a big barbecue each year for the entire Shiloh community. There was a dove hunt each fall. When the Eden YMCA needed money for a new wing, he was the big donor.

So it seemed perfectly fitting in the late 1970s when he announced the model farm as a gift to county residents.

“The trust will benefit the people of Rockingham County by contributing to the development of modern and successful family farms while, at the same time, preserving and improving the environment so that it may be enjoyed both for recreation and for its natural beauty,” the late Fieldcrest executive Rufus Beaver said at the time.

Lost in translation

But a lot changed before it came time for Buck Dumaine’s trustees to take charge in 1997.

What remained of Fieldcrest limped toward its death bed as the textile industry collapsed around it. So the trust lost a logical source of corporate funding for the plans.

And Dumaine did not die a fast death, but lingered for two years after being made a ward of the court because he was no longer mentally competent.

By then, the 94-year-old financier’s estate was in disarray, said his son Dudley Dumaine, one of three original members of the farm trust who no longer serves on it.

“Those who had to straighten out his mess had no choice but to scrap Buck’s hopes for the N.C. properties and (their) liabilities, as Buck would never see them again,” Dudley Dumaine said in an e-mail from his home in Kentucky.

Over the years, the roster of Dumaine Farms Trust included a mixture of local neighbors, former Fieldcrest executives and agricultural officials.

The group boasted one heavyweight in its ranks, former U.S. Rep. Richardson Preyer of Greensboro. But Preyer died in 2001, before he could have much impact.

“He was a very wealthy person who would have helped if we had come up with something,” said current trustee Howard Richardson, a former FBI official and retired Fieldcrest security chief.

A tall order, lawyers say

Lawyers have warned the trustees that to fulfill Dumaine’s bequest, every aspect of what they create must benefit the farmers Buck mentioned in the 1977 document that originated the trust, Richardson said.

“It’s difficult to take that much land and say, 'We can do such and such,’ then make it fit where it helps small farmers who have five or 10 acres,” said Richardson, who chaired the trustees at one point.

No proposal so far has passed that stiff test, he said. Trustees meet once a year in June and have fielded a variety of proposals since Dumaine’s death, including one for a nature center and shooting preserve with Remington Arms Co.

Seven years ago, local developer Peter Osborne proposed buying Bent Farm from the trustees for his own residence, a deal aimed at giving them enough money to plan an agricultural center and county park elsewhere the Dumaine property. He also offered help organizing a coalition to guide the project so it benefited both farmers and the larger public.

About the same time, the Dan River Basin Association suggested opening a center to teach and promote organic, sustainable farming on part of Bent Farm, with nature trails and boating access elsewhere.

It’s hard to believe DRBA’s proposal couldn’t pass muster, said Lindley Butler, who helped craft the nonprofit river group’s May 2003 plan.

“I really think we had a proposal that would have fulfilled what Buck Dumaine wanted to do,” said Butler, professor emeritus of history at Rockingham Community College.

Richardson said his recollection of DRBA’s plan is hazy, but he believes lawyers advised against it. Shoulars said he did not recall the group’s plan at all.

The trust also has talked with N.C. State and N.C. A&T universities about developing research projects or facilities on the land, but nothing has come of that yet, trustees said.

Ashes to hunting grounds

Meantime, the trust normally earns less than $25,000 a year, with its main revenue coming from leasing land to a Chatham, Va., dairy. Last year, the group started a $1,000 scholarship for one student each year from Rockingham County to attend N.C. State’s College of Agriculture and Life Sciences.

Richardson said none of Dumaine’s descendants are on the board because Dudley Dumaine and his brother resigned some time ago.

That’s a possibility, Dudley Dumaine said, but he doesn’t remember resigning or ever receiving notice of any board meetings before that.

One thing Dudley Dumaine knows for sure: His father truly loved the land he bequeathed for the benefit of Rockingham County residents. In fact, Dudley Dumaine and his brother traveled all the way from Massachusetts after Buck died to spread their dad’s ashes there, near a favorite hunting spot.

It was what Buck’s will said to do.

 

Documents on Dumaine Farms

Sunday, March 28, 2010

(Updated 3:00 am)

This December 1977 document created the Dumaine Farms Trust to “benefit the general public and particularly the farmers and other people of Rockingham County, North Carolina.” At the outset, the group consisted of three trustees, including one of F.C. “Buck” Dumaine’s sons. The elder Dumaine died in March 1997 at the age of 94.

This document conveyed a large amount of land to the Dumaine Farms Trust in August 1996, about seven months before Buck Dumaine died. Dumaine had been declared a ward of the court a year earlier because he was no longer mentally competent. In this Guardian’s Deed, Buck Dumaine’s legal representative gave the acreage to the tax-exempt trust because the cost of maintaining the land was too costly for Dumaine’s estate. The first paragraph lists the trust’s membership at that time, including two of Dumaine’s sons.

In early 2003, the nonprofit Dan River Basin Association was asked by the Dumaine Farms Trust to submit a plan that would meet Buck Dumaine’s goals for the land he left under the trust’s supervision. The river-conservation group envisioned a center that would teach and promote sustainable, organic farming on part of the scenic Bent Farm, along with hiking trails and boat access on other parts of the tract. The farm trust did not pursue the proposal, but never said why, several DRBA members said.

Also in 2003, Eden developer and contractor Peter Osborne hired professional consultants to prepare this map and plan for part of Buck Dumaine’s acreage, including an agricultural center, nature reserve and a county park with an equestrian center and other recreational facilities. The trust decided against his proposal, which included his purchase of the Bent Farm for personal use. “In my conversations with you over several years, we have discussed several ways the trust could accomplish its mission,” Osborne said in a cover letter to the Dumaine Farms Trust. “I believe that I sensed frustration that over the years basically there was little activity and no success toward the mission and goals of the trust.”

  

Staff writer Myla Barnhardt contributed to this story.

Contact Taft Wireback at 373-7100 or taft.wireback@news-record.com

 

COMMENTS

Pack grad

March 28, 2010 - 11:12 pm EDT

Thanks to Taft Wireback for a very interesting and informative article about Buck Dumaine. As a long-time resident of Rockingham County and a former Fieldcrest employee, I appreciated this insight into someone who was held in such high esteem around the company, in the City of Eden and throughout the county.

This article answers questions more residents than just I have had, I am sure. Many of us have heard about some land Buck left for the benefit of Rockingham County but we never knew for sure if this was true. Now we know it is. We also understand the extent of Buck's generosity toward us as shown by the size of this gift and the charge given to those who agreed to administer Buck's wishes.

What this article also does is to raise a number of legitimate questions that need to be answered by the current Trustees of the Dumaine Farms Trust and by certain administrators in the Rockingham County government.

To the Trustees, I would first let you know that I have talked with county residents who have requested permission to hunt or fish on Buck's land and were denied this opportunity by you. Mr. Schoulars' statement regarding the granting of permission to hunt or fish is not close to what I have been told by those who were denied this privilege. I can't be the only person in Rockingham County to hold this belief. I fail to understand how leasing land to a dairy in Virginia fulfills the purpose of the Trust as stated in the Trust document, being to manage the property transferred to the trust "for the benefit of the general public and particularly the farmers and other people of Rockingham County, North Carolina." Surely there are Rockingham County farmers that would welcome an opportunity to lease this land. And since the purpose of the trust is to provide a benefit to Rockingham County farmers and other citizens, it would be nice if the Trust could present some sort of annual report to those it is supposed to benefit, citing what the Trust has done to further this purpose. For a tax-exempt organization established in 1977, providing one scholarship with a value of $1,000 doesn't seem like much of an effort. This lack of understanding about the Trust's accomplishments, if any, could be very easily corrected. By the way, it might be interesting to get a current legal opinion of what is permissible under the terms of the Trust, as the Trust document clearly contemplates that laws and regulations might change. If there are no funds available within the Trust to develop the property, does the word "abandon" in section 2 of the Trust document allow all or some of the property to be sold, with the proceeds from the sale being used for the stated purposes of the Trust?

To the elected officials of the County, perhaps you have some of the same questions I do about this property and how it is being used (or not) for the benefit of our citizens. I do not understand that just stating that a trust is a 501(c)(3) organization and is, therefore, tax exempt is enough. You actually have to walk the walk. You have to act like a tax-exempt organization and do things that allow you to be exempt. Otherwise we would all declare ourselves to be 501(c)(3) organizations and pay no tax. So, what is it about the Trust that makes it tax-exempt? And does this provide for non-payment of property taxes at a time when the county could surely use the additional revenue? Is the $25,000 annual rent taxable? And, if this property is to be used to benefit the county, was it considered as a possible site for the equestrian center? How much could that have saved? If the Trust's Trustees have rejected proposals by Pete Osborne and DRBA (and, possible others not mentioned) for ways to develop the property within the mandates of the Trust, are the Trustees meeting their fiduciary responsibility as managers of the property they were left to manage, not own. As our elected representatives, perhaps our County Commissioners will ask these questions and others they must have on our behalf.

Sadly the only reasonable conclusion I can draw from this article is that the legally-established wishes of a Yankee who came South to buy a mill and fell in love with Rockingham County and its citizens, as stated in the Dumaine Farms Trust document, are at best not being met and at worse being blatantly ignored. I will be personally outraged if it is shown that this is the case.

  

www.news-record.com/content/2010/03/27/article/dumaine_fa...

 

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POSTSCRIPT

On May 3, 1997, I attended a memorial service for Frederic C. "Buck" Dumaine, Jr. At that time, I delivered copies of my manuscript to Buck's three children, and I had the good fortune to talk with Dudley Dumaine, one of Buck's sons, for some time. While I did expect a note of appreciation for the copies of my manuscript, I was humbled to receive a letter from Dudley offering, on behalf of the third generation of Dumaines, to provide me with personal material, family members' recollections, and to fund the publication of this book. Dudley's letter in part stated:

Amoskeag's emotional historical distortions have contributed to the current discreditization of respect the American people have for the honorable driving forces that made America what it is. We also understand that we, the descendants of F.C. Dumaine, Sr., are subject to the same errors of oral history within ourselves, as did the labor force of Amoskeag, and for the same reason; lack of full information.

The letter went on to state that this additional information was for my "...analysis, inclusion, modification and/or rejection."

Subsequently, Dudley Dumaine provided me with three basic categories of material; oral history, personal Dumaine files and galley proofs of a book-in-progress titled Dumaine of New Eng]and.1

In the 1950's, the Dumaine family had contracted with the late Dorothy G. Wayman, a retired Boston Globe reporter and biographer, to write a book based on Dumaine's diaries. Wayman was noted above as a potential author of the unpublished history of Amoskeag. After three years of work on the biography and for reasons unknown, the family decided against the publication.

I found little in the book relative to Amoskeag that I had not already discovered. There was, however, much written confirming my prior opinion on the measure of the man. Of particular interest to test my already decided conclusions about Dumaines' motivations is her review of F.C.'s actions in controlling Waltham Watch, a subject not covered in my book but in itself a fascinating study. At one point she writes:

Dumaine's human side appears in an incident in 1937, when a young man attempting to move a pan filled with gasohne was fatally burned. [Quoting his Diary she goes on to state]

Thursday, July 22, 1937: **** of the **** Insurance Company called to discuss the John Kempton case. I explained to him unless he was willing to pay the family $3,000, with $150 towards funeral expenses and the nurses bill, $256, in view of the great suffering and unusual circumstances, I could not recommend a settlement on no other basis and should insist the case be put up to the Industrial Accident Board.

He pointed out the question of willful negligence on the company's part might be raised if the question went before the Board and the watch company might he held for half the damages. I told him I cared nothing about that. If it could be shown willful negligence existed, the watch company should he penalized. I could see no other solution and did not care to horse-trade.2

In a second incident relating the time when Dumaine was retired from control of Waltham Watch she states:

On May 22, 1944, the Waltham News-Tribune printed a tribute to Dumaine and his record of achievement and also printed a long list of names of Waltham employees of twenty years' service or more, who had received unspecified bonuses. The public supposed that these have been paid by the company, as originally authorized hy vote of the directors and mentioned in Dumaine's diary. Actually because government consent could not he procured, in the end Dumaine footed the entire bill from his own pocket.3

Wayman concludes her chapter on Waitham Watch with the following comment.

It is obvious that the $125,000 of bread Dumaine cast upon the waters in 1923, at Waltham, twenty years later came back in the form of a loaf of about a million dollars in cash. A quarter of it he paid to the United States government in taxes, and one third he had donated in bonuses to the veteran watchmakers. Money, however, was not Dumaine's objective or the mainspring to his operations. . .

His satisfaction and his pride in the success of his endeavors at Waltham, as in Bay State Fishing Company or Fore River Ship and Engine Company or Agwilines, was to see the American economy and industry "workng right," clear of debt, giving employment to workers, prosperity to the community, a reasonable return on risk capital.4

One final point in the Wayman manuscript substantiated my assumptions of Dumaine's attitude in letting the record speak for itself relates to a conversation and subsequent correspondence between Dumain and F.D. Roosevelt. During the conversation with the president, Dumaine had quoted a saying of Abraham Lincoln's which Roosevelt had not heard. Upon returning to Boston, Dumaine had the quote printed, matted and framed and sent it to the president. The text and FDR's letter are on the following pages.

Lest the reader conclude that the book has been tainted by Dumaine's support in publication, let me emphatically state that all of the material that I have reviewed substantiated the conclusions reached in my research prior to the family's generous offer.

Because publication of the manuscript is funded by the Dumaine family, I have relinquished all rights to Saint Anselm College to permit all proceeds to establish a scholarship for descendants of Amoskeag employees who qualify to attend Saint Anselm College.

Arthur M. Kenison

October 1997

 

Frederic C. Dumaine: Office Boy to Tycoon by Arthur M. Kenison, Saint Anselm College (Manchester, N.H.) and N.H.) Saint Anselm College (Manchester (2000, Book, Illustrated)

        

Amoskeag: Life and Work in an American Factory-City (Library of New England) [Paperback]

Tamara K. Hareven (Author), Randolph Langenbach

    

Dumaine's Amoskeag: Let the record speak [Hardcover] Arthur M Kenison (AUTHOR

    

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September 09, 1991

The Dumaine Legacy

By Marjorie Rosen

In a Privileged Family, An Unwelcome Heiress Proves That Blood Is Not Thicker Than Money

 

MY ADOPTIVE PARENTS ALWAYS TOLD me I was a chosen baby," says Elizabeth Ann Charney. Growing up in a redbrick row house full of love in a middle-class Brooklyn neighborhood, Betty Charney, now 35 and a public school teacher in Miramar, Fla., never gave a second thought to her natural parents or who they might be. Then in 1977, during her first pregnancy, she found herself worrying every time a doctor asked about her family history. "I had these questions," she recalls. "And I began to wonder, 'Who am I?' "

 

What began as a simple journey to find her roots has become a dizzying ride on the wheel of fortune. As it turned out, Charney's biological father was Pierre Dumaine, one of the heirs to a $200 million trust from a railroad and textile empire that includes Fieldcrest Cannon Inc., the towel manufacturers. Betty—divorced from Robert Charney since 1981 and sharing a modest house on a canal with sons A.J., 12, and Bobby Jr., 14, and her ex—mother-in-law, Katherine Cusato—now finds herself a Cinderella-in-waiting. There's only one catch: Her new family has so far resisted Charney's claim to her fairytale birthright.

 

Relaxing amid the Chippendale splendor of his estate in Weston, Mass., Charney's birth uncle Frederic "Buck" Dumaine Jr., 88, is unbending. He and other recipients of the Dumaine trust don't deny that Charney is a blood relation. But he also insists that Frederic Dumaine Sr., the patriarch who died in 1951, expressly stated that only "legitimate" heirs were entitled to share his legacy. In the eyes of the family, Betty, born out of wedlock, is ineligible. So Buck grins and dismisses her lawyers, who have taken the case to the New Hampshire Supreme Court. "Let 'em be damned," he declares.

 

That's what the Dumaines said in 1955 when they discovered that Charney's parents, Pierre "Spike" Dumaine, then 43, and Evelyn Humphrey, also 43, a receptionist at the family's Boston-based headquarters, had fallen in love. After all, Spike was married, if unhappily, and was the father of two children. Evelyn was a twice-divorced mother of three. She soon left her job, and he was dropped from the trust. In 1956, Betty was born. She insists today that Pierre "stayed in his marriage because of his obligation as a father." Still, at about the same time that Evelyn surrendered her for adoption, Pierre's trust payments resumed.

 

By 1961, though, Pierre's marriage had collapsed; he and Evelyn married but had no more children. Betty was never forgotten. "My dad later told me that every year on my birthday, my mom became a recluse," Charney says. After her 21st, Betty asked her adoptive parents, John Scudder, a stockbroker turned schoolteacher, and his wife, Nelda, to contact the lawyer who'd originally arranged the adoption. He in turn notified the Dumaines, who then wrote to their long-lost daughter.

 

"Words can't explain how I felt," Charney says, recalling her first meeting with her birth parents. That was in 1978, in Birmingham, Ala., where she was living with her husband, a cafeteria manager. From the first, says Betty, she and the Dumaines found an easy closeness. And eight months later, Pierre and Evelyn threw a party for her at their home in Cumberland, Maine.

 

During that visit, Charney for the first time understood that her parents were wealthy. But not until after they died—Evelyn of heart failure in January 1987, Pierre of cancer seven months later—did she understand just how well-off they were. And just how much she believes she might inherit—$250,000 a year. "When you don't come from money, you can't comprehend it," she says.

 

Nor could she imagine that the other heirs, including half brother Peter, 53, and half sister Lael "Suzy," would want to exclude her from the inheritance. (Pierre specified in his will that he wanted Betty to be a beneficiary.) The battle began four months after her father's funeral when the trustees started legal proceedings to determine whether she was entitled to a share. All along, the family contention has been that Charney has no claim on the trust, though Pierre and Evelyn did eventually marry. Charney's attorney, Dort Bigg, insists that universal slate law legitimizes any child born out of wedlock when the parents legally wed and acknowledge the child. Charles DeGrandpre, attorney for Betty's half brother and half sister, disagrees. Adoptive children obtain all inheritance rights from their new parents, he says, and forfeit those of their natural parents. Which may be why Betty petitioned a New York circuit court in 1988 to annul her adoption. (The court has yet to act on her request.) Her adoptive parents made no objection. "Our relationship wasn't based on whether it was official, but on a lifetime of sharing," says John Scudder, 71, who, with his wife, Nelda, 70, took Charney in when she was 4 days old. "If this helps Betty, we'd do it."

 

The Dumaines insist that Frederic, a man obsessed with his strict moral code, didn't give a hoot about bloodlines, only about behavior. According to Charney's half brother, Peter, "My grandfather was so specific. He'd sit me on his knee and pound into my head that, if I ever got a woman pregnant and was not married, I'd be on my own. And my father told it to me too."

 

Taking the patriarch at his word, the New Hampshire Superior Court ruled in 1990 that the elder Dumaine's intent was to support only those heirs born "in wedlock." The decision, says Betty, "crushed me. I felt the judge was saying, 'You're not good enough to be one of them.' " She has appealed her case to the state supreme court, which could rule on it this fall. If she wins, Betty, who now makes $25,000 a year, hasn't the vaguest idea how she'd spend her new riches. But at least there would be plenty of money to send her sons to college.

 

And if fortune eludes her? "I'm proud of who I am," she says. "I always was, but now I know why. There's too much hate in this world, and you can concentrate on it, but I know my mother and father, and I know they loved me."

 

MARJORIE ROSEN

CINDY DAMPIER in Miramar, GAYLE VERNER in Boston, MARIA SPEIDEL in Brooklyn

 

Contributors:

Cindy Dampier,

Gayle Verner,

Maria Speidel

       

Governor Murphy and Mayor Ras Baraka visit Mr. Blackmanâs African American History Class at Science Park High School in Newark to announce that New Jersey will be increasing the number of AP African American Studies classes offered in High School on Tuesday, February 14, 2023(Edwin J. Torres/NJ Governorâs Office).

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Leopard skins are in increasing demand among members of South Africa's Shembe Baptist Church, which has adopted the Zulu practice of wearing spotted cat fur (mainly leopard) during religious celebrations. Although trade in leopard skins is illegal in South Africa, the practice is widespread and expanding among the Shembe's estimated 5 million members. In order to reduce demand for real leopard skins, Tristan Dickerson, Panthera's Leopard Program Coordinator, has spent the past year working with digital designers and clothing companies to create a high-quality and affordable faux leopard skin which he will present at a future Shembe gathering.

 

This photo was taken by Tristan at a Shembe gathering that he visited to investigate the use of real and fake leopard skins.

 

Watch the CNN Inside Africa videos featuring Tristan and the Munyawana Project at bit.ly/pC6hxa

 

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Ecovolis program has proven successful in dramatically increasing bicycle use in Tirana, which, formerly, was a city without a developed bicycle culture. Ecovolis program is the first project in Albania that provides low-income adults with commuter bicycles as well as a donating program for children bicycles. The program recently completed two major steps, opening new bike stations in the city of Durrës and integrating Tourist Information Point Service to the bicycles stations' structure.

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The Tirana Community Bicycle Albania project won financial support from the George Soros Open Society Foundation Albania (OSFA). An even larger contribution came from the US-based Pedal for Progress organization, which donated 450 bicycles. Sixty of these were used road bikes, which were modified and painted by local technicians to serve as public bikes in the Ecovolis scheme. Another portion was set aside to donate to children and to activists and volunteers at PASS. Still another portion were diverted to the project's Eco Bicycle Shop, a social enterprise which sells bikes for USD 50-150 and reinvests profits for the service and maintenance of Ecovolis bicycles. The main objective of the program was to introduce the community to an inexpensive, environmental friendly form of transport -- the bicycle; to sell used bikes at low prices; to donate bikes to the children of needy families and to PASS volunteers; to establish a bike sharing-scheme in the city (Ecovolis); and to employ financially disadvantaged people and young students to operate the bike-sharing scheme.

System

Each Ecovolis station is staffed by two employees in two shifts and contains 30 -- 60 bicycles. In order to use the bicycles it is required to provide a personal identification document (such as passport or ID card) or by subscribing to the Ecovolis membership Card.

The first black and red bicycles, (also the colors of the Albanian flag) were donated from US-organization Pedal for Progress, (which collect and donate used bicycles). As these bicycles were of different types, converting them for safe and comfortable public use took months of work. The price per bicycle varies from 60 US$ to 90 US$ each. The bicycle is equipped with a front bicycle basket, a behind carrier, a comfortable saddle and a public fender with the Ecovolis sign.

The bicycle stations also provide touristic information to the visitors and a list of the city attractions. Moreover, being a non-profit social enterprise, during particular days the program offers free bicycle service, cycling courses, donations of bicycles and helmets for children in need, bike tours and a bicycle recycle program.

As boost is increased through the use of performance software, the single factory intake becomes restrictive and the engine is lacking the air it needs to make maximum power. Dinan's cold air intake force feeds the 3 liter turbocharged inline 6 with greater volumes of cool, oxygen rich air for substantial power gains by utilizing our secondary carbon fiber intake. The system is so effective that the carbon fiber inlet air temperature is a full 40 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the incoming air from the stock inlet. Due to the increased airflow from their intake, the power-curve is extended into the higher RPM’s for a noticeable change. The system is a direct replacement for the factory air box lid, employing a hand-crafted carbon fiber unit that also includes a secondary carbon fiber intake tube that captures cool air from the lower grill and includes the shielding for the conical filter to insulate it from power robbing engine compartment heat.

 

Gains: 14hp @ 6000rpm

 

dinancars.com/product/d760-0030-dinan-carbon-fiber-cold-a...

1969 Porsche 912 Targa

  

Chassis No. 129010661

   

The 912 is regarded by an increasing faction of Porsche enthusiasts as a very much worthwhile alternative to a more powerful 911. With its lighter 356-style mechanical components and inherently better weight distribution, the 912 is regarded by many as a more balanced drivers car than the 911.

 

This 1969 912 Targa is presented strikingly in Royal Blue set off by Fuchs-style wheels, with inviting tan upholstery and a black dashboard. The car has received a considerable amount of attention during its last 17-year period of ownership, with well over $25,000 spent on documented mechanical and cosmetic restoration. An extensive mechanical overhaul in 1996 included an engine rebuild incorporating resurfaced cylinder heads and rebuilt carburetors, while the transmission was replaced with a newly rebuilt four-speed unit.

 

The car's appearance was freshened both in and out, with paint and bodywork receipts to the tune of $12,000 provided by the vendor. In addition to the extensive repaint, many rubber components such as weatherstripping were replaced, and the undercarriage was sealed, all of which causes this 912 to visually impress. The interior is a lovely driver's office with rebuilt and reupholstered front seats and headrests in tan leather. Virtually every interior component was similarly recovered, including the rear jump seats, door panels, and rear side panels. With the added benefit of elegant tan carpets replaced at the same time, this interior beckons the willing motorist.

   

With only 2,562 912 Targas produced according to the 912 Registry, this is a rare opportunity indeed to acquire such an attractive and well cared-for example.

   

* A strong roadworthy car, begging to be driven!

* Beautifully restored inside and out!

* A rare and well cared for example!

  

Visit our website for more info:

www.driversource.com/

For only: $32,000.00!!

having a sick day, after getting 280 2 hours after a meal for 2nd day in a row, i decided to increase my insulin by 2 units

This is a photograph from the 3rd annual running of the Trim AC 10 Mile Road Race and Fun Run which was held in Trim, Co. Meath, Ireland on Sunday 5th February 2017 at 12:00. The race attracted over 1,200 participants which shows a 100% increase on last year's participation. The event shows growth year on year mirroring the growing popularity of the race. The race started on the Trim/Athboy road on the town's ring road and proceded to take an anti-clockwise loop out towards the village of Dunderry and townland of Kilbride before returning back to the Trim Industrial Estate for the finish. The route is held on quiet country roads with some hills at 3, 6, 8 mile segments.

 

Our full set of photos from mile 1 and the finish are at: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/albums/72157679859593016

 

The weather for this year's race was perfect for racing. There was a hard frost overnight but this brought clear bright skies and crisp air. There was no real wind to speak of.

 

Waterstops were provided at the 4.5 and 7 mile marks on the course. All access roads were well stewarded. The event was sponsored by Bewleys 1840 and many local business establishments. Credit must go to the Trim AC team for their flawless organisation. If the first three years of this year are anything to go on then this race will continue to grow. For runners around the North Leinster area this 10 mile race serves as a perfect training progress stepping stone to the Bohermeen Half Marathon which will take place in March 2016 and is located only 15 minutes drive from Trim.

 

USEFUL LINKS

Our Flickr photographs from the 2016 race: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157664217257512

Our Flickr photographs from the 2015 race: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/albums/72157650166189770

Boards.ie Discussion Thread on the 2017 race: www.boards.ie/vbulletin/showthread.php?t=2057673405

10 Mile Road Race Timelapse Video of the Route: www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Jp84CrctQM

  

USING OUR PHOTOGRAPHS - A QUICK GUIDE AND ANSWERS TO YOUR QUESTIONS

Can I use these photographs directly from Flickr on my social media account(s)?

 

Yes - of course you can! Flickr provides several ways to share this and other photographs in this Flickr set. You can share directly to: email, Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, Tumblr, LiveJournal, and Wordpress and Blogger blog sites. Your mobile, tablet, or desktop device will also offer you several different options for sharing this photo page on your social media outlets.

 

BUT..... Wait there a minute....

We take these photographs as a hobby and as a contribution to the running community in Ireland. We do not charge for our photographs. Our only "cost" is that we request that if you are using these images: (1) on social media sites such as Facebook, Tumblr, Pinterest, Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter,LinkedIn, Google+, VK.com, Vine, Meetup, Tagged, Ask.fm,etc or (2) other websites, blogs, web multimedia, commercial/promotional material that you must provide a link back to our Flickr page to attribute us or acknowledge us as the original photographers.

 

This also extends to the use of these images for Facebook profile pictures. In these cases please make a separate wall or blog post with a link to our Flickr page. If you do not know how this should be done for Facebook or other social media please email us and we will be happy to help suggest how to link to us.

 

I want to download these pictures to my computer or device?

 

You can download this photographic image here directly to your computer or device. This version is the low resolution web-quality image. How to download will vary slight from device to device and from browser to browser. Have a look for a down-arrow symbol or the link to 'View/Download' all sizes. When you click on either of these you will be presented with the option to download the image. Remember just doing a right-click and "save target as" will not work on Flickr.

 

I want get full resolution, print-quality, copies of these photographs?

 

If you just need these photographs for online usage then they can be used directly once you respect their Creative Commons license and provide a link back to our Flickr set if you use them. For offline usage and printing all of the photographs posted here on this Flickr set are available free, at no cost, at full image resolution.

 

Please email petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com with the links to the photographs you would like to obtain a full resolution copy of. We also ask race organisers, media, etc to ask for permission before use of our images for flyers, posters, etc. We reserve the right to refuse a request.

 

In summary please remember when requesting photographs from us - If you are using the photographs online all we ask is for you to provide a link back to our Flickr set or Flickr pages. You will find the link above clearly outlined in the description text which accompanies this photograph. Taking these photographs and preparing them for online posting takes a significant effort and time. We are not posting photographs to Flickr for commercial reasons. If you really like what we do please spread the link around your social media, send us an email, leave a comment beside the photographs, send us a Flickr email, etc. If you are using the photographs in newspapers or magazines we ask that you mention where the original photograph came from.

 

I would like to contribute something for your photograph(s)?

Many people offer payment for our photographs. As stated above we do not charge for these photographs. We take these photographs as our contribution to the running community in Ireland. If you feel that the photograph(s) you request are good enough that you would consider paying for their purchase from other photographic providers or in other circumstances we would suggest that you can provide a donation to any of the great charities in Ireland who do work for Cancer Care or Cancer Research in Ireland.

 

Let's get a bit technical: We use Creative Commons Licensing for these photographs

We use the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License for all our photographs here in this photograph set. What does this mean in reality?

The explaination is very simple.

Attribution- anyone using our photographs gives us an appropriate credit for it. This ensures that people aren't taking our photographs and passing them off as their own. This usually just mean putting a link to our photographs somewhere on your website, blog, or Facebook where other people can see it.

ShareAlike – anyone can use these photographs, and make changes if they like, or incorporate them into a bigger project, but they must make those changes available back to the community under the same terms.

 

Above all what Creative Commons aims to do is to encourage creative sharing. See some examples of Creative Commons photographs on Flickr: www.flickr.com/creativecommons/

 

I ran in the race - but my photograph doesn't appear here in your Flickr set! What gives?

 

As mentioned above we take these photographs as a hobby and as a voluntary contribution to the running community in Ireland. Very often we have actually ran in the same race and then switched to photographer mode after we finished the race. Consequently, we feel that we have no obligations to capture a photograph of every participant in the race. However, we do try our very best to capture as many participants as possible. But this is sometimes not possible for a variety of reasons:

 

     ►You were hidden behind another participant as you passed our camera

     ►Weather or lighting conditions meant that we had some photographs with blurry content which we did not upload to our Flickr set

     ►There were too many people - some races attract thousands of participants and as amateur photographs we cannot hope to capture photographs of everyone

     ►We simply missed you - sorry about that - we did our best!

  

You can email us petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com to enquire if we have a photograph of you which didn't make the final Flickr selection for the race. But we cannot promise that there will be photograph there. As alternatives we advise you to contact the race organisers to enquire if there were (1) other photographs taking photographs at the race event or if (2) there were professional commercial sports photographers taking photographs which might have some photographs of you available for purchase. You might find some links for further information above.

 

Don't like your photograph here?

That's OK! We understand!

 

If, for any reason, you are not happy or comfortable with your picture appearing here in this photoset on Flickr then please email us at petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com and we will remove it as soon as possible. We give careful consideration to each photograph before uploading.

 

I want to tell people about these great photographs!

Great! Thank you! The best link to spread the word around is probably http://www.flickr.com/peterm7/sets

 

Increased traffic and pedestrians, early sunset, a host of distractions and scam artists make parking lots one of the more dangerous places during the holiday season.

Increasing attempts by Fuji Photo Film Co. (not yet Fujifilm) to break into the US stronghold of Kodak. The promise of a 100 ASA emulsion was in contrast to Kodak's mainstream films of ASA 64, although higher speeds existed.

Annapolis

Average local sea level rise in inch

Days with flooding

 

Graph: Ocean Atlas 2017, Petra Böckmann/Heinrich Böll Foundation

June 13, 2022—Administrator Samantha Power discussed how, last year, the number of people facing acute food insecurity reached historic levels—193 million people—an increase of 40 million from the previous year. She emphasized that Putin’s gratuitous, wreckless, brutal war increased the number of those in desperate need by potentially another 40 million people. She stated that USAID has contributed $2.8 billion in the last few months to countries most acutely impacted by the food security crisis since the beginning of Russia’s war in Ukraine.

This is a photograph from the 3rd annual running of the Trim AC 10 Mile Road Race and Fun Run which was held in Trim, Co. Meath, Ireland on Sunday 5th February 2017 at 12:00. The race attracted over 1,200 participants which shows a 100% increase on last year's participation. The event shows growth year on year mirroring the growing popularity of the race. The race started on the Trim/Athboy road on the town's ring road and proceded to take an anti-clockwise loop out towards the village of Dunderry and townland of Kilbride before returning back to the Trim Industrial Estate for the finish. The route is held on quiet country roads with some hills at 3, 6, 8 mile segments.

 

Our full set of photos from mile 1 and the finish are at: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/albums/72157679859593016

 

The weather for this year's race was perfect for racing. There was a hard frost overnight but this brought clear bright skies and crisp air. There was no real wind to speak of.

 

Waterstops were provided at the 4.5 and 7 mile marks on the course. All access roads were well stewarded. The event was sponsored by Bewleys 1840 and many local business establishments. Credit must go to the Trim AC team for their flawless organisation. If the first three years of this year are anything to go on then this race will continue to grow. For runners around the North Leinster area this 10 mile race serves as a perfect training progress stepping stone to the Bohermeen Half Marathon which will take place in March 2016 and is located only 15 minutes drive from Trim.

 

USEFUL LINKS

Our Flickr photographs from the 2016 race: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157664217257512

Our Flickr photographs from the 2015 race: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/albums/72157650166189770

Boards.ie Discussion Thread on the 2017 race: www.boards.ie/vbulletin/showthread.php?t=2057673405

10 Mile Road Race Timelapse Video of the Route: www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Jp84CrctQM

  

USING OUR PHOTOGRAPHS - A QUICK GUIDE AND ANSWERS TO YOUR QUESTIONS

Can I use these photographs directly from Flickr on my social media account(s)?

 

Yes - of course you can! Flickr provides several ways to share this and other photographs in this Flickr set. You can share directly to: email, Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, Tumblr, LiveJournal, and Wordpress and Blogger blog sites. Your mobile, tablet, or desktop device will also offer you several different options for sharing this photo page on your social media outlets.

 

BUT..... Wait there a minute....

We take these photographs as a hobby and as a contribution to the running community in Ireland. We do not charge for our photographs. Our only "cost" is that we request that if you are using these images: (1) on social media sites such as Facebook, Tumblr, Pinterest, Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter,LinkedIn, Google+, VK.com, Vine, Meetup, Tagged, Ask.fm,etc or (2) other websites, blogs, web multimedia, commercial/promotional material that you must provide a link back to our Flickr page to attribute us or acknowledge us as the original photographers.

 

This also extends to the use of these images for Facebook profile pictures. In these cases please make a separate wall or blog post with a link to our Flickr page. If you do not know how this should be done for Facebook or other social media please email us and we will be happy to help suggest how to link to us.

 

I want to download these pictures to my computer or device?

 

You can download this photographic image here directly to your computer or device. This version is the low resolution web-quality image. How to download will vary slight from device to device and from browser to browser. Have a look for a down-arrow symbol or the link to 'View/Download' all sizes. When you click on either of these you will be presented with the option to download the image. Remember just doing a right-click and "save target as" will not work on Flickr.

 

I want get full resolution, print-quality, copies of these photographs?

 

If you just need these photographs for online usage then they can be used directly once you respect their Creative Commons license and provide a link back to our Flickr set if you use them. For offline usage and printing all of the photographs posted here on this Flickr set are available free, at no cost, at full image resolution.

 

Please email petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com with the links to the photographs you would like to obtain a full resolution copy of. We also ask race organisers, media, etc to ask for permission before use of our images for flyers, posters, etc. We reserve the right to refuse a request.

 

In summary please remember when requesting photographs from us - If you are using the photographs online all we ask is for you to provide a link back to our Flickr set or Flickr pages. You will find the link above clearly outlined in the description text which accompanies this photograph. Taking these photographs and preparing them for online posting takes a significant effort and time. We are not posting photographs to Flickr for commercial reasons. If you really like what we do please spread the link around your social media, send us an email, leave a comment beside the photographs, send us a Flickr email, etc. If you are using the photographs in newspapers or magazines we ask that you mention where the original photograph came from.

 

I would like to contribute something for your photograph(s)?

Many people offer payment for our photographs. As stated above we do not charge for these photographs. We take these photographs as our contribution to the running community in Ireland. If you feel that the photograph(s) you request are good enough that you would consider paying for their purchase from other photographic providers or in other circumstances we would suggest that you can provide a donation to any of the great charities in Ireland who do work for Cancer Care or Cancer Research in Ireland.

 

Let's get a bit technical: We use Creative Commons Licensing for these photographs

We use the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License for all our photographs here in this photograph set. What does this mean in reality?

The explaination is very simple.

Attribution- anyone using our photographs gives us an appropriate credit for it. This ensures that people aren't taking our photographs and passing them off as their own. This usually just mean putting a link to our photographs somewhere on your website, blog, or Facebook where other people can see it.

ShareAlike – anyone can use these photographs, and make changes if they like, or incorporate them into a bigger project, but they must make those changes available back to the community under the same terms.

 

Above all what Creative Commons aims to do is to encourage creative sharing. See some examples of Creative Commons photographs on Flickr: www.flickr.com/creativecommons/

 

I ran in the race - but my photograph doesn't appear here in your Flickr set! What gives?

 

As mentioned above we take these photographs as a hobby and as a voluntary contribution to the running community in Ireland. Very often we have actually ran in the same race and then switched to photographer mode after we finished the race. Consequently, we feel that we have no obligations to capture a photograph of every participant in the race. However, we do try our very best to capture as many participants as possible. But this is sometimes not possible for a variety of reasons:

 

     ►You were hidden behind another participant as you passed our camera

     ►Weather or lighting conditions meant that we had some photographs with blurry content which we did not upload to our Flickr set

     ►There were too many people - some races attract thousands of participants and as amateur photographs we cannot hope to capture photographs of everyone

     ►We simply missed you - sorry about that - we did our best!

  

You can email us petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com to enquire if we have a photograph of you which didn't make the final Flickr selection for the race. But we cannot promise that there will be photograph there. As alternatives we advise you to contact the race organisers to enquire if there were (1) other photographs taking photographs at the race event or if (2) there were professional commercial sports photographers taking photographs which might have some photographs of you available for purchase. You might find some links for further information above.

 

Don't like your photograph here?

That's OK! We understand!

 

If, for any reason, you are not happy or comfortable with your picture appearing here in this photoset on Flickr then please email us at petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com and we will remove it as soon as possible. We give careful consideration to each photograph before uploading.

 

I want to tell people about these great photographs!

Great! Thank you! The best link to spread the word around is probably http://www.flickr.com/peterm7/sets

 

The Pakistan Strategy Support Program (PSSP) held the conference, “Increasing Productivity and Unleashing Growth” at the Serena Hotel in Islamabad on May 26-27th, 2012. This conference also marked the final round of the Competitive Grants Program that was launched by PSSP in January 2012 for Pakistani PhD and graduate students studying locally and abroad on economic development issues of Pakistan. The finalists presented in front of the Research Advisory Committee, donor heads, professors and students from local universities. The event also consisted of plenary sessions on Pakistan’s various economic growth issues by renowned academics from all over the world, such as Dr. Jock Anderson, Dr. Regina Birner and Dr. David Spielman.

A partnership between government of British Columbia and the Heart & Stroke Foundation will provide $2 million to increase public access to automated external defibrillators (AEDs), helping to save the lives of victims of sudden cardiac arrest.

Learn more: www.newsroom.gov.bc.ca/2013/02/bc-increases-access-to-def...