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Dunham Massey is a civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford, Cheshire, England.[1] The parish includes the villages of Sinderland Green, Dunham Woodhouse and Dunham Town, along with Dunham Massey Park, formerly the home of the last Earl of Stamford and owned by the National Trust since 1976. Dunham Massey was historically in the county of Cheshire, but since 1974 has been part of Trafford Metropolitan Borough; the nearest town is Altrincham. As of the 2001 census, the parish had a population of 475.[2]
Dunham Massey has a long history, as reflected in its 45 listed buildings. It was a locally important area during the medieval period, and acted as the seat for the Massey barony. The Georgian hall, with the remains of a castle in its grounds, is a popular tourist attraction. There are two Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Dunham Massey: Dunham Park, located south of Dunham Town, and Brookheys Covert.
History
The Chester to York Roman road passes between the settlements of Dunham Massey and Bowdon and today forms the boundary between the two places. The name Dunham is derived from the Anglo-Saxon dun, meaning hill. The Massey element of the name is a result of its ownership by the Massey Barons. The manor of Dunham is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as having belonged to the Saxon thegn Aelfward before the Norman Conquest and to Hamo de Masci after. De Masci was an influential baron, who also had control over the manors of Baguley, Bowdon, Hale, Partington, and Timperley. The addition of "Massey" to the name Dunham reflects the manor's importance within the barony; Dunham was the seat of the Masseys. The importance of Dunham is further emphasised by the presence of two of de Massey’s castles: Dunham Castle and Watch Hill Castle on the border with Bowdon; a third, Ullerwood Castle, was near Hale. The Masseys remained barons of Dunham and its environs until the 14th century, when the line became extinct.[3][4]
The Booth family inherited most of the Massey lands in 1409, with Dunham Massey remaining at the heart of the estate; at the time, only four villages were in the Trafford area. By the Elizabeth period, Dunham Massey Castle had been demolished. Probably during the medieval period, Dunham Massey Hall became the home of the manorial lord, and a centre of power in the area. The hall was rebuilt in 1616, leaving no remains of the old medieval hall. The mill at Dunham was first documented in 1353, although the mill's present structure dates to the 1860s. It lies on the River Bollin, opposite Little Bollington. The first record of Dunham's deer park was also in 1353. The settlement of Dunham Woodhouse dates from the 15th century. During the medieval period, the primary source of employment in Dunham Massey was agriculture, mainly arable.
The Warrington and Stockport Railway was constructed through Dunham during 1853/54. Dunham Massey railway station served the area between 1854 and its closure in 1962. Dunham grew as a result, the population increasing by 57.5% between 1851 and 1881. Otherwise, the industrial revolution had little effect on Dunham Massey, and it remained a predominantly agricultural area.
Dunham Massey Hall
Dunham Massey Hall.
The present hall was initially built in 1616 by Sir George Booth, who was amongst the creations of Baronets by James I in 1611, but was later remodelled by John Norris for George, Earl of Stamford and Warrington between 1732 and 1740; it was also altered by John Hope towards the end of the 18th century and by Joseph Compton Hall between 1905 and 1908. The hall itself, the stables, and the carriage house of Dunham Massey are all Grade I listed buildings, three of six such buildings in Trafford.[5]
The site is moated and lies immediately west of the village of Dunham, with the deer park lying to the south. The hall was donated to the National Trust by the last Earl of Stamford, in 1976. The hall was used as a military hospital during the First World War. Inside is a collection of Huguenot silver, the carving The Crucifixion by 17th century wood carver Grinling Gibbons, and a white marble bust of the Emperor Hadrian; the head is antique, but the neck and shoulders are 18th century, it was probably acquired by the 5th Earl of Stamford. The collection of paintings in the hall include Allegory with Venus, Mars, Cupid and Time by Guercino; The Cascade at Terni by Louis Ducros; and portraits by William Beechey, Francis Cotes, Michael Dahl, A. R. Mengs, Sir Joshua Reynolds, George Romney, Enoch Seeman, and Zoffany. The 7th Earl of Stamford removed a selection of paintings to Enville Hall in the late 1850s, and it was not until the time of Roger Grey, 10th Earl of Stamford that some were returned after sales in 1929 and 1931.[6] The deer park at Dunham Massey is the only medieval park in Trafford to survive to the present.[4] The hall and grounds are open to the public and are a popular tourist attraction, with over 115,000 visitors in 2007.
Governance
The civil parish parish of Dunham Massey was created in 1894, under the Local Government Act 1894, and has its own parish council. Dunham Massey became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford in 1974 upon the borough's creation, but was previously in Bucklow Rural District. The village is part of the Bowdon electoral ward.[9][4] The councillors for the Bowdon ward are David Merrell, Paula Pearson, and Stephanie Poole, all members of the Conservative Party.[10] Dunham Massey is also a part of the Altrincham and Sale West constituency, and belongs to the North West England constituency of the European Parliament. Since the formation of the Altrincham and Sale West constituency in 1997, it has been represented in the House of Commons by the Conservative MP, Graham Brady. At the 2005 General Election, the Conservatives won with a majority of 7,159 and 46.4% of the vote. Labour won 30.3% of the vote, Liberal Democrats won 21.7%, and the United Kingdom Independence Party won 1.7%.
Geography
Dunham Massey lies to the east of Warburton, and to the west of Bowdon, with Altrincham approximately 2 miles (3 km) to the northeast. The landscape is generally flat, with some mossland. Dunham Park occupies 192.7 acres (780,000 m2) of the area. The Roman road running from Chester to York forms the boundary between Dunham and Bowdon. The River Bollin runs to the south, with the Bridgewater Canal running through the area. The local geology is lower keuper marl, with a ridge of sand and gravel running from Dunham to Warburton.
Demography
As of the 2001 UK census, Dunham Massey had a total population of 475. For every 100 females, there were 96.3 males. The average household size was 2.36.[2] Of those aged 16–74 in Dunham Massey, 42.0% had no academic qualifications or one GCSE, similar to the figures for all of Trafford (40.8%) and in England (45.5%).[12][13] According to the census, 0.01% were unemployed and 19.24% were economically inactive.[12] 17.89% of the population were under the age of 16, and 9.89% were aged 75 and over; the mean age of the residents of Dunham Massey was 43.71. 75.79% of residents described their health as 'good'.
Site of Special Scientific Interest
Brookheys Covert
Brookheys Covert is a Site of Special Scientific Interest in the Dunham Park Estate (grid reference SJ742904). The site is a semi-natural wood consisting mainly of ash, birch, and rowan, with a wetland habitat and several marl pits, which have flooded to form ponds. The reserve spans 5.8 acres (23,000 m2) and is managed by the Dunham Massey Estates. Brookheys Covert provides a habitat for many animals, including foxes, rabbits, squirrels, and 57 species of bird.[15][16]
Dunham Park
Dunham Park covers an area of 192.7 acres (780,000 m2) and is part of the Dunham Park Estate, run by the National Trust (grid reference SJ740870). The park is mostly “pasture-woodland or park-woodland” and has been since the Middle Ages. Many of the oak trees, which make up the larger part of the woodland, date back to the 17th century. Dunham Park is the only place in the northwest of England with such a concentration of old trees, and one of only a few remaining in England, making it a site of national importance. The park supports a range of animals, including fallow deer and over 500 species of insect.
Grade II listed buildings
Dunham Massey has many grade II listed buildings; among the most striking is the 18th century sandstone obelisk at the end of the north vista from Dunham Massey Hall. Tradition has it that it marks the burial site of a race horse.[18]
There are many listed residences in Dunham Massey, most of them dating from the 18th or early 19th century, and many of them featuring Flemish bond brickwork and slate roofs. They include: Dunham Massey Lodge, on Dunham Road;[19] Willow Cottage;[20] numbers 1 and 2 Barns Lane;[21] number 1 Orchard View;[22] The Hollies, on Station Road;[23] numbers 1, 3 and 4 Woodhouse Lane;[24] Big Tree Cottages, on Woodhouse Lane.[25] Agden View, also on Woodhouse Lane, dates from 1725 and has both garden wall bond and Flemish bond brickwork.[26] Big Tree House, on Charcoal Road, dates from the mid-18th century and features English bond brickwork.[27] Yew Tree Cottage and Lime Tree Cottage are also on Charcoal Lane; both houses date to the 17th century and exhibit garden wall bond brickwork with slate roofs.[28] Ivy House, on Woodhouse Lane, was built in the early 18th century.[29] Kitchen Garden cottage was built in 1702.[30] Rose Cottage and Farm Cottage are late 18th or early 19th century.[31] The Meadows, on School Lane, was built in the 17th century and features garden wall bond brickwork and a thatched roof.[32]
The farm buildings of Home Farm, including its dovecote, were built in the early 19th century, and feature Flemish bond brickwork.[33][34] Sinderland House, also dating from the early 19th century, is another of Dunham Massey's listed farmhouses.[35] Manor Farmhouse, on Station Road, was built by George Booth, 2nd Earl of Warrington; the building dates from the mid-18th century and features both Flemish and garden wall bond brickwork.[36] The farmhouse on Station Road was built in 1752.[37] The barn on Woodhouse Lane dates from the early 18th century and features garden wall bond brickwork, a slate roof, and upper cruck frames.[38] Dog Farmhouse, also on Woodhouse Lane, was built in the early 19th century; however it may have been an adaptation of an earlier, possibly 18th century, farmhouse.[39]
Dunham School was built in 1759, with additions in 1860 and the 20th century. Above the door is an engraved panel reading “This School was Erected in 1759 For the Benefit of the Township of Dunham Massey. According to the Will of Thomas Walton Gent”. The school now serves as the parish hall.[40] The nearby Dunham School Bridge, over the Bridgewater Canal, was built in 1776 by John Gilbert,[41] who also built the aqueduct for the Bridgewater Canal over the River Bollin, which was opened in 1776.[42] The other listed bridge, Brick Kiln Lane Bridge, was also built in the 18th century.[43] Bollington watermill was constructed in the 1860s, and has an undershot waterwheel.[44]
There are a number of listed structures in the grounds of Dunham Massey Hall, including the 1720 wellhouse that supplied water to the hall until the 1860s,[45] and the early 18th century ornamental sundial in front of the hall, depicting a black slave clad in leaves, carrying the sundial above his head.[46] The stable buildings,[47] the slaughterhouse,[48] the deer house,[49] the orangery,[50] and an ashlar shelter to the west of the hall,[51] all date from the 17th or 18th century. Barn Cottages date from at least 1751. The cottages were originally a single barn, which was converted in the 19th century.[52] Other grade II listed structures in the grounds of the hall include: the lakeside wall (18th century);[53] two small piers south of the garden forecourt (18th century);[54] a pier north west of the garden forecourt (18th century);[55] the gateway opposite the kitchen (1750);[56] the piers at the south of forecourt garden topped with lions (18th century);[57][58] and an obelisk erected by George Booth, 2nd Earl of Warrington, in 1714 in memory of his mother.[59] Near the hall there is a Grade II* listed sawmill, probably built in 1616.[
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Chevrolet Corvette (C1) 1956
Hackberry is an unincorporated community in Mohave County, Arizona, United States. Hackberry is located on Arizona State Route 66 (former U.S. Route 66) 23 miles (37 km) northeast of Kingman. Hackberry has a post office which serves 68 residential mailboxes with ZIP code 86411.
A former mining town, Hackberry takes its name from the Hackberry Mine which was named for a hackberry tree in a nearby spring.
Prospector Jim Music helped develop the Hackberry Silver Mine in 1875. Mining of various metals developed the town, sending it from boom to bust based on fluctuating commodity prices.
The Indianapolis Monroes Iron Clad Age of June 12, 1886 includes a brief article titled "They Changed the Minds of Several" referring to an educated miner from the area.
J.J. Watts writes from Hackberry, Arizona: "The books you sent me last year have changed the minds of several to whom I loaned them. It is a pity that liberal books and papers cannot be more generally circulated and read. If they could be we should soon have more outspoken, honest men that would dare to speak their true sentiments."
Based on an article taken from the July 24, 1909 edition of the Mohave County Miner out of Kingman, Arizona, JJ Watts was an old prospector. Here is that article.
"Some time ago the report was current in Kingman that Indians had killed an old prospector, in the Wallapai mountains, first burying the body and later burning up everything of an incriminating nature. The man was supposed to be J. J. Watts, who mined and prospected in the Music mountain range many years. William Grant, the Hackberry merchant, this week received a letter from B.F. Watts, of Marshall, Oklahoma, conveying the information that J.J. Watts died at Lander, Wyoming, last winter. The man who was killed by the Indians is believed to be a stranger that came to Kingman and was lured to the mountains by the Indians by a story of a lost mine that they had found in that section. The man was killed by Willietopsy and his sons, so it is reported by the other Indians.
By 1919, infighting between the mine's owners had become litigation and the ore was beginning to be depleted. The mine closed; Hackberry briefly almost became a ghost town.
Various service stations in town served U.S. Route 66 travellers after the highway came to town in 1926; all were shut down after Interstate 40 in Arizona bypassed the town. Interstate 40's 69-mile path between Kingman and Seligman diverges widely from the old 82-mile Highway 66 segment between these points, leaving Hackberry stranded sixteen miles from the new highway. Hackberry Road would not even be given an off-ramp. John Grigg operated a Union 76 service station on Route 66 in Hackberry from the 1920s until his death in 1967. The Northside Grocery (established 1934) and its Conoco station were among the last to close, in 1978.
Hackberry almost became a ghost town again, but members of the Grigg family have lived there since the 1890s and continue to live there. Six generations of the Grigg family are buried in the Hackberry cemetery.
In 1992, itinerant artist Bob Waldmire re-opened the Hackberry General Store as a Route 66 tourism information post and souvenir shop on the former Northside Grocery site.
Waldmire sold the store to John and Kerry Pritchard in 1998 due to local disputes regarding the environmental and aesthetic impact of quarries, which by that time were establishing themselves in the area to remove local stone for use in landscaping.
The store remains in operation with a collection of vintage cars from the heyday of U.S. Route 66 in Arizona; in 2008, its owners donated land for a new fire hall to be built for the community.
(Wikipedia)
The Chevrolet Corvette (C1) is the first generation of the Corvette sports car produced by Chevrolet. It was introduced late in the 1953 model year and produced through 1962. This generation is commonly referred to as the "solid-axle" generation, as the independent rear suspension did not appear until the 1963 Sting Ray.
The Corvette was rushed into production for its debut model year to capitalize on the enthusiastic public reaction to the concept vehicle, but expectations for the new model were largely unfulfilled. Reviews were mixed and sales fell far short of expectations through the car's early years. The program was nearly canceled, but Chevrolet decided to make necessary improvements.
The most expensive Corvette (C1) to sell in history was sold by Barrett-Jackson in the United States in March 2021 for $825,000 (~$915,195 in 2023) (£591,470).
History
Origins
Harley Earl, as head of GM's Styling Section, was an avid fan of sports cars. He recognized that GIs returning after serving overseas in the years following World War II were bringing home MGs, Jaguars, and Alfa Romeos. In 1951, Nash Motors began selling an expensive two-seat sports car, the Nash-Healey, that was made in partnership with the Italian designer Pininfarina and British auto engineer Donald Healey, but there were few moderate-priced models. Earl convinced GM that they needed to build an all-American two-seat sports car, and with his Special Projects crew began working on the new car in late 1951. The last time Chevrolet offered a 2-door, 2-passenger convertible/roadster body style was in 1938 with the Chevrolet Master.
Prototype EX-122
The secretive effort was code-named "Project Opel" (after GM's German division Opel). The result was the hand-built, EX-122 pre-production Corvette prototype, which was first shown to the public at the 1953 General Motors Motorama at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York City on January 17, 1953. When production began six months later, at an MSRP of US$3,513 ($40,006 in 2023 dollars ), it had evolved into a considerably costlier car than the basic $2,000 roadster Harley Earl originally had in mind. The EX-122 car is now located at the Kerbeck Corvette museum in Atlantic City and is believed to be the oldest Corvette in existence.
Design and engineering
To keep costs down, GM executive Robert F. McLean mandated off-the-shelf mechanical components. The new car used the chassis and suspension design from the 1949 through 1954 Chevrolet passenger vehicles. The drivetrain and passenger compartment were moved rearward to achieve a 53/47 front-to-rear weight distribution. It had a 102 in (2,591 mm) wheelbase. The engine was a 235 cu in (3.85 L) inline six engine that was similar to the 235 engine that powered all other Chevrolet car models, but with a higher-compression ratio, three Carter side-draft carburetors, mechanical lifters, and a higher-lift camshaft. Output was 150 hp (112 kW). Because there was currently no manual transmission available to Chevrolet rated to handle 150 HP, a two-speed Powerglide automatic was used. The 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) time was 11.5 seconds.
Three body variants were created. The roadster was built as the Corvette, the Corvair fastback variant never went into production, and the two-door Nomad station wagon was eventually built as the Chevrolet Nomad.
During the last half of 1953, 300 Corvettes were to a large degree hand-built on a makeshift assembly line that was installed in an old truck plant in Flint, Michigan, while a factory was being prepped for a full-scale 1954 production run. The outer body was made of then-revolutionary glass fiber reinforced plastic material. Although steel shortages or quotas are sometimes mentioned as a factor in the decision to use fiberglass, no evidence exists to support this. In calendar years 1952 and 1953, Chevrolet produced nearly 2 million steel-bodied full-size passenger cars, and the intended production volume of 10,000 Corvettes for 1954 was only a small fraction of that.
The body engineer for the Corvette was Ellis James Premo. He presented a paper to the Society of Automotive Engineers in 1954 regarding the development of the body.
Several excerpts highlight some of the key points in the body material choice:
The body on the show model was made of reinforced plastic purely as an expedient to get the job done quickly.
Although we were going ahead with the building of an experimental plastic body in order to get a car rolling for chassis development work – at the time of the Waldorf Show, we were actually concentrating body-design-wise on a steel body utilizing Kirksite tooling for the projected production of 10,000 units during the 1954 model year. It was some time later that we decided to produce this quantity in reinforced plastic.
About this time, some doubt was expressed that we should build the 1954 model of steel. People seemed to be captivated by the idea of the fiberglass plastic body. Furthermore, information being given to us by the reinforced plastic industry seemed to indicate the practicality of fabricating plastic body parts for automobiles on a large scale.
A 55-degree raked windshield was made of safety glass, while the license plate holder was set back in the trunk, covered with a plastic window. Underneath the new body material were standard components from Chevrolet's regular car line, including the "Blue Flame" inline six-cylinder engine, two-speed Powerglide automatic transmission, and drum brakes. The engine's output was increased to 150 hp (112 kW) via a Carter triple-carburetor system exclusive to the Corvette, but performance of the car was decidedly "lackluster". Compared to the British and Italian sports cars of the day, the Corvette lacked a manual transmission and required more effort to bring to a stop, but like their British competition, such as Morgan, was not fitted with roll-up windows;[19] this would have to wait until some time in the 1956 model year. A Paxton centrifugal supercharger became available in 1954 as a dealer-installed option, greatly improving the Corvette's straight-line performance, but sales continued to decline.
The Chevrolet division was GM's entry-level marque. Managers at GM were seriously considering shelving the project, leaving the Corvette to be little more than a footnote in automotive history, and would have done so if not for three important events. The first was the 1955 introduction of Chevrolet's first V8 engine since 1919. Late in the model year, the new 195 hp (145 kW) 265 small-block became available with a Powerglide automatic transmission, until the middle of the production year when a manual 3-speed became available, coupled to a 3.55:1 axle ratio, the only one offered. The engine was fitted with a single 2218S or 2351S WCFB four-barrel (four-choke) Carter carburetor. The combination turned the "rather anemic Corvette into a credible if not outstanding performer". The second was the influence of a Russian émigré in GM's engineering department, Zora Arkus-Duntov. The third factor in the Corvette's survival was Ford's introduction of the 1955 two-seat Thunderbird, which was billed as a "personal luxury car", not a sports car. Even so, the Ford-Chevrolet rivalry in those days demanded GM not appear to back down from the challenge. The original concept for the Corvette emblem incorporated an American flag into the design, but was changed well before production, since associating the flag with a product was frowned upon.
1953–1955
1953
The 1953 model year was not only the Corvette's first production year, but at 300 produced it was also the lowest-volume Corvette. The cars were essentially hand-built and techniques evolved during the production cycle so that each 1953 Corvette is slightly different. All 1953 models had red interiors, Polo white exteriors, and painted blue engines (a reference to the three colors represented on the Flag of the United States, where the Corvette was assembled) as well as black canvas soft tops. Order guides showed heaters and AM radios as optional, but all 1953 models were equipped with both. Over two hundred 1953 Corvettes are known to exist today. They had independent front suspension, but featured a rigid axle supported by longitudinal leaf springs at the rear. The cost of the first production model Corvettes in 1953 was US$3,490 ($38,795 in 2023 dollars).
The quality of the fiberglass body as well as its fit and finish were lacking. Other problems, such as water leaks and doors that could open while the car was driven, were reported with the most severe errors corrected in subsequent units produced, but some shortcomings continued beyond the Corvette's inaugural year. By December 1953, Chevrolet had a newly equipped factory in St. Louis ready to build 10,000 Corvettes annually. However, negative customer reactions to 1953 and early 1954 models caused sales to fall short of expectations.
1954
In 1954, a total of 3,640 of this model were built and nearly a third were unsold at year's end. New colors were available, but the six-cylinder engine and Powerglide automatic, the only engine and transmission available, were not what sports car enthusiasts expected. It is known that 1954 models were painted Pennant Blue, Sportsman Red, and Black, in addition to Polo White. All had red interiors, except for those finished in Pennant Blue which had a beige interior and beige canvas soft top. Order guides listed several options, but all options were "mandatory" and all 1954 Corvettes were equipped the same.
In the October 1954 issue of Popular Mechanics, there was an extensive survey of Corvette owners in America. The surprising finding was their opinions in comparison to foreign sports cars. It was found that 36% of those taking the survey had owned a foreign sports car, and of that, half of them rated the Corvette as better than their previous foreign sports car. Nineteen percent rated the Corvette as equal to their foreign sports car and 22% rated the Corvette as inferior. While many were well pleased with the Corvette, they did not consider it a true sports car. The principal complaint of the surveyed owners was the tendency of the body to leak extensively during rainstorms.
1955
Chevrolet debuted its 265 cu in (4.3 L) small-block, 195 hp (145 kW) V8 in 1955 and the engine was available for the Corvette. Early production 1955 V8 Corvettes continued with the mandatory-option Powerglide automatic transmission (as did the few 6-cylinder models built). A new three-speed manual transmission became available later in the year for V8 models, but was not popular with about 75 equipped with it. Exterior color choices were expanded to at least five, combined with at least four interior colors. Soft-tops came in white, dark green, or beige and different materials. A total of 700 1955 Corvettes were built, making it second only to 1953 in scarcity. The "V" in the Corvette emblem was enlarged and gold colored, signifying the V8 engine and 12-volt electrical systems, while 6-cylinder models retained the 6-volt systems used in 1953–54.
Although not a part of the original Corvette project, Zora Arkus-Duntov was responsible for the addition of the V8 engine and three-speed manual transmission. Duntov improved the car's marketing and image and helped the car compete with the new V8—engined Ford Thunderbird, Studebaker Speedster and the larger Chrysler C-300, and turned the Corvette from its lackluster performance into a credible performer. In 1956 he became the director of high-performance vehicle design and development for Chevrolet helping him earn the nickname "Father of the Corvette."
Although the C1 Corvette chassis and suspension design were derived from Chevrolet's full-size cars, the same basic design was continued through the 1962 model even after the full-size cars were completely redesigned for the 1955 model year. This was due to the combined factors of the relatively high reengineering and retooling costs for this low-volume production vehicle, the continued potential for cancellation of the car, and the increased size and weight of the all-new suspension design for the full-size cars, which made it unsuitable for use in the lighter weight Corvette.
1956–1957
1956
The 1956 Corvette featured a new body, with real glass roll-up windows and a more substantial convertible top. The straight-6 engine was discontinued, leaving only the 265 cu in (4.3 L) V8. Power ranged from 210 to 240 hp (157 to 179 kW). The standard transmission remained the 3-speed manual with an optional 2-speed Powerglide automatic. Other options included power assisted convertible top, a removable hardtop, power windows, and a "then-leading edge" signal-seeking partially transistorized Delco car radio. A high-performance camshaft was also available (as RPO 449) with the 240 hp (179 kW) engine. Sales volume was 3,467, a low number by any contemporary standard and less than 1954's 3,640, making it the third lowest in Corvette history.
1957
Visually the 1957 model was unchanged. The V8 was increased to 283 cu in (4.6 L), fuel-injection became a very expensive option, and a 4-speed manual transmission became available after April 9, 1957. GM's Rochester subsidiary used a constant flow system, producing a listed 290 hp (216 kW) at 6200 rpm and 290 lb⋅ft (393 N⋅m) of torque at 4400 rpm. Debate continues to swirl whether this was underrated by Chevrolet (to allow for lower insurance premiums, or give the car an advantage in certain forms of racing) rather than overrated, as was common practice at the time (to juice sales). Either way, it was advertised as producing "One HP per cubic inch", allowing it to claim it was one of the first mass-produced engines to do so.
Pushed toward high-performance and racing, principally by its designer, Zora Arkus-Duntov, who had raced in Europe, 1957 Corvettes could be ordered ready-to-race with special performance options, such as an engine fresh air/tach package, heavy-duty racing suspension, and 15 by 5.5 in (380 by 140 mm) wheels.
Also in 1957, Chevrolet developed a new racing variation of the Corvette with the aim to compete in the 24 Hours of Le Mans race. Originally known as Project XP-64, it would eventually become known as the Corvette SS. It featured a tuned version of the new 283 CID V8 and a specialized tubular space frame chassis. However, after a rear bushing failure retired the car during a 1957 Sebring race, the AMA announced a ban on motor racing in April 1957 for member companies like GM, leading to the cancellation of further developments of the Corvette SS platform.
Sales volume was 6,339, a jump of almost 83%. Fuel-injected models were in short supply and 1,040 were sold.
1958–1960
1958
In an era of chrome and four headlamps, the Corvette adapted to the look of the day. The 1958 model year and the four that followed all had the exposed four-headlamp treatment and prominent grilles, but a faux-louvered hood and chrome trunk spears were unique to this model year. The interior and instruments were updated, including placing a tachometer directly in front of the driver. For the 1958 model, an 8000 rpm tachometer was used with the 240 and 290 hp (179 and 216 kW) engines, rather than the 6000 rpm units used in the lower horsepower engines. Optional engine choices included two with twin carburetors (including a 270 hp (201 kW) version with Carter 2613S and 2614S WCFB four-barrels) and two with fuel injection. The power output for the highest-rated fuel-injected engine was 290 hp (216 kW). Displacement remained 283 cu in (4.6 L). For the first time, seat belts were factory-installed rather than dealer-installed as on previous models. Options that were not popular included RPO 684 heavy-duty brakes and suspension (144), RPO 579 250 hp (186 kW) engine (554), and RPO 276 15×5.5-inch steel road wheels (404).
1959
For the 1959 model, engines and horsepower ratings did not change. The interiors were revised slightly with different instrument graphics and the addition of a storage bin to the passenger side. A positive reverse lockout shifter with "T" handle was standard with 4-speed manual transmission. This was the only year a turquoise convertible top color could be ordered, and all 24-gallon fuel tank models through 1962 could not be ordered with convertible tops due to inadequate space for the folding top mechanism.[26] Rare options: RPO 684 heavy-duty brakes and suspension (142), RPO 686 metallic brakes (333), RPO 276 15"×5.5" wheels (214), RPO 426 power windows (547), RPO 473 power convertible top (661).
1960
The last features to appear in 1960 models included taillamps molded into the rear fenders and heavy grill teeth. New features include aluminum radiators, but only with 270 and 290 hp (201 and 216 kW) engines. Also for the first time, all fuel-injection engines required manual transmissions. The 1960s Cascade Green was metallic, unique to the year, and the most infrequent color at 140 made. Options that were not often ordered included RPO 579 250 hp (186 kW) engine (100), RPO 687 heavy-duty brakes and suspension (119), RPO 276 15×5.5-inch steel road wheels (246), RPO 473 power convertible top (512), and RPO 426 power windows (544).
1961–1962
1961
Twin taillights appeared on the 1961, a treatment that continues to this day. Engine displacement remained at 283 cubic inches, but power output increased for the two fuel-injected engines to 275 and 315 hp (205 and 235 kW). Output ratings for the dual-four barrel engines did not change (245 and 270 hp (183 and 201 kW)), but this was the last year of their availability. This was the last year for contrasting paint colors in cove areas, and the last two-tone Corvette of any type until 1978. Also debuting in 1961 was a new boat-tail that was carried through to the C2. Infrequently ordered options included RPO 353 275 hp (205 kW) engine (118), RPO 687 heavy-duty brakes and steering (233), RPO 276 15×5.5-inch steel road wheels (357), and RPO 473 power convertible top (442).
1962
With a new larger engine the 1962 model year Corvette was the quickest to date. Displacement of the small-block V8 increased from 283 cu in (4.6 L) to 327 cu in (5,360 cc), which was rated at 250 hp (186 kW) in its base single 4-barrel carburetor version. Hydraulic valve lifters were used in the standard and optional 300 hp (224 kW) engines, solid lifters in the optional carbureted 340 hp (254 kW) and fuel-injected 360 hp (268 kW) versions. Dual 4-barrel carburetor engines were no longer available.
1962 saw the last solid-rear-axle suspension, that had been used from the beginning. Rocker panel trim was seen for the first time, and exposed headlights for the last, until 2005. This was the last Corvette model to offer an optional power convertible top mechanism. Rare options: RPO 488 24-gallon fuel tank (65), RPO 687 heavy-duty brakes and steering (246), RPO 473 power convertible top (350), RPO 276 15"×5.5" wheels (561).
Scaglietti Corvette
In 1959, a Texan oil well drilling contractor named Gary Laughlin wondered if it would be possible to create a vehicle with Italian design characteristics using the chassis and engine components from an American car like the Corvette. To oversee this creation, he enlisted the help of car constructer Jim Hall and race car driver Carroll Shelby, whom he was good friends with, to assist with the engineering of the project and, after their efforts, each man was to receive their own Corvette custom made to their liking. Thus, the trio managed to get three rolling Corvette chassis off of the production line and arranged to have them shipped to Modena, Italy. There, with the help of Road & Track correspondent Pete Coltrin, they managed to get in touch with Italian coachbuilder Sergio Scaglietti, famous for his design work on Ferrari road cars at the time. Scaglietti agreed to create and fit a new lightweight aluminium body to each car in secret, as Enzo Ferrari reportedly threatened to cancel Scaglietti's partnership with him after learning of the project. The resulting Scaglietti Corvette ended up weighing roughly 400 lbs less than any other Corvette at the time.
Each of the three cars assembled were unique for each owner:
Car #1, originally for Laughlin, was finished in red. It used a slightly different body than cars #2 and #3 to accommodate an existing Corvette front grille. It originally came with a 283 cu in V8 with 315 hp and a four-barrel carburetor, mated to a 2-speed automatic transmission.
Car #2, originally for Hall, was finished in blue. This version had a body more closely resembling the Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta LWB. It came with the same carbureted V8 and automatic transmission as Car #1.
Car #3, originally for Shelby, was finished in red. This model was somewhat unique as though it used a similarly designed body to Car #2, it was the only model fitted with fuel-injection and a Borg-Warner 4-speed manual transmission. Unlike the other two members of the project, Shelby never took delivery of his car, citing that it was too expensive for his purposes for it.
However, the Scaglietti Corvette was not without its issues. Though conceived in 1959, the final projects wouldn't be completed and shipped back to the US until 1961, by which time it became clear that the aluminum bodies, though much lighter, had caused dramatic effects to the Corvette's chassis, resulting in dangerous front end lift at high speeds. Coupled with legal pressure from General Motors and Enzo Ferrari to put an end to production, and the Scaglietti Corvette project would be forever cemented as only a concept. However, many ideas from the car would prove inspirational, leading Jim Hall to found his Chevrolet-powered Chaparral racing team and Carroll Shelby to revisit the idea of a European-American sports car with the AC Cobra.
(Wikipedia)
Die Chevrolet Corvette C1 ist die erste Generation der Corvette. Der Wagen wurde von 1953 bis 1962 gebaut und in dieser Zeit mehrfach optisch wie auch technisch überarbeitet. Seit ihrem Erscheinen wurden viele Merkmale bis zur 7. Generation, der Corvette C7 weitgehend beibehalten. Dazu gehören unter anderem der 1955 eingeführte „Small-Block“-V8-Motor, die Glasfaserkunststoff-Karosserie und die vier typischen runden Heckleuchten, die 1961 eingeführt wurden.
Geschichte
Die erste Corvette wurde auf der „Motorama“ im New Yorker Hotel Waldorf Astoria im Januar 1953 der Öffentlichkeit vorgestellt. Das Publikum reagierte positiv und ein halbes Jahr danach begann die Serienproduktion.
Als zweites Serienauto nach dem in kleiner Stückzahl gebauten Woodill Wildfire hatte die Corvette C1 eine Karosserie aus glasfaserverstärktem Kunststoff. Außer der Gewichtsersparnis sprachen die größere Gestaltungsfreiheit der Designer und die schneller zu fertigenden Produktionswerkzeuge für dieses Material – anders wäre der zügige Serienstart nicht zu realisieren gewesen. An der ersten Corvette wurde sichtbar, was man aus den Originalteilen anderer Chevrolet-Modelle alles machen konnte. So wollte man den Preis niedrig halten, da man das Auto nicht von Grund auf neu konstruieren musste. Ursprünglich wurden drei Karosserievarianten als Prototypen gebaut: Der Roadster wurde die Corvette, der Fastback ging nicht in Serie und aus dem Sportsback (Kombi) wurde der Chevrolet Nomad.
Bereits sechs Monate nach der ersten Präsentation lief am 30. Juni 1953 die Serienfertigung in Flint im US-Bundesstaat Michigan an. 1954 wurde die Produktion nach St. Louis (Missouri) verlegt. Die erste Corvette wurde ab 1953 in begrenzter Stückzahl gebaut, anfangs waren es nur etwa 300 Exemplare pro Jahr. Einige davon wurden von Projekt-Ingenieuren, General-Motors-Managern und einigen ausgewählten Schauspielern und anderen Prominenten übernommen.
Der Grund für die geringe Stückzahl von nur rund 300 Stück war unter anderem die problematische Fertigung der Kunststoffkarosserie. Der 110 kW (150 bhp) starke Sportwagen war nicht schneller und dennoch teurer als die prestigeträchtigeren Modelle von Jaguar und Cadillac. Auch der etwas später erschienene Kaiser Darrin war auf den Markt nicht erfolgreich. So konnte Chevrolet im ersten Jahr nicht einmal die Hälfte der Produktion verkaufen. Es fehlte ein hubraumstarker V8-Motor mit genügend Leistung.
Noch dramatischer wurde die Lage im folgenden Jahr 1954. Statt der geplanten 10.000 Einheiten rollten nur 3.640 Corvette vom Band, von denen 1.100 Einheiten keinen Käufer fanden. Das Aus für die Corvette drohte 1955: Knapp 700 Corvette verließen die neuen Produktionsanlagen in St. Louis und dies vielleicht auch nur noch, um Flagge zu zeigen, als Ford seinen zweisitzigen Sportwagen, den Thunderbird, erfolgreich auf den Markt brachte. Innerhalb von zehn Tagen konnte Ford 3.500 Einheiten absetzen, überwiegend mit dem 156 kW (212 bhp) starken V8-Motor.
Die Rettung für die Corvette brachte Chevrolets ab 1955 verfügbarer neuer „Small-Block“-Motor mit acht Zylindern. Der neue verantwortliche Ingenieur Zora Arkus-Duntov, auch Rennfahrer, passte die Corvette an diesen Motor an, nachdem er die GM-Verantwortlichen von seinem Konzept überzeugt hatte, und legte damit die Basis für einen erfolgreichen Neustart. Er sorgte für den Einbau von Scheibenbremsen, Einspritzung und konstruierte eine schärfere Nockenwelle, um die Motorleistung zu steigern. Die Premierenfeier der überarbeiteten Corvette wurde 1956 wieder im New Yorker Hotel Waldorf Astoria ausgerichtet. Im Jahr 1958 stiegen die Corvette-Verkaufszahlen auf über 9.000 Einheiten – genug, um erstmals schwarze Zahlen zu erwirtschaften.
Um zu beweisen, dass die Corvette auch auf der Rennstrecke ein konkurrenzfähiges Auto war, nahm Briggs Cunningham 1960 mit mehreren Modellen beim 24-Stunden-Rennen von Le Mans teil. Das beste Ergebnis war ein achter Platz.
Die Corvette C1 ist immer noch sehr beliebt.
Produktionszeit war von Juni 1953 bis August 1962. Dabei wurden insgesamt 69.015 Exemplare produziert. Da die C1 noch nicht als Coupé lieferbar war, wurden ausschließlich Roadster (offene Zweisitzer mit einfachem Verdeck) gefertigt. Danach wurde die Produktion eingestellt und 1963 wurde die Corvette C2 vorgestellt.
Karosserie
Die Corvette C1 hatte eine Karosserie aus glasfaserverstärktem Kunstharz, die bis heute bei der Corvette beibehalten wird. Dadurch sparte man Gewicht und die Herstellung ist heute relativ einfach. Allerdings war die Produktion der Kunststoffkarosserie zunächst aufwändig und langwierig. Motor, Getriebe und Fahrwerk stammten von anderen Chevrolet-Modellen.
Heckflossen-Erfinder Harley Earl hatte dem offenen Zweisitzer mit der Kunststoff-Karosserie seine Form gegeben – wie ein Raubtier zeigte diese Corvette die Chromzähne ihres Kühlergrills. Die geschwungenen Kotflügel spannten sich über die Radhäuser. Die Scheinwerfer lagen unter einem Steinschlagschutzgitter, am Heck gab es angedeutete Flossen. Die Panorama-Frontscheibe war an den Seiten herumgezogen. Der symmetrisch aufgebaute lackierte Armaturenträger hatte zwei halbkreisförmige Aussparungen, deren fahrerseitige einen Einsatz mit sechs Anzeigeinstrumenten enthielt. Bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt hatte die Corvette keine äußeren Türgriffe oder Seitenscheiben. Im Jahr 1954 waren ca. 80 % der verkauften Fahrzeuge „Polo Weiß“ lackiert, rund 16 % „Pennant Blau“ und die restlichen 4 % des Modelljahres „Sportsman Rot“ und „Schwarz“.
Die erste grundlegende äußere Überarbeitung der Corvette fand 1956 statt. Die Heckflossen verschwanden völlig, dafür hielten seitliche Einbuchtungen hinter den Vorderrädern und die erste Zweifarb-Lackierung in der Modellgeschichte Einzug. Äußere Türgriffe und Seitenscheiben mit Fensterkurbel waren eine weitere Neuerung dieses Jahrgangs. Das Hardtop wurde ab Werk mitgeliefert. Die bisher in die Karosserie integrierten Frontscheinwerfer lagen nun frei und standen etwas hervor, während die bei der ersten Corvette noch herausragenden Rücklichter nun in die hinteren Kotflügel integriert wurden. Es standen zusätzliche Lackierungen und Innenfarben zur Auswahl. Mit dem überarbeiteten Fahrwerk konnte die Corvette noch mehr Leistung auf die Straße bringen. Die Verkaufszahlen stiegen 1956 auf 3467 Fahrzeuge.
1958 wurde die Corvette ein weiteres Mal überarbeitet und mit Doppelscheinwerfern ausgerüstet, außerdem um 9,2 in (234 mm) verlängert und verbreitert. Aufhängung und Chassis waren im Grunde die gleichen geblieben, ebenso die einfache Starrachse. Die 1959er-Version sah im Wesentlichen genauso aus wie ihr Vorgänger, allerdings verzichtete man in diesem Jahr auf die Chromzierleisten am Heck und die großen Lüftungsschlitze auf der Motorhaube. Das Auto bot gute Fahrleistungen und war im Vergleich mit manchen Konkurrenten gut ausgestattet und konnte so 9168 mal verkauft werden. Für das Modelljahr 1959 änderte sich nicht viel. Es entfiel etwas Chromzierat und die Sitze sowie die Türpappen wurden überarbeitet. Eine neue Hinterachsfederung mit Stabilisator erhielt die Corvette 1960.
Die Verkaufszahlen stiegen weiter an. So wurden 9.670 Fahrzeuge im Jahr 1959 verkauft, 1960 fanden sich 10.261 Käufer und 1961 dann etwas mehr, nämlich 10.939. Im letzten Jahr 1962 der ersten Generation verkaufte sich die Corvette mit 14.531 am besten in den neun Produktionsjahren.
1961 wurde die C1 ein letztes Mal außen überarbeitet. Dabei wurde die Front von den Vorgängermodellen übernommen. Das Heck wurde hingegen geändert und war nun ein Bootsheck, das sowohl bei der Baureihe der C2 beibehalten wurde, als auch noch in den folgenden Modellen C3, C4 und C5 erkennbar ist. Die seit 1955 bestellbaren seitlichen akzentuierten Flächen entfielen im Jahr 1962, die Corvette gab es nur noch einfarbig.
Die vier runden Rückleuchten führte der damals neue GM-Chefdesigner Bill Mitchell ebenfalls 1961 ein. Diesem typischen Stilelement blieb GM bis heute treu, obwohl die Leuchten ab Generation C7 zwar noch paarweise angeordnet, jedoch nicht mehr rund sind.
Motor/Fahrleistungen
Der Motor war anfangs ein nur leicht veränderter „Blue Flame“-Sechszylinder-Reihenmotor aus einem Lastwagen mit einem Hubraum von 3,8 Litern (235 in3) mit einer Kompression von 8 : 1. Höhere Verdichtung und drei Carter-Einfach-Vergaser vom Type YH steigerten die Leistung auf erst 110 imp. kW (150 bhp) und ab 1954, durch eine geänderte Nockenwelle, auf 114 imp. kW (155 bhp) bei 4200 min–1 und stellten ein maximales Drehmoment von 302 Nm bei 4500 min–1 zur Verfügung.[2] Die Corvette C1 beschleunigte damit je nach Quelle in 8 bis 11 Sekunden von 0–100 km/h. Die Höchstgeschwindigkeit wurde mit 172 bis 180 km/h angegeben. Diese Fahrleistungen entsprachen jedoch sogar für damalige Verhältnisse nicht denen eines Sportwagens.
Darum verordneten Ed Cole und Zora Arkus-Duntov der Corvette C1 eine Kraftkur: Statt des bisherigen Sechszylinders entschieden sie sich für einen „Small-Block“-V8 mit zunächst 4,3 Litern (265 in3) Hubraum und 143 kW (195 bhp) bei 5000 min–1. Der erste Chevrolet-„Small-Block“-V8-Motor und somit erste Corvette-V8-Motor kam 1955 auf den Markt. Dass ein Fahrzeug damit motorisiert war, wurde mit einem großen „V“ im Namen „CheVrolet“ an den Seiten der vorderen Kotflügel gezeigt. Mit dieser Veränderung entwickelte sich die Corvette zu einem echten Sportwagen mit sehr guten Fahrleistungen. Die Beschleunigung von 0 auf ca. 100 km/h absolvierte die Corvette mit dem V8-Motor in 8,7 Sekunden. Duntov beschleunigte die Corvette in Daytona auf eine Höchstgeschwindigkeit von 150 mph (241 km/h), was zur damaligen Zeit einen respektablen Wert darstellte. 1956 wurde ebenfalls der Motor überarbeitet. Er leistete nun in der Serienstufe 210 bhp bei 5200 min–1 mit einer Verdichtung von 9,25 : 1 und war mit einem Carter Doppel-Register-Vergaser bestückt. Als Extra konnte eine Version mit 225 bhp oder 240 bhp bestellt werden. Diese beiden Motoren waren mit einer anderen Nockenwelle und zwei Doppel-Register-Vergasern ausgerüstet. Die 225 bhp-Variante beschleunigte von 0 auf rund 100 km/h in 7,3 Sekunden.
Im Jahre 1957 kam erneut ein neuer Motor in die C1. Das auf 4,6 Liter (283 in3) vergrößerte V8-Triebwerk leistete mit der neuen Einspritzung bereits 208 kW (283 bhp) und wurde 1040 mal (etwa 11 %) verkauft. Mit exakt einem PS pro cubic inch (Kubikzoll) Hubraum (umgerechnet 16,4 cm3) war damit ein sehr hoher Wert erreicht. Von 0 auf 100 km/h beschleunigte der Zweisitzer mit der leistungsstärksten Maschine in 5,7 Sekunden; er erreichte eine Höchstgeschwindigkeit von 132 mph (212 km/h). Noch schneller war die Corvette des letzten Jahrgangs dieser ersten Modellgeneration.
Die Motorenpalette reichte dann schließlich 1958 von einem V8 mit 169 kW (230 bhp) bis zum stärksten Motor mit 213 kW (290 bhp) und Einspritzung. Ersterer beschleunigte in 9,2 Sekunden auf rund 100 km/h, letzterer benötigte für den Sprint nur 6,9 Sekunden. Am beliebtesten war aber die Grundversion mit 4,6-Liter-Motor, deren Fahrleistungen als ausreichend empfunden wurden. Ab 1960 wurden beim V8-Motor Zylinderköpfe aus Aluminium verwendet.
Die letzte 1962er-Version der Corvette C1 war mit dem 5,3-Liter-V8 (327 in3) ausgestattet. Dieser war der stärkste je lieferbare Motor für die C1. Er leistete, ebenfalls mit Einspritzung ausgestattet, 360 brutto SAE-PS und beschleunigte die Corvette auf bis zu 241 km/h. Leistungsvarianten waren ebenfalls eine 300 bhp- sowie 340 bhp-Variante.
Getriebe
Anfangs hatte das Auto die Zweigang-Powerglide-Automatik, es stand auch ein Handschaltgetriebe zur Wahl. Die Verkaufszahlen stiegen jedoch erst, als der damals neue Corvette-Chefingenieur Zora Arkus-Duntov die V8-Version mit einem Dreigang-Schaltgetriebe kombinierte.
1957 konnten Autokäufer erstmals bei der Corvette auf Wunsch ein Handschaltgetriebe mit einer Kraftstoffeinspritzung kombinieren. Das neue Automatikgetriebe besaß nun vier statt drei Stufen. Im Modelljahr 1960 wurden mehr als die Hälfte der Fahrzeuge mit dem manuellen 4-Gang-Getriebe ausgeliefert, im Jahr 1961 waren es sogar 64 %. Ab 1962 hatte das Automatikgetriebe der Corvette ein Aluminiumgehäuse.
Hybrid als Hommage
Eine Zusammenarbeit der American Made Corporation und Beijing Locomotive Co., Ltd. bietet seit 2020 unter der chinesischen Marke Songsan Motors ein, von der C1 des Baujahres 1958, inspiriertes Fahrzeug unter dem Namen SS Dolphin an. Der als PlugIn-Hybrid konstruierte Wagen beschleunigt in 4,9 Sekunden auf 100 km/h und kostet ¥ 590.000 (ca. 74.000 Euro, Stand September 2020). Der Antrieb besteht aus einem turboaufgeladenen 1,5-Liter-Ottomotor sowie einem Elektromotor, welcher von einem 16 kWh-leistenden Akku versorgt wird. Damit hat der SS Dolphin eine 90 bis 100 km rein elektrische Reichweite. Die Systemleistung beträgt 230 kW bei 535 Nm und wirkt auf ein manuelles Sechsgang-Schaltgetriebe mit Vorderradantrieb. Das Fahrzeug hat eine Länge von 4800 mm, eine Breite von 1850 mm und eine Höhe von 1390 mm.
(Wikipedia)
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SN/NC: Ribes rubrum, Fam. Grossulariaceae, Red currant, grosellero, groselheiro
The redcurrant or red currant is a member of the genus Ribes in the gooseberry family. It is native to western Europe. The species is widely cultivated and has escaped into the wild in many regions. There are several other similar species native in Europe, Asia and North America, also with edible fruit. These include Ribes spicatum (northern Europe and northern Asia), Ribes alpinum (northern Europe), R. schlechtendalii (northeast Europe), R. multiflorum (southeast Europe), R. petraeum (southwest Europe) and R. triste (North America; Newfoundland to Alaska and southward in mountains). While Ribes rubrum is native to Europe, large berried cultivars of the redcurrant were first produced in Belgium and northern France in the 17th century. In modern times, numerous cultivars have been selected; some of these have escaped gardens and can be found in the wild across Europe and extending into Asia. Redcurrant fruits are known for their tart flavor, a characteristic provided by a relatively high content of organic acids and mixed polyphenols. As many as 65 different phenolic compounds may contribute to the astringent properties of redcurrants, with these contents increasing during the last month of ripening. Twenty-five individual polyphenols and other nitrogen-containing phytochemicals in redcurrant juice have been isolated specifically with the astringent flavor profile sensed in the human tongue.
A groselha ou groselha vermelha é um membro do gênero Ribes na família da groselha. É nativo da Europa Ocidental. A espécie é amplamente cultivada e escapou para a natureza em muitas regiões. Existem várias outras espécies semelhantes nativas da Europa, Ásia e América do Norte, também com frutos comestíveis. Estes incluem Ribes spicatum (norte da Europa e norte da Ásia), Ribes alpinum (norte da Europa), R. schlechtendalii (nordeste da Europa), R. multiflorum (sudeste da Europa), R. petraeum (sudoeste da Europa) e R. triste (América do Norte; Terra Nova ao Alasca e ao sul nas montanhas). Enquanto Ribes rubrum é nativo da Europa, grandes cultivares de groselha foram produzidas pela primeira vez na Bélgica e no norte da França no século XVII. Nos tempos modernos, várias cultivares foram selecionadas; alguns deles escaparam dos jardins e podem ser encontrados na natureza em toda a Europa e se estendendo até a Ásia. As frutas de groselha são conhecidas por seu sabor azedo, característica proporcionada por um teor relativamente alto de ácidos orgânicos e polifenóis mistos.
La grosella roja o grosella roja es un miembro del género Ribes en la familia de las grosellas. Es originaria de Europa occidental. La especie se cultiva ampliamente y se ha escapado a la naturaleza en muchas regiones. Hay varias otras especies similares nativas de Europa, Asia y América del Norte, también con frutos comestibles. Estos incluyen Ribes spicatum (norte de Europa y norte de Asia), Ribes alpinum (norte de Europa), R. schlechtendalii (noreste de Europa), R. multiflorum (sureste de Europa), R. petraeum (suroeste de Europa) y R. triste (Norteamérica); Terranova a Alaska y hacia el sur en las montañas). Si bien la Ribes rubrum es originaria de Europa, en el siglo XVII se produjeron por primera vez en Bélgica y el norte de Francia cultivos de grosella roja con bayas grandes. En los tiempos modernos, se han seleccionado numerosos cultivares; algunos de estos han escapado de los jardines y se pueden encontrar en la naturaleza en toda Europa y extendiéndose hasta Asia. Las frutas de grosella roja son conocidas por su sabor agrio, una característica proporcionada por un contenido relativamente alto de ácidos orgánicos y polifenoles mixtos.
Il ribes rosso o ribes rosso è un membro del genere Ribes nella famiglia dell'uva spina. È originario dell'Europa occidentale. La specie è ampiamente coltivata ed è fuggita in natura in molte regioni. Esistono diverse altre specie simili originarie dell'Europa, dell'Asia e del Nord America, anche con frutti commestibili. Questi includono Ribes spicatum (Europa settentrionale e Asia settentrionale), Ribes alpinum (Europa settentrionale), R. schlechtendalii (Europa nord-orientale), R. multiflorum (Europa sud-orientale), R. petraeum (Europa sud-occidentale) e R. triste (America settentrionale; Terranova in Alaska e verso sud in montagna). Sebbene il Ribes rubrum sia originario dell'Europa, le grandi cultivar di ribes rosso a bacca furono prodotte per la prima volta in Belgio e nel nord della Francia nel XVII secolo. In tempi moderni sono state selezionate numerose cultivar; alcuni di questi sono sfuggiti ai giardini e possono essere trovati allo stato brado in tutta Europa e si estendono in Asia. I frutti di ribes rosso sono noti per il loro sapore aspro, una caratteristica data da un contenuto relativamente alto di acidi organici e polifenoli misti.
Die Johannisbeere oder Johannisbeere ist ein Mitglied der Gattung Ribes in der Familie der Stachelbeeren. Sie ist in Westeuropa beheimatet. Die Art wird weithin kultiviert und ist in vielen Regionen in die Wildnis entkommen. Es gibt mehrere andere ähnliche Arten, die in Europa, Asien und Nordamerika beheimatet sind und ebenfalls essbare Früchte tragen. Dazu gehören Ribes spicatum (Nordeuropa und Nordasien), Ribes alpinum (Nordeuropa), R. schlechtendalii (Nordosteuropa), R. multiflorum (Südosteuropa), R. petraeum (Südwesteuropa) und R. triste (Nordamerika). ; Neufundland bis Alaska und südlich in die Berge). Obwohl Ribes rubrum in Europa beheimatet ist, wurden große Beerensorten der roten Johannisbeere erstmals im 17. Jahrhundert in Belgien und Nordfrankreich produziert. In der Neuzeit wurden zahlreiche Sorten ausgewählt; Einige von ihnen sind aus Gärten entkommen und können in ganz Europa und bis nach Asien in freier Wildbahn gefunden werden. Rote Johannisbeeren sind für ihren scharfen Geschmack bekannt, der durch einen relativ hohen Gehalt an organischen Säuren und gemischten Polyphenolen gekennzeichnet ist.
La groseille ou groseille rouge fait partie du genre Ribes dans la famille des groseilles. Il est originaire d'Europe occidentale. L'espèce est largement cultivée et s'est échappée dans la nature dans de nombreuses régions. Il existe plusieurs autres espèces similaires originaires d'Europe, d'Asie et d'Amérique du Nord, également avec des fruits comestibles. Ceux-ci comprennent Ribes spicatum (Europe du Nord et Asie du Nord), Ribes alpinum (Europe du Nord), R. schlechtendalii (Europe du Nord-Est), R. multiflorum (Europe du Sud-Est), R. petraeum (Europe du Sud-Ouest) et R. triste (Amérique du Nord) ; de Terre-Neuve à l'Alaska et vers le sud dans les montagnes). Alors que Ribes rubrum est originaire d'Europe, les cultivars à grandes baies de la groseille ont été produits pour la première fois en Belgique et dans le nord de la France au 17ème siècle. Dans les temps modernes, de nombreux cultivars ont été sélectionnés ; certains d'entre eux se sont échappés des jardins et peuvent être trouvés à l'état sauvage à travers l'Europe et s'étendant jusqu'en Asie. Les fruits de la groseille sont connus pour leur saveur acidulée, caractéristique apportée par une teneur relativement élevée en acides organiques et en polyphénols mixtes.
De aalbes of aalbes is een lid van het geslacht Ribes in de kruisbesfamilie. Het is inheems in West-Europa. De soort wordt op grote schaal gekweekt en is in veel regio's in het wild ontsnapt. Er zijn verschillende andere vergelijkbare soorten die inheems zijn in Europa, Azië en Noord-Amerika, ook met eetbaar fruit. Deze omvatten Ribes spicatum (Noord-Europa en Noord-Azië), Ribes alpinum (Noord-Europa), R. schlechtendalii (Noordoost-Europa), R. multiflorum (Zuidoost-Europa), R. petraeum (Zuidwest-Europa) en R. triste (Noord-Amerika; Newfoundland naar Alaska en zuidwaarts in de bergen). Hoewel Ribes rubrum inheems is in Europa, werden in de 17e eeuw voor het eerst grote bessenrassen van de rode bes geproduceerd in België en Noord-Frankrijk. In de moderne tijd zijn er talloze cultivars geselecteerd; sommige van deze zijn ontsnapt uit tuinen en zijn in het wild te vinden in heel Europa en strekken zich uit tot in Azië. Rode bessen staan bekend om hun scherpe smaak, een kenmerk van een relatief hoog gehalte aan organische zuren en gemengde polyfenolen.
الكشمش الأحمر أو الكشمش الأحمر هو عضو في جنس ريبس في عائلة عنب الثعلب. موطنها أوروبا الغربية. يُزرع هذا النوع على نطاق واسع وقد هرب إلى البرية في العديد من المناطق. هناك العديد من الأنواع الأخرى المماثلة في أوروبا وآسيا وأمريكا الشمالية ، بالإضافة إلى الفاكهة الصالحة للأكل. وتشمل هذه Ribes spicatum (شمال أوروبا وشمال آسيا) و Ribes alpinum (شمال أوروبا) و R. schlechtendalii (شمال شرق أوروبا) و R. multiflorum (جنوب شرق أوروبا) و R. petraeum (جنوب غرب أوروبا) و R. triste (أمريكا الشمالية ؛ نيوفاوندلاند إلى ألاسكا وجنوبًا في الجبال). في حين أن Ribes rubrum هي موطنها الأصلي في أوروبا ، فقد تم إنتاج أصناف التوت الكبيرة من الكشمش الأحمر لأول مرة في بلجيكا وشمال فرنسا في القرن السابع عشر. في العصر الحديث ، تم اختيار العديد من الأصناف ؛ وقد هرب بعضها من الحدائق ويمكن العثور عليها في البرية عبر أوروبا وتمتد إلى آسيا. تشتهر ثمار الكشمش الأحمر بطعمها اللاذع ، وهي خاصية توفرها نسبة عالية نسبيًا من الأحماض العضوية والبوليفينول المختلط.
赤スグリまたは赤スグリは、グーズベリー科のリブス属のメンバーです。西ヨーロッパ原産です。この種は広く栽培されており、多くの地域で野生に逃げてきました。ヨーロッパ、アジア、北アメリカに自生する他のいくつかの同様の種があり、これも食用の果物です。これらには、Ribes spicatum（北ヨーロッパおよび北アジア）、Ribes alpinum（北ヨーロッパ）、R。schlechtendalii（北東ヨーロッパ）、R。multiflorum（南東ヨーロッパ）、R。petraeum（南西ヨーロッパ）、およびR. triste（北アメリカ;ニューファウンドランドからアラスカ、そして南の山々）。 Ribes rubrumはヨーロッパ原産ですが、フサスグリの大型のベリー栽培品種は、17世紀にベルギーとフランス北部で最初に生産されました。現代では、多くの品種が選択されています。これらのいくつかは庭から逃げ出し、ヨーロッパ中の野生で見つけられ、アジアに広がっています。フサスグリの果実は、有機酸と混合ポリフェノールの比較的高い含有量によって提供される特徴であるタルトフレーバーで知られています。
Includes 6 Texture Options w/ 9 Solo Poses. 69L for the weekend!
maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Fart/135/157/2122
Whenever possible, Stormtrooper Bruce tries to make the best of the weekends. That includes having the guys over when they’re off duty, and supplying them with movie marathons, nonstop dinner, desserts and snacks, and of course, cooler after cooler of cold ones! Unfortunately, not all weekends are created equal.
STB: OK, guys, before you sit down, we have a slight problem with tonight’s events, which I need to explain. If you decide to leave, I’ll completely understand. No harm, no foul. We’ll just reconvene next week, and those of us, who still have them, can cross our fingers that next week the problem will be corrected.
TK-432: Dude! Is that any way to greet us? We’re your best buds, your Bro’s. How dare you suggest we may not have all our fingers. We’re the best in our units. We’re the few who actually know how to use our weapons properly!
TK-1110: Um, really? I think that was his failed attempt at humor, to lighten up the mood before he spills the beans about this supposed “slight problem” that’ll be a dealbreaker for tonight’s Movie Night.
TK-432: Oh, my bad. So, what is it? Vader is stopping by? Or the P, or his nephew? Or all of the above? What?
STB: Um, well… it seems the ship delivering supplies to the Mess Hall ran into a meteor shower, and the compartment containing the brewskies, among other things was compromised, and all its contents blew out into space. So, the only beverages left, stored in a different section of the ship, that I was able to order for tonight were water, milk, and these sodas. So, you see what I opted for.
TK-432: Is that the “slight problem” you thought would make us bail on Movie Night?
Tk-1110: Dude! As they say, no problema! No problem. Actually, it’s kind of a refreshing change of pace. Who knows, we might even remember some of tonight for a change.
STB: Now you’re the one making jokes. But, are you two serious? You’re actually OK with this unexpected menu change? You guys! You’re the bestest amigos ever!
TK-432: Meteor Schmeteor, it’s all good! Your supply chain hick-up was out of your control. These things happen. Let’s get this Movie Night started!
________________________________________
Viewing Large is always fun. Just click on the image.
Saturday Self Challenge
This week in SSC:
Take a photo through a hole or opening. Include part of what you are shooting through. Please, no windows since we have already done that recently.
Post-process as much as you like.
I’ve had a terrible time getting Marmite when we’ve been outside the UK. The Australians have Vegemite (not the same) and some places have Bovril (not the same). In Europe I’ve only seen it in specialist shops, and not at all in the US, so whenever we travel, even in the UK, a jar goes in the luggage.
For those of you unfamiliar with the black sticky spread it’s one of those things you either love or hate, and that is how the company who produce it market it. There’s even a gene test you can take to determine whether you’re a lover or a hater.
If you love it, like me, there is nothing better than Marmite spread on hot buttered toast. Most people spread it quite thin, I don’t, it goes on thick, or gets eaten out of the jar with a spoon.
The idea of photographing the jar though a hole in the toast came to me when I was wondering what I could do differently for this weeks challenge. The set up was a bit of a problem, I soon discovered toast doesn’t balance too well on its crust on its own, so there are a couple of pieces of metal keeping it upright. The other issue was the backdrop, I fastened a black cloth to the wall with a couple of press pins, this proved to be a cat magnet and was pulled off several times between and during shots. The toast took it upon itself to fall over too in a pile of crumbs several times during the shoot too, I’m just glad I didn’t butter it or things could have been much worse.
Perseverance paid off and this is the end result.
Thank you for your visit and your comments, they are greatly appreciated.
A derived version of the Iva eyes, these include a dark contour, a honey halo and slightly bigger in size!
marketplace.secondlife.com/p/FACEfirst-Liana-eye-appliers...
Includes all colors shown above
The nude/light pink one in the bottom right corner is semi-transparent, meaning it will simply tint your lips pink while also applying full gloss. Will work with any skin tone and is included in the demo!
Includes teams from Brookings, SF Lincoln, SF Roosevelt, RC Central. Permission granted for journalism outlets and educational purposes. Not for commercial use. Must be credited. Photo courtesy of South Dakota Public Broadcasting.
©2021 SDPB
Waiting for our luggage at Gatwick. A delayed flight apparently due to staff shortages at Gatwick. EasyJet got everyone on board in time, but then we sat for 2 hours on the plane waiting......
Include
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Applier HUD Omega
- Applier HUD LeLutka EvoX
- BOM Eyes
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Shoreham town centre was very busy this evening for "Light Up Shoreham" and the associated market and fun fair.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vYX2d3WkhE
gabbyjaws.blogspot.com/2024/12/christmas-magic.html
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Lyrium Daisy Breathing pose
Blog #006
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Sunny's Photo Studio
Pose: Gone Country - Female
Kiosk: Sexy Girls - G - (1 - 5)
Taxi: maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Sunny%20Photo%20Studio/126...
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London
London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England, at the head of its 50-mile (80 km) estuary leading to the North Sea, London has been a major settlement for two millennia. Londinium was founded by the Romans. The City of London, London's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles (2.9 km2) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that follow closely its medieval limits. The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status. Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
London is considered to be one of the world's most important global cities and has been termed the world's most powerful, most desirable, most influential, most visited, most expensive, innovative, sustainable, most investment friendly, most popular for work, and the most vegetarian friendly city in the world. London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transportation. London ranks 26 out of 300 major cities for economic performance. It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or sixth largest metropolitan area GDP. It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic. It is the leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. London's universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted three modern Summer Olympic Games.
London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2016 municipal population (corresponding to Greater London) was 8,787,892, the most populous of any city in the European Union and accounting for 13.4% of the UK population. London's urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The population within the London commuter belt is the most populous in the EU with 14,040,163 inhabitants in 2016. London was the world's most populous city from c. 1831 to 1925.
London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement in Greenwich where the Royal Observatory, Greenwich defines the Prime Meridian, 0° longitude, and Greenwich Mean Time. Other landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square and The Shard. London has numerous museums, galleries, libraries and sporting events. These include the British Museum, National Gallery, Natural History Museum, Tate Modern, British Library and West End theatres. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground
The London Underground (also known simply as the Underground, or by its nickname the Tube) is a public rapid transit system serving London, England and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom.
The Underground has its origins in the Metropolitan Railway, the world's first underground passenger railway. Opened in January 1863, it is now part of the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines; the first line to operate underground electric traction trains, the City & South London Railway in 1890, is now part of the Northern line. The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2017/18 carried 1.357 billion passengers, making it the world's 11th busiest metro system. The 11 lines collectively handle up to 5 million passengers a day.
The system's first tunnels were built just below the surface, using the cut-and-cover method; later, smaller, roughly circular tunnels—which gave rise to its nickname, the Tube—were dug through at a deeper level. The system has 270 stations and 250 miles (400 km) of track. Despite its name, only 45% of the system is underground in tunnels, with much of the network in the outer environs of London being on the surface. In addition, the Underground does not cover most southern parts of Greater London, with fewer than 10% of the stations located south of the River Thames.
The early tube lines, originally owned by several private companies, were brought together under the "UndergrounD" brand in the early 20th century and eventually merged along with the sub-surface lines and bus services in 1933 to form London Transport under the control of the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB). The current operator, London Underground Limited (LUL), is a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London (TfL), the statutory corporation responsible for the transport network in Greater London. As of 2015, 92% of operational expenditure is covered by passenger fares. The Travelcard ticket was introduced in 1983 and Oyster, a contactless ticketing system, in 2003. Contactless card payments were introduced in 2014, the first public transport system in the world to do so.
The LPTB was a prominent patron of art and design, commissioning many new station buildings, posters and public artworks in a modernist style. The schematic Tube map, designed by Harry Beck in 1931, was voted a national design icon in 2006 and now includes other TfL transport systems such as the Docklands Light Railway, London Overground, Crossrail (which is officially called Elizabeth Line) and Tramlink. Other famous London Underground branding includes the roundel and Johnston typeface, created by Edward Johnston in 1916.
To view more image of Marlow, in Buckinghamshire , please click, "here"
Marlow (historically Great Marlow or Chipping Marlow) is a town and civil parish within Wycombe district in south Buckinghamshire, England. It is located on the River Thames, 4 miles (6.5 km) south-southwest of High Wycombe, 5 miles (8 km) west-northwest of Maidenhead and 33 miles (53 km) west of central London. The name is recorded in 1015 as Mere lafan, meaning "Land left after the draining of a pond" in Old English. From Norman times the manor, parish and later borough was formally known as Great Marlow, distinguishing it from Little Marlow. The ancient parish was large, including rural areas north and west of the town. In 1896 the civil parish of Great Marlow, created in the 19th century from the ancient parish, was divided into Great Marlow Urban District (the town) and Great Marlow civil parish (the rural areas). In 1897 the urban district was renamed Marlow Urban District, and the town has been known simply as Marlow Marlow is recorded in the Domesday Book as Merlaue. Magna Britannia includes the following entry for Marlow: "The manor of Marlow, which had belonged to the Earls of Mercia, was given by William the Conqueror, to his Queen Matilda. Henry the First, bestowed it on his natural son, Robert de Melhent, afterwards Earl of Gloucester, from whom it passed, with that title, to the Clares and Despencers, and from the latter, by female heirs, to the Beauchamps and Nevilles, Earls of Warwick. It continued in the crown from the time of Richard III's marriage with Anne Neville, until Queen Mary granted it to William Lord Paget, in whose family it continued more than a century; after which, it passed, by purchase, to Sir Humphrey Winch, in 1670; to Lord Falkland in 1686; to Sir James Etheridge in 1690; to Sir John Guise in 1718; and to Sir William Clayton in 1736. It is now the property of Sir William Clayton bart. a descendant of the last purchaser". Marlow owed its importance to its location on the River Thames, where the road from Reading to High Wycombe crosses the river. It had its own market by 1227 (hence the name Chipping Marlow), although the market lapsed before 1600. From 1301 to 1307 the town had its own Member of Parliament, and it returned two members from 1624 to 1867.
Poppy
A poppy is any of a number of showy flowers, typically with one per stem, belonging to the poppy family. They include a number of attractive wildflower species with showy flowers found growing singularly or in large groups; many species are also grown in gardens. Those that are grown in gardens include large plants used in a mixed herbaceous boarder and small plants that are grown in rock or alpine gardens.
The flower color of poppy species include: white, pink, yellow, orange, red and blue; some have dark center markings. The species that have been cultivated for many years also include many other colors ranging from dark solid colors to soft pastel shades. The center of the flower has a whorl of stamens surrounded by a cup- or bowl-shaped collection of four to six petals. Prior to blooming, the petals are crumpled in bud, and as blooming finishes, the petals often lie flat before falling away
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Red indian.... a member of the race of people living in America when Europeans arrived
The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the descendants of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas. Pueblos indígenas (indigenous peoples) is a common term in Spanish-speaking countries. Aborigen (aboriginal/native) is used in Argentina, whereas "Amerindian" is used in Quebec, The Guianas, and the English-speaking Caribbean.[21][22][23][24] Indigenous peoples are commonly known in Canada as Aboriginal peoples, which include First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples.[25] Indigenous peoples of the United States are commonly known as Native Americans or American Indians, and Alaska Natives.[26]
According to the prevailing theories of the settlement of the Americas, migrations of humans from Asia (in particular North Asia)[27][28] to the Americas took place via Beringia, a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait. The majority of experts agree that the earliest pre-modern human migration via Beringia took place at least 13,500 years ago.[29] These early Paleo-Indians spread throughout the Americas, diversifying into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. According to the oral histories of many of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, they have been living there since their genesis, described by a wide range of creation myths.
Application of the term "Indian" originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, thought that he had arrived in the East Indies.[30][31][32][33][34][35] The Americas came to be known as the "West Indies", a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the names "Indies" and "Indian", which implied some kind of racial or cultural unity among the aboriginal peoples of the Americas. This unifying concept, codified in law, religion, and politics, was not originally accepted by indigenous peoples but has been embraced by many over the last two centuries.[citation needed] Even though the term "Indian" does not include the Aleuts, Inuit, or Yupik peoples, these groups are considered indigenous peoples of the Americas.
Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in Amazonia, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigenous to the Americas.[36] Although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting, and gathering. In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states, and empires.
A Navajo man on horseback in Monument valley, Arizona.
Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaraní, Mayan languages, and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions. Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects, but also cater to modern needs. Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples.
Migration into the continents[edit]
For more details on theories of the migrations of the Paleo-Indians, see settlement of the Americas.
The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, provide the subject of ongoing research and discussion.[37][38] According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation.[37] During the Wisconsin glaciation, 50–17,000 years ago, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the land bridge of Beringia that joined Siberia to north west North America (Alaska).[39][40] Alaska was a glacial refugia because it had low snowfall, allowing a small population to exist. The Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of North America, blocking nomadic inhabitants and confining them to Alaska (East Beringia) for thousands of years.[41][42]
Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population, one that developed in isolation, conjectured to be Beringia.[43][44] The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years.[45][46][47] Around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing people to move south and east into Canada and beyond.[38][48][49] These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets.[50]
Another route proposed involves migration - either on foot or using primitive boats - along the Pacific Northwest coast to South America.[51] Evidence of the latter would have been covered by a sea level rise of more than 120 meters since the last ice age.[52]
The time range of 40,000–16,500 years ago is debatable and probably will remain so for years to come.[37][38] The few agreements achieved to date include:[29][53]
the origin from Central Asia
widespread habitation of the Americas during the end of the last glacial period, or more specifically what is known as the Late Glacial Maximum, around 16,000–13,000 years before present
Stone tools, particularly projectile points and scrapers, are the primary evidence of the earliest human activity in the Americas. Crafted lithic flaked tools are used by archaeologists and anthropologists to classify cultural periods.[54] The Clovis culture, the earliest definitively-dated Paleo-Indians in the Americas, appears around 11,500 RCBP (radiocarbon years Before Present[55]), equivalent to 13,500 to 13,000 calendar years ago.
In 2014, the autosomal DNA of a 12,500+-year-old infant from Montana found in close association with several Clovis artifacts was sequenced.[56] These are the Anzick-1 remains from the Anzick Clovis burial in Montana. The data indicate that the individual was from a population ancestral to present South American and Central American Native American populations, and closely related to present North American Native American populations. The implication is that there was an early divergence between North American and Central American plus South American populations. Hypotheses which posit that invasions subsequent to the Clovis culture overwhelmed or assimilated previous migrants into the Americas were ruled out.[56]
Similarly, the skeleton of a teenage girl (named 'Naia', after a water nymph from Greek mythology) found in the underwater caves called sistema Sac Actun in Mexico's eastern Yucatán Peninsula in 2007 has had DNA extracted, and at 13,000 years old is considered the oldest genetically intact human skeleton ever found in the Americas. The DNA indicates she was from a lineage derived from Asian origins that is represented in the modern native population's DNA.[57]
Pre-Columbian era[edit]
Main article: Pre-Columbian era
See also: Archaeology of the Americas
Language families of North American indigenous peoples
The Pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European and African influences on the American continents, spanning the time of the original arrival in the Upper Paleolithic to European colonization during the early modern period.[58]
While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until Europeans either conquered or significantly influenced them, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus' initial landing.[59] "Pre-Columbian" is used especially often in the context of discussing the great indigenous civilizations of the Americas, such as those of Mesoamerica (the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacano, the Zapotec, the Mixtec, the Aztec, and the Maya civilizations) and those of the Andes (Inca Empire, Moche culture, Muisca Confederation, Cañaris).
Ethnic groups circa 1300-1535
Paleo-Indians hunting a glyptodont
Many pre-Columbian civilizations established characteristics and hallmarks which included permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, and complex societal hierarchies.[60] Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first significant European and African arrivals (ca. late 15th–early 16th centuries), and are known only through oral history and through archaeological investigations. Others were contemporary with this period, and are also known from historical accounts of the time. A few, such as the Mayan, Olmec, Mixtec, and Nahua peoples, had their own written records. However, the European colonists of the time worked to eliminate non-Christian beliefs, and Christian pyres destroyed many pre-Columbian written records. Only a few documents remained hidden and survived, leaving contemporary historians with glimpses of ancient culture and knowledge.
According to both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter had achieved many accomplishments.[61] For instance, the Aztecs built one of the largest cities in the world, Tenochtitlan, the ancient site of Mexico City, with an estimated population of 200,000. American civilizations also displayed impressive accomplishments in astronomy and mathematics. The domestication of maize or corn required thousands of years of selective breeding.
Inuit, Alaskan Native, and American Indian creation myths tell of a variety of origins of their respective peoples. Some were "always there" or were created by gods or animals, some migrated from a specified compass point, and others came from "across the ocean".[62]
European colonization[edit]
Main article: European colonization of the Americas
See also: Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas and Columbian Exchange
Cultural areas of North America at time of European contact
The European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents. Although the exact pre-contact population of the Americas is unknown, scholars estimate that Native American populations diminished by between 80 and 90% within the first centuries of contact with Europeans. The leading cause was disease. The continent was ravaged by epidemics of diseases such as smallpox, measles, and cholera, which were brought from Europe by the early explorers and spread quickly into new areas even before later explorers and colonists reached them. Native Americans suffered high mortality rates due to their lack of prior exposure to these diseases. The loss of lives was exacerbated by conflict between colonists and indigenous people. Colonists also frequently perpetrated massacres on the indigenous groups and enslaved them.[63][64][65] According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1894), the North American Indian Wars of the 19th century cost the lives of about 19,000 whites and 30,000 Native Americans.[66]
The first indigenous group encountered by Columbus were the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola who represented the dominant culture in the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. Within thirty years about 70% of the Taínos had died.[67] They had no immunity to European diseases, so outbreaks of measles and smallpox ravaged their population.[68] Increasing punishment of the Taínos for revolting against forced labour, despite measures put in place by the encomienda, which included religious education and protection from warring tribes,[69] eventually led to the last great Taíno rebellion.
Following years of mistreatment, the Taínos began to adopt suicidal behaviors, with women aborting or killing their infants and men jumping from the cliffs or ingesting untreated cassava, a violent poison.[67] Eventually, a Taíno Cacique named Enriquillo managed to hold out in the Baoruco Mountain Range for thirteen years, causing serious damage to the Spanish, Carib-held plantations and their Indian auxiliaries.[70] Hearing of the seriousness of the revolt, Emperor Charles V (also King of Spain) sent captain Francisco Barrionuevo to negotiate a peace treaty with the ever-increasing number of rebels. Two months later, after consultation with the Audencia of Santo Domingo, Enriquillo was offered any part of the island to live in peace.
The Laws of Burgos, 1512-1513, were the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of Spanish settlers in America, particularly with regard to native Indians. The laws forbade the maltreatment of natives and endorsed their conversion to Catholicism.[71] The Spanish crown found it difficult to enforce these laws in a distant colony.
Drawing accompanying text in Book XII of the 16th-century Florentine Codex (compiled 1540–1585), showing Nahuas of conquest-era central Mexico suffering from smallpox
Various theories for the decline of the Native American populations emphasize epidemic diseases, conflicts with Europeans, and conflicts among warring tribes. Scholars now believe that, among the various contributing factors, epidemic disease was the overwhelming cause of the population decline of the American natives.[72][73] Some believe that after first contacts with Europeans and Africans, Old World diseases caused the death of 90 to 95% of the native population of the New World in the following 150 years.[74] Smallpox killed up to one third of the native population of Hispaniola in 1518.[75] By killing the Incan ruler Huayna Capac, smallpox caused the Inca Civil War. Smallpox was only the first epidemic. Typhus (probably) in 1546, influenza and smallpox together in 1558, smallpox again in 1589, diphtheria in 1614, measles in 1618—all ravaged the remains of Inca culture.
Smallpox had killed millions of native inhabitants of Mexico.[76][77] Unintentionally introduced at Veracruz with the arrival of Pánfilo de Narváez on April 23, 1520, smallpox ravaged Mexico in the 1520s,[78] possibly killing over 150,000 in Tenochtitlán alone (the heartland of the Aztec Empire), and aiding in the victory of Hernán Cortés over the Aztec Empire at Tenochtitlan (present-day Mexico City) in 1521.[citation needed]
Over the centuries, the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases, while the indigenous Americans had no immunity.[79]
Explorations of the Caribbean led to the discovery of the Arawaks of the Lesser Antilles. The culture was destroyed by 1650. Only 500 had survived by the year 1550, though the bloodlines continued through to the modern populace. In Amazonia, indigenous societies weathered centuries of colonization.[80]
Indians visiting a Brazilian farm plantation in Minas Gerais ca. 1824
Contact with European diseases such as smallpox and measles killed between 50 and 67 per cent of the Aboriginal population of North America in the first hundred years after the arrival of Europeans.[81] Some 90 per cent of the native population near Massachusetts Bay Colony died of smallpox in an epidemic in 1617–1619.[82] In 1633, in Plymouth, the Native Americans there were exposed to smallpox because of contact with Europeans. As it had done elsewhere, the virus wiped out entire population groups of Native Americans.[83] It reached Lake Ontario in 1636, and the lands of the Iroquois by 1679.[84][85] During the 1770s, smallpox killed at least 30% of the West Coast Native Americans.[86] The 1775–82 North American smallpox epidemic and 1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic brought devastation and drastic population depletion among the Plains Indians.[87][88] In 1832, the federal government of the United States established a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans (The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832).[89][90]
The Indigenous peoples in Brazil declined from a pre-Columbian high of an estimated three million[91] to some 300,000 in 1997.[dubious – discuss][not in citation given][92]
The Spanish Empire and other Europeans brought horses to the Americas. Some of these animals escaped and began to breed and increase their numbers in the wild.[93] The re-introduction of the horse, extinct in the Americas for over 7500 years, had a profound impact on Native American culture in the Great Plains of North America and of Patagonia in South America. By domesticating horses, some tribes had great success: horses enabled them to expand their territories, exchange more goods with neighboring tribes, and more easily capture game, especially bison.
Agriculture[edit]
See also: Agriculture in Mesoamerica and Incan agriculture
A bison hunt depicted by George Catlin
Over the course of thousands of years, American indigenous peoples domesticated, bred and cultivated a large array of plant species. These species now constitute 50–60% of all crops in cultivation worldwide.[94] In certain cases, the indigenous peoples developed entirely new species and strains through artificial selection, as was the case in the domestication and breeding of maize from wild teosinte grasses in the valleys of southern Mexico. Numerous such agricultural products retain their native names in the English and Spanish lexicons.
The South American highlands were a center of early agriculture. Genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species suggests that the potato has a single origin in the area of southern Peru,[95] from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex. Over 99% of all modern cultivated potatoes worldwide are descendants of a subspecies indigenous to south-central Chile,[96] Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum, where it was cultivated as long as 10,000 years ago.[97][98] According to George Raudzens, "It is clear that in pre-Columbian times some groups struggled to survive and often suffered food shortages and famines, while others enjoyed a varied and substantial diet."[99] The persistent drought around 850 AD coincided with the collapse of Classic Maya civilization, and the famine of One Rabbit (AD 1454) was a major catastrophe in Mexico.[100]
Andenes in the Sacred Valley of the Incas, Peru. The Incan agricultural terraces are still used by many of the Incas' descendents, Quechua-speaking Andean farmers.
Natives of North America began practicing farming approximately 4,000 years ago, late in the Archaic period of North American cultures. Technology had advanced to the point that pottery was becoming common and the small-scale felling of trees had become feasible. Concurrently, the Archaic Indians began using fire in a controlled manner. Intentional burning of vegetation was used to mimic the effects of natural fires that tended to clear forest understories. It made travel easier and facilitated the growth of herbs and berry-producing plants, which were important for both food and medicines.[101]
In the Mississippi River valley, Europeans noted Native Americans' managed groves of nut and fruit trees not far from villages and towns and their gardens and agricultural fields. Further away, prescribed burning would have been used in forest and prairie areas.[102]
Many crops first domesticated by indigenous Americans are now produced and used globally. Chief among these is maize or "corn", arguably the most important crop in the world.[103] Other significant crops include cassava, chia, squash (pumpkins, zucchini, marrow, acorn squash, butternut squash), the pinto bean, Phaseolus beans including most common beans, tepary beans and lima beans, tomatoes, potatoes, avocados, peanuts, cocoa beans (used to make chocolate), vanilla, strawberries, pineapples, Peppers (species and varieties of Capsicum, including bell peppers, jalapeños, paprika and chili peppers) sunflower seeds, rubber, brazilwood, chicle, tobacco, coca, manioc and some species of cotton.
Studies of contemporary indigenous environmental management, including agro-forestry practices among Itza Maya in Guatemala and hunting and fishing among the Menominee of Wisconsin, suggest that longstanding "sacred values" may represent a summary of sustainable millennial traditions.[104]
Culture[edit]
Further information: Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of North America
Quechua woman and child in the Sacred Valley, Andes, Peru
Cultural practices in the Americas seem to have been shared mostly within geographical zones where unrelated peoples adopted similar technologies and social organizations. An example of such a cultural area is Mesoamerica, where millennia of coexistence and shared development among the peoples of the region produced a fairly homogeneous culture with complex agricultural and social patterns. Another well-known example is the North American plains where until the 19th century several peoples shared the traits of nomadic hunter-gatherers based primarily on buffalo hunting.
Writing systems[edit]
See also: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics, Cherokee syllabary, and Quipu
Maya glyphs in stucco at the Museo de sitio in Palenque, Mexico
The development of writing is counted among the many achievements and innovations of pre-Columbian American cultures. Independent from the development of writing in other areas of the world, the Mesoamerican region produced several indigenous writing systems beginning in the 1st millennium BCE. What may be the earliest-known example in the Americas of an extensive text thought to be writing is by the Cascajal Block. The Olmec hieroglyphs tablet has been indirectly dated from ceramic shards found in the same context to approximately 900 BCE, around the time that Olmec occupation of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán began to wane.[105]
The Maya writing system was a combination of phonetic syllabic symbols and logograms — that is, it was a logosyllabic writing system. It is the only pre-Columbian writing system known to represent completely the spoken language of its community. In total, the script has more than one thousand different glyphs, although a few are variations of the same sign or meaning, and many appear only rarely or are confined to particular localities. At any one time, no more than about five hundred glyphs were in use, some two hundred of which (including variations) had a phonetic or syllabic interpretation.[106][107][108]
Aztec codices (singular codex) are books written by pre-Columbian and colonial-era Aztecs. These codices provide some of the best primary sources for Aztec culture. The pre-Columbian codices differ from European codices in that they are largely pictorial; they were not meant to symbolize spoken or written narratives.[109] The colonial era codices not only contain Aztec pictograms, but also Classical Nahuatl (in the Latin alphabet), Spanish, and occasionally Latin.
Spanish mendicants in the sixteenth century taught indigenous scribes in their communities to write their languages in Latin letters, and there is a large number of local-level documents in Nahuatl, Zapotec, Mixtec, and Yucatec Maya from the colonial era, many of which were part of lawsuits and other legal matters. Although Spaniards initially taught indigenous scribes alphabetic writing, the tradition became self-perpetuating at the local level.[110] The Spanish crown gathered such documentation, and contemporary Spanish translations were made for legal cases. Scholars have translated and analyzed these documents in what is called the New Philology to write histories of indigenous peoples from indigenous viewpoints.[111]
The Wiigwaasabak, birch bark scrolls on which the Ojibwa (Anishinaabe) people wrote complex geometrical patterns and shapes, can also be considered a form of writing, as can Mi'kmaq hieroglyphics.
Aboriginal syllabic writing, or simply syllabics, is a family of abugidas used to write some Aboriginal Canadian languages of the Algonquian, Inuit, and Athabaskan language families.
Music and art[edit]
Main articles: Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas and Native American music
Apache fiddle made by Chesley Goseyun Wilson (San Carlos Apache)
Chimu culture feather pectoral, feathers, reed, copper, silver, hide, cordage, ca. 1350–1450 CE
Textile art by Julia Pingushat (Inuk, Arviat, Nunavut Territory, Canada), wool, embroidery floss, 1995
Native American music in North America is almost entirely monophonic, but there are notable exceptions. Traditional Native American music often centers around drumming. Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps were also popular percussive instruments. Flutes were made of rivercane, cedar, and other woods. The tuning of these flutes is not precise and depends on the length of the wood used and the hand span of the intended player, but the finger holes are most often around a whole step apart and, at least in Northern California, a flute was not used if it turned out to have an interval close to a half step. The Apache fiddle is a single stringed instrument.[citation needed]
The music of the indigenous peoples of Central Mexico and Central America was often pentatonic. Before the arrival of the Spaniards and other Europeans, music was inseparable from religious festivities and included a large variety of percussion and wind instruments such as drums, flutes, sea snail shells (used as a trumpet) and "rain" tubes. No remnants of pre-Columbian stringed instruments were found until archaeologists discovered a jar in Guatemala, attributed to the Maya of the Late Classic Era (600–900 CE), which depicts a stringed musical instrument which has since been reproduced. This instrument is one of the very few stringed instruments known in the Americas prior to the introduction of European musical instruments; when played, it produces a sound that mimics a jaguar's growl.[112]
Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas comprise a major category in the world art collection. Contributions include pottery, paintings, jewellery, weavings, sculptures, basketry, carvings, and beadwork.[113] Because too many artists were posing as Native Americans and Alaska Natives[114] in order to profit from the cachet of Indigenous art in the United States, the U.S. passed the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, requiring artists to prove that they are enrolled in a state or federally recognized tribe. To support the ongoing practice of American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian arts and cultures in the United States,[115] the Ford Foundation, arts advocates and American Indian tribes created an endowment seed fund and established a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation in 2007.[116][117]
Demography of contemporary populations[edit]
This map shows the percentage of indigenous population in different countries of the Americas.
The following table provides estimates for each country in the Americas of the populations of indigenous people and those with partial indigenous ancestry, each expressed as a percentage of the overall population. The total percentage obtained by adding both of these categories is also given.
Note: these categories are inconsistently defined and measured differently from country to country. Some figures are based on the results of population-wide genetic surveys while others are based on self-identification or observational estimation
A pleasant run over to Midhurst in the Alfa to an "autojumble", with a stop at the White Hart by the Stopham Bridge.
Includes three old MAGLITEs..AA. from California USA They were the best, but solid, when they came out.. AA batteries and NOT made in China!
Pass your mouse over the screen for NOTES.
Can't believe the power of these LED torchs..
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Now have a new LED headlamp, headlight that is activated by hand movement.. and USB charged. From Amazon. or eBay.
I was just thinking of my LED torch collection this morning in bed and I remembered this shot and just stumbled on it here.
www.flickr.com/groups/todaysflickr/ after doing a search in the Group using the Photos/Contributors link....
A good Blog on lighting, and more… theliddells.com/painting-with-light/
theliddells.com/painting-with-light/
Now to add the UKCA SHADOWHAWK S1476 STACTICAL LED FLASHLIGHT. SEE BELOW..
From Gemini AI...
In general, looking at a 400-lumen LED torch for a brief moment (a few seconds) shouldn't cause any lasting damage to your eyes. However, there are a few potential effects to be aware of:
Discomfort and temporary afterimages: The bright light can cause temporary discomfort, like glare or a pricking sensation. You might also see temporary afterimages, which are faint light impressions that linger after looking away from the source. These effects are usually temporary and subside within seconds.
Potential for eye strain: If you stare directly at the light source for a prolonged period, it can cause eye strain. Symptoms might include blurry vision, headaches, and eye fatigue. This usually resolves once you stop looking at the bright light.
Eye sensitivity: People with pre-existing eye conditions like macular degeneration might be more sensitive to bright lights. It's always best to consult with an ophthalmologist if you have any concerns about bright light exposure.
Here are some safety tips for using a bright LED torch:
Avoid direct eye contact: Don't stare directly into the light source, especially for extended periods.
Quick glances: Use quick glances to illuminate your target area.
Dimming function: If your torch has a dimming function, use it to adjust the brightness to a comfortable level.
Consider eye protection: For prolonged use or situations where there's a high risk of accidental eye contact (e.g., working in a dark environment), consider wearing safety glasses with appropriate filters.
Overall, using a 400-lumen LED torch for short bursts shouldn't be harmful to healthy eyes. However, it's important to be mindful of potential discomfort and take steps to minimize eye strain, especially if you have pre-existing eye conditions.
Gemini may display inaccurate info, including about people, so double-check its responses. Your privacy and Gemini AppsOpens in a new window
www.youtube.com/watch?v=EM2Fnp_qnE8
gabbyjaws.blogspot.com/2024/12/underneath-tree_24.html
pm A Child's Wish v.1
Belleza Classic, Curvy, Kupra Kups, Kupra, Legacy Nerido, Perky, Maitreya, Petite
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The fastest hunk of junk in the galaxy just joined my Midi-Scale ship collection! Here comes the Millennium Falcon from Episode IV – A New Hope.
Made of 2,178 pieces, measuring only 34cm and weighing almost 1kg, this compact yet dense Falcon was another unique challenge at this scale. After seeing some great-looking Figscale MOCs of this tricky ship, I couldn't resist making a Midi version.
With this design, I took a different approach than most other Falcons out there, and wanted it to look as sleek and gapless as possible. This resulted in a pretty elaborate and unique mix of paneling techniques that involved a lot of SNOT building.
One of my priorities was to faithfully reproduce the curved saucer shape on both sides of the ship, and not only on top. As a result, the build features all the details and shapes of the original 1977 studio model, from top to bottom.
The overall thickness of the ship was another concern. I wanted it to be as thin as the original, while being able to sandwich some tasty greebles and even the hyperdrive engine bay inside the saucer.
The Falcon has two display modes, "in-flight" with its canted stand, and "landed" with easy-to-install landing gear. It also includes a working ramp.
► Instructions for the Millennium Falcon are available at BrickVault!
Samarkand is a city in southeastern Uzbekistan and among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Central Asia. Samarkand is the capital of the Samarkand Region and a district-level city, that includes the urban-type settlements Kimyogarlar, Farhod and Khishrav. With 551,700 inhabitants (2021), it is the third-largest city in Uzbekistan.
There is evidence of human activity in the area of the city dating from the late Paleolithic Era. Though there is no direct evidence of when Samarkand was founded, several theories propose that it was founded between the 8th and 7th centuries BC. Prospering from its location on the Silk Road between China, Persia and Europe, at times Samarkand was one of the largest cities in Central Asia, and was an important city of the empires of Greater Iran. By the time of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, it was the capital of the Sogdian satrapy. The city was conquered by Alexander the Great in 329 BC, when it was known as Markanda, which was rendered in Greek as Μαράκανδα. The city was ruled by a succession of Iranian and Turkic rulers until it was conquered by the Mongols under Genghis Khan in 1220.
The city is noted as a centre of Islamic scholarly study and the birthplace of the Timurid Renaissance. In the 14th century, Timur made it the capital of his empire and the site of his mausoleum, the Gur-e Amir. The Bibi-Khanym Mosque, rebuilt during the Soviet era, remains one of the city's most notable landmarks. Samarkand's Registan square was the city's ancient centre and is bounded by three monumental religious buildings. The city has carefully preserved the traditions of ancient crafts: embroidery, goldwork, silk weaving, copper engraving, ceramics, wood carving, and wood painting. In 2001, UNESCO added the city to its World Heritage List as Samarkand – Crossroads of Cultures.
Modern Samarkand is divided into two parts: the old city, which includes historical monuments, shops, and old private houses; and the new city, which was developed during the days of the Russian Empire and Soviet Union and includes administrative buildings along with cultural centres and educational institutions. On 15 and 16 September 2022, the city hosted the 2022 SCO summit.
Samarkand has a multicultural and plurilingual history that was significantly modified by the process of national delimitation in Central Asia. Many inhabitants of the city are native or bilingual speakers of the Tajik language, whereas Uzbek is the official language and Russian is also widely used in the public sphere, as per Uzbekistan's language policy.
19/11/17 #1784. A lovely Autumn day for a stroll around Widewater. A Red Shank was pecking around in the shallows.
Dunham Massey is a civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford, Cheshire, England.[1] The parish includes the villages of Sinderland Green, Dunham Woodhouse and Dunham Town, along with Dunham Massey Park, formerly the home of the last Earl of Stamford and owned by the National Trust since 1976. Dunham Massey was historically in the county of Cheshire, but since 1974 has been part of Trafford Metropolitan Borough; the nearest town is Altrincham. As of the 2001 census, the parish had a population of 475.[2]
Dunham Massey has a long history, as reflected in its 45 listed buildings. It was a locally important area during the medieval period, and acted as the seat for the Massey barony. The Georgian hall, with the remains of a castle in its grounds, is a popular tourist attraction. There are two Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Dunham Massey: Dunham Park, located south of Dunham Town, and Brookheys Covert.
History
The Chester to York Roman road passes between the settlements of Dunham Massey and Bowdon and today forms the boundary between the two places. The name Dunham is derived from the Anglo-Saxon dun, meaning hill. The Massey element of the name is a result of its ownership by the Massey Barons. The manor of Dunham is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as having belonged to the Saxon thegn Aelfward before the Norman Conquest and to Hamo de Masci after. De Masci was an influential baron, who also had control over the manors of Baguley, Bowdon, Hale, Partington, and Timperley. The addition of "Massey" to the name Dunham reflects the manor's importance within the barony; Dunham was the seat of the Masseys. The importance of Dunham is further emphasised by the presence of two of de Massey’s castles: Dunham Castle and Watch Hill Castle on the border with Bowdon; a third, Ullerwood Castle, was near Hale. The Masseys remained barons of Dunham and its environs until the 14th century, when the line became extinct.[3][4]
The Booth family inherited most of the Massey lands in 1409, with Dunham Massey remaining at the heart of the estate; at the time, only four villages were in the Trafford area. By the Elizabeth period, Dunham Massey Castle had been demolished. Probably during the medieval period, Dunham Massey Hall became the home of the manorial lord, and a centre of power in the area. The hall was rebuilt in 1616, leaving no remains of the old medieval hall. The mill at Dunham was first documented in 1353, although the mill's present structure dates to the 1860s. It lies on the River Bollin, opposite Little Bollington. The first record of Dunham's deer park was also in 1353. The settlement of Dunham Woodhouse dates from the 15th century. During the medieval period, the primary source of employment in Dunham Massey was agriculture, mainly arable.
The Warrington and Stockport Railway was constructed through Dunham during 1853/54. Dunham Massey railway station served the area between 1854 and its closure in 1962. Dunham grew as a result, the population increasing by 57.5% between 1851 and 1881. Otherwise, the industrial revolution had little effect on Dunham Massey, and it remained a predominantly agricultural area.
Dunham Massey Hall
Dunham Massey Hall.
The present hall was initially built in 1616 by Sir George Booth, who was amongst the creations of Baronets by James I in 1611, but was later remodelled by John Norris for George, Earl of Stamford and Warrington between 1732 and 1740; it was also altered by John Hope towards the end of the 18th century and by Joseph Compton Hall between 1905 and 1908. The hall itself, the stables, and the carriage house of Dunham Massey are all Grade I listed buildings, three of six such buildings in Trafford.[5]
The site is moated and lies immediately west of the village of Dunham, with the deer park lying to the south. The hall was donated to the National Trust by the last Earl of Stamford, in 1976. The hall was used as a military hospital during the First World War. Inside is a collection of Huguenot silver, the carving The Crucifixion by 17th century wood carver Grinling Gibbons, and a white marble bust of the Emperor Hadrian; the head is antique, but the neck and shoulders are 18th century, it was probably acquired by the 5th Earl of Stamford. The collection of paintings in the hall include Allegory with Venus, Mars, Cupid and Time by Guercino; The Cascade at Terni by Louis Ducros; and portraits by William Beechey, Francis Cotes, Michael Dahl, A. R. Mengs, Sir Joshua Reynolds, George Romney, Enoch Seeman, and Zoffany. The 7th Earl of Stamford removed a selection of paintings to Enville Hall in the late 1850s, and it was not until the time of Roger Grey, 10th Earl of Stamford that some were returned after sales in 1929 and 1931.[6] The deer park at Dunham Massey is the only medieval park in Trafford to survive to the present.[4] The hall and grounds are open to the public and are a popular tourist attraction, with over 115,000 visitors in 2007.
Governance
The civil parish parish of Dunham Massey was created in 1894, under the Local Government Act 1894, and has its own parish council. Dunham Massey became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford in 1974 upon the borough's creation, but was previously in Bucklow Rural District. The village is part of the Bowdon electoral ward.[9][4] The councillors for the Bowdon ward are David Merrell, Paula Pearson, and Stephanie Poole, all members of the Conservative Party.[10] Dunham Massey is also a part of the Altrincham and Sale West constituency, and belongs to the North West England constituency of the European Parliament. Since the formation of the Altrincham and Sale West constituency in 1997, it has been represented in the House of Commons by the Conservative MP, Graham Brady. At the 2005 General Election, the Conservatives won with a majority of 7,159 and 46.4% of the vote. Labour won 30.3% of the vote, Liberal Democrats won 21.7%, and the United Kingdom Independence Party won 1.7%.
Geography
Dunham Massey lies to the east of Warburton, and to the west of Bowdon, with Altrincham approximately 2 miles (3 km) to the northeast. The landscape is generally flat, with some mossland. Dunham Park occupies 192.7 acres (780,000 m2) of the area. The Roman road running from Chester to York forms the boundary between Dunham and Bowdon. The River Bollin runs to the south, with the Bridgewater Canal running through the area. The local geology is lower keuper marl, with a ridge of sand and gravel running from Dunham to Warburton.
Demography
As of the 2001 UK census, Dunham Massey had a total population of 475. For every 100 females, there were 96.3 males. The average household size was 2.36.[2] Of those aged 16–74 in Dunham Massey, 42.0% had no academic qualifications or one GCSE, similar to the figures for all of Trafford (40.8%) and in England (45.5%).[12][13] According to the census, 0.01% were unemployed and 19.24% were economically inactive.[12] 17.89% of the population were under the age of 16, and 9.89% were aged 75 and over; the mean age of the residents of Dunham Massey was 43.71. 75.79% of residents described their health as 'good'.
Site of Special Scientific Interest
Brookheys Covert
Brookheys Covert is a Site of Special Scientific Interest in the Dunham Park Estate (grid reference SJ742904). The site is a semi-natural wood consisting mainly of ash, birch, and rowan, with a wetland habitat and several marl pits, which have flooded to form ponds. The reserve spans 5.8 acres (23,000 m2) and is managed by the Dunham Massey Estates. Brookheys Covert provides a habitat for many animals, including foxes, rabbits, squirrels, and 57 species of bird.[15][16]
Dunham Park
Dunham Park covers an area of 192.7 acres (780,000 m2) and is part of the Dunham Park Estate, run by the National Trust (grid reference SJ740870). The park is mostly “pasture-woodland or park-woodland” and has been since the Middle Ages. Many of the oak trees, which make up the larger part of the woodland, date back to the 17th century. Dunham Park is the only place in the northwest of England with such a concentration of old trees, and one of only a few remaining in England, making it a site of national importance. The park supports a range of animals, including fallow deer and over 500 species of insect.
Grade II listed buildings
Dunham Massey has many grade II listed buildings; among the most striking is the 18th century sandstone obelisk at the end of the north vista from Dunham Massey Hall. Tradition has it that it marks the burial site of a race horse.[18]
There are many listed residences in Dunham Massey, most of them dating from the 18th or early 19th century, and many of them featuring Flemish bond brickwork and slate roofs. They include: Dunham Massey Lodge, on Dunham Road;[19] Willow Cottage;[20] numbers 1 and 2 Barns Lane;[21] number 1 Orchard View;[22] The Hollies, on Station Road;[23] numbers 1, 3 and 4 Woodhouse Lane;[24] Big Tree Cottages, on Woodhouse Lane.[25] Agden View, also on Woodhouse Lane, dates from 1725 and has both garden wall bond and Flemish bond brickwork.[26] Big Tree House, on Charcoal Road, dates from the mid-18th century and features English bond brickwork.[27] Yew Tree Cottage and Lime Tree Cottage are also on Charcoal Lane; both houses date to the 17th century and exhibit garden wall bond brickwork with slate roofs.[28] Ivy House, on Woodhouse Lane, was built in the early 18th century.[29] Kitchen Garden cottage was built in 1702.[30] Rose Cottage and Farm Cottage are late 18th or early 19th century.[31] The Meadows, on School Lane, was built in the 17th century and features garden wall bond brickwork and a thatched roof.[32]
The farm buildings of Home Farm, including its dovecote, were built in the early 19th century, and feature Flemish bond brickwork.[33][34] Sinderland House, also dating from the early 19th century, is another of Dunham Massey's listed farmhouses.[35] Manor Farmhouse, on Station Road, was built by George Booth, 2nd Earl of Warrington; the building dates from the mid-18th century and features both Flemish and garden wall bond brickwork.[36] The farmhouse on Station Road was built in 1752.[37] The barn on Woodhouse Lane dates from the early 18th century and features garden wall bond brickwork, a slate roof, and upper cruck frames.[38] Dog Farmhouse, also on Woodhouse Lane, was built in the early 19th century; however it may have been an adaptation of an earlier, possibly 18th century, farmhouse.[39]
Dunham School was built in 1759, with additions in 1860 and the 20th century. Above the door is an engraved panel reading “This School was Erected in 1759 For the Benefit of the Township of Dunham Massey. According to the Will of Thomas Walton Gent”. The school now serves as the parish hall.[40] The nearby Dunham School Bridge, over the Bridgewater Canal, was built in 1776 by John Gilbert,[41] who also built the aqueduct for the Bridgewater Canal over the River Bollin, which was opened in 1776.[42] The other listed bridge, Brick Kiln Lane Bridge, was also built in the 18th century.[43] Bollington watermill was constructed in the 1860s, and has an undershot waterwheel.[44]
There are a number of listed structures in the grounds of Dunham Massey Hall, including the 1720 wellhouse that supplied water to the hall until the 1860s,[45] and the early 18th century ornamental sundial in front of the hall, depicting a black slave clad in leaves, carrying the sundial above his head.[46] The stable buildings,[47] the slaughterhouse,[48] the deer house,[49] the orangery,[50] and an ashlar shelter to the west of the hall,[51] all date from the 17th or 18th century. Barn Cottages date from at least 1751. The cottages were originally a single barn, which was converted in the 19th century.[52] Other grade II listed structures in the grounds of the hall include: the lakeside wall (18th century);[53] two small piers south of the garden forecourt (18th century);[54] a pier north west of the garden forecourt (18th century);[55] the gateway opposite the kitchen (1750);[56] the piers at the south of forecourt garden topped with lions (18th century);[57][58] and an obelisk erected by George Booth, 2nd Earl of Warrington, in 1714 in memory of his mother.[59] Near the hall there is a Grade II* listed sawmill, probably built in 1616.[
no 108 in the series "time for a pint" - a pint of timothy taylors landlord in the salisbury, london
from the series 'time for a pint'
www.flickr.com/photos/fat-freddies-cat/sets/7215762973477...
The Salisbury is a Grade II listed public house at 91–93 St. Martin's Lane, Covent Garden, London] which is noted for its particularly fine late Victorian interior with art nouveau elements.
It was built as part of a six-storey block in about 1899 on the site of an earlier pub that had been known under several names, including the Coach and Horses and Ben Caunt's Head. As well as being Grade II listed by Historic England, the interior is on CAMRA's National Inventory as being "an historic pub interior of national importance", due to the quality and opulence of the etched and polished glass and the carved woodwork. The "SS" motif that can be seen etched into the glass and in a few places is because the pub was originally called the "Salisbury Stores". The use of the word "Stores" was not uncommon in pubs of that era.Other fittings include art nouveau bronze nymphs holding long-stemmed flowers with light bulbs in the middle of the flowers, which are said to be original.
The pub is named after Lord Salisbury (1830–1903), who was the British Prime Minister three times between 1885 and 1902. The Cecil family still owns the building's freehold, and the Cecil family coat of arms lies between two angels supporting a canopy above the door on the corner.
[wikipaedia]
includes narrow wall
Marketplace only.
marketplace.secondlife.com/p/SAIKIN-shelf-cement-mortar-f...
PLEASE MAKE SURE YOU SEE and CHECK THE DEMO!!!
Dealey Plaza is included in the block of Elm Street in Downtown Dallas where President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963. The area of the Dealey Plaza Historic District (NRHP #93001607), along with the West End Historic District (NRHP #78002918), are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and both include the building in the photograph above. Dealey Plaza is also considered a National Historic Landmark (NHL).
This 7-story 80,000-square-foot red brick structure was built in 1901 by an unknown architect as a warehouse and showroom for the Rock Island Plow Company of Illinois; it replaced an 1898 structure that burned earlier the same year. The free-standing warehouse, about 100 feet square, stands on the northwest corner of Elm and Houston Streets. Its main facade is on Elm Street extended (the pre-1936 Elm Street) with the eastern side on Houston Street. The west side faces the rail and switching yards. The north side faces spurs of the rail yards connecting with Pacific Avenue, the primary east-west rail transit way through Downtown Dallas.
The warehouse, though it possesses certain characteristics of early Chicago skyscraper construction, was built with Classical details, including arched windows on all floors except seven, with those on six being round arched on the central five of the seven bays of each facade; multi-story pilasters (running floors two to six) with limestone capitals, and other stylized features characteristic of early 20th-century warehouses. It has masonry load-bearing walls with interior heavy pine square milled beams supporting the flooring. The brick used was a formed common style. A dropped metal ceiling, offices, and show windows were built on the first floor. The seventh-floor corporate offices included a dropped metal ceiling, with interior brick walls stained maroon, and interior window trim painted dark green. The windows were wood, double hung, set in structural masonry arches with the exterior cornice of metal. A painted exterior sign, above the seventh-floor ceiling, read "Southern Rock Island Plow Co." The "O's" in the sign concealed louvers, which ventilated the attic spaces. (This sign was removed at an unknown date.) The building was set back on the northwest first-floor corner to accommodate the loading and unloading of heavy equipment from the adjacent rail track. The upper floors cantilevered out over the track on that side.
The Rock Island Plow Company and its successor, the Southern Rock Island Plow Company, retained ownership until 1937. In 1939, D.H. Byrd of Dallas purchased it and afterward leased it to a variety of tenants. At the time of the assassination in 1963, it was leased to the Texas School Book Depository Company, a private textbook brokerage firm not affiliated with the State of Texas, which, nevertheless, warehoused and supplied textbooks to Texas schools. The firm maintained corporate offices in the building, and used the upper floors for storing textbooks.
The storage areas in the building on floors four, five, and six, typically filled with stacks of boxes of schoolbooks, were free of interior partitions, with wooden whitewashed ceilings, and whitewashed millwork beams set at 14-foot intervals supporting the floors. The interior brick walls were also whitewashed. The hardwood floors were rough. Access to these floors was by freight elevator or by the enclosed wooden staircase in the far northwest corner. Lighting was supplied by metal domed hanging fixtures with bare electrical bulbs. An exposed metal water pipe fire sprinkler system ran along the ceilings. All the electrical wiring was exposed conduit mounted on the horizontal and vertical wooden beams. (*Note: On November 22, 1963, workmen were laying a new flooring of rectangular plywood sheets over the existing flooring on the sixth floor of the warehouse. When the assassination occurred, at 12:30 p.m. local time, the workmen were at lunch.)
In 1970 the Depository Company moved out and Byrd sold the building to Aubrey Mayhew of Nashville, Tennessee, who planned to turn it into a commercial attraction centering on the association with the Kennedy assassination. Mayhew defaulted on his payments two years later. The building reverted to Byrd in 1972 shortly after an employee of Mayhew's set fire to the interior, which suffered only small damage. Between 1970 and 1977 the warehouse deteriorated; there was some discussion during the early1970's of demolishing it, but the city refused to issue a demolition permit. In late 1977, Dallas County purchased the old warehouse from Byrd, using funds voted in a public bond election. Between 1978 and 1988, the County renovated five floors and the basement for use as administrative offices and as the seat of County government. The fate of the sixth floor, which was sealed off and not exhibited to the public, remained an unsettled issue. A 1979 study funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities recommended that the floor be used for a major exhibition on the legacy and assassination of President Kennedy. The results were accepted and acted upon by the Dallas County Commissioners Court.
In 1988-89, the County, in cooperation with the non-profit Dallas County Historical Foundation, restored the sixth floor, installed the permanent Sixth Floor exhibit, and constructed and opened a new Visitors' Center to the north of the warehouse. The character of the exhibit and its non-intrusive use of historic space have won critical acclaim as well as a 98% approval rating from its approximately 300,000 annual visitors. Six films, graphics, over 300 historic photographs, and radio & tape recordings, including oral history recordings by witnesses & newsmen, are featured. Restoration and adaptation of the sixth floor was done under the general supervision of architects Eugene George and James Hendricks. The exhibit content was largely the work of Conover Hunt, with design by the Washington, D.C. firm of Robert Staples and Barbara Charles. The films were the work of Allen and Cynthia Salzman Mondell; Martin Jurow was the executive producer. The Texas Historical Commission and the National Park Service were advisors.
The two evidential areas--the sniper's perch (seen in the 6th window from the bottom of the far right row of windows) in the far southeast corner and the area where the rifle was found, with a nearby stairwell and freight elevator--are kept from public access by clear glass walls. No evidence is on display in those areas; nearby exhibit copy discusses them. They are furnished with duplicates of cardboard boxes placed as they were arranged on November 22, 1963 (based on examination of some dozen photographs of this corner taken on the day of the assassination). A clear plexiglass pane has been installed in the space on the far southeast partially raised corner window to indicate its position at the time of the assassination. As a safety measure, metal and glass barriers were installed in the concrete flooring in front of all windows accessible for public viewing. (The bottoms of the windows are only 18" from the floor and all exposed window frames are also sealed shut with small brass screws.)
Dealey Plaza Historic District
npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/88315def-c6a9-408b-ac2a-b...
West End Historic District
catalog.archives.gov/id/40971667
Three bracketed photos were taken with a handheld Nikon D7200 and combined with Photomatix Pro to create this HDR image. Additional adjustments were made in Photoshop CS6.
"For I know the plans I have for you", declares the LORD, "plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future." ~Jeremiah 29:11
The best way to view my photostream is through Flickriver with the following link: www.flickriver.com/photos/photojourney57/
www.youtube.com/watch?v=aLIAJqz1IT8
Tiffany Designs PROMO:: New Year Gown 2025 [Mesh] + Lara X
★★★ MESH XMAS GOWN ★★★
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• Mesh Gown
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• Mesh Black Shoes
• Glitter Emitter (white stars)
3 HUD colors for Upper Gown and Fur (glitter,sequin,black)
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➠ LARA X
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★ Before buying, please try the free demo.
★ Thank you for shopping at ::TIFFANY DESIGNS:: !☎ In world assistance if you need additional help - please contact LucyHope.
Tiffany Designs
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MP: marketplace.secondlife.com/stores/139726?
WoW Skins Bia
5 WOW SKIN TONES (full body bom, compatible with Maitreya, Legacy, Ebody reborn, Kahlene Erika)
6 VELOUR SKIN TONES ( Porcelain, chantilly, Rose kiss, sienna, sunkiss )
Shape c/m
no eyebrows option
evox eyeliner tattoo
shape copy / modify
LM TO Wow Skins: maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Vintage%20Romance/158/113/...
marketplace.secondlife.com/stores/46629
LaraX
Lel EvoX Avalon
VelvetVue Alma eyes
Doux Stormy
"Gin clear skies" was how the weather lady described today, she was right. The dew on my lawn was sparkling in this morning's sunshine. Tricky to see what I focussing on, even with the live view on
Morning Dew #59 in 101 pictures
Steyning Camera Club is celebrating its 50th anniversary with an exhibition this weekend. This visitor decided one of the images needed closer inspection.
Tiffany Designs PROMO:: Gianna Outfit [Mesh] + Lara X
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★ Before buying, please try the free demo.
★ Thank you for shopping at ::TIFFANY DESIGNS:: !
☎ In world assistance if you need additional help - please contact LucyHope.
Tiffany Designs
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LaraX
Wasabi Karissa
Alfa Romeo Alfasud 1.5 Ti (1974-82) Engine 1490cc HO4 OC
Production 156,001 (Alfasud Ti's all engines)
Registration Number UMV 135 X (London SE)
ALFA ROMEO SET
www.flickr.com/photos/45676495@N05/sets/72157623759785842...
The Alfasud was developed by Austrian Rudolf Hruska with a body design by Gourgetta Giugiaro of Ital Design as a small front wheel drive family car.
The car was built in a new factory at Pomigliano d'Arco in the poor Southern Region of Italy as part of a Government initiative, hence the name Alfasud (Alfa South).
First shown at the 1971 Turin Motorshow as a 1186cc engined model with a Boxer layout and a belt driven overhead camshaft on each block.. The range of engine size increased over the production run to include Petrol engines of 1.2,1.3, 1.4, 1.5 and 1.7 litre versions of the Boxer engine. The car went through two facelifts, first in 1977 and the second one in 1980.
The Alfasud Ti was added to the Alfasud rabge in 1974 and during its production run was powered by engines of 1186, 1286, 1350, and 1490cc. Based on the five door Alfasud, engneering, floorpan and styling, but the Ti was a two door car, featuring a tailgate spoiler, more sporty wheels and with increased power throughout the engine range, driving through a five speed gearbox and with four headlamps.
The 1980 facelift introduced plastic bumpers, new instrument panel, headlamps and rear lights as well as other revisions.
In addition to the Pomigliano d'Arco plant cars were also assembled in South Africa, malaysia and Malta.
Diolch am olygfa anhygoel, 65,001,644
oblogaeth y Lloegr honno dros y Mynyddoedd
Thanks for a stonking 65,001,644 views
Shot 06.05.2018 at Catton Hall Car Show, Catton Hall, Walton on Trent, Derbyshire Ref 133-399
10/04/16 #1196. The Southwest was battered by southerly storm force winds all day today, which when combined with a high Spring tide meant the waves went over the top of Mevagissey's outer harbour wall
Shared servant bedroom and living quarters In Castle de Haar , Kasteel de Haar near the suburb of Vleuten that includes village of Haarzuilen rebuild by architect Pierre Cuyper Project was finished in around 1912 took 20 years finish , Photograph converted to black and white , Martin’s photograph , Utrecht , Nederland , June 5. 2019
Four poster bed
Fireplace with beautiful screen and mantel
Beautiful formal gardens with piramide shaped trees
Beautiful staircase
Beautiful staircase in castle , Kasteel de Haar
Staircase
Formal gardens
Stairway critters sculptures in Castle
Stairway sculptures
Spiral stairway
Central Station in Amsterdam , build by architect Pierre Cuyper
de Rijks Museum in Amsterdam build by architect Pierre Cuyper
de Rijks Museum in Amsterdam
Central Station in Amsterdam
Amsterdam
Lavet bad tub
Lavet bad tub and washing machine
main door
Beautiful staircase
Kasteel de Haar near the suburb of Vleuten that includes village of Haarzuilen
architect Pierre Cuyper
Martin’s photograph
Utrecht
the Netherlands
Nederland
June 2019
Favourites
IPhone 6
Village of Haarzuilen
Kasteel de Haar
Castle the Haar
Kasteel de Haar was rebuild by architect Pierre Cuyper Project was finished in around 1912 took 20 years to be finished
city of Utrecht in the province Utrecht
Beautiful staircase in Kasteel de Haar
Door knocker
Beautiful window and seating
Photograph converted to black and white
Black and white
Black & white
Monochrome
Zwart wit
Zwart en wit
Castle , Kasteel de Haar near the suburb of Vleuten that includes village of Haarzuilen rebuild by architect Pierre Cuyper Project was finished in around 1912 took 20 years to be finished , Martin’s photograph , Utrecht , the Netherlands , June 5. 2019
Beautiful staircase
Beautiful staircase in castle , Kasteel de Haar
Staircase
Stairway critters sculptures in Castle
Stairway sculptures
Spiral stairway
Central Station in Amsterdam , build by architect Pierre Cuyper
de Rijks Museum in Amsterdam build by architect Pierre Cuyper
de Rijks Museum in Amsterdam
Central Station in Amsterdam
Amsterdam
Lavet bad tub
Lavet bad tub and washing machine
main door
Beautiful staircase
Kasteel de Haar near the suburb of Vleuten that includes village of Haarzuilen
architect Pierre Cuyper
Martin’s photograph
Utrecht
the Netherlands
Nederland
June 2019
Favourites
IPhone 6
Village of Haarzuilen
Kasteel de Haar
Castle the Haar
Kasteel de Haar was rebuild by architect Pierre Cuyper Project was finished in around 1912 took 20 years to be finished
city of Utrecht in the province Utrecht
Beautiful staircase in Kasteel de Haar
Door knocker
Beautiful window and seating
architect Pierre Cuyper
SN/NC: Vaccinium Caesariense, Ericaceae family
Blueberries are a widely distributed and widespread group of perennial flowering plants with blue or purple berries. They are classified in the section Cyanococcus within the genus Vaccinium. Vaccinium also includes cranberries, bilberries, huckleberries and Madeira blueberries. Commercial blueberries—both wild (lowbush) and cultivated (highbush)—are all native to North America. The highbush varieties were introduced into Europe during the 1930s.
Blueberries are usually prostrate shrubs that can vary in size from 10 centimeters (4 inches) to 4 meters (13 feet) in height. In commercial production of blueberries, the species with small, pea-size berries growing on low-level bushes are known as "lowbush blueberries" (synonymous with "wild"), while the species with larger berries growing on taller, cultivated bushes are known as "highbush blueberries". Canada is the leading producer of lowbush blueberries, while the United States produces some 40% of the world supply of highbush blueberries.
Os mirtilos são um grupo amplamente distribuído e difundido de plantas perenes com bagas azuis ou roxas. Eles são classificados na seção Cyanococcus dentro do gênero Vaccinium. Vaccinium também inclui cranberries, mirtilos, mirtilos e mirtilos da Madeira. Os mirtilos comerciais - tanto selvagens (lowbush) quanto cultivados (highbush) - são todos nativos da América do Norte. As variedades highbush foram introduzidas na Europa durante a década de 1930.
Os mirtilos são geralmente arbustos prostrados que podem variar em tamanho de 10 centímetros (4 polegadas) a 4 metros (13 pés) de altura. Na produção comercial de mirtilos, as espécies com bagas pequenas do tamanho de ervilhas que crescem em arbustos de baixo nível são conhecidas como "mirtilos de arbusto baixo" (sinônimo de "selvagem"), enquanto as espécies com bagas maiores crescendo em arbustos mais altos e cultivados são conhecidas como "mirtilos highbush." O Canadá é o principal produtor de mirtilos lowbush, enquanto os Estados Unidos produzem cerca de 40% da oferta mundial de mirtilos highbush.
Los arándanos son un grupo ampliamente distribuido y extenso de plantas con flores perennes con bayas azules o moradas. Se clasifican en la sección Cyanococcus dentro del género Vaccinium. Vaccinium también incluye arándanos, arándanos, moras y arándanos de Madeira. Los arándanos comerciales, tanto silvestres (lowbush) como cultivados (highbush), son nativos de América del Norte. Las variedades highbush se introdujeron en Europa durante la década de 1930.
Los arándanos suelen ser arbustos postrados que pueden variar en tamaño desde 10 centímetros (4 pulgadas) hasta 4 metros (13 pies) de altura. En la producción comercial de arándanos, las especies con bayas pequeñas del tamaño de un guisante que crecen en arbustos bajos se conocen como "arándanos de arbusto bajo" (sinónimo de "silvestres"), mientras que las especies con bayas más grandes que crecen en arbustos cultivados más altos se conocen los "arándanos highbush". Canadá es el principal productor de arándanos lowbush, mientras que Estados Unidos produce alrededor del 40% del suministro mundial de arándanos highbush.
Bosbessen zijn een wijdverspreide en wijdverbreide groep van meerjarige bloeiende planten met blauwe of paarse bessen. Ze zijn ingedeeld in de sectie Cyanococcus binnen het geslacht Vaccinium. Vaccinium bevat ook veenbessen, bosbessen, bosbessen en madeira-bosbessen. Commerciële bosbessen - zowel wild (lowbush) als gekweekt (highbush) - zijn allemaal inheems in Noord-Amerika. De highbush-variëteiten werden in de jaren dertig in Europa geïntroduceerd.
Bosbessen zijn meestal uitgestrekte struiken die in grootte kunnen variëren van 10 centimeter (4 inch) tot 4 meter (13 voet) hoog. Bij de commerciële productie van bosbessen staan de soorten met kleine bessen ter grootte van een erwt die op lage struiken groeien bekend als "lowbush bosbessen" (synoniem met "wild"), terwijl de soorten met grotere bessen die op hogere, gecultiveerde struiken groeien bekend zijn als "highbush bosbessen." Canada is de grootste producent van blauwe bosbessen, terwijl de Verenigde Staten zo'n 40% van de wereldvoorraad aan bosbessen produceren.
I mirtilli sono un gruppo ampiamente distribuito e diffuso di piante da fiore perenni con bacche blu o viola. Sono classificati nella sezione Cyanococcus all'interno del genere Vaccinium. Il vaccino comprende anche mirtilli rossi, mirtilli, mirtilli e mirtilli di Madeira. I mirtilli commerciali, sia selvatici (lowbush) che coltivati (highbush), sono tutti originari del Nord America. Le varietà highbush furono introdotte in Europa negli anni '30.
I mirtilli sono solitamente arbusti prostrati che possono variare di dimensioni da 10 centimetri (4 pollici) a 4 metri (13 piedi) di altezza. Nella produzione commerciale di mirtilli, le specie con bacche piccole e grandi come un pisello che crescono su cespugli a bassa quota sono conosciute come "mirtilli a cespuglio basso" (sinonimo di "selvatico"), mentre sono note le specie con bacche più grandi che crescono su cespugli coltivati più alti come "mirtilli highbush". Il Canada è il principale produttore di mirtilli a cespuglio basso, mentre gli Stati Uniti producono circa il 40% della fornitura mondiale di mirtilli a cespuglio alto.
Heidelbeeren sind eine weit verbreitete und weit verbreitete Gruppe mehrjähriger Blütenpflanzen mit blauen oder violetten Beeren. Sie werden in die Sektion Cyanococcus innerhalb der Gattung Vaccinium eingeordnet. Vaccinium umfasst auch Preiselbeeren, Heidelbeeren, Heidelbeeren und Madeira-Heidelbeeren. Kommerzielle Blaubeeren – sowohl wilde (Lowbush) als auch kultivierte (Highbush) – sind alle in Nordamerika beheimatet. Die Highbush-Sorten wurden in den 1930er Jahren in Europa eingeführt.
Blaubeeren sind normalerweise niederliegende Sträucher, die in der Größe von 10 Zentimetern (4 Zoll) bis 4 Meter (13 Fuß) Höhe variieren können. In der kommerziellen Produktion von Blaubeeren sind die Arten mit kleinen, erbsengroßen Beeren, die auf niedrigen Büschen wachsen, als "Lowbush Blueberries" (synonym mit "wild") bekannt, während die Arten mit größeren Beeren, die auf höheren, kultivierten Büschen wachsen, bekannt sind als "highbush Blaubeeren." Kanada ist der führende Produzent von Lowbush-Heidelbeeren, während die Vereinigten Staaten etwa 40 % des weltweiten Angebots an Highbush-Heidelbeeren produzieren.
Les myrtilles sont un groupe largement répandu et répandu de plantes à fleurs vivaces à baies bleues ou violettes. Ils sont classés dans la section Cyanococcus du genre Vaccinium. Vaccinium comprend également des canneberges, des myrtilles, des myrtilles et des myrtilles de Madère. Les bleuets commerciaux, qu'ils soient sauvages (nains) ou cultivés (en corymbe), sont tous originaires d'Amérique du Nord. Les variétés en corymbe ont été introduites en Europe dans les années 1930.
Les myrtilles sont généralement des arbustes prostrés dont la taille peut varier de 10 centimètres (4 pouces) à 4 mètres (13 pieds) de hauteur. Dans la production commerciale de bleuets, les espèces à petites baies de la taille d'un pois poussant sur des buissons bas sont appelées « bleuets nains » (synonyme de « sauvages »), tandis que les espèces à baies plus grosses poussant sur des buissons cultivés plus grands sont connues. comme "bleuets en corymbe". Le Canada est le premier producteur de bleuets nains, tandis que les États-Unis produisent environ 40 % de l'offre mondiale de bleuets en corymbe.
العنب البري هو مجموعة منتشرة وواسعة الانتشار من النباتات المزهرة المعمرة مع التوت الأزرق أو الأرجواني. يتم تصنيفها في القسم Cyanococcus ضمن جنس Vaccinium. يشمل Vaccinium أيضًا التوت البري والتوت البري والتوت البري وتوت ماديرا. توت العنب البري التجاري - سواء البري (لوبوش) أو المزروع (هايبوش) - كلها موطنها أمريكا الشمالية. تم إدخال أصناف highbush إلى أوروبا خلال الثلاثينيات.
عادة ما يكون العنب البري عبارة عن شجيرات سجودة يمكن أن تختلف في الحجم من 10 سم (4 بوصات) إلى 4 أمتار (13 قدمًا) في الارتفاع. في الإنتاج التجاري للتوت ، تُعرف الأنواع التي تحتوي على توت صغير بحجم حبة البازلاء التي تنمو على شجيرات منخفضة المستوى باسم "توت لو بوش" (مرادف لكلمة "بري") ، في حين تُعرف الأنواع التي تحتوي على توت أكبر تنمو على شجيرات طويلة ومزروعة كـ "توت هايبوش". كندا هي المنتج الرئيسي للتوت الأزرق ، بينما تنتج الولايات المتحدة حوالي 40 ٪ من الإمداد العالمي من التوت الأزرق.
ブルーベリーは、青または紫の果実を持つ多年生の顕花植物の広く分布し、広範なグループです。それらは、Vaccinium 属内の Cyanococcus セクションに分類されます。 Vaccinium には、クランベリー、ビルベリー、ハックルベリー、マデイラ ブルーベリーも含まれます。市販のブルーベリーは、野生 (ローブッシュ) と栽培 (ハイブッシュ) の両方で、すべて北米原産です。ハイブッシュの品種は、1930 年代にヨーロッパに導入されました。
ブルーベリーは通常、高さ 10 センチメートル (4 インチ) から 4 メートル (13 フィート) までのサイズのさまざまな低木です。ブルーベリーの商業生産では、低地の茂みに小さなエンドウ豆サイズの果実が成長する種は「ローブッシュ ブルーベリー」(「野生」と同義) として知られていますが、より背の高い栽培された茂みに大きな果実が成長する種が知られています。 「ハイブッシュブルーベリー」として。カナダはローブッシュ ブルーベリーの主要生産国であり、米国はハイブッシュ ブルーベリーの世界供給量の約 40% を生産しています。