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Architecture Matters
Design Guidelines: Does Creativity Have a Place in the World of Formula?
7/10/12
Join hosts Saxon Sigerson, AIA; Kris Barkley, AIA; and Arturo Levenfeld, AIA; for a casual evening of discussion centered around the topic of design guidelines.
Codes have a long history of shaping the built landscape, going all the way back to the Greeks and beyond. We accept their existence and, for the most part, work within their limits. But when the word ‘design’ is added to their title, the ego antennae of architects start to wiggle . . . a lot. (We don’t like some “document” intruding onto the gorgeously expressive, soft lead diagram of our latest creation.) Can we find examples of design guidelines that span the range of successful results to less-than-stellar outcomes? Our open forum discussion is intended to explore these questions and others in our continuing Architecture Matters series.
Date: Tuesday, July 10th, 2012
Time: 5:30 p.m. – 8:00 p.m.
Location: AIA Central Valley Chapter Office
1400 S Street, Suite 1, Sacramento
AIA/CES: 1.5 Learning Units
Cost: $10 per person, free for students
(+ service fee at Brown Paper Tickets; includes pizza, salad & beverages)
RSVP: Brown Paper Tickets
www.brownpapertickets.com/event/255566
Poster: www.dreyfussblackford.com/graphics/120710_Design_Guidelin...
In existence pre-war as Cyril’s Road House, Bob’s Cafe established itself as a greasy spoon of some local fame! Come the 21st century the site was derelict, and a car dealership has recently opened on site.
St Mary & St John. Window in memory of John Darby Hasler & Eleanor Tilden Hasler, created by Brooks, Robinson & Co.
“The window is placed oil the south side of the church over the family pew, and is in memory of Mr J. D. Hasler, who died on 27th August, 1896, and Mrs Hasler, who died on 3rd September, 1902. The members of the family are Mr John Hasler, Mr Charles T. Hasler, and Mrs D. Fraser, who have presented the window to the congregation in memory of their parents, who for over a quarter of a century were very closely connected with the church. . . The figures chosen are St. Mary and St. John, who are depicted carrying scrolls and draped in glorious colors of the richest antique glasses.” [Mount Alexander Mail 17 Aug 1908]
“HASLER. -On the 27th August, at The Willows, Castlemaine, John D. Hasler.” [The Argus 29 Aug 1896]
“HASLER.— At "The Willows," Fletcher-street, on September 3rd, Eleanor Tilden, relict of the late J. D. Hasler ; aged 75 years.” [Mount Alexander Mail 4 Sep 1902]
“Mr Hasler came to Castlemaine in the early ‘fifties’, and for many years was in partnership with Mr Grainger, who died some years ago. The firm of Hasler and Grainger carried oil the business of tailors and woollen drapers in the Square. . . He was a member of the Committee of the School of Mines . . . the Mechanics' Institute . . . a member of Christ Church choir . . . the Castlemaine Liedertafel and also during the existence many years ago of the Philharmonic Society. . . Deceased, who was 69 years of age, leaves a wife and grown-up family — two of his sons (Mr John Hasler, of Malvern), and Mr Charles T. Hasler being well and very favorably known in musical circles — the former as choir master at Malvern, and conductor of the local Liedertafel; and the latter as organist at Christ Church.” [Mount Alexander Mail 28 Aug 1896]
“Mrs E. T. Hasler . . . leaves a grown-up family to mourn their loss, including Mr C. T. Hasler (our well-known townsman), Mr J. Hasler (of Melbourne), and Mrs D. Fraser (of Castlemaine).” [Mount Alexander Mail 4 Sep 1902]
Church foundation stone 27 Feb 1854 by Bishop Charles Perry, architects Poeppel & Burgoyne, opened 21 Feb 1858, chancel & vestry foundation stone 30 Mar 1892 by Bishop Field Flowers Goe, opened 6 Jul 1892.
From the 2009 Nick Alexander Woodie event in Huntington Park, CA. Two brothers admire the woodwork on this ultra rare 1946 Mercury Sportsman roadster. Sadly, the Nick Alexander collection went to auction later that year.
Huntington Park, California, USA
See the wood grain in the 1280 wide version.
Photograph by Jeffrey Bass -- All Rights Reserved
~ ~ ~
From the auction catalog notes:
"1946 Mercury Sportsman -
Exceptionally rare, this Mercury Sportsman is one of only 205 examples built for one single year, compared to its more prolific Ford counterparts. Purchased new by a steel executive in Ohio it was owned by a prominent woodie enthusiast before being acquired by Mr. Alexander. It benefits from a very high quality restoration and was honored with the prestigious Dearborn Award in 2004 (994 points). With just a handful of these Mercury Sportsmans remaining in existence, this handsome example certainly represents a very rare opportunity for the discerning collector."
THE SANCTUARY
OF APOLLO
SMINTHEUS and
EXCAVATIONS
Excavation and restoration
works have been
conducted in Smintheion
(The Sanctuary of Apollo
Smintheus), which is
located in the village
of Gülpınar, under the
direction of Prof. Dr.
Coşkun Özgünel since
1980. Smintheon is best
known with the remarkable
Temple of Apollo
Smintheus built in the
2nd BC. The prehistoric
settlement dating
around 5000 BC located
beneath the Graeco-Remains
of the sanctuary
represents one of the
earliest settlement so
far identified in the region of the Troad. “The Excavation
Museum of Smintheion” houses illustrious
sculptural finds from the temple.
The most significant aspect of Smintheion stems
from the fact that it is depicted in the first lines
of the epic of Iliad, in which Homer narrates the
Trojan Wars. The poet Homer from Smyrna, who
lived in the late 8th century BC, refers to the existence
of the Temple of Apollo Smintheus, whose
priest was called Khryses in the town of Khryse.
Apollo Smintheus (“The Lord of the Mice”) is a
god who had an important impact in the beginning
of the legendary Battles of Troia. According to the
Iliad, the battle starts when Khryseis, the daughter
Khryses who is the priest of Khryse Town,
was captured by King Agamemnon, the leader
of Achaeans who plunder the temple. When Agamemnon
refuses to return Khryseis to her father
Priest Khryses, Khryses prays to Apollo Smintheus
for whom he serves. Apollo Smintheus accepts the
Priest’s prayers and sends a terrible black plague
over the army of Achaeans. This mythological
event is considered among the important moments
of the Trojan Wars as well as the Iliad.
APPROXIMATE RELEASE DATE: 2009
MISSING ITEMS: 4 bookmarks
PERSONAL FUN FACT: I fell in love with Starbust shortly after I discovered his existence. I'm sure I had seen him (her?) before, when researching Girl of the Year Chrissa. But it wasn't until I was given my Chrissa doll in 2022, that I really connected with the llama. You see, I had known a real life llama since I was 12. That was back in the day when my sister and I had horses. We'd go to one of the farms in town and pick up hay in the fields, to get a discount on it. Somehow that turned into us helping out with ALL the haying in the area (my dad was friends with the farmer). Eventually, that lead to me getting a job with the guy who owned the field...and that's where I work now! I vividly remember the first time we were at Eben's farm, driving up the lane to the field. Dad pointed and said, "Look at the llama." I would later learn his name was "Big Red." I took care of him for many years as an adult. He would get special meals, because he was too gentle with the sheep, who would bully him away from his own food. Big Red was a gentle, but very cautious creature. We always joked that he was watching us whenever Eben was out of town. In the last months of his life, he was very friendly with people (probably because he had a tumor growing that changed his personality). He was a beautiful creature with the funniest crooked teeth. I miss him dearly, ever since he passed away in 2021. Anyways, the loss of Big Red made me want Chrissa's llama even more. I checked for this guy on eBay time and time again. There were so many occasions when I almost pulled the trigger. But I somehow talked myself out of it every time. I hoped to get a super cheap one...perhaps without the bridle and blanket.
On Christmas morning 2024, I woke up to do my morning chores (feeding/cleaning the critters, cleaning the house, lighting the wood stove, etc). I spotted a handmade card from my sister on the table, as well as a painting. Inside the card was a little note. It said to look on eBay--Colleen had gotten me something small as a surprise. We share the same eBay account, so it's hard to keep secrets. That's why if Colleen orders me something, she usually does it the night before and leaves a note for me to check eBay. I knew from the llama sticker on the note what it must be. Sure enough, she'd gotten me Starburst. He was in pristine condition, complete with bridle and blanket. She paid $25 for him, which was a great deal. When I would search for this llama, the nicer ones could sometimes cost upwards of $40. She said she rationalized that she'd spend a few extra bucks to get me the nicer one, since the incomplete llamas weren't much cheaper at the time. He arrived a few days after Christmas, and was even cuter than I expected. I love having a little American Girl farm...next I need Caroline's calf! But this llama is impossible to beat. I also adore his name...Starburst.
Very necessary, important existence.
But, it wishes that it want to do so if possible and to keep
quiet indefinitely.
What existence is mine, though, if I purely peer at the possibilities, and forsake my fervor, my fighting chance for crowned dreams?
Style Card
Skyn; Estelle By Lelutka
Fur Hat: [LeLutka]@Le.Look FUR HAT tinted in Red by me
Hair: Belinda-Black By 3636 Hair Store
Earrings:{SMS} Feather Earrings Grey
COAT:(Milk Motion) my vintage fur coat with dress Leopard/Black NEW!!!!
Muff: [LeLutka]@Le.Look FUR MUFF_AO
Pants:[LeLutka]-Rockin' Pants In Red
Boots:*Kookie* Athena/Red
Photographer, Style & Model By Ipanemagirl Bing<3
More from Me: www.ipanemagirlbing.com
Austria Kunsthistorisches Museum
Federal Museum
Logo KHM
Regulatory authority (ies)/organs to the Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture
Founded 17 October 1891
Headquartered Castle Ring (Burgring), Vienna 1, Austria
Management Sabine Haag
www.khm.at website
Main building of the Kunsthistorisches Museum at Maria-Theresa-Square
The Kunsthistorisches Museum (KHM abbreviated) is an art museum in Vienna. It is one of the largest and most important museums in the world. It was opened in 1891 and 2012 visited of 1.351.940 million people.
The museum
The Kunsthistorisches Museum is with its opposite sister building, the Natural History Museum (Naturhistorisches Museum), the most important historicist large buildings of the Ringstrasse time. Together they stand around the Maria Theresa square, on which also the Maria Theresa monument stands. This course spans the former glacis between today's ring road and 2-line, and is forming a historical landmark that also belongs to World Heritage Site Historic Centre of Vienna.
History
Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in his Gallery
The Museum came from the collections of the Habsburgs, especially from the portrait and armor collections of Ferdinand of Tyrol, the collection of Emperor Rudolf II (most of which, however scattered) and the art collection of Archduke Leopold Wilhelm into existence. Already In 1833 asked Joseph Arneth, curator (and later director) of the Imperial Coins and Antiquities Cabinet, bringing together all the imperial collections in a single building .
Architectural History
The contract to build the museum in the city had been given in 1858 by Emperor Franz Joseph. Subsequently, many designs were submitted for the ring road zone. Plans by August Sicard von Sicardsburg and Eduard van der Null planned to build two museum buildings in the immediate aftermath of the Imperial Palace on the left and right of the Heroes' Square (Heldenplatz). The architect Ludwig Förster planned museum buildings between the Schwarzenberg Square and the City Park, Martin Ritter von Kink favored buildings at the corner Währingerstraße/ Scots ring (Schottenring), Peter Joseph, the area Bellariastraße, Moritz von Loehr the south side of the opera ring, and Ludwig Zettl the southeast side of the grain market (Getreidemarkt).
From 1867, a competition was announced for the museums, and thereby set their current position - at the request of the Emperor, the museum should not be too close to the Imperial Palace, but arise beyond the ring road. The architect Carl von Hasenauer participated in this competition and was able the at that time in Zürich operating Gottfried Semper to encourage to work together. The two museum buildings should be built here in the sense of the style of the Italian Renaissance. The plans got the benevolence of the imperial family. In April 1869, there was an audience with of Joseph Semper at the Emperor Franz Joseph and an oral contract was concluded, in July 1870 was issued the written order to Semper and Hasenauer.
Crucial for the success of Semper and Hasenauer against the projects of other architects were among others Semper's vision of a large building complex called "Imperial Forum", in which the museums would have been a part of. Not least by the death of Semper in 1879 came the Imperial Forum not as planned for execution, the two museums were built, however.
Construction of the two museums began without ceremony on 27 November 1871 instead. Semper moved to Vienna in the sequence. From the beginning, there were considerable personal differences between him and Hasenauer, who finally in 1877 took over sole construction management. 1874, the scaffolds were placed up to the attic and the first floor completed, built in 1878, the first windows installed in 1879, the Attica and the balustrade from 1880 to 1881 and built the dome and the Tabernacle. The dome is topped with a bronze statue of Pallas Athena by Johannes Benk.
The lighting and air conditioning concept with double glazing of the ceilings made the renunciation of artificial light (especially at that time, as gas light) possible, but this resulted due to seasonal variations depending on daylight to different opening times .
Kuppelhalle
Entrance (by clicking the link at the end of the side you can see all the pictures here indicated!)
Grand staircase
Hall
Empire
The Kunsthistorisches Museum was on 17 October 1891 officially opened by Emperor Franz Joseph I. Since 22 October 1891 , the museum is accessible to the public. Two years earlier, on 3 November 1889, the collection of arms, Arms and Armour today, had their doors open. On 1 January 1890 the library service resumed its operations. The merger and listing of other collections of the Highest Imperial Family from the Upper and Lower Belvedere, the Hofburg Palace and Ambras in Tyrol will need another two years.
189, the farm museum was organized in seven collections with three directorates:
Directorate of coins, medals and antiquities collection
The Egyptian Collection
The Antique Collection
The coins and medals collection
Management of the collection of weapons, art and industrial objects
Weapons collection
Collection of industrial art objects
Directorate of Art Gallery and Restaurieranstalt (Restoration Office)
Collection of watercolors, drawings, sketches, etc.
Restoration Office
Library
Very soon the room the Court Museum (Hofmuseum) for the imperial collections was offering became too narrow. To provide temporary help, an exhibition of ancient artifacts from Ephesus in the Theseus Temple was designed. However, additional space had to be rented in the Lower Belvedere.
1914, after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne, his " Estonian Forensic Collection " passed to the administration of the Court Museum. This collection, which emerged from the art collection of the house of d' Este and world travel collection of Franz Ferdinand, was placed in the New Imperial Palace since 1908. For these stocks, the present collection of old musical instruments and the Museum of Ethnology emerged.
The First World War went by, apart from the oppressive economic situation without loss. The farm museum remained during the five years of war regularly open to the public.
Until 1919 the K.K. Art Historical Court Museum was under the authority of the Oberstkämmereramt (head chamberlain office) and belonged to the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. The officials and employees were part of the royal household.
First Republic
The transition from monarchy to republic, in the museum took place in complete tranquility. On 19 November 1918 the two imperial museums on Maria Theresa Square were placed under the state protection of the young Republic of German Austria. Threatening to the stocks of the museum were the claims raised in the following weeks and months of the "successor states" of the monarchy as well as Italy and Belgium on Austrian art collection. In fact, it came on 12th February 1919 to the violent removal of 62 paintings by armed Italian units. This "art theft" left a long time trauma among curators and art historians.
It was not until the Treaty of Saint-Germain of 10 September 1919, providing in Article 195 and 196 the settlement of rights in the cultural field by negotiations. The claims of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and Italy again could mostly being averted in this way. Only Hungary, which presented the greatest demands by far, was met by more than ten years of negotiation in 147 cases.
On 3 April 1919 was the expropriation of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine by law and the acquisition of its property, including the "Collections of the Imperial House" , by the Republic. Of 18 June 1920 the then provisional administration of the former imperial museums and collections of Este and the secular and clergy treasury passed to the State Office of Internal Affairs and Education, since 10 November 1920, the Federal Ministry of the Interior and Education. A few days later it was renamed the Art History Court Museum in the "Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna State", 1921 "Kunsthistorisches Museum" . Of 1st January 1921 the employees of the museum staff passed to the state of the Republic.
Through the acquisition of the former imperial collections owned by the state, the museum found itself in a complete new situation. In order to meet the changed circumstances in the museum area, designed Hans Tietze in 1919 the "Vienna Museum program". It provided a close cooperation between the individual museums to focus at different houses on main collections. So dominated exchange, sales and equalizing the acquisition policy in the interwar period. Thus resulting until today still valid collection trends. Also pointing the way was the relocation of the weapons collection from 1934 in its present premises in the New Castle, where since 1916 the collection of ancient musical instruments was placed.
With the change of the imperial collections in the ownership of the Republic the reorganization of the internal organization went hand in hand, too. Thus the museum was divided in 1919 into the Egyptian and Near Eastern Collection (with the Oriental coins)
Collection of Classical Antiquities
Collection of ancient coins
Collection of modern coins and medals
Weapons collection
Collection of sculptures and crafts with the Collection of Ancient Musical Instruments
Picture Gallery
The Museum 1938-1945
Count Philipp Ludwig Wenzel Sinzendorf according to Rigaud. Clarisse 1948 by Baroness de Rothschildt "dedicated" to the memory of Baron Alphonse de Rothschildt; restituted to the Rothschilds in 1999, and in 1999 donated by Bettina Looram Rothschild, the last Austrian heiress.
With the "Anschluss" of Austria to the German Reich all Jewish art collections such as the Rothschilds were forcibly "Aryanised". Collections were either "paid" or simply distributed by the Gestapo at the museums. This resulted in a significant increase in stocks. But the KHM was not the only museum that benefited from the linearization. Systematically looted Jewish property was sold to museums, collections or in pawnshops throughout the empire.
After the war, the museum struggled to reimburse the "Aryanised" art to the owners or their heirs. They forced the Rothschild family to leave the most important part of their own collection to the museum and called this "dedications", or "donations". As a reason, was the export law stated, which does not allow owners to perform certain works of art out of the country. Similar methods were used with other former owners. Only on the basis of international diplomatic and media pressure, to a large extent from the United States, the Austrian government decided to make a change in the law (Art Restitution Act of 1998, the so-called Lex Rothschild). The art objects were the Rothschild family refunded only in the 1990s.
The Kunsthistorisches Museum operates on the basis of the federal law on the restitution of art objects from the 4th December 1998 (Federal Law Gazette I, 181 /1998) extensive provenance research. Even before this decree was carried out in-house provenance research at the initiative of the then archive director Herbert Haupt. This was submitted in 1998 by him in collaboration with Lydia Grobl a comprehensive presentation of the facts about the changes in the inventory levels of the Kunsthistorisches Museum during the Nazi era and in the years leading up to the State Treaty of 1955, an important basis for further research provenance.
The two historians Susanne Hehenberger and Monika Löscher are since 1st April 2009 as provenance researchers at the Kunsthistorisches Museum on behalf of the Commission for Provenance Research operating and they deal with the investigation period from 1933 to the recent past.
The museum today
Today the museum is as a federal museum, with 1st January 1999 released to the full legal capacity - it was thus the first of the state museums of Austria, implementing the far-reaching self-financing. It is by far the most visited museum in Austria with 1.3 million visitors (2007).
The Kunsthistorisches Museum is under the name Kunsthistorisches Museum and Museum of Ethnology and the Austrian Theatre Museum with company number 182081t since 11 June 1999 as a research institution under public law of the Federal virtue of the Federal Museums Act, Federal Law Gazette I/115/1998 and the Museum of Procedure of the Kunsthistorisches Museum and Museum of Ethnology and the Austrian Theatre Museum, 3 January 2001, BGBl II 2/ 2001, in force since 1 January 2001, registered.
In fiscal 2008, the turnover was 37.185 million EUR and total assets amounted to EUR 22.204 million. In 2008 an average of 410 workers were employed.
Management
1919-1923: Gustav Glück as the first chairman of the College of science officials
1924-1933: Hermann Julius Hermann 1924-1925 as the first chairman of the College of the scientific officers in 1925 as first director
1933: Arpad Weixlgärtner first director
1934-1938: Alfred Stix first director
1938-1945: Fritz Dworschak 1938 as acting head, from 1938 as a chief in 1941 as first director
1945-1949: August von Loehr 1945-1948 as executive director of the State Art Collections in 1949 as general director of the historical collections of the Federation
1945-1949: Alfred Stix 1945-1948 as executive director of the State Art Collections in 1949 as general director of art historical collections of the Federation
1949-1950: Hans Demel as administrative director
1950: Karl Wisoko-Meytsky as general director of art and historical collections of the Federation
1951-1952: Fritz Eichler as administrative director
1953-1954: Ernst H. Buschbeck as administrative director
1955-1966: Vincent Oberhammer 1955-1959 as administrative director, from 1959 as first director
1967: Edward Holzmair as managing director
1968-1972: Erwin Auer first director
1973-1981: Friderike Klauner first director
1982-1990: Hermann Fillitz first director
1990: George Kugler as interim first director
1990-2008: Wilfried Seipel as general director
2009-2019: Sabine Haag as general director
2019– : Eike Schmidt (art historian, designated)
Collections
To the Kunsthistorisches Museum are also belonging the collections of the New Castle, the Austrian Theatre Museum in Palais Lobkowitz, the Museum of Ethnology and the Wagenburg (wagon fortress) in an outbuilding of Schönbrunn Palace. A branch office is also Ambras in Innsbruck.
Kunsthistorisches Museum (main building)
Picture Gallery
Egyptian and Near Eastern Collection
Collection of Classical Antiquities
Vienna Chamber of Art
Numismatic Collection
Library
New Castle
Ephesus Museum
Collection of Ancient Musical Instruments
Arms and Armour
Archive
Hofburg
The imperial crown in the Treasury
Imperial Treasury of Vienna
Insignia of the Austrian Hereditary Homage
Insignia of imperial Austria
Insignia of the Holy Roman Empire
Burgundian Inheritance and the Order of the Golden Fleece
Habsburg-Lorraine Household Treasure
Ecclesiastical Treasury
Schönbrunn Palace
Imperial Carriage Museum Vienna
Armory in Ambras Castle
Ambras Castle
Collections of Ambras Castle
Major exhibits
Among the most important exhibits of the Art Gallery rank inter alia:
Jan van Eyck: Cardinal Niccolò Albergati, 1438
Martin Schongauer: Holy Family, 1475-80
Albrecht Dürer : Trinity Altar, 1509-16
Portrait Johann Kleeberger, 1526
Parmigianino: Self Portrait in Convex Mirror, 1523/24
Giuseppe Arcimboldo: Summer 1563
Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio: Madonna of the Rosary 1606/ 07
Caravaggio: Madonna of the Rosary (1606-1607)
Titian: Nymph and Shepherd to 1570-75
Portrait of Jacopo de Strada, 1567/68
Raffaello Santi: Madonna of the Meadow, 1505 /06
Lorenzo Lotto: Portrait of a young man against white curtain, 1508
Peter Paul Rubens: The altar of St. Ildefonso, 1630-32
The Little Fur, about 1638
Jan Vermeer: The Art of Painting, 1665/66
Pieter Bruegel the Elder: Fight between Carnival and Lent, 1559
Kids, 1560
Tower of Babel, 1563
Christ Carrying the Cross, 1564
Gloomy Day (Early Spring), 1565
Return of the Herd (Autumn), 1565
Hunters in the Snow (Winter) 1565
Bauer and bird thief, 1568
Peasant Wedding, 1568/69
Peasant Dance, 1568/69
Paul's conversion (Conversion of St Paul), 1567
Cabinet of Curiosities:
Saliera from Benvenuto Cellini 1539-1543
Egyptian-Oriental Collection:
Mastaba of Ka Ni Nisut
Collection of Classical Antiquities:
Gemma Augustea
Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós
Gallery: Major exhibits
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. During its existence, it was the largest country by area, extending across eleven time zones and sharing borders with twelve countries, and the third-most populous country. An overall successor to the Russian Empire, it was nominally organized as a federal union of national republics, the largest and most populous of which was the Russian SFSR. In practice, its government and economy were highly centralized. As a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, it was a flagship communist state. Its capital and largest city was Moscow.
The Soviet Union's roots lay in the October Revolution of 1917. The new government, led by Vladimir Lenin, established the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR),[z] the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The revolution was not accepted by all within the Russian Republic, resulting in the Russian Civil War. The RSFSR and its subordinate republics were merged into the Soviet Union in 1922. Following Lenin's death in 1924, Joseph Stalin came to power, inaugurating rapid industrialization and forced collectivization that led to significant economic growth but contributed to a famine between 1930 and 1933 that killed millions. The Soviet forced labour camp system of the Gulag was expanded. During the late 1930s, Stalin's government conducted the Great Purge to remove opponents, resulting in mass death, imprisonment, and deportation. In 1939, the USSR and Nazi Germany signed a nonaggression pact, but in 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in the largest land invasion in history, opening the Eastern Front of World War II. The Soviets played a decisive role in defeating the Axis powers, suffering an estimated 27 million casualties, which accounted for most Allied losses. In the aftermath of the war, the Soviet Union consolidated the territory occupied by the Red Army, forming satellite states, and undertook rapid economic development which cemented its status as a superpower.
Geopolitical tensions with the US led to the Cold War. The American-led Western Bloc coalesced into NATO in 1949, prompting the Soviet Union to form its own military alliance, the Warsaw Pact, in 1955. Neither side engaged in direct military confrontation, and instead fought on an ideological basis and through proxy wars. In 1953, following Stalin's death, the Soviet Union undertook a campaign of de-Stalinization under Nikita Khrushchev, which saw reversals and rejections of Stalinist policies. This campaign caused tensions with Communist China. During the 1950s, the Soviet Union expanded its efforts in space exploration and took a lead in the Space Race with the first artificial satellite, the first human spaceflight, the first space station, and the first probe to land on another planet. In 1985, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform the country through his policies of glasnost and perestroika. In 1989, various countries of the Warsaw Pact overthrew their Soviet-backed regimes, and nationalist and separatist movements erupted across the Soviet Union. In 1991, amid efforts to preserve the country as a renewed federation, an attempted coup against Gorbachev by hardline communists prompted the largest republics—Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus—to secede. On December 26, Gorbachev officially recognized the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Boris Yeltsin, the leader of the RSFSR, oversaw its reconstitution into the Russian Federation, which became the Soviet Union's successor state; all other republics emerged as fully independent post-Soviet states.
During its existence, the Soviet Union produced many significant social and technological achievements and innovations. It had the world's second-largest economy and largest standing military. An NPT-designated state, it wielded the largest arsenal of nuclear weapons in the world. As an Allied nation, it was a founding member of the United Nations as well as one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. Before its dissolution, the USSR was one of the world's two superpowers through its hegemony in Eastern Europe, global diplomatic and ideological influence (particularly in the Global South), military and economic strengths, and scientific accomplishments.
Gandhi in the streets of LILLE / FRANCE
flickr.com/groups/constructingcoexistence/
Picture by Olivier Horen :
© 2012 Brad Wetli
Another composition found while exploring Steamboat Rock State Park in Washington State.
The Athlone 10KM and 5KM road races were held in Clonown Village, Co. Roscommon, Ireland on Sunday 28th of April 2013 at 14:30 and 15:00. Clonown is a small townland on the west bank of the River Shannon and is situated about 3 miles south of the town of Athlone. Whilst the townland is almost completely rural it is accessed easily from major routes and towns by the M6 motorway.
This race completely defied the fact that it is only the second year of it's existence. Every aspect of the organisation was professional: from stewarting, registration, start of races exactly on time, car-parking, and post race refreshments. The 10KM route followed an anti-clockwise loop. The race started on the L2035 Togher Road (about 100m from Clonown Centre) and heads towards the old Ballinasloe Rd and back via Creggan with the finish at the Clonown Community Centre. The 5KM run was added this year to provide a managable challenge for people who are following programmes such as Operation Transformation. The 5KM race route follows a meandering around the townland. The race starts at the church in Clonown and head clockwise around the Ballinaculla townland which offers lovely views of the River Shannon. The route then goes to the Drumlosh road and runs for 1.5 km before the roundabout which is the 3km mark. The race then turns around and returns back to the village and finish at Clonown Community Centre. Both races share some of the race route for the Flatline Athlone Half held in September (www.athlonehalfmarathon.com/) which makes the race routes very fast and flat.
Overall Race Summary
Participants: Approximately 400 people took part in both events with runners, joggers, walkers, and families involved.
Weather: This was a wonderfully bright dry afternoon but a very strong wind made difficult running conditions in places.
Course: Very flat accurately measured course on rural roads and bog roadway. There were waterstops provided at various points and by locals along the route. Very well stewarded.
Refreshments: There were lots of refreshments served in the community center aftwards.
Location Map: This is the start/finish area on Google StreetView [goo.gl/maps/W0Hxc]
Some Useful Links
The Clonown area on Google Streetview [goo.gl/maps/W0Hxc]
Facebook Page for the Athlone 10KM Race 2013 www.facebook.com/Athlone10krun?fref=ts
How can I get a full resolution copy of these photographs?
All of the photographs here on this Flickr set have a visible watermark embedded in them. All of the photographs posted here on this Flickr set are available, free, at no cost, at full resolution WITHOUT watermark. We take these photographs as a hobby and as a contribution to the running community in Ireland. We do not know of any other photographers who operate such a policy. Our only "cost" is our request that if you are using these images: (1) on social media sites such as Facebook, Tumblr, Pinterest, Twitter,LinkedIn, Google+, Google Orkut etc or (2) other websites, web multimedia, commercial/promotional material that you provide a link back to our Flickr page to attribute us. This also means the use of these images for Facebook profile pictures. In these cases please make a wall post with a link to our Flickr page. If you do not know how this should be done for Facebook or other media please email us and we will be happy to help suggest how to link to us.
Please email petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com with the links to the photographs you would like to obtain a full resolution copy of. We also ask race organisers, media, etc to ask for permission before use of our images for flyers, posters, etc. We reserve the right to refuse a request.
In summary please remember - all we ask is for you to link back to our Flickr set or Flickr pages. We are not posting photographs to Flickr for commercial reasons. If you really like what we do please spread the link around, send us an email, leave a comment beside the photographs, send us a Flickr email, etc.
I ran the race - but my photograph doesn't appear here in your Flickr set!
As mentioned above we take these photographs as a hobby and as a voluntary contribution to the running community in Ireland. Very often we have actually ran in the same race and then switched to photographer mode after we finished the race. Consequently, we have no obligations to capture a photograph of every participant in the race. However, we do try our very best to capture as many participants as possible. But this is sometimes not possible for a variety of reasons:
You were hidden behind another participant as you passed our camera
Weather or lighting conditions meant that we had some photographs with blurry content which we did not upload to our Flickr set
There were too many people - some races attract thousands of participants and as amateur photographs we cannot hope to capture photographs of everyone
We simply missed you - sorry about that - we did our best!
You can email us petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com to enquire if we have a photograph of you which didn't make the final Flickr selection for the race. But we cannot promise that there will be photograph there. As alternatives we advise you to contact the race organisers to enquire if there were (1) other photographs taking photographs at the race event or if (2) there were professional commercial sports photographers taking photographs which might have some photographs of you available for purchase. You might find some links for further information above.
If you want to contribute something for these images?
We do not charge for these images. We take these photographs as our contribution to the running community in Ireland. If you feel that the image(s) you request are good enough that you would ordinarily pay for their purchase we would suggest that you can provide a donation to any of the great charities in Ireland who do work for Cancer Care or Cancer Research in Ireland.
Don't like your photograph here?
That's OK! We understand!
If, for any reason, you are not happy or comfortable with your picture appearing here in this photoset on Flickr then please email us at petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com and we will remove it as soon as possible.
A man said to the universe:
"Sir I exist!"
"However," replied the universe,
"The fact has not created in me
A sense of obligation."
Stephen Crane