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Answers About the Empire State Building, Part 3
By The New York Times
Mark KingwellMark Kingwell
Following is the final set of answers from Mark Kingwell, the author of “Nearest Thing to Heaven: The Empire State Building and American Dreams.” This week he is answering selected readers’ questions about the history, significance and architecture of the Empire State Building. We are no longer accepting questions for this feature.
Question:
How did it get built so quickly?
— Posted by Mark Curiale
Answer:
Starrett Brothers, the general contractors, executed one of the most impressive construction schedules in history, in large measure because they adopted then cutting-edge time-motion ideas developed by Taylor and Ford. Materials and labor were matched according to rigid guidelines and variance was not tolerated. Workers were supported with food,and other resources high above the ground — for example, lunch stations serving hot meals so they would not need to descend to ground level.
There are a number of good sources that detail this construction, but to me the most interesting are (1) “Building the Empire State,” which is a reproduction of the original notebooks, pages of graph paper painstakingly typed, that guided the site; and (2) Rem Koolhaas’s brilliant book about Manhattan and Coney Island, “Delirious New York,” which is partly preoccupied with the mechanical relentlessness of the schedules creating the building.
Such feats of fast construction still occur, but not in North America. In Shanghai during the last decade, and in Dubai now, one can observe the same unearthly speed. These are, of course, places were labor is cheap and regulation either nonexistent or easily pliable.
Question:
I am interested in any retrofitting the Emp is getting or planning on getting with regards to energy generation and green building techniques. The age and size of the building leads me to believe it must be a massive energy hog and the electrical and HVAC systems outdated and inefficient.
— Posted by Jackson
Answer:
The new renovation is being done to current code, but there is no sign that it is particularly green. But the changes, especially to electrical, should make the building cleaner and more efficient. The changes are also driven by the new target tenants. For years, companies who had elaborate electrical needs, especially with respect to computer equipment and systems unimagined at the time of the building’s construction, were not inclined to consider the building as a home. The new infrastructure is meant to change that.
Question:
The vast majority of landmark buildings seem to be identified by their main tenants or developers — Woolworth’s, The N.Y. Times, Seagrams, AT&T, Hearst, Time Warner, etc., etc. I don’t really know of any flagship tenants in the E.S.B. now or then — who occupies the building now, and what occupants of note have there been in the past?
— Posted by PJ
Answer:
The building has seen every kind of tenant, from actual private eyes in the Philip Marlowe mode and small garment and jewelry companies to insurance firms and charities. One of my favorite tenants, in part because a friend of mine works there, is the New York Foundation, which endows money to city-based projects. Visiting their office one day, I was shown a faded ink record of a $10,000 grant made to Dr. Albert Einstein on Feb. 23, 1934. That was one reason I included in my book a photo of Einstein, taken on the Observation Deck, him gazing upward quizzically. It might have been the day he got his check!
But you’re right that there has never been a signature tenant, nor one who occupied any significant chunk of the available space. The Times recently ran this story about changes resulting from the refitting.
As highlighted there, some of the shiny new tenants, leasing a whole floor or more, are: BBG-BBGM, an architectural firm; Taylor, a public relations firm; Funaro, accountants; and Skanska, a Swedish engineering company. The perfume company Coty Inc. has taken almost two floors.
Question:
My grandfather purportedly maintained an office in the building that was replaced by the E.S.B. Do you know where I could obtain a photo of the E.S.B. predecessor?
— Posted by Bill
Answer:
The photo archive where you can view this was linked in another question. The Empire State’s immediate predecessor was the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, which was re-established on Park Avenue in Midtown. The Fifth Avenue site had been owned by the Astor family, and the Waldorf-Astoria was the combination of two separate hotels opened by rival interests within the family. I detail some of this history in my book: contestation over the site, and family conflicts about whether to stay or demolish and move the hotel to a more impressive location, were enabling conditions of the Empire State going up. The present Waldorf-Astoria, itself a grand 47-story Art Deco pile completed in 1931, was a sort of by-product of the Empire State.
Thus, a very New York story. All cities witness change on their various sites, individual buildings coming and going. But the combined forces of money, ambition and population, constrained and forced by the limits of small, gridded Manhattan, make for a superheated architectural atmosphere. It was those conditions, plus the new developments in steel and concrete, that generated the skyscraper as a form: the first vertebrate, rather than crustacean, buildings, as one critic phrased it.
The Swiss architect Le Corbusier, who had imagined sleek towers, was disappointed when he first visited New York: the tall buildings were less gleaming spires than a dark forest. But the Empire State, in part because of its formal beauty and relative isolation from rivals, but also because of its gathering resonances of Americanness, cannot be dismissed so easily. The title of my book, taken from the Cary Grant-Deborah Kerr weepie “An Affair to Remember,” suggests we can’t get any nearer to heaven than at its summit. I’m not sure about that, but I am sure it is my favorite building in the world.
Title: Chapel erected by Austrian Government on Hill of the Bells where Maximilian was executed June 19 - 1867 - Queretaro.
Creator: Unknown
Date: 1902
Part Of: Tourist album: Mexico, Arizona, California, Colorado and Utah
Place: Santiago de Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico
Description: This is one of 287 photographs in an album entitled, 'Tourist Album: Mexico, Arizona, California, Colorado and Utah.'
Physical Description: 1 photographic print: gelatin silver, part of 1 album (287 gelatin silver prints); 10 x 13 cm on 28 x 35 cm mount
File: ag2000_1304_34a_2_opt.jpg
Rights: Please cite DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University when using this file. A high-resolution version of this file may be obtained for a fee. For details see the sites.smu.edu/cul/degolyer/research/permissions/ web page. For other information, contact degolyer@smu.edu.
For more information and to view in high resolution, see: digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/mex/id/2394
View the Mexico: Photographs, Manuscripts, and Imprints Collection
CBP officers from the Office of Field Operations and agents from the U.S. Border Patrol and Air and Marine Operations execute a planned readiness exercise at the San Ysidro Port of Entry. The exercise is designed to evaluate readiness and assess the capabilities of CBP facilities to make necessary preparations. November 22, 2018. CBP photo by Shawn Moore.
CBP officers from the Office of Field Operations and agents from the U.S. Border Patrol and Air and Marine Operations execute a planned readiness exercise at the San Ysidro Port of Entry. The exercise is designed to evaluate readiness and assess the capabilities of CBP facilities to make necessary preparations. November 22, 2018. CBP photo by Shawn Moore.
Greater Manchester Police has launched a pre-Christmas crackdown on crime.
Over the next month police will execute 12 high-profile days of action as part of a pre-emptive strike on criminals who spread misery in the run up to Christmas.
The operation – codenamed Bauble – will see more than 800 officers over the 12 days tackling a range of offences including burglary, domestic abuse and criminality on the roads.
A day of action will be held on each of GMP’s 12 divisions, including the Airport.
Local officers will be supported by special constables and specialist units including traffic, mounted officers, tactical aid units, dog handlers and intercept ANPR teams.
Superintendent Craig Thompson from Specialist Operations said: “Operation Bauble sends a very clear warning to offenders that we will not be winding down for Christmas and letting them go on their merry way.
“Over the next month we will be holding a series of high-profile days of action aimed at disrupting criminal activities and keeping the good people of Greater Manchester safe during the festive period.
“Using officers and specialist units from across the force, we intend on blitzing crime and stopping offenders in their tracks so that the only Christmas they’ll be looking forward to is with us.”
Follow #OpBauble on twitter for live updates from the operation.
To find out more about Greater Manchester Police please visit our website.
You should call 101, the new national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
You can also call anonymously with information about crime to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111.
Poorly executed (shoulda paid more attention to lining up the lights in a pattern) but I laughed when I saw it on the computer and that's good enough for me.
Police have today executed a number of warrants as part of an investigation into a disturbance in Oldham.
This morning (Wednesday 27 November 2019) officers visited 14 properties across Oldham and Crumpsall as well as a property in West Yorkshire.
Warrants were executed at Oldham and Crumpsall
13 men aged between 15 and 40 years of age were arrested on suspicion of violent disorder.
The action comes as part of Operation Woodville – a long-running investigation into serious public disorder occurring on Saturday 18 May 2019 in the Limeside area of Oldham.
As part of ongoing enquiries, police have released the images of (26) people that they want to speak to.
Chief Superintendent Neil Evans of GMP’s Territorial Commander with responsibility for Oldham said: “As the scale of this morning’s operation demonstrates, we continue to treat May’s disturbance with the upmost seriousness.
“We have been in liaison with the Crown Prosecution Service since the early stages of the investigation and a team of detectives has been working to identify those whose criminal behaviour resulted in the ugly scenes witnessed.
“Investigators have been working alongside key local partners as part of our extensive enquiries. Specialist detectives from our Major Investigations Team as well as local officers have been involved in hours of work assessing evidence and information received from the public.
“While we have made a number of arrests, our enquiries remain very much ongoing.
“In conjunction with this morning’s positive action, we have released a number of images of people who we want to speak to concerning their actions on 18 May 2019.
“As we have previously said, we understand and respect the right to peaceful protest and counter-protest. However we will not tolerate it when this crosses into criminal behaviour.
“Accordingly, we can and will respond when that line is crossed.
“It remains a line of enquiry that a number of those who were involved with the disorder had travelled to Oldham from outside Greater Manchester.
“As such, we are continuing to liaise with our partners in neighbouring forces.
“I’d like to take this opportunity to thank those who have already been in touch with officers.
“We must continue to work together as a community and support the justice process so that criminal behaviour is appropriately and proportionately challenged.”
Information can be left with police on 0161 856 6551 or the independent charity Crimestoppers, anonymously, on 0800 555 111.
Zum Gedenken an die hier während der NS-Zeit aus politischen Gründen hingerichteten Frauen und Männer (in memoriam to the here during the Nazi era for political reasons executed women and men)
Vienna Regional Court for Criminal Matters
The Vienna Regional Court for Criminal Matters (colloquially referred to as "landl" (Landesgericht)) is one of 20 regional courts in Austria and the largest court in Austria. It is located in the 8th District of Vienna, Josefstadt, at the Landesgerichtsstraße 11. It is a court of first respectively second instance. A prisoners house, the prison Josefstadt, popularly often known as the "Grey House" is connected.
Court Organization
In this complex there are:
the Regional Court for Criminal Matters Vienna,
the Vienna District Attorney (current senior prosecutor Maria-Luise Nittel)
the Jurists association-trainee lawer union (Konzipientenverband) and
the largest in Austria existing court house jail, the Vienna Josefstadt prison.
The Regional Criminal Court has jurisdiction in the first instance for crimes and offenses that are not pertain before the district court. Depending on the severity of the crime, there is a different procedure. Either decides
a single judge,
a senate of lay assessors
or the jury court.
In the second instance, the District Court proceeds appeals and complaints against judgments of district courts. A three-judge Court decides here whether the judgment is canceled or not and, if necessary, it establishes a new sentence.
The current President Friedrich Forsthuber is supported by two Vice Presidents - Henriette Braitenberg-Zennenberg and Eve Brachtel.
In September 2012, the following data have been published
Austria's largest court
270 office days per year
daily 1500 people
70 judges, 130 employees in the offices
5300 proceedings (2011) for the custodial judges and legal protection magistrates, representing about 40 % of the total Austrian juridical load of work
over 7400 procedures at the trial judges (30 % of the total Austrian juridical load of work)
Prosecution with 93 prosecutors and 250 employees
19,000 cases against 37,000 offenders (2011 )
Josefstadt prison with 1,200 inmates (overcrowded)
History
1839-1918
The original building of the Vienna Court House, the so-called civil Schranne (corn market), was from 1440 to 1839 located at the Hoher Markt 5. In 1773 the Schrannenplatz was enlarged under Emperor Joseph II and the City Court and the Regional Court of the Viennese Magistrate in this house united. From this time it bore the designation "criminal court".
Due to shortcomings of the prison rooms in the Old Court on Hoher Markt was already at the beginning of the 19th Century talk of building a new crime courthouse, but this had to be postponed because of bankruptcy in 1811.
In 1816 the construction of the criminal court building was approved. Although in the first place there were voices against a construction outside the city, as building ground was chosen the area of the civil Schießstätte (shooting place) and the former St. Stephanus-Freithofes in then Alservorstadt (suburb); today, in this part Josefstadt. The plans of architect Johann Fischer were approved in 1831, and in 1832 was began with the construction, which was completed in 1839. On 14 May 1839 was held the first meeting of the Council.
Provincial Court at the Landesgerichtsstraße between November 1901 and 1906
Johann Fischer fell back in his plans to Tuscan early Renaissance palaces as the Pitti Palace or Palazzo Pandolfini in Florence. The building was erected on a 21,872 m² plot with a length of 223 meters. It had two respectively three floors (upper floors), the courtyard was divided into three wings, in which the prisoner's house stood. In addition, a special department for the prison hospital (Inquisitenspital ) and a chapel were built.
The Criminal Court of Vienna was from 1839 to 1850 a city court which is why the Vice Mayor of Vienna was president of the criminal courts in civil and criminal matters at the same time. In 1850 followed the abolition of municipal courts. The state administration took over the Criminal Court on 1 Juli 1850. From now on, it had the title "K.K. Country's criminal court in Vienna".
1851, juries were introduced. Those met in the large meeting hall, then as now, was on the second floor of the office wing. The room presented a double height space (two floors). 1890/1891 followed a horizontal subdivision. Initially, the building stood all alone there. Only with the 1858 in the wake of the demolition of the city walls started urban expansion it was surrounded by other buildings.
From 1870 to 1878, the Court experienced numerous conversions. Particular attention was paid to the tract that connects directly to the Alserstraße. On previously building ground a three-storey arrest tract and the Jury Court tract were built. New supervened the "Neutrakt", which presented a real extension and was built three respectively four storied. From 1873 on, executions were not executed publicly anymore but only in the prison house. The first execution took place on 16 December 1876 in the "Galgenhof" (gallow courtyard), the accused were hanged there on the Würgegalgen (choke gallow).
By 1900 the prisoners house was extended. In courtyard II of the prison house kitchen, laundry and workshop buildings and a bathing facility for the prisoners were created. 1906/1907 the office building was enlarged. The two-storied wing tract got a third and three-storied central section a fourth floor fitted.
1918-1938
In the early years of the First Republic took place changes of the court organization. Due to the poor economy and the rapid inflation, the number of cases and the number of inmates rose sharply. Therefore, it was in Vienna on 1 October 1920 established a second Provincial Court, the Regional Court of Criminal Matters II Vienna, as well as an Expositur of the prisoner house at Garnisongasse.
One of the most important trials of the interwar period was the shadow village-process (Schattendorfprozess - nomen est omen!), in which on 14th July 1927, the three defendants were acquitted. In January 1927 front fighters had shot into a meeting of the Social Democratic Party of Austria, killing two people. The outrage over the acquittal was great. At a mass demonstration in front of the Palace of Justice on 15th July 1927, which mainly took place in peaceful manner, invaded radical elements in the Palace of Justice and set fire ( Fire of the Palace Justice), after which the overstrained police preyed upon peaceful protesters fleeing from the scene and caused many deaths.
The 1933/1934 started corporate state dictatorship had led sensational processes against their opponents: examples are the National Socialists processes 1934 and the Socialists process in 1936 against 28 "illegal" socialists and two Communists, in which among others the later leaders Bruno Kreisky and Franz Jonas sat on the dock.
Also in 1934 in the wake of the February Fights and the July Coup a series of processes were carried out by summary courts and military courts. Several ended with death sentences that were carried out by hanging in "Galgenhof" of the district court .
1938-1945
The first measures the Nazis at the Regional Criminal Court after the "Anschluss" of Austria to the German Reich in 1938 had carried out, consisted of the erection of a monument to ten Nazis, during the processes of the events in July 1934 executed, and of the creation of an execution space (then space 47 C, today consecration space where 650 names of resistance fighters are shown) with a guillotine supplied from Berlin (then called device F, F (stands for Fallbeil) like guillotine).
During the period of National Socialism were in Vienna Regional Court of 6 December 1938 to 4th April 1945 1.184 persons executed. Of those, 537 were political death sentences against civilians, 67 beheadings of soldiers, 49 war-related offenses, 31 criminal cases. Among those executed were 93 women in all age groups, including a 16-year-old girl and a 72-year-old woman who had both been executed for political reasons.
On 30 June 1942 were beheaded ten railwaymen from Styria and Carinthia, who were active in the resistance. On 31 July 1943, 31 people were beheaded in an hour, a day later, 30. The bodies were later handed over to the Institute of Anatomy at the University of Vienna and remaining body parts buried later without a stir at Vienna's Central Cemetery in shaft graves. To thein the Nazi era executed, which were called "Justifizierte" , belonged the nun Maria Restituta Kafka and the theology student Hannsgeorg Heintschel-Heinegg.
The court at that time was directly subordinated to the Ministry of Justice in Berlin.
1945-present
The A-tract (Inquisitentrakt), which was destroyed during a bombing raid in 1944 was built in the Second Republic again. This was also necessary because of the prohibition law of 8 May 1945 and the Criminal Law of 26 June 1945 courts and prisons had to fight with an overcrowding of unprecedented proportions.
On 24 March 1950, the last execution took place in the Grey House. Women murderer Johann Trnka had two women attacked in his home and brutally murdered, he had to bow before this punishment. On 1 July 1950 the death penalty was abolished in the ordinary procedure by Parliament. Overall, occured in the Regionl Court of Criminal Matters 1248 executions. In 1967, the execution site was converted into a memorial.
In the early 1980s, the building complex was revitalized and expanded. The building in the Florianigasse 8, which previously had been renovated, served during this time as an emergency shelter for some of the departments. In 1994, the last reconstruction, actually the annex of the courtroom tract, was completed. In 2003, the Vienna Juvenile Court was dissolved as an independent court, iIts agendas were integrated in the country's criminal court.
Prominent processes since 1945, for example, the Krauland process in which a ÖVP (Österreichische Volkspartei - Austrian People's Party) minister was accused of offenses against properties, the affair of the former SPÖ (Sozialistische Partei Österreichs - Austrian Socialist Party) Minister and Trade Unions president Franz Olah, whose unauthorized financial assistance resulted in a newspaper establishment led to conviction, the murder affairs Sassak and the of the Lainzer nurses (as a matter of fact, auxiliary nurses), the consumption (Konsum - consumer cooporatives) process, concerning the responsibility of the consumer Manager for the bankruptcy of the company, the Lucona proceedings against Udo Proksch, a politically and socially very well- networked man, who was involved in an attempted insurance fraud, several people losing their lives, the trial of the Nazi Holocaust denier David Irving for Wiederbetätigung (re-engagement in National Socialist activities) and the BAWAG affair in which it comes to breaches of duty by bank managers and vanished money.
Presidents of the Regional Court for Criminal Matters in Vienna since 1839 [edit ]
Josef Hollan (1839-1844)
Florian Philipp (1844-1849)
Eduard Ritter von Wittek (1850-1859)
Franz Ritter von Scharschmied (1859-1864)
Franz Ritter von Boschan (1864-1872)
Franz Josef Babitsch (1873-1874)
Joseph Ritter von Weitenhiller (1874-1881)
Franz Schwaiger (1881-1889)
Eduard Graf Lamezan -Salins (1889-1895)
Julius von Soos (1895-1903)
Paul von Vittorelli (1903-1909)
Johann Feigl (1909-1918)
Karl Heidt (1918-1919)
Ludwig Altmann (1920-1929)
Emil Tursky (1929-1936)
Philipp Charwath (1936-1938)
Otto Nahrhaft (1945-1950)
Rudolf Naumann (1951-1954)
Wilhelm Malaniu (1955-1963)
Johann Schuster (1963-1971)
Konrad Wymetal (1972-1976)
August Matouschek (1977-1989)
Günter Woratsch (1990-2004)
Ulrike Psenner (2004-2009)
Friedrich Forsthuber (since 2010)
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesgericht_f%C3%BCr_Strafsachen_...
Logic Vision Collective & Digital Alchemists present The Ritual: Gathering of the Tribes @ Chutes de Sainte Agathe Lotbiniere, Quebec, Canada August 16-19, 2013
Photos by Kyle Rober
The Ritual: The Xperience 2014:
www.facebook.com/events/415497831904495/
Links:
The Ritual 2013:
www.facebook.com/events/431476333570283
Logic Vision Collective:
www.logicvisioncollective.com/
www.facebook.com/groups/logicvisionrecs
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"How to I anchor these experiences and solidify these changes when I leave the forest?" And that brings me full circle back to my art practice and the question of the art object. Every festival does this for me, but every once in a while there is a festival space that goes so far to the core of my being, that it transcends everything I held to be true, and everything changes for me. This year The Ritual did that for me. '' J.S ((( )))
jodisharp-inprocess.blogspot.ca/2013/09/the-ritual-and-ho...
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The DIGITAL ALCHEMISTS are proud to present:
THE RITUAL: Gathering of the Tribes 2013. Where the paths of Mysticism, Spirituality & Consciousness meet... Let's Bring Back our Sacred Rituals !
☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯
Every year, a number of festivals are celebrated in the world. These festivals are looked forward to, for many, with a lot of enthusiasm.
Although these festivals, different kinds of rituals are performed (with utmost care), and provide you mystical experiences.
☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯
PROLOGUE :
Focused around a central element, throughout the gathering, there is a sacred container being collectively created and held, in collaboration with the Native peoples who have honored us with the use of their land.
We believe in the healing potential of intentional gatherings.
We have dedicated our lives for facilitating these opportunities for a collective evolution.
Our mission : to create the perfect transformation into Peace, Unity and Global Respect...
☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯
4 days Open-Air Festival
International Music acts
International Deco concept
More info coming soon...
Pono Pono
☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯
Logic Vision Collective est fier de vous présenter :
La Réunion des Tribus 2013
☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯
Chaque année, un certain nombre de festivals sont célébrés dans le monde. Ces réunions sont organisés avec beaucoup de respect et sont attendus, pour beaucoup, avec enthousiasme. Ils sont exécutés avec un soin extrême pour vous offrir une expérience psychedelique mystique unique.
☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯
PROLOGUE :
Autour d'un conteneur sacré est centré un élément, créé et collectivement gardé avec les Peuples autochtones, nous ayant honorés de l'usage de leur terre.
Nous croyons aux guérisons et au potentiel des intentions.
Nous consacrons nos vies à faciliter ces réunions, pour l'évolution collective.
Notre mission : créer une transformation parfaite dans la Paix, l'Union et le Respect Global...
☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯
4 Jours de Festival en Plein-Air
Artistes internationaux
Concept Déco international
Bientôt d'autres nouvelles...
O Pono Pono
☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯
International Artists:
✔ PSYKOVSKY live! (Osom Music - Russia) - Psychedelia
✔ KASHYYYK live! (Kamino recs - Mexico) - Hitech Psychedelic Trance
✔ INSECTOR live! (Kamino recs - Hungary) - Hitech Psychedelic Trance
✔ ENICHKIN live! (Mind Expension - D-A-R-K recs - Russia) - Psychedelic Trance & Psydub
✔ VENSKER Djset! (Kamino recs - D-A-R-K rec | Mexico) ::: Hitech Psytrance
✔ PRIMORDIAL OOZE live+djset (Anti-shanti recs | D-A-R-K recs- USA) ::: Psytrance
✔ LUNECELL live+djset+Vjset (Occulta recs - USA) ::: Psychedelia
✔ AXIS MUNDI live! (Touch Samadhi - USA) :::: Psychedelic trance
✔ DOG OF TEARS live! (Active Meditation Music - USA) ::: Psychedelic trance
✔ MANIPULATION live! (Kinematic recs - USA)) ::: Psychedelic
✔ BRANDON ADAMS (Bom Shanka Music/Free Radical Recs/SYNC/Dreamcatcher - USA)::: Psychedelic
✔ THE HIPPIE DISCO PROJECT live! (D-A-R-K recs - USA)::: Groovadelic Circuit Bending
✔ RICCO MAZZER (Uroborous recs -Brazil) ::: Darkprog
✔ MISSKEY DJSET! (Arkona Creation - United Kingdom) ::: Psygressive
✔ Z3NKAI Djset! (PSYNON records - Switzerland)::: Psychedelic
✔ HARDKOR NATE live+djset ( Spacecamp Psyfari, Denver USA] ::: Psychedelic Trance
✔ ASCENSION LIVE+DJSET [Chilluminati, Spacecamp Psyfari, Denver USA] ::: Psychedelic Trance
✔ DEFTSPANK live! (D-A-R-K recs - Venezuela)::: Darkpsy
:::::::::::::::::::::::
Local Heros
Live-Acts:
✔ 1,618 live! (Montreal) ::: Progressive Psytrance
✔ ATHERIA live! (Geomagnetic recs - Toronto) ::: Progressive
✔ AURA live! (Aura Music - Montreal) ::: Psydub
✔ DUGONG LIVE ! (FEATURING SPECIAL GUESTS) Tom Lemann & Logan Hollow (BELLYOFTHEWHALECTRONICA inc. - Montreal) ::: Tribal Minimalism
✔ DER DENKER live! (Concepto Hypnotico - Montreal)::: Dark Minimal
✔ Dr STRANGEFUNK live! (Werk It Music - St Jerome) ::: Zenonesque
✔ FLORIAN MSK live! (Concepto Hypnotico - Montreal) ::: Dark Minimal
✔ KLOUD NIN9 live! (Glitchy Tonic - Montreal) ::: ProgDark
✔ SOURSWEET live! (Logic Vision recs - Montreal) ::: Psysufi
✔ SPACEY KOALA live! (Logic Vision recs - Montreal) ::: Psytrance
✔ UBER live! (Indy - Montreal) ::: Progressive
✔ VIRTUAL LIGHT live (Prism Code - Montreal) ::: Psytrance
✔ ZENTRIX live! (Digital Mind recs - Montreal) ::: Zenonesque
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DJsets
✔ ALAKAZOO (Logic Vision - Samsara Festival) ::: Darkprog
✔ ALIEN RAINFOREST (Ajnavision recs- Ottawa) ::: Psydub
✔ AKSHOBHYA (Logic Vision - Montreal) ::: Psytrance
✔ ANIMA vs NTSHANTI (OuI-R1 - Montreal) ::: Psyprog
✔ BANJANKRI (Organic Family - Toronto) ::: Forest Le Pendu
✔ BENDALA (Space Gathering - Montreal)
✔ CODE-AMA (Logic Vision - Montreal) ::: Dark Grooves
✔ DIRTY HARRY (St Jerome) ::: Zenonesque
✔ EFFLUX (Montreal) ::: DMTechno
✔ ELVIRA (Osiris Collective - Montreal) ::: Forest Psytrance
✔ FIELD EQUATION (Montreal) ::: Chillstep
✔ G-PI (Techno Agricole - Montreal) ::: Psyprog
✔ JOEL MCDUFF (OUIR1 - Montreal) ::: Progressive
✔ KHALIL (Speakeasy - Montreal) ::: Electroswing Balkan
✔ KOALUNA (Logic Vision - Montreal) ::: Troglodyte Psytrance
✔ KISS of VENUS (New York) ::: Psychedelic Techno
✔ KRIKKITT (Osiris prods - Montreal) ::: Psydub
✔ MACHINELF (Timewave Productions, Om Reunion Project-Toronto) ::: Progressive Psytrance
✔ MOHINIA (Logic Vision - Montreal) ::: Psytrance
✔ MYTHROPHAN (Toronto) ::: Progressive
✔ MYKUL ELF (Organic Family - ToMontrealronto) ::: Psybass
✔ NAAZ djset (D.A.R.K recs - Montreal) ::: psychedelic trance
✔ NAINITA (Logic Vision - Quebec) ::: Forest Psytrance
✔ NIKOCH (Montreal) ::: Native Tribal Trance
✔ NIKOLI Djset (Outer World Prods, Manifesting Magic festival - Ottawa) ::; Progressive
✔ NISMO (Cyberloft - Montreal) ::: Progressive
✔ OBSIDIAN (Logic Vision - Ottawa) ::: Psydub
✔ OGICHIDA (Organic Family - Toronto) ::: Forest
✔ OTKUN djset (kamino recs - Montreal) ::: Forest Hitech
✔ PLAN B (Shakti Collective - Toronto) ::: Psytrance
✔ PRANAPAPA (Logic Vision - Quebec) ::: Ethno Trance
✔ PSYBERTH (Openmind Festival - Can) ::: Psybass
✔ PYROTRICH (Logic Vision - Montreal) ::: Forest Psytrance
✔ RED ELECTRIC EARTH (Love Project - Montreal) ::: Progressive
✔ RON JON (Logic Vision - Ottawa) ::: Psytrance
✔ SABI NON STOP (Tatanka fest - Montreal) ::: Psydub
✔ SARA DOPSTAR (Kosmic Juice, Toronto) ::: Psyprog
✔ SHANGO (Logic Vision - Quebec) ::: Dakrpsy
✔ SPOONANI (Pounjah - Quebec) ::: Drum & Bass
✔ SYNTHETIK (Prism Code - Montreal) ::: Psytrance
✔ TRANSISCO (Om Project - Toronto) ::: Morning Psy
✔ WARRIORS (Big Tooth - Montreal) ::: Deep BASS
✔ XONICA (Logic Vision rec - Toronto) ::: Psychedelic Trance
✔ YGRIEGA (Sourcecode | OUI R1 - Montreal) ::: Psyprog
✔ ZAGA (Cosmic Juice - Toronto) ::: Progressive
::::::::
Deco Artists:
✔ WIZART VISIONS (USA) ::: Decoration
WizArt Visions is a visionary art project of New York based artist Olga Klimova and her team dedicated to creating an intense mind-opening visual environment for events.
www.facebook.com/pages/WizArt-Visions/444814318878170
✔ ORGANIC FAMILY (CAN) ::: DECO
✔ CESAR AR (CAN) ::: Visionnary ARt
✔ MYRKO (CAN) ::: Visionnary ARt
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯
SERVICES
----------------------------------------
- Restaurant végétarien et méditerranéen / Vegetarian and mediterranean restaurant
- Kiosque de jus frais & Tchai / Fresh juice stand & Tchai
- Plage et baignade sur le site / Beach and swimming on the site
- Toilettes / WC
- Camping gratuit / Free camping
- Sécurité professionnelle et amicale sur le site / Professionnal and friendly security on the site.
REGLEMENT / REGULATION
---------------------------------------------
- Respectez l’environnement / Respect the environment
- Aucun objet en verre sur le site / No glass on the site
- Les feux sont interdits / Fires are forbidden
- Baignade interdite la nuit / No swimming at night
- Aucun animal domestique sur le site / Pets are not allowed on the site
- Aucun système de son indépendant ne sera toléré sur le site / Independant sound systems will be not tolerated on the site.
MERCI DE BIEN VOULOIR RESPECTER CES REGLES ! ...
THANK YOU FOR RESPECTING THOSE RULES ! ...
☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯
The INDIAN MARKET !
The Ritual Festival will offer a wide assortment of food/drink, crafts, and other vendors throughout the Festival site.
Le RItuel Festival vous offrira un assortiment très large de restaurants ainsi qu'une variété de kiosques nous proposants des produits d'ici et d'ailleurs
please email us at: theritual.festival@gmail.com
☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯
。ॐ。*。ॐ。
ॐ。＼｜／。ॐ
--- PEACE ---
ॐ。／｜＼。ॐ
。ॐ。*。ॐ
With open minds and adventurous souls, there will always be sounds to move to and beats to feel.
We hope you are as excited as we are !
Avec l'esprit ouvert et aventureux, il y aura toujours des rythmes pour vous faire bouger et des musiques à ressentir.
Nous espérons que vous êtes aussi enthousiasmés que nous le sommes !
Info Contact : theritual.festival@gmail.com
COLLABORATORS & SPONSORS
Digital-Audio-Records-Kompany
Cybeloft
Kamino records
Tantruum recs
MAIA Brazil records
Osom records
Glitchy Tonic records
Organic FamilyThe DIgital ALchemists
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Timetables
Galactic Portal:
Vendredi / Friday
18:00 XONICA ::: OPENING Ceremony
19:00 Krikkitt djset :: Psychedelic
20:30 Pyrotrich djset ::: Forest Psychedelic Trance
22:00 Mohinia djset ::: Psychedelic
23:30 Shango & Nainita ::: Forest Psy
Samedi / Saturday
01:00 CAUSAI (Vancouver) ::: Psytrance
02:30 PREGAKORE (Portugal) ::: Psychedelic
04:00 VENSKER Djset! (USA) ::: Psychedelic
05:30 AXIS MUNDI live! (USA) ::: Psychedelic
07:00 Virtual Light djset ::: Morning Psy
08:30 HIPPIE DISCO live ! (USA) ::: Morning FUnky
10:00 SPACEY KOALA live :::Funky Psytrance
11:00 MISSKEY djset! (UK) ::: Progressive Trance
12:30 ATHERIA live ! (Toronto) ::: Psytrance
01:30 Dr Strangefunk live! ::: Zenonesque
02:30 Zentrix live!::: Zenonesque
03:30 Ygriega ::: Progressive Trance
05:00 KLOUD Nin9 live! ::: darkprog OTEZUKA (France) :::: Progressive
06:00 RICCO MAZZER live! (Brazil) ::: Zenonesque
07:30 FRACTAL PHONO (USA) ::: Zenonesque
09:00 LUNECELL live! (USA) ::: Psychedelic
10:30 Otkun (Montreal) ::: Psychedelic Moon
Dimanche / Sunday
00:00 KASHYYYK live! (MEXICO) ::: Hitech
03:00 INSECTOR live! (HUNGARY) ::: Hitech
06:00 PRIMORDIAL OOZE live!(USA) ::: Psychedelic
08:30 BRANDON ADAMS (USA) :: Full Power
10:00 MANIPULATION live (USA) ::: Morning
11:30 HARDKOR NATE djset (USA) ::: Psytrance
13:00 ASCENTION liveset (USA) ::: Psytrance
14:00 A.C. LYON live! (USA) ::: Psychedelic
15:30 Dugong live! ::: Dark Tribal Minimalism
17:00 Florian live! ::: Dark Minimal
18:00 Der Denker ::: Dark Minimal
20:00 Anima vs Nt Shanti ::: Psygressive
21:30 Akshobhya ::: Psychedelic
23:00 Plan B ::: Psychedelic
Lundi / Monday
00:30 DEFTSPANK live (Venezuela) ::: Psychedelic
01:30 Ogichida vs Banjankari::: Forest Psytrance
03:00 PSYKOVSKY live ! (Russia)::: Psychedelic
07:30 DOG OF TEARS live! (USA) ::: Psychedelic
09:30 NAAZ ::: Psychedelic
11:00 CODE-AMA ::: Psychedelic
12:30 RONJON ::: Psychedelic
14:00 OTEZUKA ::: Psyprog
16:00 The DIGITAL ALCHEMISTS ::: CLOSING
Dream Catcher Portal
Friday / Vendredi:
08:00 Zaga (Toronto) ::: Dark Minimal
10:00 MAJESTER (British COlumbia) ::
Saturday / Samedi:
00:00 Elvira ::: Hitech
01:30 Koaluna ::: forestpsy
03:00 Play Different live! (Toronto) ::: Psytrance
04:30 Synthetik ::: psytrance
06:00 MACHINE ELF (Toronto) ::: Psy trance
08:00 MYTHROPHAN (Toronto) ::: Progressive Trance
10:00 TRANCISCO (Toronto) ::: Progressive Psytrance
12:00 Glitch (Quebec) :: Progressive
01:30 Red ELectric Earth ::: Progresive
03:00 G-Pi ::: Minimal
04:30 Uber live! ::: Progressive
06:00 Nismo & Franky-Owl::: Progressive
07:30 Alakazoo ::: Psyprog
09:00 SARA DOPSTAR (Toronto) ::: Progressive
11:00 1,618 live! :: Psytech
Sunday / Dimanche
00:30 ZENKAI ::: Psytrance
02h30 SPOONANI vs ZENTRIX ::: Progressive
04:00 FLICKER LIGHT (Brazil) ::: Progressive
05:30 Efflux ::: Minimal
07:00 Dirty Harry ::: Zenonesque
08:30 Joel Mac Duff ::: Progressive
10:30 AURA live! (Portugal) ::: Psybient
12:00 KHALIL ::: Gypsy PsyDub
02:00 KATNIP (British Columbia) ::: Psybreaks
03:30 NIKOLI (Ottawa) ::: Temple Step
05:00 SOURSWEET live!::: IDM
07:00 LUNECELL djset! ::: Temple Step
09:00 OBSIDIAN (Ottawa) ::: Temple Step
Monday / Lundi
00:00 SPOONANI (Quebec) ::: DnB
01:30 Pranapapa ::: Progressive Dub
03:00 Psyberth djset :: Progressive Dub
04:30 KISSofVenus (USA) ::: Minimalism
06:00 RED ELECTRICH ::: Zenonesque
07:30 Transurfer ::: Progressive
09:00 Sabi Non STop ::: Psydub
10:30 Bendala ::: Psybass
12:00 MAYA EFF ::: PsyBass
END OF THE VORTEX _/\_ AHO
Officers investigating the recent spate of firearms discharges in Salford have executed a series of warrants in Little Hulton and Eccles.
In the early hours of this morning, Friday 16 October 2015, officers from Greater Manchester Police’s Salford Division searched nine properties throughout the division in the hunt for firearms linked to the recent shootings in the area.
The warrants were executed as part of a Project Gulf operation designed to tackle organised crime. Gulf is part of Programme Challenger, the Greater Manchester approach to tackling organised criminality across the region.
Seven men and one woman have been arrested on suspicion of a number of offences, ranging from possession with intent to supply to handling stolen goods.
A significant amount of Class A and Class B drugs were seized as part of the operation, though no firearms were found.
Detective Inspector Alan Clitherow said: “This series of warrants are just one element of the continuing and relentless operation being orchestrated to tackle organised crime gangs in Salford.
“They came about as a result of the on-going investigation into the recent spate of firearms discharges in Salford, including the horrific attack of young Christian Hickey and his mother Jayne.
“We wanted to show our communities that we are leaving no stone unturned in the hunt for those responsible for the abhorrent attack on an innocent child and his mother, and that we will not stand for the spate of shootings taking place on our streets in recent weeks.
“But there is still more to do and, as with any fight against organised crime groups embedded in our city, we need residents to come to us with information so we can put a stop to this criminality.
“There has been much said about people breaking this wall of silence in Salford, and once again I urge people to search their consciences and please come forward.
“You could provide the information that may help prevent any further innocent lives being touched by this senseless violence, and prevent further children being injured by thugs that many people within Salford seem so intent on protecting.
“I want to stress that if you come forward with what you know, we can offer you complete anonymity and I assure you that you will have our full support. Or if you don’t feel you can talk to police but you have information, you can speak to Crimestoppers anonymously.”
A dedicated information hotline has been set up on 0161 856 9775, or people can also pass information on by calling 101, or the independent charity, Crimestoppers, anonymously on 0800 555 111.
OFFENSE
Peyton ManningQBKurt Warner
Thomas JonesRBAdrian Peterson
Le'Ron McClainFBMike Sellers
Andre JohnsonWRLarry Fitzgerald
Brandon MarshallWRAnquan Boldin
Tony GonzalezTEJason Witten
Jason Peters*OTJordan Gross
Joe ThomasOTWalter Jones*
Alan FanecaOGSteve Hutchinson
Kris DielmanOGChris Snee
Kevin Mawae*CAndre Gurode
DEFENSE
Mario WilliamsDEJulius Peppers
Dwight FreeneyDEJustin Tuck
Albert HaynesworthDTKevin Williams
Kris JenkinsDTJay Ratliff
James HarrisonOLBDeMarcus Ware
Joey PorterOLBLance Briggs
Ray LewisILBPatrick Willis
Nnamdi AsomughaCBCharles Woodson*
Cortland FinneganCBAntoine Winfield
Ed ReedFSNick Collins
Troy PolamaluSSAdrian Wilson
SPECIAL TEAMS
Shane LechlerPJeff Feagles
Stephen GostkowskiKJohn Carney
Leon WashingtonKRClifton Smith
Brendon AyanbadejoSTSean Morey hirty-one NFL players made their Pro Bowl debuts this year, and most of them proved on Sunday that they belong.
Jets CB Darrelle Revis made an amazing one-handed interception of Eli Manning’s pass in the end zone in the third quarter to preserve the AFC’s lead.
Besides that interception, Manning had a solid showing in his first all-star game. He finished 8-of-14 for 111 yards and threw the winning touchdown pass to game MVP Larry Fitzgerald.
Vikings CB Antoine Winfield, making his first Pro Bowl appearance after 10 years in the league, intercepted Kerry Collins‘ pass deep in NFC territory in the third quarter, preventing the AFC from building on its lead.
The star of the AFC defensive effort was Colts first-timer Robert Mathis. In the first quarter, he sacked Drew Brees, forced a fumble and then recovered the ball. He brought down Brees again in the second quarter for a 13-yard loss.
On offense, Ravens RB Le’Ron McClain ran for the AFC’s only touchdown in the fourth quarter, while Texans receiver Owen Daniels‘ 9-yard TD reception capped the AFC’s six-play, 52 yard drive just before halftime. McClain’s touchdown came on the rarely ever seen, but well-executed, fumble-rooskie play.
When he heard that the French had attacked his baggage train, Henry ordered the execution of all but the most high ranking of the French prisoners that had been taken. English archers carried out this gruesome work. Once the French got word that the English had executed the prisoners, the nerve of the main army failed, and they started to retreat.
Earlier this morning, Thursday 15 February 2018, a number of warrants were executed by GMP officers across Crumpsall, Harpurhey, Salford and Rochdale.
Following this morning’s action, 12 men and 1 woman are in custody after they were arrested on suspicion of supplying Class A drugs.
We have also recovered a significant amount of Class A drugs, bringing the total amount of drugs recovered as part of Operation Danube to an estimated value of £60,000.
GMP’s Chief Inspector Paul Walker, said: “The past three weeks of action are the result of months of hard work investigating organised crime in the area.
“Today’s arrests show our absolute commitment to tackling the issue of drugs on our streets and protecting our communities.
“I’d like to thank the public, as without people sharing information about drugs in their area, we could not have carried out such an extensive operation.
“Please continue to let us know about any suspicious activity at the earliest possible opportunity- today’s action shows just how seriously we take these reports.”
Anyone with information should contact police on 101 or through the independent charity Crimestoppers, anonymously, on 0800 555 111.
2007 March 11 - FAA investigators (pictured) were at the scene of the most recent Kauai fatal helictoper crash within minutes, thanks to the continuing investigation of Thursday's crash. SB photo by Tom Finnegan.
www.ntsb.gov/about/employment/_layouts/ntsb.aviation/brie...
CHI07MA083
HISTORY OF FLIGHT
On March 11, 2007, at 1259 Hawaiian Standard Time, a McDonnell Douglas (MD) 369FF helicopter, N911VC, operated by Smoky Mountain Helicopters and doing business as Inter-Island Helicopters Inc., sustained substantial damage when it impacted trees and terrain in the town of Haena on the island of Kauai, Hawaii, during a Part 135 commercial air tour flight. The flight departed from the Port Allen Airport (PAK), Hanapepe, Hawaii, on a 55-minute sightseeing tour of Kauai. During cruise flight near Tunnel Beach in Haena, the tail rotor output shaft and the tail rotor blades separated from the tail rotor gearbox and fell into the ocean. The pilot executed an autorotation to a YMCA campground that was located next to the beach. The pilot received minor injuries; however, the right front seat passenger was killed, and the three other passengers received serious injuries. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed and a company flight plan was in effect.
The pilot stated that he reported for duty one hour prior to his first flight of the day that was scheduled for 0800. He conducted a thorough preflight of the aircraft that included an inspection of the tail rotor section. The fluid levels were normal and there were no signs of cracks, dings, or delamination of the surface and leading edges of the tail rotor blades. The pitch change links were in good condition and no loose bearings were noted. He reported that the tail rotor gearbox housing appeared to be in good condition and no cracks were observed. He checked the nuts that hold the tail rotor section in place. The torque seal was visible on each nut, and he physically checked each one to determine if they were tight. The bellcrank was not cracked, the nuts were tight, and the cotter pins were in place.
The pilot reported that the first two flights of the day, the first at 0800 and the second at 1005, were "waterfall" flights. During the waterfall flights, he flew to a private landing zone located near a waterfall. While in the landing zone, he shut the helicopter down while the passengers visited the waterfall for about 45 minutes. He reported that he conducted a post flight inspection "as we always do." He checked the fluid levels of the engine, main rotor transmission, and the tail rotor gearbox. The fluid levels were normal and no leaks were noted. He checked the main rotor and tail rotor blades for cracks, dings, and delamination of the surface and leading edges of the blades. During both flights, the helicopter operated normally and no abnormal vibrations were noted.
The third flight was a 50 to 55-minute island tour that departed about 1210. The pilot reported, "I viewed the passengers that got on board, jackets were on, zipped up and secured, life jacket pouches were on and secured, cameras were secured, and they had no hats or bags with them."
He reported that during the accident flight he felt no abnormal vibrations in the controls. About halfway through the flight, he was flying over Tunnel Beach, about 50 yards from the shoreline, at 1,000 feet above ground level (agl) with 80 - 85 knots of airspeed. Within a split-second, he heard two loud "bangs" and he "felt it" in his seat and pedals. The nose of the helicopter pitched down, and the helicopter yawed to the right. He applied left pedal but without effect. He attempted to "get more forward airspeed," but each time he did the helicopter nosed over and yawed to the right. The right yaw developed into a tight spin, and he realized that he "lost his tail rotor." He adjusted the collective and throttle to get the "yaw under control," and reported that, "it did slow down the yaw a little."
He recognized the YMCA campground and decided to execute an autorotation to the open field at the campground. He entered the autorotation by rolling off the throttle and lowering the collective. He reported the "right yaw slowed even more." He attempted to gain airspeed and he "followed the right yaw," which made the spin slower, as he approached the campground. When the helicopter was about five feet agl, he pulled the collective up to cushion the landing. After the helicopter impacted the terrain, he checked the condition of each passenger, and then secured the engine by turning the master switch off and pulling the fuel shutoff. He took the fire extinguisher and exited the helicopter. He saw that the tail rotor blades and output shaft had separated from the tail rotor gearbox.
Local citizens arrived at the accident site almost immediately to provide assistance to the pilot and passengers. Within minutes, the local police and fire department personnel were on site.
There were numerous witnesses to the accident. One witness reported that she heard a loud "pop" and she saw two objects falling into the ocean. The larger object fell into the ocean close to shore. The other object "fell slower in a fluttering action." She reported that both objects fell into the ocean where the waves were breaking and the reef ended.
Another witness heard a "pop" and observed the helicopter spiraling down. She reported, "Then the spiral tightened and sped up. The overhead rotor could be seen as blades (not turning). The blue and white body of the copter was turning slowly around the rotor - rather flat - no obvious pitch of the nose up or down. There was a large thud - presumably impact."
A third witness reported that the helicopter "started a slow spiral to the right as it was circling a house" and that the "spiral tightened up and there were two of these tight spirals - the main blades were not turning very rapidly." He reported that at "no time was the nose significantly down. It was a gradual descent but not in a violent down descent. It did a total of 3 spirals - one gradual and the last 2 were more rapid."
The three passengers on board the helicopter were interviewed. They reported that they did not see anything fall out of the helicopter prior to the accident, and they did not observe birds in the area.
PERSONNEL INFORMATION
The pilot was a 30-year-old commercial pilot with helicopter and instrument (helicopter) ratings. He held a second-class medical certificate that was issued in January 2007. He reported a total of 2,041 flight hours with 189 hours in the MD 369FF helicopter.
AIRCRAFT INFORMATION
The helicopter was a MD Helicopter 369FF manufactured in 1987. It was equipped with a turbine-powered Allison 250-C30 engine. At the time of the accident, the total helicopter time was about 7,800.8 flight hours. The most recent airframe inspection was a 100-hour inspection completed on February 28, 2007, at a total airframe time of 7,775.8 hours. The last annual inspection was completed on July 9, 2006, at a total airframe time of 7,098.0 hours. The last inspection of the engine was a 150-hour inspection completed on February 11, 2007, at a Hobbs time of 4,174.2 and an engine time of 7,400.2 hours.
METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
The observed surface weather at the Lihue Airport, Lihue, Hawaii, located about 17 miles southeast of the accident site, was: Wind 010 at 4 knots, scattered clouds at 2,800 feet, overcast 3,700 feet, temperature 23 degrees Celsius (C), dew point 18 degrees C, altimeter 29.94 inches of mercury.
WRECKAGE AND IMPACT INFORMATION
The helicopter impacted the trees and terrain at the western edge of the YMCA campground at coordinates 22 degrees 13.412 minutes north latitude, 159 degrees 33.231 minutes west longitude. The entire helicopter wreckage was located at the impact site, except for the tail rotor output shaft and tail rotor blades. A broken tree limb about 15 - 20 feet above the ground was visible in the trees located next to the wreckage. There was no ground fire.
The inspection of the airframe revealed extensive damage to the fuselage with major damage concentrated at the underside of the lower right and forward fuselage section. There was extensive crushing, tearing, and deformation of fuselage structure and skin panels in that area. The cockpit structure received extensive damage. The cockpit seat support structure and cockpit flooring were distorted and displaced upward. The aft passenger compartment was intact. The bench seat frame was distorted and the left rear attaching point was separated from the fuselage station (FS) 124.9 fuselage frame and the left seat leg had separated from its floor mounting point. The keel beam was intact with some damage to the forward section. There was no visible damage to the mast support structure. The lower section of the fuselage in and around the landing gear attaching points was deformed and buckled. The aft fuselage section was deformed and wrinkled. The composite upper pylon was intact with minor damage to the forward and aft sections. The aft boom fairing was attached with minor visible wrinkling of the skin surfaces. The right landing gear's aft strut was fractured at the mounting flange and the aft strut was separated from the fuselage. The forward strut was still attached and displaced upward and aft. The skid tube was fractured into two pieces at the forward saddle mount. The left landing gear was intact and it remained attached to the airframe. The tailboom was nearly fractured into two segments at about FS 242.12. The main rotor hub assembly and components exhibited minor damage. All five main rotor blades were still attached to the rotor head, and they exhibited bent spars, skin delamination, trailing edge separation, cuts and gouges. The blades were bent upward at varying degrees of 5 - 18 degrees. The main transmission showed no exterior damage and rotated when the main rotor system was turned by hand.
The tail rotor system received extensive damage. The tail rotor gearbox fractured across the case elbow with the aft segment of the case remaining attached to the tailboom extension. The gearbox mounting bolts were in place and secure. There was no visible evidence of tail rotor gearbox movement on the tail boom extension. The tail rotor gearbox input quill rotated when manipulated by hand.
The outer segment of the fractured gearbox, the output shaft with associated bearing sets, the FS 284 bellcrank, the fractured tailboom control rod, the tail rotor pitch change assembly, the drive fork with teetering bearings, and the tail rotor hub and blades, had separated from the helicopter and were not located during the onsite portion of the investigation.
The available section of the fractured tail rotor gearbox was sent to the National Transportation Safety Board's (NTSB) Materials Laboratory for inspection. The initial inspection of the tail rotor gearbox on March 22, 2007, revealed that all the fractures were typical of overstress fractures.
Police scuba divers searched for the tail rotor output shaft and tail rotor blades for two days, but were unable to locate the missing parts. High surf conditions prevented divers from continuing the search for the parts. Within weeks of the accident, the missing parts were retrieved from the Tunnels Beech area and were sent to the NTSB Materials Laboratory for inspection.
TESTS AND RESEARCH
The tail rotor blade assembly, the aft portion of the tail boom, the tail boom extension, and the fractured portion of the tail rotor gearbox were inspected at the NTSB Materials Laboratory. The Materials Laboratory reported that the tail rotor blade assembly fractured through the root fitting, P/N 369A1624-3, in the general area that coincided with a hole for the blade retention bolt. The root fitting contained a 1-inch nominal diameter longitudinal hub bore with a tapered (conical) hole bottom. A relief radius was located between the hub bore and the conical hole bottom. A 0.12-inch nominal diameter hole extended below the conical hole bottom. The root fitting also contained a hole for the tail rotor retention bolt (a smaller hole that was oriented perpendicular to the hub bore).
On the top (camber) side of the blade, the fracture extended between the top surface and the relief radius of the hub bore. At the relief radius, the fracture extended around approximately 40 percent of the circumference of the hub bore and intersected the hole for the blade retention bolt. On the opposite side of the retention bolt hole, the fracture extended through to the bottom (non-camber) surface inboard of the relief radius.
Bench binocular microscope examination of the root fitting revealed the fracture face contained radial marks that emanated from the hub bore. Closer examination of the fracture face revealed crack arrest marks typical of a fatigue cracking that emanated from multiple origins at the relief radius between the hub bore and conical hole bottom. The arc length of the multiple origin fatigue crack along the relief radius measured approximately 0.6 inch. The fatigue crack origin area was located adjacent to the top surface of the root fitting and slightly toward the trailing edge. Various areas of the fracture face showed evidence of fatigue crack arrest marks indicating that the fatigue crack propagated toward the exterior top surface, around both sides of the bore, approximately half way around the root fitting cross section, and into the hole for the blade retention bolt. The fatigue crack re-initiated on the opposite side of the hole for the blade retention bolt and propagated as much as 0.3 inch.
A longitudinal-radial section was made through the hub bore, relief radius, and portion of the conical bottom. The section was encased in a metallurgical mount and polished. Examination of the metallurgical section revealed that the relief radius was similar to the size of the machine marks in the bore. The relief radius measured approximately 0.001 inch, much less than specified by the engineering drawing (0.12 inch and 0.15 inch).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
On April 26, 2007, McDonnell Helicopters, Inc. (MDHI) issued mandatory Service Bulletin (SB) 369D-204, 369E-099, 369F-084, 369H-247, titled "Tail Rotor Blade Assembly, One Time Inspection." According to MDHI SB, before further flight, the tail rotor should be removed from helicopter models 369 (Army YOH-6A), 369 (Army OH-6A), 369H, 369HM, 369HS, 369HE, 369D, 369E, 369F, and 369FF. The hub bore should be visually examined with a flashlight. If the relief radius does not contain a smooth transition between the bore and conical bottom hole, the root fitting should be removed from service.
On April 27, 2007, the Federal Aviation Administration issued emergency Airworthiness Directive (AD) 2007-09-51 that mandated inspection of the root fittings per the MDHI SB.
NTSB Identification: CHI07MA083.
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Nonscheduled 14 CFR
Accident occurred Sunday, March 11, 2007 in Haena, HI
Probable Cause Approval Date: 07/30/2008
Aircraft: McDonnell Douglas 369FF, registration: N911VC
Injuries: 1 Fatal,3 Serious,1 Uninjured.
NTSB investigators traveled in support of this investigation and used data obtained from various sources to prepare this aircraft accident report.
The helicopter pilot reported that he was conducting a Part 135 air tour flight with 4 passengers on board the helicopter. The helicopter was about 1,500 feet above ground level with about 80 - 85 knots of airspeed when within a split-second he heard two loud "bangs." The nose of the helicopter pitched down and the helicopter yawed to the right. He applied left pedal but without effect. He attempted to "get more forward airspeed," but each time he did the helicopter nosed over and yawed to the right. The right yaw developed into a tight spin, and he realized that he "lost his tail rotor." The pilot executed an autorotation to a clearing located at a campground. The helicopter impacted the trees at the western edge of the clearing during the autorotation. The helicopter impacted the terrain on its right, front side. Inspection of the helicopter revealed that the tail rotor output shaft and the tail rotor blades separated from the tail rotor gearbox. The tail rotor assembly was inspected at the National Transportation Safety Board's Materials Laboratory. The inspection revealed that the tail rotor blade assembly fractured through the root fitting in the general area that coincided with a hole for the blade retention bolt. The root fitting contained a 1-inch nominal diameter longitudinal hub bore with a tapered (conical) hole bottom. A relief radius was located between the hub bore and the conical hole bottom. The inspection revealed crack arrest marks typical of a fatigue cracking that emanated from multiple origins at the relief radius between the hub bore and conical hole bottom. The relief radius measured approximately 0.001 inch, much less than specified by the engineering drawing (0.12 inch and 0.15 inch). On April 26, 2007, McDonnell Helicopters, Inc. (MDHI) issued mandatory Service Bulletin (SB) 369D-204, 369E-099, 369F-084, 369H-247, titled "Tail Rotor Blade Assembly, One Time Inspection." According to MDHI SB, before further flight, the tail rotor should be removed from helicopter models 369 (Army YOH-6A), 369 (Army OH-6A), 369H, 369HM, 369HS, 369HE, 369D, 369E, 369F, and 369FF. The hub bore should be visually examined with a flashlight. If the relief radius does not contain a smooth transition between the bore and conical bottom hole, the root fitting should be removed from service. On April 27, 2007, the Federal Aviation Administration issued emergency Airworthiness Directive (AD) 2007-09-51 that mandated inspection of the root fittings per the MDHI SB.
The National Transportation Safety Board determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be:
The fatigue failure of the tail rotor blade root fitting due to a manufacturing defect which resulted in the separation of the tail rotor system and loss of tail rotor control. A contributing factor to the accident were the trees that the helicopter struck during the autorotation.
A return visit to St Mary.
I was last here about 6 years ago, parking in the little square one warm September afternoon.
Much colder in March, but plenty of parking spaces, and St Mary was surprisingly open.
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The church stands in the village square removed from the main road. The flint rubble construction and severe restoration of the exterior does not look welcoming, but the interior is most appealing with plenty of light flooding through the clerestory windows. The rectangular piers of both north and south arcades with their pointed arches and boldly carved stops are of late twelfth-century date. Between them hang some eighteenth-century text boards. The character of the church is given in the main by late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century work. The high altar has four charmingly painted panels by John Ripley Wilmer in Pre-Raphaelite style, executed in 1907. At the opposite end of the church are the organ loft, font cover and baptistry, all designed by F.C. Eden, who restored the church in the early 1900s. He also designed the west window of the south aisle as part of a larger scheme which was not completed. In the south chancel wall are two windows of great curiosity. One contains a fifteenth-century figure of St Thomas Becket while the other shows figures of David and Saul. This dates from the nineteenth century and was painted by Frank Wodehouse who was the then vicar's brother. The face of David was based on that of Mme Carlotta Patti, the opera singer, while Gladstone and Disraeli can be identified hovering in the background! It is a shame that it has deteriorated badly.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Elham
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ELEHAM,
OR, as it is as frequently written, Elham, lies the next parish south-eastward from Stelling. It was written in the time of the Saxons both Uleham and Æiham, in Domesday, Albam. Philipott says, it was antiently written Helham, denoting the situation of it to be a valley among the hills, whilst others suppose, but with little probability, that it took its name from the quantity of eels which the Nailbourn throws out when it begins to run. There are Seven boroughsin it, of Bladbean, Boyke, Canterwood, Lyminge, Eleham, Town, Sibton, and Hurst.
Eleham is said to be the largest parish in the eastern parts of this county, extending itself in length from north to south, through the Nailbourn valley, about three miles and an half; and in breadth five miles and a half, that is, from part of Stelling-minnis, within the bounds of it, across the valley to Eleham down and Winteridge, and the southern part of Swinfield-minnis, almost up to Hairn-forstal, in Uphill Folkestone. The village, or town of Eleham, as it is usually called, is situated in the above-mentioned valley, rather on a rise, on the side of the stream. It is both healthy and pleasant, the houses in it being mostly modern and wellbuilt, of brick and fashed. As an instance of the healthiness of this parish, there have been within these few years several inhabitants of it buried here, of the ages of 95, 97, and 99, and one of 105; the age of 40 years being esteemed that of a young person, in this parish. The church, with the vicarage on the side of the church-yard, is situated on the eastern side of it, and the court lodge at a small distance from it. This is now no more than a small mean cottage, thatched, of, I believe, only two rooms on a floor, and unsit for habitation. It appears to be the remains of a much larger edifice, and is built of quarry-stone, with small arched gothic windows and doors, the frames of which are of ashlar stone, and seemingly very antient indeed. It is still accounted a market-town, the market having been obtained to it by prince Edward, afterwards king Edward I. in his father's life-time, anno 35 Henry III. to be held on a Monday weekly, which, though disused for a regular constancy, is held in the market-house here once in five or six years, to keep up the claim to the right of it; besides which there are three markets regularly held, for the buying and selling of cattle, in every year, on Palm, Easter, and Whit Mondays, and one fair on Oct. 20th, by the alteration of the stile, being formerly held on the day of St. Dionis, Oct. 9, for toys and pedlary. The Nailbourn, as has been already mentioned before, in the description of Liminage, runs along this valley northward, entering this parish southward, by the hamlet of Ottinge, and running thence by the town of Eleham, and at half a mile's distance, by the hamlet of North Eleham, where there are several deep ponds, in which are from time to time quantities of eels, and so on to Brompton's Pot and Wingmere, at the northern extremity of this parish. The soil in the valley is mostly an unfertile red earth, mixed with many flints; but the hills on each side of it, which are very frequent and steep, extend to a wild romantic country, with frequent woods and uninclosed downs, where the soil consists mostly of chalk, excepting towards Stelling and Swinfield minnis's, where it partakes of a like quality to that of the valley, tance,by the hamlet of North Eleham, where there only still more poor and barren. At the north-west corner of the parish, on the hill, is Eleham park, being a large wood, belonging to the lord of Eleham manor.
Dr. Plot says, he was informed, that there was the custom of borough English prevailing over some copyhold lands in this parish, the general usage of which is, that the youngest son should inherit all the lands and tenements which his father had within the borough, &c. but I cannot find any here subject to it. On the contrary, the custom here is, to give the whole estate to the eldest son, who pays to the younger ones their proportions of it, as valued by the homage of the manor, in money.
At the time of taking the survey of Domesday, anno 1080, this place was part of the possessions of the bishop of Baieux, under the general title of whose lands it is thus entered in it:
In Honinberg hundred, the bishop of Baieux holds in demesne Alham. It was taxed at six sulins. The arable land is twenty-four carucates. In demesne there are five carucates and forty-one villeins, with eight borderers having eighteen carucates. There is a church, and eight servants, and two mills of six shillings, and twenty eight acres of meadow. Wood for the pannage of one hundred hogs. In the time of king Edward the Confessor, and afterwards, it was worth thirty pounds, now forty, and yet it yields fifty pounds. Ederic held this manor of king Edward.
Four years after the bishop was disgraced, and all his possessions were consiscated to the crown, whence this manor seems to have been granted to William de Albineto, or Albini, surnamed Pincerna, who had followed the Conqueror from Normandy in his expedition hither. He was succeeded by his son, of the same name, who was made Earl of Arundel anno 15 king Stephen, and Alida his daughter carried it in marriage to John, earl of Ewe, in Normandy, whose eldest son Henry, earl of Ewe, was slain at the siege of Ptolemais in 1217, leaving Alice his sole daughter and heir, who entitled her husband Ralph D'Issondon to the possession of this manor, as well as to the title of earl of Ewe. She died in the reign of king Henry III. possessed of this manor, with the advowson of the church, and sealed with Barry, a label of six points, as appears by a deed in the Surrenden library; after which it appears to have come into the possession of prince Edward, the king's eldest son, who in the 35th year of it obtained the grant of a market on a Monday, and a fair, at this manor, (fn. 1) and afterwards, in the 41st year of that reign, alienated it to archbishop Boniface, who, left he should still further inflame that enmity which this nation had conceived against him, among other foreigners and aliens, by thus increasing his possessions in it, passed this manor away to Roger de Leyborne, who died possessed of it in the 56th year of that reign, at which time it appears that there was a park here; (fn. 2) and in his name it continued till Juliana de Leyborne, daughter of Thomas, became the sole heir of their possessions, from the greatness of which she was usually called the Infanta of Kent. She was thrice married, yet she had no issue by either of her husbands, all of whom she survived, and died in the 41st year of king Edward III. upon which this manor, among the rest of her estates, escheated to the crown, there being no one who could make claim to them, by direct or even by collateral alliance. (fn. 3) Afterwards it continued in the crown till king Richard II. vested it in feoffees in trust, towards the endowment of St. Stephen's chapel, in his palace of Westminster, which he had in his 22d year, completed and made collegiate, and had the year before granted to the dean and canons this manor, among others, in mortmain. (fn. 4) All which was confirmed by king Henry IV. and VI. and by king Edward IV. in their first years; the latter of whom, in his 9th year, granted to them a fair in this parish yearly, on the Monday after Palm-Sunday, and on the Wednesday following, with all liberties, &c. In which situation it continued till the 1st year of king Edward VI. when this college was, with all its possessions, surrendered into the king's hands, where this manor did not continue long; for the king in his 5th year, granted it to Edward, lord Clinton and Saye, and he reconveyed it to the crown the same year. After which the king demised it, for the term of eighty years, to Sir Edward Wotton, one of his privy council, whose son Thomas Wotton, esq. sold his interest in it to Alexander Hamon, esq. of Acrise, who died in 1613, leaving two daughters his coheirs, the youngest of whom Catherine, married to Sir Robert Lewknor, entitled him to it; he was at his death succeeded by his son Hamon Lewknor, esq. but the reversion in see having been purchased of the crown some few years before the expiration of the above-mentioned term, which ended the last year of king James I.'s reign, to Sir Charles Herbert, master of the revels. He at the latter end of king Charles I.'s reign, alienated it to Mr. John Aelst, merchant, of London; after which, I find by the court rolls, that it was vested in Thomas Alderne, John Fisher, and Roger Jackson, esqrs. who in the year 1681 conveyed it to Sir John Williams, whose daughter and sole heir Penelope carried it in marriage to Thomas Symonds, esq. of Herefordshire, by the heirs of whose only surviving son Thomas Symonds Powell, esq. of Pengethley, in that county, it has been lately sold to Sir Henry Oxenden, bart. who is now entitled to it.
A court leet and court baron is held for this manor, which is very extensive. There is much copyhold land held of it. The demesnes of it are tithe-free. There is a yearly rent charge, payable for ever out of it, of 87l. 13s. 1d. to the ironmongers company, in London.
Shottlesfield is a manor, situated at the southeast boundary of this parish, the house standing partly in Liminge, at a small distance southward from the street or hamlet of the same name. It was, as early as the reign of king Edward II. the inheritance of a family called le Grubbe, some of whom had afterwards possessions about Yalding and Eythorne. Thomas le Grubbe was possessed of it in the 3d year of that reign, and wrote himself of Shottlesfeld, and from him it continued down by paternal descent to John Grubbe, who in the 2d year of king Richard III. conveyed it by sale to Thomas Brockman, of Liminge, (fn. 5) whose grandson Henry Brockman, in the 1st year of queen Mary, alienated it to George Fogge, esq. of Braborne, and he, in the beginning of queen Elizabeth's reign, sold it to Bing, who, before the end of that reign, passed it away to Mr. John Masters, of Sandwich, from whom it descended to Sir Edward Masters, of Canterbury, who at his decease, soon after the death of Charles I. gave it to his second son, then LL. D. from whose heirs it was alienated to Hetherington, whose last surviving son the Rev. William Hetherington, of North Cray place, died possessed of it unmarried in 1778, and by will devised it, among his other estates, to Thomas Coventry, esq. of London, who lately died possessed of it s. p. and the trustees of his will are now entitled to it.
The manor of Bowick, now called Boyke, is situated likewise in the eastern part of this parish, in the borough of its own name, which was in very antient times the residence of the Lads, who in several of their old evidences were written De Lad, by which name there is an antient farm, once reputed a manor, still known, as it has been for many ages before, in the adjoining parish of Acrise, which till the reign of queen Elizabeth, was in the tenure of this family. It is certain that they were resident here at Bowick in the beginning of king Henry VI.'s reign, and in the next of Edward IV. as appears by the registers of their wills in the office at Canterbury, they constantly stiled themselves of Eleham. Thomas Lade, of Bowick, died possessed of it in 1515, as did his descendant Vincent Lade in 1563, anno 6 Elizabeth. Soon after which it passed by purchase into the name of Nethersole, from whence it quickly afterwards was alienated to Aucher, and thence again to Wroth, who at the latter end of king Charles I.'s reign sold it to Elgar; whence, after some intermission, it was sold to Thomas Scott, esq. of Liminge, whose daughter and coheir Elizabeth, married to William Turner, esq. of the Friars, in Canterbury, at length, in her right, became possessed of it; his only surviving daughter and heir Bridget married David Papillon, esq. of Acrise, and entitled him to this manor, and his grandson Thomas Papillon, esq. of Acrise, is the present owner of it.
Mount and Bladbean are two manors, situated on the hills, on the opposite sides of this parish, the former near the eastern, and the latter near the western boundaries of it; the latter being antiently called Bladbean, alias Jacobs-court, a name now quite forgotten. Both these manors appear to have been in the reign of the Conqueror, part of the possessions of Anschitillus de Ros, who is mentioned in Domesday as holding much land in the western part of this county, their principal manor there being that of Horton, near Farningham. One of this family made a grant of it to the Cosentons, of Cosenton, in Aylesford, to hold of their barony of Ros, as of their manor of Horton before-mentioned, by knight's service. In the 7th year of Edward III. Sir Stephen de Cosenton obtained a charter of freewarren for his lands here. He was the son of Sir William de Cosenton, sheriff anno 35 Edward I. and was sometimes written of Cosenton, and sometimes of Mount, in Eleham. At length his descendant dying in the beginning of king Henry VIII.'s reign, without male issue, his three daughters, married to Duke, Wood, and Alexander Hamon, esq. became his coheirs, and shared a large inheritance between them, and upon their division of it, the manor of Bladbean, alias Jacobs-court, was allotted to Wood, and Mount to Alexander Hamon.
The manor of Bladbean, alias Jacobs-court, was afterwards alienated by the heirs of Wood to Thomas Stoughton, esq. of St. Martin's, near Canterbury, who by will in 1591 (fn. 6) gave this manor, with its rents and services, to Elizabeth his daughter and coheir, married to Thomas Wilde, esq. of St. Martin's, whose grandson Colonel Dudley Wilde, at his death in 1653, s. p. devised it to his widow, from whom it went by sale to Hills, and Mr. James Hills, in 1683, passed it away to Mr. Daniel Woollet, whose children divided this estate among them; a few years after which John Brice became, by purchase of it at different times, possessed of the whole of it, which he in 1729 conveyed by sale to Mr. Valentine Sayer, of Sandwich, who died possessed of it in 1766, and the heirs of his eldest son Mr. George Sayer, of Sandwich, are now entitled to it.
The manor of Mount, now called Mount court, which was allotted as above-mentioned, to Alexander Hamon, continued down to his grandson, of the same name, who died possessed of it in 1613, leaving two daughters his coheirs, the youngest of whom, Catherine, entitled her husband Sir Robert Lewknor, to it, in whose descendants it continued till Robert Lewknor, esq. his grandson, in 1666, alienated it, with other lands in this parish, to Thomas Papillon, esq. of Lubenham, in Leicestershire, whose descendant Thomas Papillon, esq. of Acrise, is the present proprietor of it.
Ladwood is another manor in this parish, lying at the eastern boundary of it, likewise on the hills next to Acrise. It was written in old evidences Ladswood, whence it may with probability be conjectured, that before its being converted into a farm of arable land, and the erecting of a habitation here, it was a wood belonging to the family of Lad, resident at Bowick; but since the latter end of king Edward III.'s reign, it continued uninterrupted in the family of Rolse till the reign of king Charles II. soon after which it was alienated to Williams, in which name it remained till Penelope, daughter of Sir John Williams, carried it in marriage to Thomas Symonds, esq. the heirs of whose only surviving son Thomas Symonds Powell, esq. sold it to David Papillon, esq. whose son Thomas Papillon, esq. now possesses it.
The manor of Canterwood, as appears by an old manuscript, seemingly of the time of Henry VIII. was formerly the estate of Thomas de Garwinton, of Welle, lying in the eastern part of the parish, and who lived in the reigns of Edward II. and III. whose greatgrandson William Garwinton, dying s. p. Joane his kinswoman, married to Richard Haut, was, in the 9th year of king Henry IV. found to be his heir, not only in this manor, but much other land in these parts, and their son Richard Haut having an only daughter and heir Margery, she carried this manor in marriage to William Isaak. After which, as appears from the court-rolls, which do not reach very high, that the family of Hales became possessed of it, in which it staid till the end of queen Elizabeth's reign, when it went by sale to Manwood, from which name it was alienated to Sir Robert Lewknor, whose grandson Robert Lewknor, esq. in 1666 sold it, with other lands in this parish already mentioned, to Thomas Papillon, esq. of Lu benham, in Leicestershire, whose descendant Thomas Papillon, esq. of Acrise, is the present owner of it.
Oxroad, now usually called Ostrude, is a manor, situated a little distance eastward from North Eleham. It had antiently owners of the same name; Andrew de Oxroad held it of the countess of Ewe, in the reign of king Edward I. by knight's service, as appears by the book of them in the king's remembrancer's office. In the 20th year of king Edward III. John, son of Simon atte Welle, held it of the earl of Ewe by the like service. After which the Hencles became possessed of it, from the reign of king Henry IV. to that of king Henry VIII. when Isabel, daughter of Tho. Hencle, marrying John Beane, entitled him to it, and in his descendants it continued till king Charles I.'s reign, when it was alienated to Mr. Daniel Shatterden, gent. of this parish, descended from those of Shatterden, in Great Chart, which place they had possessed for many generations. At length, after this manor had continued for some time in his descendants, it was sold to Adams, in which name it remained till the heirs of Randall Adams passed it away by sale to Papillon, in whose family it still continues, being now the property of Thomas Papillon, esq. of Acrise.
Hall, alias Wingmere, is a manor, situated in the valley at the northern boundary of this parish, next to Barham, in which some part of the demesne lands of it lie. It is held of the manor of Eleham, and had most probably once owners of the name of Wigmere, as it was originally spelt, of which name there was a family in East Kent, and in several antient evidences there is mention made of William de Wigmere and others of this name. However this be, the family of Brent appear to have been for several generations possessed of this manor, and continued so till Thomas Brent, of Wilsborough, dying in 1612,s. p. it passed into the family of Dering, of Surrenden; for in king James I.'s reign Edward Dering, gent. of Egerton, eldest son of John, the fourth son of John Dering, esq, of Surren den, who had married Thomas Brent's sister, was become possessed of it; and his only son and heir Thomas Dering, gent. in 1649, alienated it to William Codd, gent. (fn. 7) of Watringbury, who was succeeded in it by his son James Codd, esq. of Watringbury, who died s. p. in 1708, being then sheriff of this county, and being possessed at his death of this manor in fee, in gavelkind; upon which it came to the representatives of his two aunts, Jane, the wife of Boys Ore, and Anne, of Robert Wood, and they, in 1715, by fine levied, entitled Thomas Manley, and Elizabeth, his wife, to the possession of this manor for their lives, and afterwards to them in fee, in separate moieties. He died s. p. in 1716, and by will gave his moiety to John Pollard; on whose death s. p. it came, by the limitation in the above will, to Joshua Monger, whose only daughter and heir Rachael carried it in marriage to her husband Arthur Pryor, and they in 1750 joined in the sale of it to Mr. Richard Halford, gent. of Canterbury. The other moiety of this manor seems to have been devised by Elizabeth Manley above-mentioned, at her death, to her nephew Thomas Kirkby, whose sons Thomas, John, and Manley Kirkby, joined, in the above year, in the conveyance of it to Mr. Richard Halford above-mentioned, who then became possessed of the whole of it. He was third son of Richard Halford, clerk, rector of the adjoining parish of Liminge, descended from the Halfords, of Warwickshire, as appears by his will in the Prerogative-office, Canterbury, by which he devised to his several sons successively in tail, the estate in Warwickshire, which he was entitled to by the will of his kinsman William Halford, gent, of that county. They bear for their arms, Argent, a greybound passant, sable, on a chief of the second, three fleurs de lis, or. He died possessed of it in 1766, leaving by Mary his wife, daughter of Mr. Christopher Creed, of Canterbury, one son Richard Halford, gent. now of Canterbury; and two daughters, Mary married to Mr. John Peirce, surgeon, of Canterbury; and Sarah. In 1794, Mr. Peirce purchased the shares of Mr. Richard and Mrs. Sarah Halford, and he is now the present owner of this manor. He bears for his arms, Azure field, wavy bend, or, two unicorns heads, proper.
The manor OF Clavertigh is situated on the hills at the north-west boundary of this parish, next to Liminge, which antiently belonged to the abbey of Bradsole, or St. Radigund, near Dover, and it continued among the possessions of it till the 27th year of king Henry VIII. when by the act then passed, it was suppressed, as not having the clear yearly revenue of two hundred pounds, and was surrendered into the king's hands, who in his 29th year, granted the scite of this priory, with all its lands and possessions, among which this manor was included, with certain exceptions, however, mentioned in it, to archbishop Cranmer, who in the 38th year of that reign, conveyed this manor of Clavertigh, with lands called Monkenlands, late belonging to the same priory in this parish, back again to the king, who that same year granted all those premises to Sir James Hales, one of the justices of the common pleas, to hold in capite, (fn. 8) and he, in the beginning of king Edward VI.'s reign, passed them away to Peter Heyman, esq. one of the gentlemen of that prince's bedchamber who seems to have had a new grant of them from the crown, in the 2d year of that reign. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Ralph Heyman, esq. of Sellindge, whose descendant Sir Peter Heyman, bart. alienated the manor of Clavetigh to Sir Edward Honywood, of Evington, created a baronet in 1660, in whose descendants this manor has continued down to Sir John Honywood, bart. of Evington, who is the present possessor of it.
Charities.
Jonas Warley, D. D. gave by will in 1722, 50l. to be put out on good security, the produce to be given yearly in bread on every Sunday in the year, after divine service, to six poor widows, to each of them a two-penny loaf. The money is now vested in the vicar and churchwardens, and the produce of it being no more than 2l. 5s. per annum, only a three-halfpenny loaf is given to each widow.
Land in this parish, of the annual produce of 1l. was given by a person unknown, to be disposed of to the indigent. It is vested in the minister, churchwardens, and overseers.
Four small cottages were given to the parish, by a person unknown, and are now inhabited by poor persons. They are vested in the churchwardens and overseers.
Sir John Williams, by will in 1725, founded A CHARITY SCHOOL in this parish for six poor boys, legal inhabitants, and born in this parish, to be taught reading, writing, and accounts, to be cloathed once in two years; and one such boy to be bound out apprentice, as often as money sufficient could be raised for that use. The minister, churchwardens, and overseers to be trustees, who have power to nominate others to assist them in the management of it. The master has a house to live in, and the lands given to it are let by the trustees.
The poor constantly relieved are about seventy-five, casually fifty-five.
Eleham is within the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of its own name.
The church, which is dedicated to St. Mary, is large and handsome, consisting of three isles, the middle one having an upper range of windows, and one chancel, having a tower steeple, with a spire shast on it, at the west end, in which are eight bells, a clock, and chimes. Within the altar-rails is a memorial for John Somner, gent. son of the learned William Somner, of Canterbury, obt. 1695; arms, Ermine, a chevron voided. In the chancel a brass plate for Michael Pyx, of Folkestone, mayor and once high bailisf to Yarmouth, obt. 1601. Another for Nicholas Moore, gent. of Bettenham, in Cranbrooke; he died at Wingmer in 1577. In the middle isle a memorial for Captain William Symons, obt. 1674; arms, Parted per pale, and fess, three trefoils slipt. A brass plate for John Hill, dean and vicar of Eleham, obt. 1730. In this church was a lamp burning, called the light of Wyngmer, given before the year 1468, probably by one of the owners of that manor.
The church of Eleham was given by archbishop Boniface, lord of the manor of Eleham, and patron of this church appendant to it, at the instance of Walter de Merton, then canon of St. Paul's, and afterwards bishop of Rochester, to the college founded by the latter in 1263, at Maldon, in Surry. (fn. 9) After which the archbishop, in 1268, appropriated this church to the college, whenever it should become vacant by the death or cession of the rector of it, saving a reasonable vicarage of thirty marcs, to be endowed by him in it, to which the warden of the college should present to him and his successors, a fit vicar, as often as it should be vacant, to be nominated to the warden by the archbishop; otherwise the archbishop and his successors should freely from thence dispose of the vicarage for that turn. (fn. 10)
¶The year before this, Walter de Merton had begun a house in Oxford, whither some of the scholars were from time to time to resort for the advancement of their studies, to which the whole society of Maldon was, within a few years afterwards, removed, and both societies united at Oxford, under the name of the warden and fellows of Merton college. This portion of thirty marcs, which was a stated salary, and not tithes, &c. to that amount, was continued by a subsequent composition or decree of archbishop Warham, in 1532; but in 1559, the college, of their own accord, agreed to let the vicarial tithes, &c. to Thomas Carden, then vicar, at an easy rent, upon his discharging the college from the before-mentioned portion of thirty marcs: and this lease, with the like condition, has been renewed to every subsequent vicar ever since; and as an addition to their income, the vicars have for some time had another lease, of some wood grounds here, from the college. (fn. 11)
The appropriation or parsonage of this church is now held by lease from the warden and fellows, by the Rev. John Kenward Shaw Brooke, of Town-Malling. The archbishop nominates a clerk to the vicarage of it, whom the warden and fellows above-mentioned present to him for institution.
This vicarage is valued in the king's books at twenty pounds, (being the original endowment of thirty marcs), and the yearly tenths at two pounds, the clear yearly certified value of it being 59l. 15s. 2d. In 1640 it was valued at one hundred pounds per annum. Communicants six hundred. It is now of about the yearly value of one hundred and fifty pounds.
All the lands in this parish pay tithes to the rector or vicar, excepting Parkgate farm, Farthingsole farm, and Eleham-park wood, all belonging to the lord of Eleham manor, which claim a modus in lieu of tithes, of twenty shillings yearly paid to the vicar. The manor farm of Clavertigh, belonging to Sir John Honywood, bart and a parcel of lands called Mount Bottom, belonging to the Rev. Mr. Thomas Tournay, of Dover, claim a like modus in lieu of tithes.
The photo is executed in technique «LightGraphic » or «The painting of light», that assumes illumination of model by small light sources in darkness on long endurance.
Thus, all lightcloth (composition) - is one Photo Exposition, is embodied on a matrix of the camera in one click of a shutter.
We submit the sample photos in this series in three-nine-square.
Photos is possible to look here:
BNSF SD70MAC #9828, an ex-BN Executive MAC recently pulled out of storage, leads IHB GA8 into La Vergne interlocking at the west end of Cicero Yard.
Zum Gedenken an die hier während der NS-Zeit aus politischen Gründen hingerichteten Frauen und Männer (in memoriam to the here during the Nazi era for political reasons executed women and men)
Vienna Regional Court for Criminal Matters
The Vienna Regional Court for Criminal Matters (colloquially referred to as "landl" (Landesgericht)) is one of 20 regional courts in Austria and the largest court in Austria. It is located in the 8th District of Vienna, Josefstadt, at the Landesgerichtsstraße 11. It is a court of first respectively second instance. A prisoners house, the prison Josefstadt, popularly often known as the "Grey House" is connected.
Court Organization
In this complex there are:
the Regional Court for Criminal Matters Vienna,
the Vienna District Attorney (current senior prosecutor Maria-Luise Nittel)
the Jurists association-trainee lawer union (Konzipientenverband) and
the largest in Austria existing court house jail, the Vienna Josefstadt prison.
The Regional Criminal Court has jurisdiction in the first instance for crimes and offenses that are not pertain before the district court. Depending on the severity of the crime, there is a different procedure. Either decides
a single judge,
a senate of lay assessors
or the jury court.
In the second instance, the District Court proceeds appeals and complaints against judgments of district courts. A three-judge Court decides here whether the judgment is canceled or not and, if necessary, it establishes a new sentence.
The current President Friedrich Forsthuber is supported by two Vice Presidents - Henriette Braitenberg-Zennenberg and Eve Brachtel.
In September 2012, the following data have been published
Austria's largest court
270 office days per year
daily 1500 people
70 judges, 130 employees in the offices
5300 proceedings (2011) for the custodial judges and legal protection magistrates, representing about 40 % of the total Austrian juridical load of work
over 7400 procedures at the trial judges (30 % of the total Austrian juridical load of work)
Prosecution with 93 prosecutors and 250 employees
19,000 cases against 37,000 offenders (2011 )
Josefstadt prison with 1,200 inmates (overcrowded)
History
1839-1918
The original building of the Vienna Court House, the so-called civil Schranne (corn market), was from 1440 to 1839 located at the Hoher Markt 5. In 1773 the Schrannenplatz was enlarged under Emperor Joseph II and the City Court and the Regional Court of the Viennese Magistrate in this house united. From this time it bore the designation "criminal court".
Due to shortcomings of the prison rooms in the Old Court on Hoher Markt was already at the beginning of the 19th Century talk of building a new crime courthouse, but this had to be postponed because of bankruptcy in 1811.
In 1816 the construction of the criminal court building was approved. Although in the first place there were voices against a construction outside the city, as building ground was chosen the area of the civil Schießstätte (shooting place) and the former St. Stephanus-Freithofes in then Alservorstadt (suburb); today, in this part Josefstadt. The plans of architect Johann Fischer were approved in 1831, and in 1832 was began with the construction, which was completed in 1839. On 14 May 1839 was held the first meeting of the Council.
Provincial Court at the Landesgerichtsstraße between November 1901 and 1906
Johann Fischer fell back in his plans to Tuscan early Renaissance palaces as the Pitti Palace or Palazzo Pandolfini in Florence. The building was erected on a 21,872 m² plot with a length of 223 meters. It had two respectively three floors (upper floors), the courtyard was divided into three wings, in which the prisoner's house stood. In addition, a special department for the prison hospital (Inquisitenspital ) and a chapel were built.
The Criminal Court of Vienna was from 1839 to 1850 a city court which is why the Vice Mayor of Vienna was president of the criminal courts in civil and criminal matters at the same time. In 1850 followed the abolition of municipal courts. The state administration took over the Criminal Court on 1 Juli 1850. From now on, it had the title "K.K. Country's criminal court in Vienna".
1851, juries were introduced. Those met in the large meeting hall, then as now, was on the second floor of the office wing. The room presented a double height space (two floors). 1890/1891 followed a horizontal subdivision. Initially, the building stood all alone there. Only with the 1858 in the wake of the demolition of the city walls started urban expansion it was surrounded by other buildings.
From 1870 to 1878, the Court experienced numerous conversions. Particular attention was paid to the tract that connects directly to the Alserstraße. On previously building ground a three-storey arrest tract and the Jury Court tract were built. New supervened the "Neutrakt", which presented a real extension and was built three respectively four storied. From 1873 on, executions were not executed publicly anymore but only in the prison house. The first execution took place on 16 December 1876 in the "Galgenhof" (gallow courtyard), the accused were hanged there on the Würgegalgen (choke gallow).
By 1900 the prisoners house was extended. In courtyard II of the prison house kitchen, laundry and workshop buildings and a bathing facility for the prisoners were created. 1906/1907 the office building was enlarged. The two-storied wing tract got a third and three-storied central section a fourth floor fitted.
1918-1938
In the early years of the First Republic took place changes of the court organization. Due to the poor economy and the rapid inflation, the number of cases and the number of inmates rose sharply. Therefore, it was in Vienna on 1 October 1920 established a second Provincial Court, the Regional Court of Criminal Matters II Vienna, as well as an Expositur of the prisoner house at Garnisongasse.
One of the most important trials of the interwar period was the shadow village-process (Schattendorfprozess - nomen est omen!), in which on 14th July 1927, the three defendants were acquitted. In January 1927 front fighters had shot into a meeting of the Social Democratic Party of Austria, killing two people. The outrage over the acquittal was great. At a mass demonstration in front of the Palace of Justice on 15th July 1927, which mainly took place in peaceful manner, invaded radical elements in the Palace of Justice and set fire ( Fire of the Palace Justice), after which the overstrained police preyed upon peaceful protesters fleeing from the scene and caused many deaths.
The 1933/1934 started corporate state dictatorship had led sensational processes against their opponents: examples are the National Socialists processes 1934 and the Socialists process in 1936 against 28 "illegal" socialists and two Communists, in which among others the later leaders Bruno Kreisky and Franz Jonas sat on the dock.
Also in 1934 in the wake of the February Fights and the July Coup a series of processes were carried out by summary courts and military courts. Several ended with death sentences that were carried out by hanging in "Galgenhof" of the district court .
1938-1945
The first measures the Nazis at the Regional Criminal Court after the "Anschluss" of Austria to the German Reich in 1938 had carried out, consisted of the erection of a monument to ten Nazis, during the processes of the events in July 1934 executed, and of the creation of an execution space (then space 47 C, today consecration space where 650 names of resistance fighters are shown) with a guillotine supplied from Berlin (then called device F, F (stands for Fallbeil) like guillotine).
During the period of National Socialism were in Vienna Regional Court of 6 December 1938 to 4th April 1945 1.184 persons executed. Of those, 537 were political death sentences against civilians, 67 beheadings of soldiers, 49 war-related offenses, 31 criminal cases. Among those executed were 93 women in all age groups, including a 16-year-old girl and a 72-year-old woman who had both been executed for political reasons.
On 30 June 1942 were beheaded ten railwaymen from Styria and Carinthia, who were active in the resistance. On 31 July 1943, 31 people were beheaded in an hour, a day later, 30. The bodies were later handed over to the Institute of Anatomy at the University of Vienna and remaining body parts buried later without a stir at Vienna's Central Cemetery in shaft graves. To thein the Nazi era executed, which were called "Justifizierte" , belonged the nun Maria Restituta Kafka and the theology student Hannsgeorg Heintschel-Heinegg.
The court at that time was directly subordinated to the Ministry of Justice in Berlin.
1945-present
The A-tract (Inquisitentrakt), which was destroyed during a bombing raid in 1944 was built in the Second Republic again. This was also necessary because of the prohibition law of 8 May 1945 and the Criminal Law of 26 June 1945 courts and prisons had to fight with an overcrowding of unprecedented proportions.
On 24 March 1950, the last execution took place in the Grey House. Women murderer Johann Trnka had two women attacked in his home and brutally murdered, he had to bow before this punishment. On 1 July 1950 the death penalty was abolished in the ordinary procedure by Parliament. Overall, occured in the Regionl Court of Criminal Matters 1248 executions. In 1967, the execution site was converted into a memorial.
In the early 1980s, the building complex was revitalized and expanded. The building in the Florianigasse 8, which previously had been renovated, served during this time as an emergency shelter for some of the departments. In 1994, the last reconstruction, actually the annex of the courtroom tract, was completed. In 2003, the Vienna Juvenile Court was dissolved as an independent court, iIts agendas were integrated in the country's criminal court.
Prominent processes since 1945, for example, the Krauland process in which a ÖVP (Österreichische Volkspartei - Austrian People's Party) minister was accused of offenses against properties, the affair of the former SPÖ (Sozialistische Partei Österreichs - Austrian Socialist Party) Minister and Trade Unions president Franz Olah, whose unauthorized financial assistance resulted in a newspaper establishment led to conviction, the murder affairs Sassak and the of the Lainzer nurses (as a matter of fact, auxiliary nurses), the consumption (Konsum - consumer cooporatives) process, concerning the responsibility of the consumer Manager for the bankruptcy of the company, the Lucona proceedings against Udo Proksch, a politically and socially very well- networked man, who was involved in an attempted insurance fraud, several people losing their lives, the trial of the Nazi Holocaust denier David Irving for Wiederbetätigung (re-engagement in National Socialist activities) and the BAWAG affair in which it comes to breaches of duty by bank managers and vanished money.
Presidents of the Regional Court for Criminal Matters in Vienna since 1839 [edit ]
Josef Hollan (1839-1844)
Florian Philipp (1844-1849)
Eduard Ritter von Wittek (1850-1859)
Franz Ritter von Scharschmied (1859-1864)
Franz Ritter von Boschan (1864-1872)
Franz Josef Babitsch (1873-1874)
Joseph Ritter von Weitenhiller (1874-1881)
Franz Schwaiger (1881-1889)
Eduard Graf Lamezan -Salins (1889-1895)
Julius von Soos (1895-1903)
Paul von Vittorelli (1903-1909)
Johann Feigl (1909-1918)
Karl Heidt (1918-1919)
Ludwig Altmann (1920-1929)
Emil Tursky (1929-1936)
Philipp Charwath (1936-1938)
Otto Nahrhaft (1945-1950)
Rudolf Naumann (1951-1954)
Wilhelm Malaniu (1955-1963)
Johann Schuster (1963-1971)
Konrad Wymetal (1972-1976)
August Matouschek (1977-1989)
Günter Woratsch (1990-2004)
Ulrike Psenner (2004-2009)
Friedrich Forsthuber (since 2010)
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesgericht_f%C3%BCr_Strafsachen_...
This photo is excerpted from Kinship Circle: Act - Undue Justice: Stu On Death Row, 4 years.
All alerts:
07/13/09 - Kinship Circle: Update - A Chance for Stu!
07/05/09 - Kinship Circle: Update - Stu is scheduled to be executed on 7-23-09
06/18/09 - Kinship Circle: Act - Undue Justice: Stu On Death Row, 4 years
06/20/07 - Kinship Circle: Saving Stu: Legally They Can Kill Him Any Day Now
01/10/07 - Kinship Circle: Stu In Grave Danger. Again. [KC MEMBER ALERT]
09/08/06 - Kinship Circle: UPDATE: Stu Is Safe!
09/06/06 - Kinship Circle: LETTER / End Stu’s Nightmare Inside LAAS
---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Kinship Circle - info [at] kinshipcircle.org
Date: Thu, Jun 18, 2009 at 8:15 PM
Subject: Act/ Undue Justice: Stu On Death Row, 4 years
KINSHIP CIRCLE PRIMARY / PERMISSION TO CROSSPOST
6/18/09: Undue Justice - Stu On Death Row, 4 Years And Counting
PHOTOS LT-RT: Stu at Thanksgiving, 2008 after 3+ years in custody. Stu with former Animal Services Board Commissioner Marie Atake, who famously resigned in 2007, frustrated in her attempts to increase Department integrity and professionalism. Stu, on day he was impounded by L.A. Animal Services, 2005.
Source: The Examiner: Playing political games with a dog's life
Kinship Circle does not usually cover complex dog custody cases. Stu's story is different. His person, Jeff de la Rosa, is a Kinship Circle supporter. We've watched Stu grow old in "jail" since he was wrongfully impounded in 2005. Please read the sample letter below, and an account of Stu's ordeal after that. Stu still faces death. As always, the decision to act is yours.
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EMAIL BLOCKS: Sample letter + Complete contact information at end
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* TO SEND: COPY/PASTE EMAIL BLOCKS INTO BCC: LINE OF YOUR EMAIL
* TYPE YOUR OWN EMAIL ADDRESS IN THE TO: LINE
* COPY/PASTE SAMPLE LETTER INTO SAME EMAIL.
* Change some words, sign with your name/full address and send!
LOS ANGELES CITY ATTORNEY'S OFFICE & BOARD OF ANIMAL SERVICES COMMISSIONERS
Rocky.Delgadillo [at] lacity.org, Laurie.Rittenberg [at] lacity.org, Todd.Leung [at] lacity.org, Dov.Lesel [at] lacity.org, tariqkhero [at] gmail.com, ninekitties [at] aol.com, ireneponce [at] earthlink.net, secundar [at] unitedtalent.com, ajq1trq2 [at] aol.com, Jim.Bickhart [at] lacity.org, Ani.Commission [at] lacity.org
PUBLIC SAFETY COMMITTEE & CITY OFFICIALS
councilmember.weiss [at] lacity.org, weiss [at] lacity.org, Councilmember.Parks [at] lacity.org, Bernard.Parks.Jr [at] lacity.org, councilmember.smith [at] lacity.org, Dennis.Zine [at] lacity.org, councilmember.reyes [at] lacity.org, ed.reyes [at] lacity.org, David.Hersch [at] lacity.org, Mike.Hernandez [at] lacity.org, Moniquea.Roberson [at] lacity.org, jose.gardea [at] lacity.org, rebecca.valdez [at] lacity.org, guadalupe.duran.medina [at] lacity.org, lisa.flores [at] lacity.org, tony.perez [at] lacity.org, monica.valencia [at] lacity.org, mayor [at] lacity.org
CONTACT WITH NO EMAIL AVAILABLE:
[incoming] City Attorney Elect Carmen Trutanich
180 East Ocean Blvd.; Long Beach, CA 90802
ph: 562-216-4444; fax: 562-216-4445
***KINSHIP CIRCLE CANNOT GUARANTEE ALL EMAILS WILL WORK***
During campaigns, recipients may change or disable their email addresses.
Emails from government, corporate, or institute websites may be incorrect.
======================
GET A FORMATTED LETTER (WORD DOC): info [at] kinshipcircle.org
Easily modify letter. Copy/paste it into an email or print letter to fax or mail.
======================
Dear City of Los Angeles Officials,
I trust all letter recipients are familiar with Stu, a rescued dog who lived an uneventful five years with Jeff de la Rosa, before de la Rosa entrusted his dogs to an assistant while away for a family emergency.
Under that pet sitter's care, in August 2005, Stu atypically clashed with another household dog and wound up with a torn ear. It is accepted knowledge that injured animals may react defensively. As the pet sitter slipped a harness over Stu's hurt ear, the scared dog bit her twice on the arm.
"A couple of puncture wounds," Commissioner Archie Quincey, a 30-year veteran of L.A. Country Animal Control, would later state. Still, a full month after the incident, the assistant served de la Rosa with a lawsuit and Stu was seized from a locked, backyard kennel. Thus began Stu's incarceration under L.A. Animal Services (LAAS) and a bureaucratic battle so absurd, Stu's story has gained worldwide notoriety.
What is the point of keeping this now elderly dog on death row? Dr. Richard Polsky, a co-creator of City criteria for gauging dangerous dogs, and Bobby Dorofshar of New Leash on Life, also a City advisor and one-time member of its Spay/Neuter Advisory Committee -- have testified that Stu poses no threat of aggression to humans. Their conclusion stems from assessment of Stu's pre- and post-incident behavior, plus comprehension of how the victim's actions may have triggered the bites. Dorofshar sheltered Stu at his own facility for many months, during which time he came to know the dog.
The City Attorney should call off his resistance to de la Rosa's appeal and close the books on this case. Please stop shuffling Stu through a bureaucratic thicket and let the dog live his final years with de la Rosa.
After four years of wrongful internment in LAAS facilities, just one fair and merciful outcome remains: Stu needs to go home. Yesterday.
Sincerely,
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PLAYING POLITICAL GAMES WITH A DOG'S LIFE
======================
A detailed article (link) gives an accurate picture of Stu and Jeff de la Rosa's ordeal. Kinship Circle re-phrases it for simplicity and length:
Stu lived uneventfully with Jeff and two other dogs for five years, before Jeff had to leave him with a sitter in Aug. 2005, due to a family emergency. He entrusted his dogs to an assistant who knew them. While away Stu atypically clashed with another of Jeff's dogs and wound up with a torn ear.
The pet sitter tried to slip a harness over Stu's wounded ear, to bring him to the vet. Injured animals often act uncharacteristically defensive. Such was the case with Stu: The scared dog bit the assistant twice on her arm.
The assistant did not file a report with police or L.A. Animal Services (LAAS). She told Jeff she "didn't want to get Stu in trouble."
Yet three weeks later, Jeff was slapped with a lawsuit. Ten days after that, Stu was seized (without warning) from Jeff's locked outdoor kennel. Jeff rushed to Animal Services, but staff denied Stu's release, citing a bite report received one full month after its occurrence. Thus began Stu's incarceration, a battle of bureaucratic power plays so embarrassingly absurd, Stu's story is notorious worldwide.
With the assistant now dramatizing her account (Stu "dragged her back and forth across the floor"), lawyers asked for six million dollars in damages. Meanwhile LAAS ruled in its initial hearing to revoke the dog's license. The verdict would have let Jeff relocate Stu outside Los Angeles or move himself. The verdict would have let Stu live.
Instead, LAAS ignored the Hearing Examiner's recommendations (defying LAAS rules) and a Captain Helen Brakemeier memoed then-General Manager Guerdon Stuckey: "After reviewing the [Hearing Examiner's] report, I disagree...and think that the dog should be deemed dangerous." Brakemeier never mentioned evaluating Stu herself or what authorized her to override the original verdict. Still, Stuckey sided with Brakemeier to sentence Stu to death.
Ironically, Mayor Villaraigosa fired Stuckey days later for the GM's inability to bring euthanasia numbers down. Jeff only found out about Brakemeier's inappropriate role in Stu's fate after securing all public records in the case, in an attempt to save his dog.
Fast forward four years and Stu is still trapped in a bureaucratic thicket. He's aged inside City facilities as Jeff fights a relentless legal battle. Esteemed dog behaviorists -- such as Dr. Richard Polsky, a co-creator of City criteria for gauging dangerous dogs, and Bobby Dorofshar of New Leash on Life, another City advisor and one-time member of its Spay/Neuter Advisory Committee -- have testified that Stu poses no threat of aggression to humans. Their common conclusion stems from assessment of Stu's pre- and post-incident behavior, along with comprehension of how the victim's actions may have triggered the bites. Dorofshar even sheltered Stu at his own facility for many months, during which time he came to know the dog.
Animal Services and the City Attorney's office remain dead-set on killing Stu. Are they peeved over the negative publicity? Just before the forced resignation of previous General Manager Ed Boks, the City Council admonished him for blogging against Jeff (and other LAAS critics) on the City's time.
Animal Services Commission, created to monitor LAAS, even advocated for Stu's life. Commissioner Archie Quincey, a 30-year L.A. County Animal Control veteran, motioned the City Attorney to call off his resistance to Jeff's appeal. Quincey proposed the case go back to Superior Court to drop Stu's sentence because evidence shows a denial of due process. But Commissioner Quincey's motion has vanished from the Commission's agenda and a 6/8/09 meeting before Stu's Appeals Court case was cancelled as well.
No one seems to know who's in charge -- Animal Services Commission or Animal Services Department -- of meeting agendas. It is clear, however, that Stu's case is shuffled so that Commissioner Quincey's motion goes unheard.
Quincey intends to bring up Stu's case at the June 22 meeting whether it's scheduled or not. "I think it's gone too far," he told reporter Kate Woodviolet for LA Pet Rescue Examiner. "I have a lot of Animal Control experience. I saw the pictures [of the human victim's injuries], there were a couple of small puncture wounds -- and the dog was injured when it happened. On that one bite Stu gets the ultimate penalty? That's like getting the electric chair for a misdemeanor!"
At this point, there is but one fair and merciful outcome left: Stu needs to go home. Yesterday.
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FULL CONTACT INFORMATION
======================
[incoming] City Attorney Elect Carmen Trutanich
180 East Ocean Blvd.; Long Beach, CA 90802
ph: 562-216-4444; fax: 562-216-4445; (no email available)
[outgoing] City Attorney Rocky Delgadillo
800 City Hall East; 200 North Main Street; Los Angeles, CA 90012
ph: 213-978-8100; fax: 213-978-8312
email: Rocky.Delgadillo [at] lacity.org
Ms. Laurie Rittenberg and Mr. Todd Leung
Office of the City Attorney
200 N Main Street; City Hall East, 9th floor; Los Angeles CA 90012
fax: 213-978-2250; email: Laurie.Rittenberg [at] lacity.org,
Todd.Leung [at] lacity.org, Dov.Lesel [at] lacity.org
BOARD OF ANIMAL SERVICES COMMISSIONERS
President Tariq Khero: tariqkhero [at] gmail.com
Vice President Kathy Riordan: ninekitties [at] aol.com
Commissioner Irene Ponce: ireneponce [at] earthlink.net
Commissioner Ruthanne Secunda: secundar [at] unitedtalent.com
Commisioner Archie Quincey: ajq1trq2 [at] aol.com
*(Mayoral aide assigned to Dept.) Jim Bickhart: Jim.Bickhart [at] lacity.org
Ani.Commission [at] lacity.org
PUBLIC SAFETY COMMITTEE
Councilmember Jack Weiss, Chair, Council District 5
200 N. Spring Street, Room 440; Los Angeles, CA 90012
ph: 213-473-7005; fax: 213-978-2250
email: councilmember.weiss [at] lacity.org, weiss [at] lacity.org
Councilmember Bernard C. Parks (former police chief), Council District 8
200 N. Spring Street, Rm. 460; Los Angeles, CA 90012
ph 213-473-7008; fax: 213-485-7683
email: Councilmember.Parks [at] lacity.org, Bernard.Parks.Jr [at] lacity.org
Councilmember Greig Smith, Council District 12
200 North Spring St., Rm 405; Los Angeles, CA 90012
ph: 213-473-7012; fax: (213) 473-6925
email: councilmember.smith [at] lacity.org
Councilmember Dennis Zine, Council District 3
200 N. Spring Street, Rm.450; Los Angeles, CA 90012
ph: 213-473-7003; fax: 213-485-8988
email: Dennis.Zine [at] lacity.org
Councilmember Ed Reyes, Council District 1
200 N. Spring Street, Room 410; Los Angeles, CA 90012
ph: 213-473-7001; fax: 213-485-8907
email: councilmember.reyes [at] lacity.org, ed.reyes [at] lacity.org
David Hersch, Public Safety Deputy: David.Hersch [at] lacity.org
Mike Hernandez, Assistant Chief of Staff: Mike.Hernandez [at] lacity.org
Moniquea Roberson, Executive Assistant / Administrative Manager:
Moniquea.Roberson [at] lacity.org
Jose A. Gardea, Chief of Staff: jose.gardea [at] lacity.org
Rebecca Valdez, Chief Planning Deputy: rebecca.valdez [at] lacity.org
Guadalupe Duran-Medina, Planning Deputy: guadalupe.duran.medina [at] lacity.org
Lisa Flores, Executive Assistant/Scheduler: lisa.flores [at] lacity.org
Tony Perez, Communications Director: tony.perez [at] lacity.org
Monica Valencia, Press Deputy: monica.valencia [at] lacity.org
Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa, City Hall
200 North Spring Street, RM 303; Los Angeles, CA 90012
ph: 213-978-0600; fax: 213-978-0750
Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa: mayor [at] lacity.org
Jim Bickhart, Mayor's Office: Jim.Bickhart [at] lacity.org
======================
SOURCE OF INFORMATION / REFERENCE LINKS
======================
Playing political games with a dog's life
Proposed [impossible] settlement in Stu's case
Jeff de la Rosa, Stu's dad
stu.911 [at] gmail.com
======================
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*DISCLAIMER: The information in these alerts is verified with the original source. Kinship Circle does not assume responsibility for the accuracy of the information or for the consequences of its use. Nothing in this email is intended to encourage illegal action in whatever country you are reading it in. Kinship Circle does not engage in, nor support, any form of harassment or unlawful activity. Nothing in this alert serves to promote such conduct.
This morning (Tuesday 1 February 2022), we executed warrants at six properties in the Chadderton area.
A 25-year-old was arrested on suspicion of rape, sexual assault and trafficking a person within the UK for sexual exploitation.
A second 25-year-old was arrested on suspicion of sexual assault.
A 26-year-old was arrested on suspicion of sexual assault and trafficking a person within the UK for sexual exploitation.
A 27-year-old was arrested on suspicion of rape and trafficking a person within the UK for sexual exploitation.
A 28-year-old was arrested on suspicion of rape and trafficking a person within the UK for sexual exploitation.
The warrants were executed as part of Operation Gabel - an investigation into the child sexual exploitation of two teenage girls in 2012/2013.
Inspector Nick Helme, of GMP's Oldham district, said: "This morning's action at several properties in the Chadderton area was a result of just one of a number of ongoing investigations into historic child sexual exploitation in Greater Manchester.
"I can assure members of the public and warn offenders that investigating this type of crime is a top priority for the force. Regardless of time passed, dedicated teams in a specialist unit leave no stone unturned whilst gathering evidence to make arrests with the intention of bringing suspects to face justice.
"I hope these warrants build public trust and confidence that Greater Manchester Police is committed to fighting, preventing and reducing CSE to keep people safe and care for victims - giving them the faith they need in the force to come forward.
Greater Manchester is nationally recognised as a model of good practice in terms of support services available to victims.
If you or someone you know has been raped or sexually assaulted, we encourage you not to suffer in silence and report it to the police, or a support agency so you can get the help and support available.
- Saint Mary's Sexual Assault Referral Centre, Manchester provides a comprehensive and co-ordinated response to men, women and children who live or have been sexually assaulted within Greater Manchester. We offer forensic medical examinations, practical and emotional support as well as a counselling service for all ages. Services are available on a 24-hour basis and can be accessed by telephoning 0161 276 6515.
-Greater Manchester Rape Crisis is a confidential information, support and counselling service run by women for women over 18 who have been raped or sexually abused at any time in their lives. Call us on 0161 273 4500 or email us at help@manchesterrapecrisis.co.uk
- Survivors Manchester provides specialist trauma informed support to boys and men in Greater Manchester who have experienced sexual abuse, rape or sexual exploitation. Call 0161 236 2182.
Zum Gedenken an die hier während der NS-Zeit aus politischen Gründen hingerichteten Frauen und Männer (in memoriam to the here during the Nazi era for political reasons executed women and men)
Vienna Regional Court for Criminal Matters
The Vienna Regional Court for Criminal Matters (colloquially referred to as "landl" (Landesgericht)) is one of 20 regional courts in Austria and the largest court in Austria. It is located in the 8th District of Vienna, Josefstadt, at the Landesgerichtsstraße 11. It is a court of first respectively second instance. A prisoners house, the prison Josefstadt, popularly often known as the "Grey House" is connected.
Court Organization
In this complex there are:
the Regional Court for Criminal Matters Vienna,
the Vienna District Attorney (current senior prosecutor Maria-Luise Nittel)
the Jurists association-trainee lawer union (Konzipientenverband) and
the largest in Austria existing court house jail, the Vienna Josefstadt prison.
The Regional Criminal Court has jurisdiction in the first instance for crimes and offenses that are not pertain before the district court. Depending on the severity of the crime, there is a different procedure. Either decides
a single judge,
a senate of lay assessors
or the jury court.
In the second instance, the District Court proceeds appeals and complaints against judgments of district courts. A three-judge Court decides here whether the judgment is canceled or not and, if necessary, it establishes a new sentence.
The current President Friedrich Forsthuber is supported by two Vice Presidents - Henriette Braitenberg-Zennenberg and Eve Brachtel.
In September 2012, the following data have been published
Austria's largest court
270 office days per year
daily 1500 people
70 judges, 130 employees in the offices
5300 proceedings (2011) for the custodial judges and legal protection magistrates, representing about 40 % of the total Austrian juridical load of work
over 7400 procedures at the trial judges (30 % of the total Austrian juridical load of work)
Prosecution with 93 prosecutors and 250 employees
19,000 cases against 37,000 offenders (2011 )
Josefstadt prison with 1,200 inmates (overcrowded)
History
1839-1918
The original building of the Vienna Court House, the so-called civil Schranne (corn market), was from 1440 to 1839 located at the Hoher Markt 5. In 1773 the Schrannenplatz was enlarged under Emperor Joseph II and the City Court and the Regional Court of the Viennese Magistrate in this house united. From this time it bore the designation "criminal court".
Due to shortcomings of the prison rooms in the Old Court on Hoher Markt was already at the beginning of the 19th Century talk of building a new crime courthouse, but this had to be postponed because of bankruptcy in 1811.
In 1816 the construction of the criminal court building was approved. Although in the first place there were voices against a construction outside the city, as building ground was chosen the area of the civil Schießstätte (shooting place) and the former St. Stephanus-Freithofes in then Alservorstadt (suburb); today, in this part Josefstadt. The plans of architect Johann Fischer were approved in 1831, and in 1832 was began with the construction, which was completed in 1839. On 14 May 1839 was held the first meeting of the Council.
Provincial Court at the Landesgerichtsstraße between November 1901 and 1906
Johann Fischer fell back in his plans to Tuscan early Renaissance palaces as the Pitti Palace or Palazzo Pandolfini in Florence. The building was erected on a 21,872 m² plot with a length of 223 meters. It had two respectively three floors (upper floors), the courtyard was divided into three wings, in which the prisoner's house stood. In addition, a special department for the prison hospital (Inquisitenspital ) and a chapel were built.
The Criminal Court of Vienna was from 1839 to 1850 a city court which is why the Vice Mayor of Vienna was president of the criminal courts in civil and criminal matters at the same time. In 1850 followed the abolition of municipal courts. The state administration took over the Criminal Court on 1 Juli 1850. From now on, it had the title "K.K. Country's criminal court in Vienna".
1851, juries were introduced. Those met in the large meeting hall, then as now, was on the second floor of the office wing. The room presented a double height space (two floors). 1890/1891 followed a horizontal subdivision. Initially, the building stood all alone there. Only with the 1858 in the wake of the demolition of the city walls started urban expansion it was surrounded by other buildings.
From 1870 to 1878, the Court experienced numerous conversions. Particular attention was paid to the tract that connects directly to the Alserstraße. On previously building ground a three-storey arrest tract and the Jury Court tract were built. New supervened the "Neutrakt", which presented a real extension and was built three respectively four storied. From 1873 on, executions were not executed publicly anymore but only in the prison house. The first execution took place on 16 December 1876 in the "Galgenhof" (gallow courtyard), the accused were hanged there on the Würgegalgen (choke gallow).
By 1900 the prisoners house was extended. In courtyard II of the prison house kitchen, laundry and workshop buildings and a bathing facility for the prisoners were created. 1906/1907 the office building was enlarged. The two-storied wing tract got a third and three-storied central section a fourth floor fitted.
1918-1938
In the early years of the First Republic took place changes of the court organization. Due to the poor economy and the rapid inflation, the number of cases and the number of inmates rose sharply. Therefore, it was in Vienna on 1 October 1920 established a second Provincial Court, the Regional Court of Criminal Matters II Vienna, as well as an Expositur of the prisoner house at Garnisongasse.
One of the most important trials of the interwar period was the shadow village-process (Schattendorfprozess - nomen est omen!), in which on 14th July 1927, the three defendants were acquitted. In January 1927 front fighters had shot into a meeting of the Social Democratic Party of Austria, killing two people. The outrage over the acquittal was great. At a mass demonstration in front of the Palace of Justice on 15th July 1927, which mainly took place in peaceful manner, invaded radical elements in the Palace of Justice and set fire ( Fire of the Palace Justice), after which the overstrained police preyed upon peaceful protesters fleeing from the scene and caused many deaths.
The 1933/1934 started corporate state dictatorship had led sensational processes against their opponents: examples are the National Socialists processes 1934 and the Socialists process in 1936 against 28 "illegal" socialists and two Communists, in which among others the later leaders Bruno Kreisky and Franz Jonas sat on the dock.
Also in 1934 in the wake of the February Fights and the July Coup a series of processes were carried out by summary courts and military courts. Several ended with death sentences that were carried out by hanging in "Galgenhof" of the district court .
1938-1945
The first measures the Nazis at the Regional Criminal Court after the "Anschluss" of Austria to the German Reich in 1938 had carried out, consisted of the erection of a monument to ten Nazis, during the processes of the events in July 1934 executed, and of the creation of an execution space (then space 47 C, today consecration space where 650 names of resistance fighters are shown) with a guillotine supplied from Berlin (then called device F, F (stands for Fallbeil) like guillotine).
During the period of National Socialism were in Vienna Regional Court of 6 December 1938 to 4th April 1945 1.184 persons executed. Of those, 537 were political death sentences against civilians, 67 beheadings of soldiers, 49 war-related offenses, 31 criminal cases. Among those executed were 93 women in all age groups, including a 16-year-old girl and a 72-year-old woman who had both been executed for political reasons.
On 30 June 1942 were beheaded ten railwaymen from Styria and Carinthia, who were active in the resistance. On 31 July 1943, 31 people were beheaded in an hour, a day later, 30. The bodies were later handed over to the Institute of Anatomy at the University of Vienna and remaining body parts buried later without a stir at Vienna's Central Cemetery in shaft graves. To thein the Nazi era executed, which were called "Justifizierte" , belonged the nun Maria Restituta Kafka and the theology student Hannsgeorg Heintschel-Heinegg.
The court at that time was directly subordinated to the Ministry of Justice in Berlin.
1945-present
The A-tract (Inquisitentrakt), which was destroyed during a bombing raid in 1944 was built in the Second Republic again. This was also necessary because of the prohibition law of 8 May 1945 and the Criminal Law of 26 June 1945 courts and prisons had to fight with an overcrowding of unprecedented proportions.
On 24 March 1950, the last execution took place in the Grey House. Women murderer Johann Trnka had two women attacked in his home and brutally murdered, he had to bow before this punishment. On 1 July 1950 the death penalty was abolished in the ordinary procedure by Parliament. Overall, occured in the Regionl Court of Criminal Matters 1248 executions. In 1967, the execution site was converted into a memorial.
In the early 1980s, the building complex was revitalized and expanded. The building in the Florianigasse 8, which previously had been renovated, served during this time as an emergency shelter for some of the departments. In 1994, the last reconstruction, actually the annex of the courtroom tract, was completed. In 2003, the Vienna Juvenile Court was dissolved as an independent court, iIts agendas were integrated in the country's criminal court.
Prominent processes since 1945, for example, the Krauland process in which a ÖVP (Österreichische Volkspartei - Austrian People's Party) minister was accused of offenses against properties, the affair of the former SPÖ (Sozialistische Partei Österreichs - Austrian Socialist Party) Minister and Trade Unions president Franz Olah, whose unauthorized financial assistance resulted in a newspaper establishment led to conviction, the murder affairs Sassak and the of the Lainzer nurses (as a matter of fact, auxiliary nurses), the consumption (Konsum - consumer cooporatives) process, concerning the responsibility of the consumer Manager for the bankruptcy of the company, the Lucona proceedings against Udo Proksch, a politically and socially very well- networked man, who was involved in an attempted insurance fraud, several people losing their lives, the trial of the Nazi Holocaust denier David Irving for Wiederbetätigung (re-engagement in National Socialist activities) and the BAWAG affair in which it comes to breaches of duty by bank managers and vanished money.
Presidents of the Regional Court for Criminal Matters in Vienna since 1839 [edit ]
Josef Hollan (1839-1844)
Florian Philipp (1844-1849)
Eduard Ritter von Wittek (1850-1859)
Franz Ritter von Scharschmied (1859-1864)
Franz Ritter von Boschan (1864-1872)
Franz Josef Babitsch (1873-1874)
Joseph Ritter von Weitenhiller (1874-1881)
Franz Schwaiger (1881-1889)
Eduard Graf Lamezan -Salins (1889-1895)
Julius von Soos (1895-1903)
Paul von Vittorelli (1903-1909)
Johann Feigl (1909-1918)
Karl Heidt (1918-1919)
Ludwig Altmann (1920-1929)
Emil Tursky (1929-1936)
Philipp Charwath (1936-1938)
Otto Nahrhaft (1945-1950)
Rudolf Naumann (1951-1954)
Wilhelm Malaniu (1955-1963)
Johann Schuster (1963-1971)
Konrad Wymetal (1972-1976)
August Matouschek (1977-1989)
Günter Woratsch (1990-2004)
Ulrike Psenner (2004-2009)
Friedrich Forsthuber (since 2010)
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesgericht_f%C3%BCr_Strafsachen_...
This manuscript was executed in 1475 by a scribe identified as Aristakes, for a priest named Hakob. It contains a series of 16 images on the life of Christ preceding the text of the gospels, as well as the traditional evangelist portraits, and there are marginal illustrations throughout. The style of the miniatures, which employ brilliant colors and emphasize decorative patterns, is characteristic of manuscript production in the region around Lake Van during the 15th century. The style of Lake Van has often been described in relation to schools of Islamic arts of the book. Numerous inscriptions (on fols. 258-60) spanning a few centuries attest to the manuscript's long history of use and revered preservation. The codex's later history included a re-binding with silver covers from Kayseri that date to approximately 1700. This jeweled and enameled silver binding bears a composition of the Adoration of the Magi on the front and the Ascension on the back.
To explore fully digitized manuscripts with a virtual page-turning application, please visit Walters Ex Libris.
Early morning raids saw four arrested as officers executed several drug warrants across Tameside.
Today (Wednesday 19 June 2019) warrants were executed across seven addresses as part of a crackdown on the supply of Class A and B drugs – codenamed Operation Leporine.
Following today’s action, two men – aged 21 and 27 – and two women – aged 21 and 52 - have been arrested on suspicion of possession with intent to supply Class A and B drugs.
Sergeant Stephanie O’Brien, of GMP’s Tameside district, said: “At present we have four people in custody and as part of this morning’s operation we have been able to seize a significant quantity of drugs.
“I would like to thank the team here in Tameside who, as part of Operation Leporine, have worked tirelessly in order to bring a sophisticated and audacious group of offenders to justice.
“The supply of illegal drugs blights communities and destroys people’s livelihoods; and I hope that today’s very direct and visible action demonstrates to the local community that we are doing all that we to make the streets of Tameside a safer place.
“It will remain a top priority for us to continue to tackle the influx of drugs in the area, however we cannot do this alone and I would appeal directly to the community and those most affected to please come forward with any information that could assist us in what continues to be an ongoing operation.”
Anyone with information should contact police on 101, or alternatively reports can be made to the independent charity Crimestoppers, anonymously on 0800 555 111.
To find out more about Greater Manchester Police please visit our website. www.gmp.police.uk
You should call 101, the national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
Early morning raids saw four arrested as officers executed several drug warrants across Tameside.
Today (Wednesday 19 June 2019) warrants were executed across seven addresses as part of a crackdown on the supply of Class A and B drugs – codenamed Operation Leporine.
Following today’s action, two men – aged 21 and 27 – and two women – aged 21 and 52 - have been arrested on suspicion of possession with intent to supply Class A and B drugs.
Sergeant Stephanie O’Brien, of GMP’s Tameside district, said: “At present we have four people in custody and as part of this morning’s operation we have been able to seize a significant quantity of drugs.
“I would like to thank the team here in Tameside who, as part of Operation Leporine, have worked tirelessly in order to bring a sophisticated and audacious group of offenders to justice.
“The supply of illegal drugs blights communities and destroys people’s livelihoods; and I hope that today’s very direct and visible action demonstrates to the local community that we are doing all that we to make the streets of Tameside a safer place.
“It will remain a top priority for us to continue to tackle the influx of drugs in the area, however we cannot do this alone and I would appeal directly to the community and those most affected to please come forward with any information that could assist us in what continues to be an ongoing operation.”
Anyone with information should contact police on 101, or alternatively reports can be made to the independent charity Crimestoppers, anonymously on 0800 555 111.
To find out more about Greater Manchester Police please visit our website. www.gmp.police.uk
You should call 101, the national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
This marble bust of Louis XIV, situated in Salon de Diane, was executed in 1665 by Gianlorenzo Bernini when the Roman was calld to rebuild the Louvre--a project that was never undertaken. It is one of the few portraits for which Louis XIV agreed to pose and it shows the 27-year-old man as young, handsome, and majestic. The monarch is depicted at the start of his climb to glory, just a few years after having decided to govern alone, fully exercising what he called "a king's craft".
The Salon de Diane (Diane Drawing Room) was used by Louis XIV as a billiard room. Louis XIV was a master at pool, and the table stood in the center of the room covered with crimson velvet carpet fringed in gold. The bleachers, where women sat to watch, were covered with Persian carpets embroidered in gold and silver.
Louis XIV (baptised as Louis-Dieudonné) (September 5, 1638 – September 1, 1715) ruled as King of France and of Navarre.
He acceded to the throne on May 14, 1643, a few months before his fifth birthday, but did not assume actual personal control of the government until the death of his First Minister ("premier ministre"), Jules Cardinal Mazarin, in 1661. Louis would remain on the throne till his death just prior to his seventy-seventh birthday in 1715.
The reign of Louis XIV, known as The Sun King (in French Le Roi Soleil) or as Louis the Great (in French Louis le Grand, or simply Le Grand Monarque, "the Great Monarch"), spanned seventy-two years—the longest reign of any major European monarch. During that period of time he increased the power and influence of France in Europe, fighting three major wars—the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg, and the War of the Spanish Succession—and two minor conflicts—the War of Devolution, and the War of the Reunions.
The political and military scene in France during his reign was filled with such illustrious names as Mazarin, Fouquet, Colbert, Michel le Tellier, Le Tellier's son Louvois, the Great Condé, Turenne, Vauban, Villars and Tourville. Under his reign, France achieved not only political and military pre-eminence, but also cultural dominance with various cultural figures such as Molière, Racine, Boileau, La Fontaine, Lully, Le Brun, Rigaud, Louis Le Vau, Jules Hardouin Mansart, Claude Perrault and Le Nôtre. The cultural achievements accomplished by these figures contributed to the prestige of France, its people, its language and its king.
Louis XIV worked successfully to create a centralized state governed from the capital in order to sweep away the fragmented feudalism which had hitherto persisted in France, thus giving rise to the modern state. As a result of his efforts, which seemed absolutist, Louis XIV became the archetype of such a monarch. The phrase "L'État, c'est moi" ("I am the State") is frequently attributed to him, though this is considered by historians to be a historical inaccuracy and is more likely to have been conceived by political opponents as a way of confirming the stereotypical view of the absolutism he represented. Quite contrary to that apocryphal quote, Louis XIV is actually reported to have said on his death bed: "Je m'en vais, mais l'État demeurera toujours." ("I am going away, but the State will always remain").
Seventeen people have been arrested today following GMP’s largest ever crackdown on mobile phone theft.
This morning, Thursday 12 December 2013, 21 warrants were executed at addresses and businesses across Greater Manchester.
Seventeen people have been arrested in relation to a number offences including handing stolen goods, burglary and money laundering. They are currently in police custody.
£60,000 cash and 77 stolen mobile phones have also been seized.
Earlier this year, GMP launched Operation Network in response to an increase in mobile phone theft.
In the last year (December 2012 – November 2013) there were 5,591 thefts from person and in 72 per cent (4,326) of these a mobile phone was stolen. This has risen by 12 per cent when compared to two years ago.
Thieves are targeting smartphone owners – in 2012/13 63 per cent (2,743) of phones stolen were iPhones and 20 per cent (854) were Samsung.
A team of officers has been working to trace offenders and identify stolen goods markets but today marks the biggest ever operation carried out by GMP to specifically target the growing concern of mobile phone theft.
Police suspect many of them are being exported abroad and are working closely with Manchester Airport to identify offenders.
Superintendent Craig Thompson from Greater Manchester Police said: “Mobile phone theft has become a real concern in recent months and as the popularity of smartphones rises so too do the number of offences.
“Today marks the biggest ever operation carried out by GMP to specifically target the growing concern of mobile phone theft and I hope it sends out a message to offenders that we will not tolerate their crimes.
“This is far from targeting low level offenders. With handsets fetching as much as £1,000 each abroad, organised crime groups are jumping on the bandwagon and using the profits from their crimes to fund further and more serious crime at the expense of local communities.
“In some instances offenders are using intimidating, threatening and downright unacceptable behaviour to steal phones and we will not allow these individuals to roam our streets causing misery.”
Deputy Police & Crime Commissioner Jim Battle said: “Mobile phones play such an important part of people’s lives these days and it’s no surprise thieves are waiting in the wings to take advantage.
“I’m pleased the police take this type of crime seriously and this operation shows mobile phone thieves their days are numbered.”
Neighbourhood officers will be out in communities throughout the day talking to residents about keeping their mobile phone secure and events encouraging phone owners to register their handsets on immobilise.com will take place.
Today’s operation is also being supported by a traffic operation - Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) cameras were used in South Manchester, North Manchester and Bolton to detect vehicles being driven illegally or having a connection with criminal activity.
Superintendent Craig Thompson added: “We appreciate the advantages of having a mobile phone and we do not want to put people off owning one but we would like people to take greater care, especially when they are out in public.
“With most handsets costing £400-£500 each, residents should treat their handset as they would a large wad of cash. Don’t leave it lying on a coffee table or flaunt it in a pub or club, keep it out of view and don’t advertise to thieves.”
Police are also urging residents to make a note of their IMEI number which they will now need to report a phone as stolen. To find this out key *#06# into the phone’s keypad.
Anyone with information about mobile phone theft or the sale of stolen goods should contact Greater Manchester Police on 101 or call Crimestoppers anonymously on 0800 555 111
I have soo many crazy creative ideas but thanks to the people I live them I can only execute them if Im alone or im my room. So I glitter my face and shoulders, tied thread around my head, did my makeup :) got to love purple mascara, and stole Geoffs lamp lol.
Iv been feeling odd. I want to do more but Im not exactly sure just how to do it. Im bored of where I am right now in my life, time for some change and excitement lol.
+3 in comments
You Learn by Alanis Morissette
Yesterday (Wednesday 11 March 2020), officers from Greater Manchester Police and the City of London Police’s Intellectual Property Crime Unit (PIPCU) executed a number of warrants at Great Ducie Street, Manchester.
Officers from GMP and the City of London Police - the national policing lead for fraud – worked alongside UK immigration, meaning a total of 100 officers and staff members were involved in the operation.
The search warrant, which developed from a previous operation that involved the sale and distribution of counterfeit items, saw thousands of labels, computer equipment and cash seized.
Detectives are currently exploring links between the counterfeit operation and Serious Organised Crime, helping to fund criminal activity beyond Greater Manchester.
15 people were arrested, after officers uncovered an estimated £7.5 million worth of branded clothing, shoes and perfume suspected to be counterfeit.
Chief Inspector Kirsten Buggy, of GMP’s North Manchester division, said: “Yesterday’s operation is one of the largest of its kind ever carried out in the area and has taken a meticulous amount of planning and preparation.
“I am thankful to colleagues from the City of London Police, who as the national policing lead for fraud, have worked in partnership with officers from GMP and helped bring about yesterday’s direct action. I am also grateful to those from UK Immigration for their help.
“Such partnerships are absolutely vital when tackling counterfeit operations, as they bring specialisms from across the country together in a bid to make an impactive and real difference. Steps such as yesterday are often only the start when it comes to investigating the scale of these operations and we will continue to work in conjunction with the City of London’s Intellectual Property Crime Unit to tackle this type of offending to its’ very core.
“It is important to recognise the far-reaching and serious impact of sophisticated and large scale counterfeit operations such as this one; and I would like to take this opportunity to remind members of the public of the repercussions of this kind of offending and the link to organised criminal activity. Please be under no illusion- this type of crime is not victimless.”
Police staff investigator Charlotte Beattie, of the City of London Police’s Intellectual Property Crime Unit (PIPCU), said:
“The counterfeit goods business is a deceiving one and the key message to be take away from this operation, is that counterfeiting is not a victimless crime.
“An individual may think that when buying counterfeit goods they are only affecting a multi-million pound brand, and won’t matter, when in fact they are helping to fund organised criminal activity. Counterfeit goods also pose a health risk to individuals as they usually are not fit for purpose or have not gone through the legal health and safety checks.
“Working in partnership has ensured that today’s operation has been a success. We will continue to work with Greater Manchester Police and UK Immigration to tackle the scourge of the counterfeit goods problem.”
To find out more about Greater Manchester Police please visit our website. www.gmp.police.uk
You should call 101, the national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
You can also call anonymously with information about crime to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111. Crimestoppers is an independent charity who will not want your name, just your information. Your call will not be traced or recorded and you do not have to go to court or give a statement.
You can access many of our services online at www.gmp.police.uk.
Studiolo from the Ducal Palace in Gubbio
•Designer: Designed by Francesco di Giorgio Martini (Italian, Siena 1439-1501 Siena)
•Maker: Executed under the supervision of Francesco di Giorgio Martini (Italian, Siena 1439-1501 Siena)
•Maker: Executed in the workshop of Giuliano da Maiano (Italian, Maiano 1432-1490 Naples)
•Maker: and Benedetto da Maiano (Italian, Maiano 1442-1497 Florence)
•Date: ca. 1478-1782
•Culture: Italian, Gubbio
•Medium: Walnut, beech, rosewood, oak and fruitwoods in walnut base
•Dimensions:
oHeight: 15 ft. 10 15/16 in. (485 cm)
oWidth: 16 ft. 11 15/16 in. (518 cm)
oDepth: 12 ft. 7 3/16 in. (384 cm)
•Classification: Woodwork
•Credit Line: Rogers Fund, 1939
•Accession Number: 39.153
On view at The Met Fifth Avenue in Gallery 501.
This detail is from a study, (or studiolo), intended for meditation and study. Its walls are carried out in a wood-inlay technique known as intarsia. The latticework doors of the cabinets, shown open or partly closed, indicate the contemporary interest in linear perspective. The cabinets display objects reflecting Duke Federico’s wide-ranging artistic and scientific interests, and the depictions of books recall his extensive library. Emblems of the Montefeltro are also represented. This room may have been designed by Francesco di Giorgio (1439-1502) and was executed by Giuliano da Majano (1432-1490). A similar room, in situ, was made for the duke’s palace at Urbino.
Signatures, Inscriptions, and Markings
•Inscription:
oLatin inscription in elegiac couplets in frieze: ASPICIS AETERNOS VENERANDAE MATRIS ALUMNOS // DOCTRINA EXCELSOS INGENIOQUE VIROS // UT NUDA CERVICE CADANT ANTE //.. // .. GENU // IUSTITIAM PIETAS VINCIT REVERENDA NEC ULLUM // POENITET ALTRICI SUCCUBUISSE SUAE.
oTranslation: (“You see the eternal nurselings of the venerable mother // Men pre-eminent in learning and genius, // How they fall with bared neck before // …… // ………………………………………………knee. // Honored loyalty prevails over justice, and no one // Repents having yielded to his foster mother.”)
Provenance
Duke Federico da Montefeltr, Palazzo Ducale, Gubbio, Italy (ca. 1479-1482); Prince Filippo Massimo Lancellotti, Frascati (from 1874); Lancelotti family, Frascati (until 1937; sold to Adolph Loewi, Venice); [Adolph Loewi, Venice (1937-1939; sold to MMA)]
Timeline of Art History
•Essays
oCollecting for the Kunstkammer
oDomestic Art in Renaissance Italy
oRenaissance Organs
•Timelines
oFlorence and Central Italy, 1400-1600 A.D.
MetPublications
oVermeer and the Delft School
oPeriod Rooms in The Metropolitan Museum of Art
oPainting Words, Sculpting Language: Creative Writing Activities at The Metropolitan Museum of Art
oOne Met. Many Worlds.
oMusical Instruments: Highlights of The Metropolitan Museum of Art
oThe Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 4, The Renaissance in Italy and Spain
oThe Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide (Spanish)
oThe Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide (Russian)
oThe Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide (Portuguese)
oThe Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide (Korean)
oThe Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide (Japanese)
oThe Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide (Italian)
oThe Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide (German)
oThe Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide (French)
oThe Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide (Chinese)
oThe Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide (Arabic)
oThe Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide
oThe Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide
oMasterpieces of The Metropolitan Museum of Art
oMasterpieces of The Metropolitan Museum of Art
o“The Liberal Arts Studiolo from the Ducal Palace at Gubbio”: The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 53, no. 4 (Spring, 1996)
oGuide to The Metropolitan Museum of Art
oThe Gubbio Studiolo and Its Conservation. Vol. 2, Italian Renaissance Intarsia and the Conservation of the Gubbio Studiolo
oThe Gubbio Studiolo and Its Conservation. Vol. 1, Federico da Montefeltro’s Palace at Gubbio and Its Studiolo
o“Carpaccio’s Young Knight in a Landscape: Christian Champion and Guardian of Liberty”: Metropolitan Museum Journal, v. 18 (1983)
oThe Artist Project: What Artists See When They Look At Art
oThe Artist Project
oThe Art of Renaissance Europe: A Resource for Educators
oThe Art of Chivalry: European Arms and Armor from The Metropolitan Museum of Art
oArt and Love in Renaissance Italy
Zum Gedenken an die hier während der NS-Zeit aus politischen Gründen hingerichteten Frauen und Männer (in memoriam to the here during the Nazi era for political reasons executed women and men)
Vienna Regional Court for Criminal Matters
The Vienna Regional Court for Criminal Matters (colloquially referred to as "landl" (Landesgericht)) is one of 20 regional courts in Austria and the largest court in Austria. It is located in the 8th District of Vienna, Josefstadt, at the Landesgerichtsstraße 11. It is a court of first respectively second instance. A prisoners house, the prison Josefstadt, popularly often known as the "Grey House" is connected.
Court Organization
In this complex there are:
the Regional Court for Criminal Matters Vienna,
the Vienna District Attorney (current senior prosecutor Maria-Luise Nittel)
the Jurists association-trainee lawer union (Konzipientenverband) and
the largest in Austria existing court house jail, the Vienna Josefstadt prison.
The Regional Criminal Court has jurisdiction in the first instance for crimes and offenses that are not pertain before the district court. Depending on the severity of the crime, there is a different procedure. Either decides
a single judge,
a senate of lay assessors
or the jury court.
In the second instance, the District Court proceeds appeals and complaints against judgments of district courts. A three-judge Court decides here whether the judgment is canceled or not and, if necessary, it establishes a new sentence.
The current President Friedrich Forsthuber is supported by two Vice Presidents - Henriette Braitenberg-Zennenberg and Eve Brachtel.
In September 2012, the following data have been published
Austria's largest court
270 office days per year
daily 1500 people
70 judges, 130 employees in the offices
5300 proceedings (2011) for the custodial judges and legal protection magistrates, representing about 40 % of the total Austrian juridical load of work
over 7400 procedures at the trial judges (30 % of the total Austrian juridical load of work)
Prosecution with 93 prosecutors and 250 employees
19,000 cases against 37,000 offenders (2011 )
Josefstadt prison with 1,200 inmates (overcrowded)
History
1839-1918
The original building of the Vienna Court House, the so-called civil Schranne (corn market), was from 1440 to 1839 located at the Hoher Markt 5. In 1773 the Schrannenplatz was enlarged under Emperor Joseph II and the City Court and the Regional Court of the Viennese Magistrate in this house united. From this time it bore the designation "criminal court".
Due to shortcomings of the prison rooms in the Old Court on Hoher Markt was already at the beginning of the 19th Century talk of building a new crime courthouse, but this had to be postponed because of bankruptcy in 1811.
In 1816 the construction of the criminal court building was approved. Although in the first place there were voices against a construction outside the city, as building ground was chosen the area of the civil Schießstätte (shooting place) and the former St. Stephanus-Freithofes in then Alservorstadt (suburb); today, in this part Josefstadt. The plans of architect Johann Fischer were approved in 1831, and in 1832 was began with the construction, which was completed in 1839. On 14 May 1839 was held the first meeting of the Council.
Provincial Court at the Landesgerichtsstraße between November 1901 and 1906
Johann Fischer fell back in his plans to Tuscan early Renaissance palaces as the Pitti Palace or Palazzo Pandolfini in Florence. The building was erected on a 21,872 m² plot with a length of 223 meters. It had two respectively three floors (upper floors), the courtyard was divided into three wings, in which the prisoner's house stood. In addition, a special department for the prison hospital (Inquisitenspital ) and a chapel were built.
The Criminal Court of Vienna was from 1839 to 1850 a city court which is why the Vice Mayor of Vienna was president of the criminal courts in civil and criminal matters at the same time. In 1850 followed the abolition of municipal courts. The state administration took over the Criminal Court on 1 Juli 1850. From now on, it had the title "K.K. Country's criminal court in Vienna".
1851, juries were introduced. Those met in the large meeting hall, then as now, was on the second floor of the office wing. The room presented a double height space (two floors). 1890/1891 followed a horizontal subdivision. Initially, the building stood all alone there. Only with the 1858 in the wake of the demolition of the city walls started urban expansion it was surrounded by other buildings.
From 1870 to 1878, the Court experienced numerous conversions. Particular attention was paid to the tract that connects directly to the Alserstraße. On previously building ground a three-storey arrest tract and the Jury Court tract were built. New supervened the "Neutrakt", which presented a real extension and was built three respectively four storied. From 1873 on, executions were not executed publicly anymore but only in the prison house. The first execution took place on 16 December 1876 in the "Galgenhof" (gallow courtyard), the accused were hanged there on the Würgegalgen (choke gallow).
By 1900 the prisoners house was extended. In courtyard II of the prison house kitchen, laundry and workshop buildings and a bathing facility for the prisoners were created. 1906/1907 the office building was enlarged. The two-storied wing tract got a third and three-storied central section a fourth floor fitted.
1918-1938
In the early years of the First Republic took place changes of the court organization. Due to the poor economy and the rapid inflation, the number of cases and the number of inmates rose sharply. Therefore, it was in Vienna on 1 October 1920 established a second Provincial Court, the Regional Court of Criminal Matters II Vienna, as well as an Expositur of the prisoner house at Garnisongasse.
One of the most important trials of the interwar period was the shadow village-process (Schattendorfprozess - nomen est omen!), in which on 14th July 1927, the three defendants were acquitted. In January 1927 front fighters had shot into a meeting of the Social Democratic Party of Austria, killing two people. The outrage over the acquittal was great. At a mass demonstration in front of the Palace of Justice on 15th July 1927, which mainly took place in peaceful manner, invaded radical elements in the Palace of Justice and set fire ( Fire of the Palace Justice), after which the overstrained police preyed upon peaceful protesters fleeing from the scene and caused many deaths.
The 1933/1934 started corporate state dictatorship had led sensational processes against their opponents: examples are the National Socialists processes 1934 and the Socialists process in 1936 against 28 "illegal" socialists and two Communists, in which among others the later leaders Bruno Kreisky and Franz Jonas sat on the dock.
Also in 1934 in the wake of the February Fights and the July Coup a series of processes were carried out by summary courts and military courts. Several ended with death sentences that were carried out by hanging in "Galgenhof" of the district court .
1938-1945
The first measures the Nazis at the Regional Criminal Court after the "Anschluss" of Austria to the German Reich in 1938 had carried out, consisted of the erection of a monument to ten Nazis, during the processes of the events in July 1934 executed, and of the creation of an execution space (then space 47 C, today consecration space where 650 names of resistance fighters are shown) with a guillotine supplied from Berlin (then called device F, F (stands for Fallbeil) like guillotine).
During the period of National Socialism were in Vienna Regional Court of 6 December 1938 to 4th April 1945 1.184 persons executed. Of those, 537 were political death sentences against civilians, 67 beheadings of soldiers, 49 war-related offenses, 31 criminal cases. Among those executed were 93 women in all age groups, including a 16-year-old girl and a 72-year-old woman who had both been executed for political reasons.
On 30 June 1942 were beheaded ten railwaymen from Styria and Carinthia, who were active in the resistance. On 31 July 1943, 31 people were beheaded in an hour, a day later, 30. The bodies were later handed over to the Institute of Anatomy at the University of Vienna and remaining body parts buried later without a stir at Vienna's Central Cemetery in shaft graves. To thein the Nazi era executed, which were called "Justifizierte" , belonged the nun Maria Restituta Kafka and the theology student Hannsgeorg Heintschel-Heinegg.
The court at that time was directly subordinated to the Ministry of Justice in Berlin.
1945-present
The A-tract (Inquisitentrakt), which was destroyed during a bombing raid in 1944 was built in the Second Republic again. This was also necessary because of the prohibition law of 8 May 1945 and the Criminal Law of 26 June 1945 courts and prisons had to fight with an overcrowding of unprecedented proportions.
On 24 March 1950, the last execution took place in the Grey House. Women murderer Johann Trnka had two women attacked in his home and brutally murdered, he had to bow before this punishment. On 1 July 1950 the death penalty was abolished in the ordinary procedure by Parliament. Overall, occured in the Regionl Court of Criminal Matters 1248 executions. In 1967, the execution site was converted into a memorial.
In the early 1980s, the building complex was revitalized and expanded. The building in the Florianigasse 8, which previously had been renovated, served during this time as an emergency shelter for some of the departments. In 1994, the last reconstruction, actually the annex of the courtroom tract, was completed. In 2003, the Vienna Juvenile Court was dissolved as an independent court, iIts agendas were integrated in the country's criminal court.
Prominent processes since 1945, for example, the Krauland process in which a ÖVP (Österreichische Volkspartei - Austrian People's Party) minister was accused of offenses against properties, the affair of the former SPÖ (Sozialistische Partei Österreichs - Austrian Socialist Party) Minister and Trade Unions president Franz Olah, whose unauthorized financial assistance resulted in a newspaper establishment led to conviction, the murder affairs Sassak and the of the Lainzer nurses (as a matter of fact, auxiliary nurses), the consumption (Konsum - consumer cooporatives) process, concerning the responsibility of the consumer Manager for the bankruptcy of the company, the Lucona proceedings against Udo Proksch, a politically and socially very well- networked man, who was involved in an attempted insurance fraud, several people losing their lives, the trial of the Nazi Holocaust denier David Irving for Wiederbetätigung (re-engagement in National Socialist activities) and the BAWAG affair in which it comes to breaches of duty by bank managers and vanished money.
Presidents of the Regional Court for Criminal Matters in Vienna since 1839 [edit ]
Josef Hollan (1839-1844)
Florian Philipp (1844-1849)
Eduard Ritter von Wittek (1850-1859)
Franz Ritter von Scharschmied (1859-1864)
Franz Ritter von Boschan (1864-1872)
Franz Josef Babitsch (1873-1874)
Joseph Ritter von Weitenhiller (1874-1881)
Franz Schwaiger (1881-1889)
Eduard Graf Lamezan -Salins (1889-1895)
Julius von Soos (1895-1903)
Paul von Vittorelli (1903-1909)
Johann Feigl (1909-1918)
Karl Heidt (1918-1919)
Ludwig Altmann (1920-1929)
Emil Tursky (1929-1936)
Philipp Charwath (1936-1938)
Otto Nahrhaft (1945-1950)
Rudolf Naumann (1951-1954)
Wilhelm Malaniu (1955-1963)
Johann Schuster (1963-1971)
Konrad Wymetal (1972-1976)
August Matouschek (1977-1989)
Günter Woratsch (1990-2004)
Ulrike Psenner (2004-2009)
Friedrich Forsthuber (since 2010)
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesgericht_f%C3%BCr_Strafsachen_...
Graffiti (plural; singular graffiti or graffito, the latter rarely used except in archeology) is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (see also mural).
Graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban "problem" for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions
"Graffiti" (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form "graffito" are from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). The term "graffiti" is used in art history for works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is "sgraffito", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into them. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek γράφειν—graphein—meaning "to write".
The term graffiti originally referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Historically, these writings were not considered vanadlism, which today is considered part of the definition of graffiti.
The only known source of the Safaitic language, an ancient form of Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.
Some of the oldest cave paintings in the world are 40,000 year old ones found in Australia. The oldest written graffiti was found in ancient Rome around 2500 years ago. Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was not considered vandalism.
Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:
Wet with cool dew drops
fragrant with perfume from the flowers
came the gentle breeze
jasmine and water lily
dance in the spring sunshine
side-long glances
of the golden-hued ladies
stab into my thoughts
heaven itself cannot take my mind
as it has been captivated by one lass
among the five hundred I have seen here.
Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its walis, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.
Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the grottesche style of decoration.
There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.
Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.
The oldest known example of graffiti "monikers" found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, Who is Bozo Texino?.
In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:
During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".
Modern graffiti art has its origins with young people in 1960s and 70s in New York City and Philadelphia. Tags were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti. Eventually, throw-ups and pieces evolved with the desire to create larger art. Writers used spray paint and other kind of materials to leave tags or to create images on the sides subway trains. and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.
While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic Norman Mailer—others, including New York City mayor Ed Koch, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight. The ‘taggers’ called what they did ‘writing’—though an important 1974 essay by Mailer referred to it using the term ‘graffiti.’
Contemporary graffiti style has been heavily influenced by hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti; however, there are many other traditions of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges.
An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "Clapton is God" in reference to the guitarist Eric Clapton. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington, north London in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall.
Films like Style Wars in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983
Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture
Main article: Commercial graffiti
With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.
In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".
Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration". Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities". Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York". The "sprawling metropolis", of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti"; Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples", and to "Brazil's chronic poverty", as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture". In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently". Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised", that is South American graffiti art.
Prominent Brazilian writers include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.
Graffiti in the Middle East has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in Egypt, Lebanon, the Gulf countries like Bahrain or the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel.
Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist Banksy has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in Palestine where some of his works are located in the West Bank barrier and Bethlehem.
There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.
The modern-day graffitists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color.
Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface.
Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis
Tagging is the practice of someone spray-painting "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface" in a handstyle unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti.
Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffitists. yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists.
Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Asger Jorn, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up"
Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal
In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.
Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffitists Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffitists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville.
Graffitist believes that art should be on display for everyone in the public eye or in plain sight, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery. Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere form sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc. Art to them is for everyone and should be showed to everyone for free.
Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing what one feels in the moment. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism. And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous or to hinder prosecution.
With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.
Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.
Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.
Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the Finnish graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat publishing a photograph of a Peugeot 208 in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.
Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.
Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store.
Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product.
Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture.
The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.
I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely.
The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.
Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest. The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.
Berlin human rights activist Irmela Mensah-Schramm has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.
In Serbian capital, Belgrade, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former general of Serb army and war criminal, convicted at ICTY for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnian War, Ratko Mladić, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thank to your mother". Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past". Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of Bosnian genocide denial, at Balkan Diskurs magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which young are being exposed to celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".
There are numerous examples of genocide denial through celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans inhabited by Serbs using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave. Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that Interior Minister of Serbia, Aleksandar Vulin decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement". Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with graffiti creators and their supporters, blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism in that way, and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.
Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.
A spatial code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the herald of more serious criminal activity to come. A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.
By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.
Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.
In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan.
A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine Time Out, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti.
From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Doğançay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent ..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing ...) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.
In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.
Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris.
Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs. A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.
In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.
Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China, Graffiti is generally accepted in Beijing, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.
In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially.
In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."
In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.
In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined two million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.
In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.
In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.
In Budapest, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image.
To back the campaign, 123 Members of Parliament (MPs) (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."
In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.
In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.
Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".
Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at Camperdown (2009)
In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffitists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[108][109] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.
Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.
Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.
In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.
Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.
Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.
To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.
When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.
CBP officers from the Office of Field Operations and agents from the U.S. Border Patrol and Air and Marine Operations execute a planned readiness exercise at the San Ysidro Port of Entry. The exercise is designed to evaluate readiness and assess the capabilities of CBP facilities to make necessary preparations. November 22, 2018. CBP photo by Shawn Moore.
This is the memorial on Cannock Chase to the 22,000 Polish nationals executed in the Katyn forest during the Second World War by the infamous NKVD (People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs), which was a Soviet secret police organisation.
The Katyn massacre was in fact a series of mass executions carried out by the NKVD throughout April and May 1940.
The Soviet Union blamed Nazi Germany for this appalling atrocity, and incredibly continued to deny responsibilty for the massacre until 1990. Finally In November 2010, the Russian State Duma made an official statement attributing the massacre to Stalin and other Soviet officials, who apparently personally issued the orders for it to be carried out.
Buried in the soil beneath the memorial on Cannock Chase are phials of soil transported from Warsaw and the Katyn forest itself. The memorial was designed by Ronald Sims, and each year the UK's Polish community organises a service of remembrance at the site.
Broadgate House. 1953 Designed by Hugh R. Hosking and executed by Rene Antonietti of Geneva.
The Coventry Martyrs were a group of Lollard Christians executed for their beliefs in Coventry between 1512 – 1522 (seven men and two women) and in 1555 (three men).
Those martyred were -
Joan Ward (or Washingby). She was burnt at Coventry on 12 March 1512.
Master Archer (a shoemaker), Thomas Bond (a shoemaker), Master Hawkins (a shoemaker or skinner), Robert Hockett, or Hatchet, or Hatchets (a shoemaker or leather-dresser), Thomas Lansdail or Lansdale (a hosier) and Master Wrigsham (a glover) were all burned on 4 April 1520.
A widow, Mistress Smith, was due to be discharged when a document was discovered in her sleeve, containing (in English) the Lord’s Prayer, Ten Commandments and Apostles' Creed. For this, she was immediately condemned and burnt with the others.
Robert Silkeby (or Silkby or Silkesby) was burnt on 13 January 1522.
The three martyrs burnt during the reign of Mary Tudor were-
Laurence Saunders burnt in the city on 8 February 1555.
Robert Glover burnt in Coventry on 20 September 1555.
Cornelius Bongey, or Bungey, was a tradesman (hatmaker), and was executed on the same day as Glover.
Early morning raids saw four arrested as officers executed several drug warrants across Tameside.
Today (Wednesday 19 June 2019) warrants were executed across seven addresses as part of a crackdown on the supply of Class A and B drugs – codenamed Operation Leporine.
Following today’s action, two men – aged 21 and 27 – and two women – aged 21 and 52 - have been arrested on suspicion of possession with intent to supply Class A and B drugs.
Sergeant Stephanie O’Brien, of GMP’s Tameside district, said: “At present we have four people in custody and as part of this morning’s operation we have been able to seize a significant quantity of drugs.
“I would like to thank the team here in Tameside who, as part of Operation Leporine, have worked tirelessly in order to bring a sophisticated and audacious group of offenders to justice.
“The supply of illegal drugs blights communities and destroys people’s livelihoods; and I hope that today’s very direct and visible action demonstrates to the local community that we are doing all that we to make the streets of Tameside a safer place.
“It will remain a top priority for us to continue to tackle the influx of drugs in the area, however we cannot do this alone and I would appeal directly to the community and those most affected to please come forward with any information that could assist us in what continues to be an ongoing operation.”
Anyone with information should contact police on 101, or alternatively reports can be made to the independent charity Crimestoppers, anonymously on 0800 555 111.
To find out more about Greater Manchester Police please visit our website. www.gmp.police.uk
You should call 101, the national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
List of the 94 Irish Dominicans executed during the Penal Years
fr. Peter O’Ferge & 20 companions, O.P. - in Derry hanged c.1601
fr. Ambrose Aeneas O'Cahill, O.P. - priest in Cork, beheaded in 1651
fr. Bernard O'Ferral, O.P. - priest in Longford, hanged in 1651
fr. Bernard O'Kelly, O.P. - laybrother in Roscommon, hanged in 1653
fr. Clement O'Callaghan, O.P. - Prior of Derry, died in prison in 1704
fr. Cormac MacEgan, O.P. - laybrother, hanged in 1642
fr. Daniel MacDonald, O.P. - priest of Urlar, died in jail in 1707
fr. David Fox, O.P. - laybrother in Killmallock, hanged in 1648
fr. David Roche, O.P. - Prior of Glentworth, deported to Barbados and died in 1653
fr. Dominick Dillon, O.P. - Prior of Urlar, beheaded in 1649
fr. Dominick MacEgan., O.P. - priest in Tralee, died in prison in 1713
fr. Donald O'Neaghten, O.P. - laybrother in Roscommon, hanged in 1648
fr. Donagh O’Luin, O.P. - Prior of Derry, hanged in 1608
fr. Donatus ‘Niger’ Duff, O.P. - laybrother executed in 1651
fr. Edmund O'Beirne, O.P. - priest of Roscommon, beheaded in 1651
fr. Felix MacDonald, O.P. - priest in Tulsk, died in prison in 1707
fr. Felix O'Connor, O.P. - Prior of Sligo, died in prison in 1679
fr. Gerald Fitzgerald, O.P. - priest in Killmallock, hanged in 1648
fr. Hugh MacGoill, O.P. - priest in Rathbran, executed in 1653
fr. James Moran, O.P. - laybrother executed in 1651
fr. James O'Reilly, O.P. - priest in Waterford, hanged in 1648
fr. James Woulf, O.P. - priest in Limerick, hanged in 1651
fr. John Keating, O.P. - priest in Louvain (Leuven) died in prison in 1703
fr. John O'Cullen, O.P. - priest in Athenry, executed in 1652
fr. John O'Flaverty, O.P. - Prior of Coleraine, executed in 1647
fr. John O'Luin, O.P. - hanged in 1607
fr. Laurence O'Ferral, O.P. - Prior of Longford, hanged in 1651
fr. Myles McGrath, O.P. - hanged in Clonmel in 1650
fr. Peter Costello, O.P. - Prior of Strade, executed in 1649
fr. Peter O'Higgins, O.P. - Prior of Naas, hanged in 1641
fr. Raymond Keogh, O.P. - Prior of Roscommon, hanged in 1642
fr. Raymond O'Moore, O.P. - priest in Dublin, died in prison in 1665
fr. Richard Barry, O.P. - Prior of Cashel, executed in 1647
fr. Richard Overton, O.P. - sub-Prior of Athy, beheaded in 1649
fr. Stephen Petit, O.P. - Prior of Mullingar, executed in 1649
fr. Terence Albert O’Brien, O.P. - Bishop of Emly, hanged in 1651
fr. Thaddeus Moriarty, O.P. - Prior of Tralee, hanged in 1653
fr. Thomas O'Higgins, O.P. - priest in Clonmel, hanged in 1651
fr. Vincent Gerard Dillon, O.P. - priest in Athenry, died in prison in 1651
fr. William Lynch, O.P. - priest in Strade, executed in 1649
fr. William MacGollen & 32 companions, O.P. - in Colraine hanged c.1601
fr. William O'Connor, O.P. - priest in Clonmel, hanged in 1651
The 42 brothers that are actually named on this list had their cause opened on 17th of March, 1918 by William the Archbishop of Dublin. Beatification was granted to Terence Albert O’Brien and Peter O’Higgins by Pope John Paul II on the 27th of September, 1992.
Webster Replying to Senator Hayne, the centerpiece painting in the Great Hall at Faneuil Hall, was executed by artist George Peter Alexander Healy from 1843-1850. The largest painting in the Hall's collection, it depicts Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster debating with South Carolina Senator Robert Y. Hayne on preserving the Union when the country was on the brink of the Civil War.
Faneuil Hall, part of the Boston National Historical Park and a well-known stop along the Freedom Trail, has served as a marketplace and meeting hall since 1742. Known as the "Cradle of Liberty", it was the site of several important events of the American Revolution including James Otis' re-dedication address in 1763, Samuel Adams' impassioned plea following the Boston Massacre in 1970 that eventually led to the establishment of the Committee of Correspondence here in 1772, and the first meeting in protest of the imposed tea tax in 1773 that ultimately led to the Boston Tea Party.
The original Hall was built by artist John Smibert in 1740–1742 in the style of an English country market, with an open ground floor and an assembly room above. The 38-pound, 52-inch gilded grasshopper weathervane on top of the building was created by silversmith Shem Drowne in 1742 and was modeled on the grasshopper weathervane on the London Royal Exchange. Funded by a wealthy Boston merchant, Peter Faneuil, who died shortly after the building was completed. Almost destroyed by a fire in 1761, it was rebuilt with funds raised by the state lottery and re-opened in 1763.
By 1806, the city had outgrown the hall and Charles Bulfinch was commissioned to expand the building--doubling the height and width, while managing to keep intact the walls from the original structure. Four new bays were added, to make seven in all; a third floor was added; the open arcades were enclosed; and the cupola was centered and moved to the east end of the building. Bulfinch applied Doric brick pilasters to the lower two floors, with Ionic pilasters on the third floor. This renovation added galleries around the assembly hall and increased its height. The building was entirely rebuilt in 1898–1899, of noncombustible materials. The building underwent a major internal renovation during the 1970's.
Faneuil Hall is now part of the larger Faneuil Hall Marketplace, which includes three long granite buildings called North Market, Quincy Market, and South Market. Its success in the late 1970s led to the emergence of similar marketplaces in other U.S. cities. Inside the Hall are dozens of paintings of famous Americans, including the mural of Webster's Reply to Hayne and Gilbert Stuart's portrait of Washington at Dorchester Heights. The first floor operates as a market, while the second floor is taken up by the Great Hall, where Boston's town meetings were once held. The third floor houses the museum and armory of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts. Founded in 1638, this is the oldest military company in the US, and considered the third oldest in the world.
In recent history, Faneuil Hall was the home to President John F. Kennedy's last campaign speech and Senator John Kerry's concession speech in the 2004 presidential election.
The Marketplace fronted by Miss Anne Whitney's Samuel Adams statue on Congress Street.
In 2007, Faneuil Hall Marketplace was ranked #64 on the AIA 150 America's Favorite Architecture list.
In 2008, Faneuil Hall was ranked #4 in America's 25 Most Visited Tourist Sites by Forbes Traveler.
National Historic Register #66000368
Eglise romane Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul ; commune de Rosheim, Bas-Rhin, 67, Alsace, France
... L'EXTÉRIEUR
La façade plate, décorée par des lésènes et des arcatures lombardes, dont le contour traduit la coupe de la nef à la manière italienne, reste entièrement dans la tradition rhénane. Deux lignes horizontales divisent la paroi en trois registres. Celui du milieu repose sur un bandeau ourlé d'une file de modulons à talon, reliant les chaperons des demi-pignons des collatéraux, et s'arrête à la naissance du pignon principal sous une corniche à doucine, qui se retourne sur les murs gouttereaux. L'étage du bas comprend sept champs élancés, celui du centre légèrement en saillie occupé par le portail, ceux sur les côtés en creux, surmontés chacun de trois arcatures, dont les baguettes descendent sur les pilastres d'angle et les lésènes. Le portail ne présente pas encore l'ébrasement à ressaut à angle droit, en faveur à la fin du XIIe siècle, mais le rétrécissement du passage est réalisé par une disposition en biais des jambages constitués de bandes plates, encadrées par une série de torsades ou boudins cannelés, qui contournent sans discontinuer la porte, surmontée d'un tympan semi-circulaire. Au-dessus de la cimaise profilée du portail, dans un cadre rectangulaire, à frettes crénelées et serti d'une double baguette, on distingue les traces d'un bas-relief martelé. A l'étage supérieur, la division par lésènes se poursuit. Le champ central, plus large, présente au fond d'une niche plate en plein cintre une rose fortement ébrasée. Les arcatures qui relient les lésènes sont surmontées d'une moulure arrondie marquant le départ des combles. Les rampants du pignon sont bordés d'une corniche composée d'arcatures, aux branches étagées sous une tablette soulignée par une file de corbeaux. Et comme si ce décor n'était pas suffisamment riche, une bande horizontale d'arcatures subdivise la surface triangulaire en deux champs et contourne d'un arc plus large la niche centrale abritant la statue de saint Pierre, tandis que le champ supérieur est percé d'un oculus. Et maintenant, le décor sculpté : un grand oiseau est placé sur le fleuron qui couronne le faîtage. Mais, au pied des rampants, des lions accroupis posent leurs pattes sur les épaules d'un homme, affaissé sous le poids de la bête, motif qui se répète aussi à la base des demi-pignons des collatéraux. Ces sculptures, qui donnent un accent pittoresque à la silhouette presque classique de la façade, ont provoqué une légende étiologique. En effet, on raconte qu'un certain comte de Salem, habitant la maison romane située au haut de la ville, homme au cœur dur et plein de suffisance, dut un jour subir de lourdes épreuves. Tour à tour, ses quatre enfants furent dévorés par un loup qui hantait les forêts voisines. Le comte, se repentant, consulta un ermite, qui lui conseilla, pour obtenir le pardon divin, de construire une église sur l'emplacement qui lui serait indiqué par un oiseau. C'est cette légende qui aurait été illustrée par le sculpteur. A la façade, au pied des rampants, se dresserait le monstre dévorant les enfants, la statue du comte, fondateur de l'église, posée sur le glacis triangulaire Sud-Ouest de la tour, tandis que l'ermite lui fait pendant au Nord-Est. Enfin, l'oiseau indicateur est perché sur le faîte. Il s'agit là d'une explication légendaire, qui est contredite par le cycle complet de la représentation sculptée. Dans la niche du pignon se détache en effet saint Pierre, patron de l'église. Le lion qu'il foule à ses pieds est ingénieusement mis en parallèle avec les félins gigantesques retenant sous leurs pattes pesantes de pauvres hères, dont on croit percevoir les cris. En effet, si, d'après les paroles mêmes de l'Apôtre, le lion rugissant est une image du diable, les groupes placés aux extrémités des toitures possèdent certainement aussi une signification symbolique. L'art funéraire de l'Antiquité païenne les connaît déjà et les considère comme une sorte de mémento mort monumental, où le lion représente la mort hostile et dévorant toute chose. Pour les chrétiens, le sens de la figuration est à peine changé : ils y voient une illustration de la complainte du psalmiste : Aperuerunt super me os suum, sicut leo rapiens. A l'époque romane, le motif est des plus répandus et le groupe correspondant de la cathédrale de Pise est d'ailleurs accompagné d'une inscription de même sens, c'est celle tirée de l'invocation bien connue de l'office des morts : Libéra me de ore leonis. Quant à l'oiseau du faîtage, il s'agirait de l'aigle triomphal symbolisant la Résurrection. Mais ce n'est pas tout, le décor plastique s'étendait primitivement plus bas. Sur le tympan martelé, on distingue encore les traces d'un Christ trônant dans une mandorle portée par quatre anges, et dans la niche rectangulaire surmontant le portail, les figures également martelées d'une Crucifixion. La croix n'était pas sculptée, ce qui indiquerait que primitivement le fond du relief était polychrome. En comparaison de cette richesse de la façade, le décor des murs latéraux est bien plus sobre. Il se borne à souligner la subdivision intérieure. L'ordonnance des bas-côtés, il est vrai, se répète sur les murs gouttereaux, bien qu'à deux champs corresponde à l'intérieur une seule travée. Dans le détail, les moulures des lésènes et arceaux se différencient par étage. Dans les arcatures du bas, les branches retombent sur des modillons garnis de billettes. A la façade haute, leurs profils se retournent sous les branches et les lésènes sont de plus chargées d'une colonnette sans fonction apparente, mais qui était sans doute primitivement destinée à supporter l'encorbellement d'une corniche plus saillante. L'actuelle est profilée en doucine sous la toiture de la nef, tandis que sur les collatéraux elle est constituée par un cordon de damier. Deux portes s'ouvrent dans les bas-côtés. Celle du Nord est encadrée de boudins continus. Un massif rectangulaire en saillie sur le mur et découpé en demi-cercle autour du tympan constitue une sorte d'auvent, posé sur deux puissantes consoles. Sur la corniche reposent des animaux enchevêtrés, à côté d'un personnage accroupi. Le portail Sud est plus richement décoré. Il s'ouvre sous une arcade formée par deux colonnes, couvertes de chevrons et d'un ornement en spirale, portant sur leur chapiteau cubique et tailloir en damier une archivolte moulurée. Comme au portail occidental, ses jambages sont largement ébrasés. Entre les torsades se succèdent un cordon de palmettes et un maillage d'anneaux. Les façades des croisillons sont divisées en deux étages par un cordon, au Sud avec palmettes. La partie haute se compose de trois champs limités par des lésènes, mais celui du bas est décoré de quatre longues niches plates bordées d'une double baguette. Les arcatures lombardes retombant sur des modillons alternativement garnis de billettes et de têtes sculptées, sont recouvertes d'un cordon de damier, qui remonte aussi le rampant des pignons percés au centre d'un oculus. Parmi les sculptures figuratives, relevons a l'angle Sud-Ouest du croisillon Sud le chevalier qui délivre un compagnon d'armes, englouti à mi-corps dans la gueule d'un dragon ailé. Cette scène, peut-être inspirée par un épisode de l'épopée de Théodoric de Ravenne, possède ici sans doute une signification allégorique de la victoire du Christ sur la mort, qui arrache le chrétien à la gueule de l'enfer, complétant le sens des groupes de la façade occidentale. Encadrant l'oculus, on distingue encore un homme qui enfonce sa main dans la gueule d'un dragon, allusion probable à l'évocation du royaume de paix par le prophète Isaïe : Et in caverna reguli, qui ablactatus fuerit manum suam mittet. Mais passons du côté du chevet. C'est sur l'abside centrale qu'est répandue toute la richesse du décor. Fait curieux, son parement n'est pas parfaitement circulaire et présente un pan coupé à sa face. Six pilastres aux arêtes moulurées et dotées de chapiteaux doriques supportent des petites arcades jumelles retombant sur des corbeaux ornés de damiers disposés en grappes, tandis que la corniche est constituée de quatre rangs de billettes.
Les fenêtres latérales sont percées à cru, mais l'encadrement de celle qui s'ouvre dans l'axe est d'autant plus riche : bordure de palmettes doublée d'une haute arcade retombant sur deux colonnes à fût hélicoïdal. De part et d'autre, sont sculptés les symboles des évangélistes : l'aigle et le boeuf à gauche, le lion et l'homme à droite, ce dernier d'ailleurs martelé sous la Révolution. Le Christ en majesté ou l'Agneau ne sont pas représentés. Mais le Seigneur est-il vraiment absent ? On remarquera l'emplacement donné aux évangélistes : n'évoque-t-il pas la présence divine sur l'autel placé derrière cette fenêtre, lors de la célébration du sacrifice eucharistique ! Le décor de l'abside latérale est un peu moins riche : lésènes sans chapiteaux et arcatures jumelles soutenues par des animaux. Reste la chapelle rectangulaire, qui s'élève au Sud-Est, dans l'angle du chœur et du transept. D'une facture plus archaïque, elle se distingue par des arceaux à double ressaut, assemblés à claveaux reposant sur des pilastres bordés de tores. Le clocher octogonal, enfin est une œuvre du XIIIe siècle. Quatre grandes baies en tiers-point, dont les meneaux soutiennent deux arcs trèfles et un quatre-feuilles, alternent avec des lancettes trilobées plus étroites, tandis que la doucine de la corniche est chargée de roses, l'emblème héraldique de la cité. Mais, à la naissance de l'octogone, sur les glacis triangulaires de l'ancienne tour romane sont encore posés deux marmousets, dont l'un tient un gobelet dans sa main et l'autre caresse sa barbe. Portées au nombre de quatre, ces statues figurent également à la tour de croisée de Guebwiller. Une explication satisfaisante n'a pu en être donnée à ce jour. L'impression d'équilibre et de clarté dégagée par les façades de l'église de Rosheim n'est pas uniquement due à la grande variété du décor, mais elle provient également de la qualité technique des ouvrages et, pour une large part, de la beauté du matériau mis en œuvre. Tous les parements sont en pierre de taille, le tracé de l'appareil dépasse en régularité celui des façades de Murbach et de Marmoutier et ne sera plus atteint avant Altorf et Strasbourg. La précision du coup de ciseau et la perfection du modelé des profils sont exemplaires et attestent la haute qualité des exécutants. Le matériau choisi est le grès jaune de la région de Westhoffen pour les parties romanes et le grès rouge des carrières de Gresswiller pour la tour gothique. Les teintes vives du grès participent à l'effet harmonieux que dégage l'édifice, qui vibre littéralement, éclairé par le soleil couchant ou sous les faisceaux des projecteurs.
L'INTERIEUR
En pénétrant dans l'église, on est quelque peu surpris : à la tonalité chaude et à la profusion du décor des façades ont succédé la pénombre et les masses pesantes de l'ordonnance intérieure. La nef sombre et lourde est dominée par la puissante ossature des voûtes. Piliers, colonnes et arcades dégagent eux aussi une force impressionnante, au point que l'espace intérieur des vaisseaux semble comprimé entre les larges surfaces nues des parois. Et néanmoins, les proportions ne sont nullement archaïques. A une largeur de 6 m 14 dans œuvre de la nef correspond une hauteur sous clef de 11 m 37. Le rapport de largeur à hauteur est donc de 1 à 1,8. Où qu'il se dirige, le regard ne rencontre que pierre de taille. Piliers et colonnes, arcades et ogives sont sculptés dans le grès, les murs gouttereaux dressés en grand appareil, ceux des bas-côtés en blocage plus petit, mais également destinés à rester apparents. Seuls les champs des voûtes, crépis et couverts d'un badigeon clair, contrebalancent cette extraordinaire massivité de l'ensemble.
Nef
La nef est divisée en deux travées doubles sensiblement plus profondes que larges, précédées d'une travée simple barlongue, tangente au mur de façade. A chaque travée double correspondent deux travées carrées dans les bas-côtés. L'alternance des supports en découle. Elle est traitée selon la tradition rhénane. Entre les larges piliers cruciformes (leur socle a 2 m 60 de côté) séparant les travées, s'élèvent de grosses colonnes à fût monolithe et tronconique, qui portent les arcades en plein cintre. Les énormes bases (posées sur des dalles carrées de 1 m 50 de côté), munies aux angles de fortes griffes, sont de type attique. Les chapiteaux possèdent des formes et un décor chaque fois différents. Le premier est composé de huit chapiteaux cubiques, retenus par une bande ornementale sculptée en méplat, l'astragale constitué par une natte tressée. Sur le suivant, les lobes des huit petits chapiteaux sont devenus un quadruple feston et l'astragale est formé par une couronne de 21 petites têtes humaines. Le troisième chapiteau se compose de quatre cubes dont les lobes sont couverts d'un décor de feuilles à peine esquissé et les parties sphériques ornées de palmettes. Le fût est entouré d'un solide anneau. Le quatrième enfin abandonne la forme cubique; un calice de feuilles d'acanthe, larges et charnues, supporte, par l'intermédiaire d'une dalle ronde munie aux angles de pointes, l'embrase carrée du tailloir. Les profils des tailloirs sont de deux types, l'un à doucine et quart-de-rond, l'autre à tore plat entrer filets. Ces colonnes sont non seulement étonnantes par le renouvellement de la modénature et du décor, mais aussi par leurs volumes et proportions. La hauteur du tambour du fût est égale à la circonférence prise à sa base, tandis que la hauteur totale de la colonne mesure 4 fois 1/2 celle du chapiteau. La longueur du côté du tailloir qui le couronne, par contre, est égale au tiers de la hauteur. Bien entendu, base et chapiteau sont, comme les fûts, débités dans un seul bloc de pierre. Ces dimensions et proportions, rarement adoptées à l'époque romane, prêtent à ces soutiens une force de poussée néanmoins empreinte d'harmonie. D'aucuns seront surpris par la fraîcheur des surfaces et la netteté des sculptures, pour en conclure à une œuvre moderne. Mais les magnifiques relevés à grande échelle, extrêmement précis, déposés aux archives des Monuments historiques et datant de 1845, donc bien avant la première restauration, montrent les mêmes chapiteaux en parfait état, et l'absence d'une mention de réfection dans les décomptes également conservés prouve que nous sommes encore en présence des originaux romans.
Les piles fortes cruciformes ne sont pas renforcées dans les encoignures, à l'exception du pilier de l'extrémité Ouest de la paroi Nord, où les colonnettes des écoinçons munies de chapiteaux cubiques s'arrêtent à hauteur des impostes des arcades. Mais, aux autres piliers du mur Nord, comme le prouvent les bases laissées en attente, ces colonnettes étaient pour le moins prévues, tandis qu'elles manquent complètement aux piliers du mur Sud. Les piédroits des arcades et ceux tournés vers les bas-côtés sont pourvus d'impostes moulurées; sur le pilier Ouest de la paroi Nord, son profil se retourne même sur le ressaut rectangulaire portant le doubleau de la nef. Les arcades, à simple rouleau assemblé de claveaux réguliers, à arêtes vives, sont, à l'exception de deux, parfaitement circulaires. Sous l'étage des fenêtres, à hauteur des impostes des arcs doubleaux, un bandeau profilé règne sur le pourtour de la nef et se poursuit dans les croisillons ainsi que dans le chœur. Les fenêtres hautes relativement grandes et fortement ébrasées, sont jumelées dans les lunettes des travées doubles. Les formerets sont en plein cintre, mais décrivent une courbe en tiers-point dans la travée occidentale. Les arcs-doubleaux, également en plein cintre, qui séparent les voûtes, se composent de deux rouleaux non concentriques. Il en résulte un allongement des claveaux de l'arc inférieur, qui donne à ses faces latérales une forme de faucille ou de croissant. Les branches d'ogives constituées d'un simple tore de forte section ne possèdent pas de support particulier, mais vont se perdre en s'amincissant en fuseau entre le doubleau et le formeret. Au point de raccord avec la pointe conique, la nervure torique est découpée en zigzag. Il n'y a pas de clef sculptée, seule une petite bague est posée à la rencontre des ogives. La retombée commune du rouleau supérieur de l'arc-doubleau et du formeret voisin est soutenue par une figure d'atlante ou un masque sculpté, engagé dans l'angle du pilier et de la paroi.
Bas-côtés
Quant aux bas-côtés, ils sont couverts de simples voûtes d'arêtes, construites en moellons bruts et crépies. Le long des murs, les arcs formerets reposent sur des dosserets rectangulaires, tandis que les doubleaux retombent sur des colonnettes qui y sont engagées. Dans le bas-côté Sud uniquement, une colonnette semblable est adossée aux ressauts des piles fortes et ce n'est pas sans mal que les voûtes ont été réalisées. En raison de la saillie inégale, voire de l'absence de dosseret du côté des grosses colonnes monolithes, les arcs-doubleaux sont d'ouverture variable et comme ces dosserets sont moins larges du côté du mur que du côté de la nef, les voûtes sont irrégulières et les voûtains souvent gauchis. Dosserets et colonnettes reposent du côté du mur sur une banquette, régnant sur toute la longueur. Une seule fenêtre est percée dans chaque travée ; dans l'avant-dernière cependant elle est remplacée par une porte.
Transept
L'effet produit par le transept est celui d'une extrême nudité. Les murs des croisillons, comme d'ailleurs ceux de la travée du chœur précédant l'abside, n'ont d'autre décoration que le cordon mouluré régnant à hauteur des tailloirs des piliers. Deux fenêtres surmontées d'une baie plus petite ajourent les murs de fond. De petites baies semblables sont percées dans les lunettes des autres parois, tandis qu'une seule fenêtre éclaire l'absidiole du Nord. Dans le croisillon Sud, une arcade à double rouleau s'ouvre dans la chapelle de la Vierge. La baie géminée qui la surmonte a été percée en 1860, pour laisser passer le son de l'orgue Silbermann, relégué au premier étage de l'ancienne tour-chœur. La chapelle est couverte d'une simple voûte d'arêtes, dont les formerets reposent sur des ressauts rectangulaires. Son sol primitif, qu'on vient de rétablir, est en contrebas par rapport à celui du transept et de la nef, et prouve l'antériorité de cette partie de l'édifice. On observera d'ailleurs des traces du relèvement du dallage, entraînant une modification des profils du socle, exécutée lors de la construction de la nef actuelle. La croisée est couverte d'une voûte d'oglves dont les branches toriques se terminent, comme dans la nef, en fuseau entre les retombées des grandes arcades en plein cintre. Celles-ci sont à double rouleau, les doubleaux inférieurs portés par les piédroits des piliers; les supérieurs faisant office de formerets, reçus du côté du chœur sur des colonnes engagées dans l'encoignure des piliers, tandis que du côté de la nef, les fûts sont remplacés par un groupe sculpté formant cul-de-lampe. Dans les croisillons par contre, les nervures des ogives possèdent un profil rectangulaire. Elles retombent sans se rétrécir au Nord sur des colonnettes engagées dans l'angle des murs et au Sud sur des colonnettes à fût tronqué et terminé en pointe.
Chœur
Récemment (été 1968), les murs et voûtes du chœur ont été débarrassés des lourdes peintures et dorures d'inspiration byzantine, que l'architecte Ringeisen y avait fait appliquer pour pallier la nudité des parois et l'absence de décor sculpté. Il est vrai que dès le Moyen Age l'abside était peinte. On découvrit dans la voûte, lors du débadigeonnage en 1859, un Christ bénissant la Vierge nimbée et agenouillée à sa droite, scène du Couronnement ou de la Déisis ? On ne sait, pas plus qu'on ne connaît l'âge exact de cette fresque. Trois fenêtres en plein cintre, celle du centre plus large que les autres, éclairent l'abside. La paroi Nord de la travée droite est ajourée de deux fenêtres superposées. Pour donner à l'organiste la vue sur l'autel, on perça lors de la restauration, dans la paroi Sud, deux ouvertures semblables. Le millésime de 1454 est gravé au-dessus de la porte communiquant avec la chapelle de la Vierge. Le socle de l'abside est décentré par rapport aux maçonneries montantes, indice d'un changement en cours de travaux et sans doute la cause du curieux pan coupé du parement, observé à l'extérieur. Plus intéressante est la voûte. Les branches d'ogive de section rectangulaire sont chargées d'un demi-tore. Comme dans les croisillons, elles retombent sur des colonnettes engagées dans les angles des murs. Mais cette fois, en raison de sa largeur, la bande rectangulaire est entaillée à partir de sa rencontre avec les formerets. Seul le profil du boudin reste intact et se poursuit jusqu'au sol par le fût de la colonnette.
Pour l'étude des voûtes romanes, l'église de Rosheim offre un véritable répertoire de toutes, les formes utilisées en Alsace. En effet, on y trouve, dans les bas-côtés, les voûtes d'arêtes traditionnelles, déjà employées dans les cryptes de Neuwiller ou d'Andlau. Dans la haute nef, le transept et le chœur, la voûte sur croisée d'ogives est représentée par trois types différents : d'abord les branches d'ogives de section carrée à arêtes vives, proches de celles du chœur de Murbach, ensuite le demi-tore engagé sur une bande rectangulaire, semblable aux nervures des voûtes de l'église Saint-Jean près de Saverne, enfin, le gros boudin terminé en Cône renversé, jusqu'ici sans précédent. La même variété règne dans les supports particuliers : colonnettes élancées à chapiteaux cubiques, chapiteaux prolongés par un tronçon de fût, consoles en forme de masque ou encore en atlante. ... (extrait de : Alsace romane, Ed. Zodiaque, Coll. Nuit des Temps)
Mercredi 11 juin 2014. Carcassonne (Aude). La tour du Trésau (ou du Trésor). L'administration fiscale siégeait dans ses murs au 14eS. Construction, exécutée sous Philippe le Hardi (1270-1285).
Carcassonne est située dans le sud de la France à 80 kilomètres à l'est de Toulouse. Son emplacement stratégique sur la route entre la mer Méditerranée et l'océan Atlantique est connue depuis le Néolithique. La ville se trouve dans un couloir entre la montagne Noire au nord et les Corbières à l'est, la plaine du Lauragais à l'ouest et la vallée de l'Aude au sud. Cette région naturelle est appelée le Carcassès ou le Carcassonnais.
La superficie de la commune est de 65 km2, ce qui est une grande commune comparée aux nombreuses petites communes de l'Aude. La ville est traversée par l'Aude, le Fresquel et le canal du Midi.
Carcassonne est située sur les bords du fleuve de l'Aude. La commune est traditionnellement divisée en deux, la ville basse qui occupe les berges du fleuve à l'ouest et la ville haute (ou cité) qui occupe la colline surplombant l'Aude. La cité est construite sur un petit plateau constitué par le creusement de l'Aude à environ 150 mètres d'altitude au-dessus de la ville basse. La ville basse se situe au niveau de l'Aude dont l'altitude est de 100 mètres.
L'Aude arrive à Carcassonne après son périple montagneux dans les gorges de la haute-vallée de l'Aude et devient alors un fleuve plus tranquille. Elle passe au Païcherou, longe le cimetière Saint-Michel puis se sépare en deux bras formant une île appelée « l'île du Roy ». Quatre ponts permettent de la franchir : le pont Garigliano, le pont-Vieux accessible uniquement aux piétons, le pont Neuf et le pont de l'Avenir. Le canal du Midi passe également au nord de la ville entre la gare et le jardin André-Chénier jouxtant la bastide Saint-Louis.
La ville se situe dans un couloir entre la montagne Noire au nord et la chaîne des Pyrénées au sud. La plaine est constituée de dépôts récents amenés par l'Aude et provenant des Pyrénées. Il s'agit de la molasse de Carcassonne, qui se caractérise par une alternance de grès, de conglomérats et de marnes gréseuses fluviatiles datant de l'Éocène.
La Cité de Carcassonne est située sur la rive droite de l'Aude en surplomb de la ville de Carcassonne située à l'ouest. Elle se trouve entre la Montagne noire et les Pyrénées sur l'axe de communication allant de la mer Méditerranée à l'océan Atlantique. La présence des deux montagnes forme le couloir carcassonnais souvent cité lorsque les climatologues parlent du vent qui souffle dans ce couloir. Cet emplacement est donc un lieu stratégique du sud de la France permettant de surveiller cet axe de communication majeur : au Nord vers la Montagne Noire, au Sud vers les Corbières, à l'Ouest vers la plaine du Lauragais et à l'Est la plaine viticole vers la Méditerranée.
La Cité est construite au bout d'un petit plateau constitué par le creusement de l'Aude à environ 150 mètres d'altitude au-dessus de la ville basse. La première enceinte construite par les Wisigoths suit les dépressions du terrain. Ce plateau se détache du massif des Corbières sur la commune de Palaja à 260 m d'altitude, passe dans la Cité à 148 m et finit sa course dans l'Aude à 100 m. Du côté Ouest, la pente est assez raide offrant un accès difficile à d'éventuels assaillants. À l'Est, la pente est plus douce et permet un accès aisé des marchandises, mais aussi des attaquants. Aussi, les plus importants mécanismes de défense se trouvent de ce côté de la Cité.
La Cité a été successivement un site protohistorique, une cité gallo-romaine, une place forte wisigothe, un comté, puis une vicomté, puis finalement une sénéchaussée royale. Chacune de ces étapes, entre la période romaine et la fin du Moyen Âge, a laissé des témoignages dans les bâtiments qui la composent.
Des restes d'un oppidum fortifié, oppidum Carcaso proche de l'emplacement actuel de la Cité, ont été mis au jour par des fouilles archéologiques. Ce lieu est déjà un important carrefour commercial comme le prouvent les restes de céramiques campaniennes et d'amphores. Vers 300 av. J.-C., les Volques Tectosages prennent possession de la région et fortifient l'oppidum de Carcasso. Pline l'Ancien mentionne l'oppidum dans ses écrits sous le nom de Carcaso Volcarum Tectosage. Ils extrayaient déjà l'or de la mine de Salsigne pour constituer des offrandes à leurs dieux.
En 122 av. J.-C., les Romains annexent la région qui sera intégrée dans la colonie Narbonnaise créée en 118 av. J.-C. Les Romains sont déjà bien connus, car depuis deux cents ans leurs marchands parcourent la région. Sous la Pax Romana la petite cité gallo-romaine de Carcaso, devenue chef-lieu de la colonie Julia Carcaso, prospère sans doute grâce au commerce du vin et à son implantation sur les voies de communication : elle jouxte la voie romaine qui va de Narbonne à Toulouse tandis que les bateaux à fond plat circulent sur l'Atax au pied de l'oppidum. Ce dernier est agrandi par remblayage et les rues et ruelles forment un plan orthogonal, mais aucun lieu public ni monument de culte n'est actuellement connu. Au pied de l'oppidum, une agglomération s'étend le long de la voie romaine.
À partir du IIIe siècle, la ville se retranche derrière une première série de remparts. En 333 ap. J.-C., des textes d'un pèlerin mentionnent le castellum de Carcassonne. Ces remparts sont encore visibles dans certaines parties de l'enceinte et servent de soubassements aux actuelles murailles. Les tours de la Marquière, de Samson et du Moulin d'Avar sont les témoins en partie intacts de cette enceinte primitive. Cette muraille protège la Cité des attaques extérieures tout en permettant de contrôler les passages sur la voie romaine située en contrebas.
Au milieu du Ve siècle, les Wisigoths prennent possession du Languedoc, grâce probablement à la victoire d'Athaulf pendant sa marche sur Toulouse. La Cité jouit peu à peu d'une relative paix politique jusqu'au règne d'Alaric II, comme l'atteste le nombre important de pièces de monnaie des monarques wisigoths de cette époque. En 507, les Francs chassent les Wisigoths d'Aquitaine, mais ces derniers conservent la Septimanie dont fait partie la Cité de Carcassonne. En 508, Clovis lance en vain une attaque contre la Cité. En 585, une nouvelle attaque de Gontran, roi franc de Burgondie est couronnée de succès. Mais, les Wisigoths reprennent la cité peu après et en restent maîtres jusqu'en 713. Au cours du VIe siècle, Carcassonne devint, avec Agde et Maguelonne, le siège d'un évêché. Une cathédrale wisigothique, dont l'emplacement n'est pas connu, est alors construite.
En 725, le Wali Ambisa prend Carcassonne à la suite de la conquête du royaume wisigoth d'Espagne par les musulmans. La Cité reste entre les mains des musulmans jusqu'en 752, date à laquelle elle est prise par les Francs conduits par Pépin le Bref.
Le début de la féodalité s'accompagne de l'expansion de la ville et de ses fortifications. Elle est aussi marquée par la construction de la cathédrale à partir de 1096 puis par celle du château comtal au XIIe siècle. Ce château est constitué à l'origine de deux corps de logis auxquels est ajoutée en 1150 une chapelle qui donne un plan en U autour de la cour centrale. Vers 1240 le château est rehaussé d'un second étage.
C'est aussi la période des comtes de Carcassonne. Le premier comte désigné par les Carolingiens est Bellon auquel succède Oliba II. La charge des comtes est d'administrer la région pour le compte du royaume carolingien. Au IXe siècle, la locution latine Cité de Carcassonne revient régulièrement dans les textes et chartes officiels. En 1082, la famille Trencavel prend possession de la ville, en profitant des embarras de la Maison de Barcelone propriétaire légitime, et l'annexe à un vaste ensemble allant de Carcassonne à Nîmes.
Bernard Aton IV Trencavel, vicomte d'Albi, de Nîmes et de Béziers, fait prospérer la ville et lance de nombreuses constructions. C'est également durant cette période qu'une nouvelle religion, le catharisme, s'implante avec succès dans le Languedoc. Le vicomte de Trencavel autorise en 1096 la construction de la basilique Saint-Nazaire dont les matériaux sont bénis par le pape Urbain II. En 1107, les Carcassonnais rejettent la suzeraineté de Bernard Aton, qui avait promis de rendre la Cité à son possesseur d'origine Raimond-Bérenger III de Barcelone et font appel au comte de Barcelone pour le chasser. Mais, avec l'aide de Bertrand de Tripoli, comte de Toulouse, Bernard Aton reprend le contrôle de la Cité. En 1120, les Carcassonnais se révoltent de nouveau, mais Bernard Aton rétablit l'ordre quelques années plus tard. En 1130, il ordonne le début de la construction du château comtal désigné sous le terme de palatium et la réparation des remparts gallo-romains. Dès lors, la Cité de Carcassonne est entourée de sa première fortification complète.
À cette époque la Cité est riche et sa population est comprise entre 3 000 à 4 000 personnes en incluant les habitants des deux bourgs qui se sont édifiés sous ses murailles : le bourg Saint-Vincent situé au Nord et le bourg Saint-Michel situé au sud de la porte Narbonnaise. La ville se dote en 1192 d'un consulat, composé de notables et de bourgeois, chargés d'administrer la ville, puis en 1229 d'une charte coutumière.
En 1208, le pape Innocent III, confronté à la montée du catharisme, appelle les barons du nord à se lancer dans la croisade des Albigeois. Le comte de Toulouse, accusé d'hérésie, et son principal vassal le vicomte de Trencavel sont la cible de l'attaque. Le 1er août 1209, la Cité est assiégée par les croisés. Raimond-Roger Trencavel se rend très rapidement, le 15 août, en échange de la vie sauve de ses habitants. Les bourgs autour de la Cité sont détruits. Le vicomte meurt de dysenterie dans la prison même de son château le 10 novembre 1209. D'autres sources parlent d'un assassinat orchestré par Simon de Montfort, mais rien n'est sûr. Dès lors, la Cité sert de quartier général aux troupes de la croisade.
Les terres sont données à Simon de Montfort, chef de l'armée des croisés. Ce dernier meurt en 1218 au cours du siège de Toulouse et son fils, Amaury VI de Montfort, prend possession de la Cité, mais se révèle incapable de la gérer. Il cède ses droits à Louis VIII de France, mais Raymond VII de Toulouse et les comtes de Foix se liguent contre lui. En 1224, Raimond II Trencavel reprend possession de la Cité après la fuite d'Amaury. Une deuxième croisade est lancée par Louis VIII en 1226 et Raimond Trencavel doit fuir. La Cité de Carcassonne fait désormais partie du domaine du roi de France et devient le siège d'une sénéchaussée. Une période de terreur s'installe à l'intérieur de la ville. La chasse aux cathares entraîne la multiplication des bûchers et des dénonciations sauvages, avec l'installation de l'Inquisition dont on peut toujours voir la maison dans l'enceinte de la Cité.
Louis IX ordonne la construction de la deuxième enceinte pour que la place puisse soutenir de longs sièges. En effet, à cette époque, les menaces sont nombreuses dans la région : Raimond Trencavel, réfugié en Aragon, cherche toujours à reprendre ses terres qu'il revendique et le roi d'Aragon, Jacques Ier le Conquérant, fait peser une lourde menace sur cette région toute proche des frontières de son royaume. De plus, ces constructions permettent de marquer les esprits de la population de la Cité et de gagner leur confiance. La Cité fait partie du système de défense de la frontière entre la France et l'Aragon. Les premières constructions concernent le château comtal adossé à la muraille ouest. Celui-ci est entouré de murailles et de tours à l'intérieur même de la Cité pour assurer la protection des représentants du roi. Ensuite, une deuxième ligne de fortifications est commencée sur environ un kilomètre et demi avec quatorze tours. Cette enceinte est flanquée d'une barbacane qui contrôle les abords de l'Aude.
En 1240, Raimond Trencavel tente de récupérer la Cité, avec l'aide de quelques seigneurs. Le siège est mené par Olivier de Termes, spécialiste de la guerre de siège. Ils occupent les bourgs situés sur les rives de l'Aude et obtiennent l'aide de ses habitants qui creusent des tunnels depuis leurs maisons pour saper la base des enceintes. La double enceinte joue son rôle défensif, car Raimond Trencavel est ralenti. La garnison menée par le sénéchal Guillaume des Ormes résiste efficacement. Raimond Trencavel est bientôt obligé de lever le siège et de prendre la fuite face à l'arrivée des renforts du roi Louis IX. En 1247, il renonce devant le roi Louis IX à ses droits sur la Cité. La Cité de Carcassonne est définitivement rattachée au royaume de France et est désormais gouvernée par des sénéchaux.
À compter de cette date, la place forte n'est plus attaquée y compris durant la guerre de Cent Ans. Les aménagements et agrandissements qui vont suivre peuvent être regroupés en trois phases. Les premiers travaux sont commencés immédiatement après la dernière attaque de la Cité. Ils permettent de réparer les enceintes, aplanir les lices, ajouter des étages au château et construire la tour de la Justice. La deuxième phase de construction a lieu sous le règne de Philippe III, dit le Hardi : elle comprend la construction de la porte Narbonnaise, de la tour du Trésau, de la porte Saint-Nazaire et de toute la partie de l'enceinte environnante, ainsi que la réparation de certaines tours gallo-romaines et de la barbacane du château comtal. Les bourgs de Saint-Vincent et de Saint-Michel jouxtant l'enceinte sont rasés pour éviter les conséquences d'une collusion entre leurs habitants et les assaillants comme cela s'était produit durant le dernier siège. Enfin, une troisième et dernière phase de travaux se déroule sous le règne de Philippe le Bel et consiste à moderniser la place forte. De nombreuses parties de l'enceinte sont alors reconstruites en utilisant les techniques de défense les plus récentes. Les antiques murailles situées à l'ouest sont également rénovées.
En 1258, le traité de Corbeil fixe la frontière entre la France et l'Aragon près de Carcassonne, dans les Corbières. Louis IX renonce à sa suzeraineté sur la Catalogne et le Roussillon et en contrepartie le roi d'Aragon abandonne ses visées sur les terres du Languedoc. Désormais la Cité joue un rôle majeur dans le dispositif de défense de la frontière. Elle constitue une deuxième ligne de défense persuasive en arrière des postes avancés que sont les châteaux de Peyrepertuse, Aguilar, de Quéribus, de Puilaurens et de Termes désignés comme les « cinq fils de Carcassonne ». Au XIIIe siècle, la Cité de Carcassonne est l'une des places fortes les mieux pourvues de France et sert de réserve d'armes pour les alliés. La Cité n'est jamais attaquée ni inquiétée aussi les troupes qui y sont stationnées sont peu à peu réduites. À la fin du XIVe siècle, la Cité n'est plus capable de résister aux nouvelles armes à poudre. Néanmoins, sa situation frontalière reste un atout stratégique et une garnison est maintenue. En 1418, les hommes en garnison dans la Cité ont en général un second métier. À cette époque, de l'autre côté de l'Aude, une nouvelle ville dite ville basse se construit sous forme de bastide.
Peu de faits de guerre ou de conflits majeurs marquent la période royale. En 1272, le comte de Foix, rebelle, est enfermé par Philippe III de France dans la Cité de Carcassonne. En 1283, un traité d'alliance est signé entre le roi de France et le roi de Majorque Jacques II contre Pierre III d'Aragon. Le pape Clément V passe par Carcassonne en 1305 et 1309. En 1355, le Prince Noir n'ose pas s'attaquer à la Cité trop puissamment défendue et se contente de détruire et piller la ville basse. La Cité devient prison d'État au XVe siècle dans laquelle sont enfermés les ennemis du roi comme Jean IV d'Armagnac. La peste décime les habitants de Carcassonne et de la Cité en 1557. En 1585, la Cité est attaquée par les huguenots mais ils sont repoussés par les « mortes-payes».
Entre 1560 et 1630, durant les Guerres de religion, la Cité reste un dispositif militaire important pour les catholiques. Elle subit des attaques de la part des protestants. En 1575, le fils du sire de Villa tente d'attaquer la forteresse. En 1585, les hommes de Montmorency font de même, mais là aussi c'est l'échec.
La mort de Henry III déclenche des affrontements entre les habitants de la ville basse fidèle à Henry IV, son successeur légitime, et au duc de Montmorency, et la Cité qui refuse de reconnaître le nouveau roi et prend le parti de la Ligue. Au cours des violents combats qui s'étalent sur près de 2 ans, les faubourgs de la Cité situés aux abords de la porte de l'Aude sont détruits. Cette dernière est murée et le quartier de la Trivalle est incendié. En 1592, les habitants de la Cité se rallient au roi.
Le XVIIe siècle marque le début de l'abandon de la Cité. En 1657, le présidial, la juridiction en place à Carcassonne, est transféré de la Cité à la ville basse44. En 1659, la Cité de Carcassonne perd sa position stratégique à la suite de la signature du Traité des Pyrénées qui rattache le Roussillon à la France et fixe la frontière entre la France et l'Espagne à son emplacement actuel. La Cité est progressivement abandonnée par ses habitants les plus aisés et devient un quartier pauvre occupé par les tisserands. Les lices sont progressivement occupées par des maisons. Des caves et des greniers sont installés dans les tours. La Cité se dégrade rapidement.
La ville basse prospère grâce à l'industrie drapière. Le principal centre religieux de la ville, la cathédrale Saint-Nazaire, demeure néanmoins dans la Cité jusqu'à la Révolution. En 1790, le chapitre est aboli et le palais épiscopal et le cloître sont vendus puis détruits en 1795. Le siège épiscopal est même transféré en 1801 de la cathédrale Saint-Nazaire à l'église Saint-Michel dans la ville basse. En 1794, les archives de la tour du Trésau sont détruites par un incendie.
Sous l'Ancien Régime puis sous la Révolution, la Cité est réduite sur le plan militaire au rôle d'arsenal, entrepôt d'armes et de vivres puis, entre 1804 et 1820, est rayée de la liste des places de guerre et abandonnée ; elle est reclassée en seconde catégorie. La ville haute perd son autonomie municipale et devient un quartier de Carcassonne. Le château comtal est transformé en prison. L'armée est alors prête à céder la Cité aux démolisseurs et récupérateurs de pierres.
La Cité connaît un déclin social avec l'augmentation de la pauvreté, mais aussi un déclin démographique. Entre 1819 et 1846, le nombre d'habitants de la ville haute décline tandis que dans la ville basse, la démographie augmente.
Pour les habitants de Carcassonne, la Cité médiévale, située sur une butte difficile d’accès avec ses ruelles étroites et ses lices et remparts vétustes constitue désormais un quartier peu attrayant auquel s'oppose la ville nouvelle formée par la bastide Saint-Louis ou ville basse. La désaffection des habitants pour la Cité entraîne sa détérioration. Les tours se délabrent et la plupart sont converties en garages, hangars et autres bâtiments de stockage. Les lices sont progressivement envahies par des constructions (au XIXe siècle, les autorités y recensent 112 maisons). La destruction de la Cité médiévale est alors programmée.
La Cité est sauvée de la destruction totale par Jean-Pierre Cros-Mayrevieille, notable et historien, habitant au pied de la Cité. Dès 1835, il s'émeut de la destruction de la barbacane dont les pierres étaient pillées par les entrepreneurs locaux. C'est à lui que l'on doit les premières véritables fouilles dans la cathédrale de la Cité et la découverte de la chapelle de l'évêque Radulphe. L'écrivain Prosper Mérimée, inspecteur général des monuments historiques, a le coup de foudre pour ce monument en perdition. L'architecte Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, qui avait commencé la restauration de l'église Saint-Nazaire, est chargé d'étudier la restauration de la Cité. En 1840, la basilique Saint-Nazaire à l'intérieur de la Cité passe sous la protection des monuments historiques. Cette protection est étendue à l'ensemble des remparts en 1862.
En 1853, Napoléon III approuve le projet de restauration. Le financement est soutenu par l'État à 90 % et à 10 % par la ville et le conseil général de l'Aude. En 1855, les travaux commencent par la partie ouest-sud-ouest de l'enceinte intérieure, mais restent modestes. En 1857, ils se poursuivent sur les tours de la porte Narbonnaise et l'entrée principale de la Cité. Les fortifications sont çà et là consolidées, mais le gros du travail se concentre alors sur la restauration des toitures des tours des créneaux et des hourds du château comtal. L'expropriation et la destruction des bâtiments construits le long des remparts sont ordonnées. En 1864, Viollet-le-Duc obtient encore des crédits pour restaurer la porte de Saint-Nazaire et l'enceinte extérieure du front sud. En 1874, la tour du Trésau est restaurée.
Eugène Viollet-le-Duc laissera de nombreux croquis et dessins de la Cité et de ses modifications56. À sa mort en 1879, son élève Paul Boeswillwald reprend le flambeau puis l'architecte Henri Nodet. En 1889, la restauration de l'enceinte intérieure est terminée. Les travaux de restauration du château comtal débutent la même année et, en 1902, les travaux d'envergure sont achevés et les alentours de la Cité sont aménagés et dégagés. En 1911, les dernières maisons présentes dans les lices sont détruites et les travaux de restauration sont considérés comme terminés en 1913.
Seul 30 % de la Cité est restauré. Durant les travaux de restauration, le chanoine Léopold Verguet réalise de nombreux clichés, ainsi que des travaux de réhabilitation. Ces photos fournissent des témoignages sur le chantier et la vie autour la Cité à cette époque. Un autre photographe, Michel Jordy, historien et archéologue, apporte également sa contribution à la sauvegarde la Cité par ses recherches et ses photographies. Il est également le fondateur de l'hôtel de la Cité.
Dès 1850, les restaurations d'Eugène Viollet-le-Duc sont fortement critiquées. Ses détracteurs, comme Hippolyte Taine, dénoncent la différence entre les parties neuves et les parties en ruine considérant que ces dernières ont plus de charme. D'autres, comme Achille Rouquet ou François de Neufchâteau, regrettent le caractère trop gothique et le style « Viollet-le-Duc » des modifications. Aujourd'hui, les historiens soulignent surtout les erreurs du restaurateur. Joseph Poux regrette la mauvaise reconstitution des portes et des fenêtres des tours wisigothes et la bretèche de la porte de l'Aude.
Mais ce sont surtout les choix effectués pour la restauration des toitures qui furent fortement critiqués. Viollet-le-Duc, fort de ses expériences de restauration sur les châteaux du nord de la France, choisit de coiffer les tours d'une toiture conique couverte d'ardoises, contrastant avec les toitures plates couvertes de tuiles romanes des châteaux de la région. Ce choix avait pour lui une logique historique, car Simon de Monfort et les autres chevaliers qui participèrent à la croisade des Albigeois venaient tous du Nord. Il n'est pas impossible que ces « nordistes » aient ramené avec eux leurs propres architectes et techniques. De plus, Viollet-le-Duc retrouva de nombreux fragments d'ardoise lors de ses restaurations de la Cité. C'est pour cela qu'aujourd'hui, on peut observer différents types de toiture dans la Cité de Carcassonne.
Le pont-levis, rajouté à l'entrée de la porte Narbonnaise, est également cité comme un exemple de reconstitution erronée. Par ailleurs, certaines restaurations sont parfois considérées comme trop parfaites et réduisant l'impression d'authenticité. Cependant, malgré ses erreurs, on considère aujourd'hui qu'Eugène Viollet-le-Duc a effectué un travail d'architecture remarquable qui a permis de restituer aux visiteurs une image cohérente sinon fidèle de la Cité de Carcassonne. Ainsi les campagnes de restauration menées aujourd'hui conservent les modifications apportées au modèle originel par l'architecte, car elles font désormais partie de l'histoire du monument.
La diminution de la population se poursuit pendant la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. Entre 1846 et 1911, la Cité perd 45 % de sa population, passant de 1 351 à 761 habitants.
En 1903, la Cité passe de la tutelle du ministère de la guerre au ministère des beaux-arts66 et en 1918, l'armée quitte définitivement la Cité de Carcassonne. En 1920, l'hôtel de la Cité est construit à l'intérieur même de la Cité entre le château comtal et la cathédrale de Saint-Nazaire. Cette construction néo-gothique provoque à l'époque de nombreuses protestations. En 1926, les monuments historiques étendent leur protection en classant les terrains situés près des restes de la barbacane de l'Aude, les accès et la porte de l'Aude, ainsi qu'en inscrivant le Grand Puits au titre des monuments historiques. En 1942, le classement s'étend encore avec l'ajout, en trois fois, de terrains autour de la Cité. Cette extension permet de protéger les abords directs de l'enceinte en empêchant d'éventuelles constructions.
En 1944, la Cité de Carcassonne est occupée par les troupes allemandes qui utilisent le château comtal comme réserve de munitions et d'explosifs. Les habitants sont expulsés de la Cité. Joë Bousquet, commandeur de la Légion d'honneur, s'indigne de cette occupation et demande par lettre au préfet la libération de la Cité considérée par tous les pays comme une œuvre d'art qu'il faut respecter et laisser libre.
En 1961, un musée est installé dans le château comtal. Puis en 1997, la Cité est classée au patrimoine mondial par l'UNESCO. Aujourd'hui, la Cité est devenue un site touristique important qui reçoit plus de 2 millions de visiteurs chaque année. Ces classements permettent à l'État de recevoir des subventions pour l'entretien du site. En contrepartie, il doit respecter l'architecture des lieux lors de constructions ou de rénovations et doit ouvrir la Cité aux visiteurs. Les monuments historiques gèrent les visites et la gestion du château comtal. Ils ont récemment rénové le parcours de visites en 2006 et 2007 en ajoutant une salle de projection et une nouvelle signalétique. En 2014 débute des travaux de mise en sécurité des remparts du circuit Ouest suivi par un architecte en chef des monuments afin d'offrir ce parcours au visiteur. Les travaux seront réalisés par des compagnons tailleur de pierre spécialisés dans la restauration du patrimoine architectural.
Les parties remarquables de la Cité comprennent les deux enceintes et plusieurs bâtiments. Le plan ci-contre permet de localiser ces bâtiments décrits dans les sections suivantes. L'enceinte intérieure et les portes figurent en rouge tandis que l'enceinte extérieure et les barbacanes sont représentées en jaune :
1 - Porte Narbonnaise et barbacane Saint-Louis,
2 - Porte et barbacane Saint-Nazaire,
3 - Porte d'Aude,
4 - Porte du Bourg et barbacane Notre-Dame,
5 - Château comtal entouré d'un fossé et construit le long de l'enceinte intérieure,
6 - Barbacane de l'est protégeant l'entrée du château,
7 - Barbacane de l'Aude, aujourd'hui détruite,
8 - Église Saint-Nazaire.
Le matériau utilisé pour la construction des enceintes et des tours est la pierre dont est constitué le plateau sur lequel est édifiée la Cité. Il s'agit de grès ou molasse de Carcassonne qui a été extraite du plateau même ou des collines environnantes. Deux enceintes, entourant la Cité, sont séparées par un espace plat : les lices. Ce système comportait, à l'époque de sa mise en œuvre (avant la généralisation de l'artillerie), de nombreux avantages défensifs. Il permettait d'attaquer les assaillants selon deux lignes de tir ; l'enceinte extérieure, si elle était franchie, ralentissait les assaillants et les divisait ; les assaillants une fois parvenus dans les lices étaient particulièrement vulnérables dans cet espace dépourvu d'abri. De plus, la lice permettait aux cavaliers de combattre facilement. On distingue les lices basses, situées au nord et allant de la porte Narbonnaise à la porte de l'Aude où se trouvent les enceintes les plus anciennes datant des Wisigoths et les lices hautes, situées au sud, où se trouvent les murailles les plus récentes construites sous Philippe III le Hardi.
La première enceinte, construite sur un éperon rocheux, date de l'époque gallo-romaine ; elle permettait de dominer la vallée et le cours de l'Aude. Les soubassements de cette enceinte originelle sont encore visibles depuis la lice. Elle est construite à l'aide de grosses pierres et d'un mortier très dur. Le mur de cette enceinte était épais de deux à trois mètres. Cette enceinte avait un périmètre de 1 070 m et protégeait une ville de sept hectares. Elle est constituée de moellons réguliers et de rangées de briques. Ces briques assuraient la stabilité de la construction grâce à leur flexibilité et rattrapaient les éventuels affaissements.
Il existe encore dix-sept tours d'origine gallo-romaine plus ou moins remaniées sur les trente tours que comportait initialement cette enceinte. Une seule tour était de plan rectangulaire, la tour Pinte. Les autres tours reconnaissables dans les remparts ouest de la Cité grâce à leur forme en fer à cheval à l'extérieur et plate à l'intérieur. La partie inférieure des tours, dont le diamètre est compris entre 4,50 et 7 mètres, est constituée de maçonnerie pleine qui donnait une assise particulièrement solide. Les niveaux supérieurs comportent de larges ouvertures cintrées qui donnaient une grande efficacité aux armes de jet des défenseurs. Un système de fenêtre basculante assurait la défense et la protection de ces larges ouvertures. Les tours étaient recouvertes de tuiles plates à double rebord. La hauteur des tours était comprise entre 11,65 m et 13,70 m.
Durant le XIIIe siècle, les rois de France ordonnèrent la construction d'une seconde enceinte extérieure autour de la Cité. Les tours sont rondes, souvent basses et dépourvues de toiture pour n'offrir aucun abri à des assaillants qui les auraient conquises contre les tirs venus de l'enceinte intérieure. L'enceinte est entourée d'un fossé sec sauf aux endroits ou le dénivelé ne rend pas cette défense nécessaire. L'espace entre les deux enceintes est aménagé en lices qui sont utilisées en temps de paix pour les manifestations en tous genres. Les murailles atteignent une hauteur de 10 à 12 mètres.
L'enceinte intérieure est modernisée sous Philippe III Le Hardi et Philippe IV Le Bel. L'entrée Narbonnaise, la Porte de Saint-Nazaire et la tour du Trésau sont construites. Ces édifices sont caractérisés par la hauteur impressionnante de leurs murs et l'emploi de pierres à bossage. La construction de l'enceinte est plus complexe et repose sur des fondations plus profondes que l'enceinte gallo-romaine, car elle atteint la roche du plateau. La réalisation de l'enceinte extérieure et des lices a nécessité de décaisser le terrain naturellement pentu. Une partie des soubassements extérieurs de l'enceinte gallo-romaine ont été mis à nu par ce terrassement et a dû faire l'objet d'une consolidation.
Le chemin de ronde permettait de faire tout le tour de la Cité en traversant les tours. Au Moyen Âge, la courtine est élargie grâce à un système de charpente en bois suspendu créant un abri au-dessus du vide. Ce système placé à cheval sur le rempart du nom de hourd permettait aux arbalétriers de tirer avec précision au milieu des lices. Des échauguettes sont construites sur la saillie de certaines murailles comme l'échauguette de la Vade.
Les tours médiévales diffèrent des tours romaines tout en gardant leur forme extérieure caractéristique avec une façade extérieure bombée et une façade intérieure plate. Les échelles de bois sont remplacées par des escaliers intérieurs en pierre. La base des tours est fruitée, c'est-à-dire renflée afin que les projectiles ricochent sur la tour et se retournent contre les assaillants situés au pied de la muraille.
L'enceinte est percée de quatre portes principales donnant accès à l'intérieur de la Cité. Les portes sont réparties aux quatre points cardinaux.
La porte Narbonnaise, située à l'est, est construite vers 1280 durant le règne de Philippe III le Hardi. Elle doit son nom à son orientation vers Narbonne et succède au château narbonnais, un château aujourd'hui disparu qui contrôlait la principale entrée de la ville. Le château Narbonnais était tenu aux XIe et XIIe siècles des Trencavel par la famille de Termes. Au XIXe siècle Viollet-le-Duc reconstitue le crénelage et le toit en ardoise de 1859 à 1860 et la dote d'un pseudo pont-levis qui n'existait pas à l'origine. Elle est constituée de deux tours imposantes renforcées par des becs destinés à détourner les tirs des assaillants. La porte est protégée par une double herse renforcée par un assommoir et des meurtrières. Ces tours possèdent trois étages sur rez-de-chaussée. Le rez-de-chaussée et le premier étage sont voûtés alors que les étages supérieurs comportent un simple plancher. La tour nord possède un caveau pour les provisions tandis que la tour sud contient une citerne d'eau, permettant de faire face aux besoins des défenseurs de la tour pendant un siège de longue durée.
Au-dessus de cet ensemble se trouve une niche à couronnement tréflé dans laquelle est placée une statue de la Vierge. Cette porte est protégée par la barbacane Saint-Louis qui se trouve face à elle. Une échauguette située à droite de la porte permettait un tir direct sur les assaillants si ceux-ci parvenaient à prendre la barbacane.
Au sud, la porte Saint-Nazaire est aménagée dans la tour du même nom, l'une des deux tours carrés de la Cité. C'est un dispositif de défense complexe ; l'ouvrage était très abîmé et Viollet-le-Duc le reconstitua entre 1864 et 1866.
La tour protège la cathédrale Saint-Nazaire située juste derrière à 25 mètres dans la Cité. Elle est équipée de quatre échauguettes ; le passage donnant accès à la lice et à la Cité comporte un coude de 90 degrés. Chaque entrée de ce passage est protégée par des systèmes de défense : mâchicoulis, herses et vantaux.
La tour possède deux étages bien aménagés pour le stationnement de la garnison avec une cheminée et des corps de placard. La plate-forme couronnant la tour permettait de recevoir un engin de guerre à longue portée.
À l'ouest, la porte d'Aude fait face au fleuve du même nom. Elle est située près du château comtal. Cette porte se prolonge par la barbacane de l'Aude détruite en partie en 1816 pour construire l'église Saint-Gimer. Seule la rampe entourée de murs crénelés subsiste. Le système défensif de cette porte était complexe. De hautes arcades cachent de fausses portes ne menant nulle part : ce dispositif était destiné à tromper l'ennemi. De plus, de nombreux couloirs en lacet possèdent différents paliers créant une souricière dans laquelle les assaillants se trouvaient bloqués et pouvaient être attaqués de toutes parts. La porte de l'Aude combine des systèmes de défense passive et active d’une grande sophistication.
La rampe, qui partait de la barbacane disparue, donne accès à cette porte. Elle monte la pente raide de l'ouest en faisant des lacets et traverse une première porte puis une seconde porte. L'avant-porte défend cet accès, situé entre l'enceinte intérieure et extérieure. L'enceinte intérieure est à cet endroit surélevée et épaulée d'un triple contrefort construit au XIIIe siècle. La porte proprement dite est d'origine wisigothe avec son plein cintre alterné de briques. Au-dessus de l'entrée, se trouvent une baie et une bretèche massives qui ne sont pas d'origine féodale, mais ont été ajoutées par Viollet-le-Duc lors de sa restauration. Cette porte, à l'aspect typiquement médiéval, a servi de décor pour de nombreux tournages de films comme Les Visiteurs, Robin des Bois : Prince des voleurs ou Le Corniaud.
Au nord, la porte du Bourg ou de Rodez donnait sur l'ancien bourg Saint-Vincent. Elle est directement creusée dans l'enceinte et était défendue par la barbacane Notre-Dame et la tour Mourétis.
La porte, assez modeste, est percée dans les remparts entre deux tours. Elle possède très peu de défenses. À l'époque des Wisigoths, la porte était protégée par une sorte d'avant-corps dont une muraille se prolongeait vers le bourg Saint-Vincent. Cet édifice a été remplacé par la suite par une barbacane sur l'enceinte extérieure, la barbacane Notre-Dame.
Le château comtal est adossé à l'enceinte intérieure ouest à l'endroit où la pente est la plus raide. Il possède un plan en forme de parallélogramme allongé du nord au sud et est percé de deux issues à l'ouest du côté de la porte de l'Aude et à l'est du côté intérieur de la Cité. Il a été construit en deux temps.
Sa construction est lancée par Bernard Aton IV Trencavel durant l'époque romane aux alentours de 1130 pour remplacer un château primitif probablement situé à l'emplacement de la porte Narbonnaise96. Le château est constitué de deux corps de bâtiment en L dominés par une tour de guet, la tour Pinte. Au nord se trouve une chapelle castrale dédiée à Marie dont il reste aujourd'hui que l'abside. Seule une palissade séparait le château du reste de la Cité.
Durant l'époque royale, entre 1228 et 1239, le château est complètement remanié devenant une forteresse à l'intérieur de la Cité. Une barbacane comportant un chemin de ronde et un parapet crénelé barre l'entrée du château juste avant le fossé qui l'entoure complètement jusqu'à l'enceinte intérieure. La porte d'entrée du château encadrée par deux tours est constituée d'un mâchicoulis, d'une herse et de vantaux. Le pont d'entrée est composé d'une partie en pont dormant, suivi d'une partie comportant un pont basculant et un pont-levis actionné par des contrepoids près de la herse de la porte d'entrée. Les murailles remplacent la palissade originelle et entourent complètement les bâtiments. Un système de hourds reposait sur l'enceinte telle que l'a reconstitué Viollet-le-Duc.
Le château et son enceinte comportent 9 tours dont deux sont d'époque wisigothe : la tour de la chapelle et la tour Pinte. La tour Pinte est une tour de guet carrée, la plus haute de la Cité. Toutes les autres tours ont des dispositions intérieures et extérieures identiques, car construites en même temps aux XIIe siècle. Ces tours sont constituées de trois étages et d'un rez-de-chaussée. Le rez-de-chaussée et le premier étage comportent un plafond voûté tandis que les étages supérieurs sont dotés de simples planchers. La communication entre les étages se fait par le biais des trous servant de porte-voix dans les voûtes et les planchers. Des hourds reconstitués par Viollet-le-Duc ornaient vraisemblablement l'enceinte et les tours comme le montre la reconstitution actuelle.
L'accès du château mène à une cour rectangulaire entourée de bâtiments remaniés de nombreuses fois entre le XIIe et le XVIIIe siècle. Les murs nord et est de la cour sont flanqués de simples portiques tandis qu'au sud et à l'est se trouvent deux bâtiments. Celui du sud contient les cuisines et permet d'accéder à une seconde cour. Elle contenait un bâtiment aujourd'hui détruit, mais où sont encore visibles les emplacements des poutres du plancher du premier étage ainsi que plusieurs fenêtres. C'est aussi dans cette cour que se trouve la tour Pinte.
La basilique Saint-Nazaire, construite en grès (parement extérieur), est une église d'origine romane dont les parties les plus anciennes remontent au XIe siècle. Sur son emplacement s'élevait à l'origine une cathédrale carolingienne dont il ne subsiste, aujourd'hui, aucune trace.
À l'aube de l'apogée de l'art roman, c'est donc d'abord une simple église bénie et consacrée cathédrale par le pape Urbain II en 1096 sous l'impulsion des Trencavel, qui lancent le chantier d'un nouvel édifice plus vaste. De cet édifice ne subsistent que les deux premiers piliers de la nef et la crypte, dont l'état dégradé donne à penser qu'il s'agissait d'un ouvrage antérieur. Elle épouse le plan de l'ancienne abside. Au XIIe siècle on édifie la nef actuelle, de six travées, qui fut laissée intacte lors des agrandissements de l'époque gothique, qui par contre se traduisirent par la destruction du chevet roman du XIe siècle. Le portail roman a quant à lui été entièrement refait au XIXe siècle lors des restaurations de Viollet-le-Duc.
La basilique est agrandie entre 1269 et 1330 dans le style gothique importé par les nouveaux maîtres de la région, avec un transept et un chœur très élancés, un décor de sculptures et un ensemble de vitraux qui comptent parmi les plus beaux du sud de la France. Un prélat bâtisseur, Pierre de Rochefort, finança la construction d'une grande partie des décors et l'achèvement des voûtes. Ses armoiries sont visibles dans le chœur, l'abside et le bras sud du transept, tandis que la chapelle du collatéral nord contient le monument commémoratif de la mort du contributeur. Un autre personnage, Pierre Rodier, évêque de Carcassonne, possède son blason dans la chapelle du collatéral sud.
Les rénovations d'Eugène Viollet-le-Duc ont largement transformé l'extérieur de la basilique, mais l'intérieur est le plus remarquable. Les deux styles, gothique et roman, se superposent sur les vitraux, les sculptures et tous les décors de l'église. Les façades comportent de nombreux vitraux des XIIIe et XIVe siècles : ceux-ci représentent des scènes de la vie du Christ et de ses apôtres.
Jusqu'au XVIIIe siècle, la cathédrale Saint-Nazaire demeure pourtant le principal centre religieux de Carcassonne. À la fin de l'Ancien Régime, le chapitre cathédral entretient même un petit corps de musique comptant un organiste, un maître de musique et au moins cinq enfants de chœur. En 1790, cependant, la chapitre est supprimé. Ce n'est qu'en 1801 que l'église est déchue de son rang de cathédrale de Carcassonne au profit de l'église Saint-Michel, située dans la bastide à l'extérieur de la Cité. Ce transfert se déroule alors que la Cité est désertée par ses habitants au profit de la ville basse. Le titre de basilique lui est octroyé en 1898 par le pape Léon XIII.
Une communauté de chanoines vivait à proximité de la cathédrale avec une salle capitulaire et le dortoir à l'est, le réfectoire et les cuisines au sud et les caves et écuries à l'ouest. Mais l'ensemble des bâtiments sont démolis en 1792. Un cloître s'élevait également au sud de l'édifice. Son emplacement est aujourd'hui occupé par un théâtre de plein air établi en 1908.
La vie dans la Cité a été étudiée par de nombreux historiens. À l'époque féodale, la famille Trencavel est riche grâce à ses terres et divers droits et la vie des seigneurs et de l'entourage de la cour est assez faste. Le château comtal est élégamment décoré et le lieu attire de nombreux troubadours. La vie de la Cité est rythmée par les foires et les marchés. C'est en 1158 que Roger de Béziers autorise deux foires annuelles durant lesquelles la protection des marchands et des clients est assurée par le vicomte. Une monnaie locale prouve la vitalité et la richesse de la Cité. Le commerce y est important et fait vivre de nombreuses personnes. La nourriture est abondante et variée : porc salé, pain de froment, brochet, choux, navet, fèves, etc...
À l'époque royale, la Cité n'est plus aussi active. Les garnisons ont désormais un rôle prépondérant. Le roi met en place l'institution des sergents d'armes. Il s'agit de soldats qui ont pour mission de garder la Cité. Ils sont commandés par un connétable qui fixe les tours de garde et les surveillances diverses des sergents. Le nombre d'hommes initialement de 220 décline à 110 au XIVe siècle. Ces « sergenteries » deviennent héréditaires en 1336. Un texte de 1748 décrit avec précision le cérémonial de la mise en place des patrouilles et des gardes. Il décrit aussi les avantages et inconvénients de cette fonction. Les soldats étaient rémunérés par une solde perpétuelle qui conférait à la garnison le nom de "mortes-payes". La Cité était aussi bien pourvue en armes de défense et de guerre. Un inventaire de 1298 décrit des machines de jet comme des espringales, des balistes et des mangonneaux, du matériel de siège comme des poutres, des hourds démontés et tout ce qu'il faut pour faire du travail de sape, du matériel de transport comme des chars, du matériel de bâtiment avec de nombreuses pièces de rechange et du matériel d'alimentation notamment pour stocker de l'eau, important en période de siège. Elle servit ainsi de réserve pour alimenter les diverses batailles qui eurent lieu dans la région.
Lorsque la ville basse s'est développée au détriment de la ville haute, les conditions de vie dans la Cité changèrent énormément. Au XIXe siècle après l'abandon de la Cité par les militaires, la Cité enfermée dans sa double enceinte, devient un quartier abandonné où se concentre la misère. Seuls les tisserands pauvres vivent dans les lices dans des masures adossées aux murailles dans des conditions d'hygiène dignes du Moyen Âge. À la fin du XIXe siècle les occupants des maisons qui occupaient les lices sont progressivement expropriés et les lices restaurées dans leur état original. Viollet-le-Duc voit cette action comme une opération de nettoyage. La population chassée déménage alors en partie dans la ville basse et en partie à l'intérieur des murs de la Cité.
De nos jours, à l'intérieur de la Cité, la vie quotidienne n'est pas toujours facile. Les ruelles sont étroites, difficiles d'accès et les habitations sont vétustes, mais l'authenticité des lieux attire de nombreux visiteurs. La Cité possède plusieurs hôtels dont un hôtel de luxe, l'« hôtel de la Cité », une auberge de jeunesse, et de nombreux restaurants et boutiques de souvenirs.
La légende de Dame Carcas tente d'expliquer l'origine du nom de la Cité de Carcassonne. L'histoire dit que l'armée de Charlemagne était aux portes de la Cité aux prises des Sarrasins. Une princesse était à la tête des quelques chevaliers défendant la Cité après la mort de son mari. Il s'agit de la Princesse Carcas qui utilisa d'abord comme ruse de faux soldats qu'elle fit fabriquer et placer dans chaque tour de la Cité. Le siège dura 5 ans.
Mais au début de la sixième année, la nourriture et l'eau se faisaient de plus en plus rares. Dame Carcas voulut faire l'inventaire de toutes les réserves qu'il restait. Les villageois lui amenèrent un porc et un sac de blé. Elle eut alors l'idée de nourrir le porc avec le sac de blé, puis de le précipiter depuis la plus haute tour de la Cité au pied des remparts extérieurs.
Charlemagne et ses hommes, croyant que la Cité débordait encore de soldats et de vivres au point de gaspiller un porc nourri au blé, leva le siège. Voyant l'armée de Charlemagne quitter la plaine devant la Cité, Dame Carcas remplie de joie par la victoire de son stratagème décida de faire sonner toutes les cloches de la ville. Un des hommes de Charlemagne s'écria alors : « Carcas sonne ! », créant ainsi le nom de la ville.
Today, Thursday 9 November 2017, saw Greater Manchester Police execute warrants at addresses across the Moss Side and Hulme areas of Manchester.
The warrants, which were supported by the Immigration Service, were executed as part of Operation Malham targeting the supply of drugs in South Manchester.
Detective Chief Inspector Paul Walker, of GMP’s City of Manchester team, said: "Over the past 6 months we have had a dedicated team of detectives trawling through community concerns and information about drug supply in the Moss Side and Hulme areas.
“Today, we have made arrests after executing warrants across these areas and I would like to thank the community for working with us, as well as partners, and making this possible.
“Please continue to report anything suspicious to help us stop the criminals benefiting from drug supply and organised crime.
“Drugs never be tolerated by us and we are determined to bring those responsible to justice.”
To find out more about Greater Manchester Police please visit our website.
You should call 101, the national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
You can also call anonymously with information about crime to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111.
Crimestoppers is an independent charity who will not want your name, just your information.
Your call will not be traced or recorded and you do not have to go to court or give a statement.
Yesterday (Wednesday 11 March 2020), officers from Greater Manchester Police and the City of London Police’s Intellectual Property Crime Unit (PIPCU) executed a number of warrants at Great Ducie Street, Manchester.
Officers from GMP and the City of London Police - the national policing lead for fraud – worked alongside UK immigration, meaning a total of 100 officers and staff members were involved in the operation.
The search warrant, which developed from a previous operation that involved the sale and distribution of counterfeit items, saw thousands of labels, computer equipment and cash seized.
Detectives are currently exploring links between the counterfeit operation and Serious Organised Crime, helping to fund criminal activity beyond Greater Manchester.
15 people were arrested, after officers uncovered an estimated £7.5 million worth of branded clothing, shoes and perfume suspected to be counterfeit.
Chief Inspector Kirsten Buggy, of GMP’s North Manchester division, said: “Yesterday’s operation is one of the largest of its kind ever carried out in the area and has taken a meticulous amount of planning and preparation.
“I am thankful to colleagues from the City of London Police, who as the national policing lead for fraud, have worked in partnership with officers from GMP and helped bring about yesterday’s direct action. I am also grateful to those from UK Immigration for their help.
“Such partnerships are absolutely vital when tackling counterfeit operations, as they bring specialisms from across the country together in a bid to make an impactive and real difference. Steps such as yesterday are often only the start when it comes to investigating the scale of these operations and we will continue to work in conjunction with the City of London’s Intellectual Property Crime Unit to tackle this type of offending to its’ very core.
“It is important to recognise the far-reaching and serious impact of sophisticated and large scale counterfeit operations such as this one; and I would like to take this opportunity to remind members of the public of the repercussions of this kind of offending and the link to organised criminal activity. Please be under no illusion- this type of crime is not victimless.”
Police staff investigator Charlotte Beattie, of the City of London Police’s Intellectual Property Crime Unit (PIPCU), said:
“The counterfeit goods business is a deceiving one and the key message to be take away from this operation, is that counterfeiting is not a victimless crime.
“An individual may think that when buying counterfeit goods they are only affecting a multi-million pound brand, and won’t matter, when in fact they are helping to fund organised criminal activity. Counterfeit goods also pose a health risk to individuals as they usually are not fit for purpose or have not gone through the legal health and safety checks.
“Working in partnership has ensured that today’s operation has been a success. We will continue to work with Greater Manchester Police and UK Immigration to tackle the scourge of the counterfeit goods problem.”
To find out more about Greater Manchester Police please visit our website. www.gmp.police.uk
You should call 101, the national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
You can also call anonymously with information about crime to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111. Crimestoppers is an independent charity who will not want your name, just your information. Your call will not be traced or recorded and you do not have to go to court or give a statement.
You can access many of our services online at www.gmp.police.uk.
Wat Phra Kaew (Thai: วัดพระแก้ว, rtgs: Wat Phra Kaeo, IPA: [wát pʰráʔ kɛ̂ːw], Pronunciation, English: Temple of the Emerald Buddha; full official name Wat Phra Si Rattana Satsadaram, Thai: วัดพระศรีรัตนศาสดาราม, IPA: [wát pʰráʔ sǐː rát.ta.náʔ sàːt.sa.daː.raːm]) is regarded as the most sacred Buddhist temple (wat) in Thailand. The Emerald Buddha housed in the temple is a potent religio-political symbol and the palladium (protective image) of Thai society. It is located in Phra Nakhon District, the historic centre of Bangkok, within the precincts of the Grand Palace.
The main building is the central phra ubosot, which houses the statue of the Emerald Buddha. According to legend, this Buddha image originated in India where the sage Nagasena prophesized that the Emerald Buddha would bring "prosperity and pre-eminence to each country in which it resides", the Emerald Buddha deified in the Wat Phra Kaew is therefore deeply revered and venerated in Thailand as the protector of the country. Historical records however dates its finding to Chiang Rai in the 15th century where, after it was relocated a number of times, it was finally taken to Thailand in the 18th century. It was enshrined in Bangkok at the Wat Phra Kaew temple in 1782 during the reign of Phutthayotfa Chulalok, King Rama I (1782–1809). This marked the beginning of the Chakri Dynasty of Thailand, whose present sovereign is Bhumibol Adulyadej, King Rama IX.
The Emerald Buddha, a dark green statue, is in a standing form, about 66 centimetres tall, carved from a single jade stone ("emerald" in Thai means deep green colour and not the specific stone). It is carved in the meditating posture in the style of the Lanna school of the northern Thailand. Except for the Thai King and, in his stead, the Crown Prince, no other persons are allowed to touch the statue. The King changes the cloak around the statue three times a year, corresponding to the summer, winter, and rainy seasons, an important ritual performed to usher good fortune to the country during each season.
HISTORY
In 1767, the Kingdom of Ayutthaya fell to the Burmese, and King Taksin then moved the capital to Thonburi where he built the old palace beside Wat Arun on the west bank of Chao Phraya River. In 1778, Taksin's army under the command of Chao Phraya Chakri (who later became Rama I) captured Vientiane and took the Emerald Buddha back to Thonburi.
In 1782, King Rama I succeeded to the throne and founded the Chakri Dynasty, and he decided to move the capital across the river to Bangkok as it would be better protected from attack. The site chosen for the palace is situated between two old wats, Wat Pho and Wat Mahathat, an area inhabited by Chinese residents who were then moved to the present Chinatown. He started the construction of the Grand Palace so that the palace may be ready for his coronation in 1785. Wat Phra Kaew, which has its own compound within the precinct of the palace, was built to house the Emerald Buddha, which is considered a sacred object that provides protection for the kingdom. Wat Phra Kaew was completed in 1784. The formal name of Wat Phra Kaeo is Phra Sri Rattana Satsadaram, which means "the residence of the Holy Jewel Buddha."
Wat Phra Kaew has undergone a number of renovations, restoration and additions in its history, particularly during the reign of King Rama III and Rama IV. Rama III started the renovations and rebuilding in 1831 for the 50th Anniversary of BangkoK of 1832, while Rama IV's restoration was completed by Rama V in time for the Bangkok Centennial celebrations in 1882. Further restoration was undertaken by Rama VII on Bangkok's 150th Anniversary in 1932, and by Rama IX for the 200th Anniversary in 1982.
EMERALD BUDDHA
It is not known when the statue of the Emerald Buddha was made, but it is generally believed that it was crafted in 14th-century Thailand. However, there are also claims that the statue originated in India or Sri Lanka. None of these theories can be firmly established as none of the historians could get a close look at the statue.
According to one account, the Emerald Buddha was found in Chiang Rai, Lanna in 1434, after a lightning storm struck a temple. The Buddha statue fell down and later became chipped, and the monks, after removing the stucco around the statue, discovered that the image was a perfectly made Buddha image from a solid piece of green jade. The image was moved a few time to various temples, first to Lampang, then to Chiang Mai, from where it was removed by prince Chao Chaiyasetthathirat to Luang Prabang, when his father died and he ascended the throne of both Lanna and Lan Xang, in 1551. The statue remained the it to his new capital of Lan Xang in Vientiane in the 1560s. The statue remained there for twelve years. King Chaiyasetthathirat then shifted it to his new capital of Lan Xang in Vientiane in the 1560s. He took the Emerald Buddha with him and the image remained in Vientiane for 214 years until 1778.
In the reign of King Taksin, Chao Phya Chakri (who later became Rama I) defeated Vientiane and moved the Emerald Buddha from Vientiane to Thonburi where it was installed in a shrine close to Wat Arun. When Chao Phra Chakri took over the throne and founded the Chakri Dynasty of the Rattanakosin Kingdom, he shifted his capital across the river to its present location in Bangkok. The Emerald Buddha was also moved across the river with pomp and pageantry and installed in the temple of Wat Phra Keaw.
LEGENDS
There a number of legends associated with the Emerald Buddha. It was said the iconic image of the Emerald Buddha was made by Nagasena, a saint in Pataliputra (present day Patna), India, who, with the help of Hindu god Vishnu and demigod Indra, had the Emerald Buddha image made. Nagasena predicted that:
The image of the Buddha is assuredly going to give to religion the most brilliant importance in five lands, that is in Lankadvipa (Sri Lanka), Ramalakka, Dvaravati, Chieng Mai and Lan Chang (Laos).
The Emerald Buddha image was taken to Sri Lanka after three hundred years in Pataliputra to save it during a civil war. In 457, King Anuruth of Burma sent a mission to Ceylon with a request for Buddhist scriptures and the Emerald Buddha, in order to promote Buddhism in his country. These requests were granted, but the ship lost its way in a storm during the return voyage and landed in Cambodia. When the Thais captured Angkor Wat in 1432 (following the ravage of the bubonic plague), the Emerald Buddha was taken to Ayutthaya, Kamphaeng Phet, Laos and finally Chiang Rai, where the ruler of the city hid it, and was later found.
ARCHITECTURE
Wat Phra Kaeo has a plethora of buildings within the precincts of the Grand Palace, which covers a total area of over 94.5 hectares. It has over 100 buildings with “200 years royal history and architectural experimentation” linked to it. The architectural style is named as Rattanakosin style (old Bangkok style). The main temple of the Emerald Buddha is very elegantly decorated and similar to the temple in ancient capital of Ayudhya. The roof is embellished with polished orange and green tiles, the pillars are inlaid in mosaic and the pediments are made of rich marble, installed around 18th century. The Emerald Buddha is deified over an elevated altar surrounded by large gilded decorations. While the upper part of this altar was part of the original construction, the base was added by King Rama III. Two images of the Buddha, which represent the first two kings of the Chakri dynasty, flank the main image. Over the years, the temple has retained its original design. However, minor improvements have been effected after its first erection during Rama I's reign; wood-work of the temple was replaced by King Rama III and King Chulalongkorn; during King Mongkut's reign, the elegant doors and windows and the copper plates on the floor were additions, Rama III refurbished the wall painting (indicative of the universe according to Buddhist cosmology) and several frescoes that display the various stages of the Buddha's life; three chambers were added on the western side by King Mongkut; in the chamber known as 'Phra Kromanusorn' at the northern end, images of Buddha have been installed in honour of the kings of Ayutthaya; and in the 19th century, In Khong, a famous painter executed the wall murals. The entry to the temple is from the third gate from the river pier.The entrance is guarded by a pair of yakshis (mythical giants – 5 metres high statues). The eponymous image Buddha in brilliant green colour is 66 centimetres (26 in) in height with a lap width of 48.3 centimetres. It is carved in a yogic position, known as Virasana (a meditation pose commonly seen in images in Thailand and also in South India, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia). The pedestal on which the Emerald Buddha deified is decorated with Garuda (the mythical half-man half-bird form, a steed of Rama, who holds his mortal enemy Naga the serpent in his legs) motifs It is central to Thai Buddhism. The image made with a circular base has a smooth top-knot that is finished with a "dulled point marking at the top of the image". A third eye made in gold is inset over the elevated eyebrows of the image. The image appears divine and composed, with the eyes cast downward. The image has a small nose and mouth (mouth closed) and elongated ears. The hands are seen on the lap with palms facing upwards.
The entire complex, including the temples, is bounded by a compound wall which is one of the most prominent part of the wat is about 2 kilometres length. The compound walls are decorated with typically Thai murals, based on the Indian epic Ramayana. In Thai language these murals are known to form the Ramakian, the Thai national epic, which was written during the reign of Rama I. The epic stories formed the basic information to draw the paintings during the reign of King Rama I (1782–1809). These paintings are refurbished regularly. The murals, in 178 scenes, starting with the north gate of the temple illustrates the complete epic story of Ramayana sequentially, in a clockwise direction covering the entire compound wall. The murals serve to emphasise human values of honesty, faith, and devotion.
There are twelve salas that were built by Rama I, around the temple. They house interesting artefacts of regions such as Cambodia and Java. One of these salas had an inscription of Ramkamhaeng, which was shifted, in 1924, to the National Library. During the reign of King Mongkut, the Phra Gandharara – small chapel on the southwest corner – and a tall belfry were new additions.
WORSHIP AND CEREMONIES
Early in the Bangkok period, the Emerald Buddha used to be taken out of its temple and paraded in the streets to relieve the city and countryside of various calamities (such as plague and cholera). However, this practice was discontinued during Rama IV's reign as it was feared that the image could get damaged during the procession and also a practical line of thinking that Rama IV held "that diseases are caused by germs, not by evil spirits or the displeasure of the Buddha". The image also marks the changing of the seasons in Thailand, with the king presiding over the seasonal ceremonies.
Like many other Buddha statues in Thailand, the Emerald Buddha is dressed in a seasonal costume. It is a significant ritual held at this temple. In this ritual, dress of the deity is changed three times a year to correspond to the seasons. In summer it is a pointed crown of gold and jewels, and a set of jewelled ornaments that adorns the image from the shoulders to the ankles. In winter, a meshed dressing gown or drapery made of gold beads, which covered from the neck down like a poncho is used. During the rainy months, a top-knot headdress studded with gold, enamel and sapphires; the gold attire in the rainy season is draped over the left shoulder of the deity, only with the right shoulder left bare while gold ornaments embellish the image up to the ankles. The astrological dates for the ritual ceremonies, at the changing of the seasons, followed are in the 1st Waning Moon of Lunar Months 4, 8 and 12 (around March, July and November). The costume change ritual is performed by the Thai king who is the highest master of ceremonies for all Buddhist rites. On each occasion, the king himself "cleans the image by wiping away any dust that has collected and changing the headdress of the image". Then a king's royal attendant climbs up and performs the elaborate ritual of changing garments of the image as the king is chanting prayers to the deity. On this occasion, the king sprinkles water over the monks and the faithful who have assembled to witness the unique ritual and seeks blessings of the deity for good fortune during the upcoming season. The two sets of clothing not in use at any given time are kept on display in the nearby Pavilion of Regalia, Royal Decorations and Coins in the precincts of the Grand Palace. While Rama I initiated this ritual for the hot season and the rainy season, Rama III introduced the ritual for the winter season. The robes, which the image adorns, represents that of monks and King's depending on the season, a clear indication of highlighting its symbolic role "as Buddha and the King", which role is also enjoined on the Thai King who formally dresses the Emerald Buddha image.
A ceremony that is observed in the wat is the Chakri Day (begun on April 6, 1782), a national holiday to honour founding of the Chakri dynasty. On this day, the king attends the ceremony. The present king Rama IX, with his Queen, and entourage of the royal family, the Prime Minister, officials in the Ministry of Defence, and other government departments, first offer prayers at the Emerald Buddha temple. This is followed by visit to the pantheon to pay homage to the images of past Chakri rulers that are installed there.
The coronation ceremony, which marks the crowning of the king, is an important event of the Chakri dynasty. One such recent event took place when the present Rama IX was crowned the King. On this occasion, the King came to the Chapel Royal- the Wat Phra Keo – in a procession wearing a 'Great Crown'. After entering the chapel, the king made offerings of gold and silver flowers to the deity and also lighted candles. He also paid homage to the images of Buddha that represented the past kings of the dynasty. In the presence of assembled elite clergy of the kingdom, he took a formal vow of his religion and his steadfastness to 'Defend the Faith'.
RULES OF ENTRY AND CONDUCT
The sacred temples in Thailand follow a dress code, which is strictly followed. Men must wear long pants and sleeved shirts and shoes; women must wear long skirts. Visitors who arrive dressed otherwise may rent appropriate clothing items at the entry area of the temple. It is compulsory to remove the shoes before entering the temple, as a sign of respect of the Buddha, as is the practice in all other temples in Thailand. While offering prayers before the Buddha image, the sitting posture should avoid any offensive stretching of feet towards the deity; the feet should be tucked in towards the back.
OTHER MONUMENTS
While the surrounding portico of the shrine is an example of Thai craftsmanship, the perimeter of the temple complex has 12 open pavilions. These were built during the reign of Rama I. There is plethora of monuments in the temple complex. These are:Grand PalaceThe former residence of the King, the Grand Palace, adjoins the temple. The King makes use of this Grand Palace for ceremonial functions such as the Coronation Day. The King’s present residence is to the north of this Grand Palace and is known as the Chitlada Palace. The four structures surrounding the temple have history of their own. At the eastern end is the Borombhiman Hall (built in French architectural design), which was the residence of King Rama VI, now used as guest house for visiting foreign dignitaries. It has the dubious distinction of having been used as the operational headquarters and residence of General Chitpatima who attempted a coup, in 1981. The building to the west is the Amarindra hall, earlier a hall of Justice, now used for formal ceremonies. The Chakri Mahaprasat is the largest hall in the Grand Palace, built in 1882 by British architects, the architecture of which is fusion of Italian renaissance and Traditional Thai architecture. This style is called farang sai chada, (meaning: "Westerner wearing a Thai crown") as each wing has a shrine (mandap) crowned by a spire. Ashes of the Chakri kings (five ancestors) are enshrined in the largest of these shrines, also known as the pantheons, that were rebuilt after a fire in 1903 during Rama IV's reign. Ashes of the Chakri princess who could not become kings are enshrined in an adjoining hall. The throne room and the reception hall are on the first floor, while the ground floor houses a collection of weapons. The inner palace had the King’s harem (the practice was discontinued during King Rama VI's time who decreed the one wife rule), which was guarded by well trained female guards. Another hall in the palace is the 'Dusit hall' in Ratanokosin-style, which runs from east to west, which was initially an audience hall but now converted into a funerary hall for the Royal family. Royal family corpses are kept here for one year before they are cremated in a nearby field. There is also a garden which was laid during rama IV's reign. The garden depicts a "Thai mountain-and-woods-fable" mountain scenes where the coming of age ritual of shaving the topknot of the Prince is performed.PagodasThe temple grounds also depict three pagodas to its immediate north, which represent the changing centres of Buddhist influence. One such shrine to the west of the temple is the Phra Si Ratana Chedi, a 19th-century stupa built in Sri Lankan style enshrining ashes of the Buddha.Library
Rama I also built a library in Thai style, in the middle of the complex, known as the "Phra Mondop". The library houses an elegantly carved Ayutthaya-style mother-of-pearl doors, bookcases with the Tripitaka (sacred Buddhist manuscripts), human-and dragon-headed nagas (snakes), and images of Chakri kings.
During the 19th century, the Royal Pantheon was built in Khmer style to the east of the temple, which is kept open for only one day in year, in the month of October to commemorate the founding of the Chakri dynasty.
Model of Angkor WatThe temple complex also contains a model of Angkor Wat (the most sacred of all Cambodian shrines). In 1860, King Mongkut ordered his generals to lead 2,000 men to dismantle Angkor Wat and take it to Bangkok. Modern scholars suggested that the king wanted to show that Siam was still in control of Cambodia, as France was seeking to colonise Cambodia at that time. However, the king's order could not be fulfilled. A royal chronicle written by Lord Thiphakorawong (Kham Bunnag), then foreign minister, recorded that many Thai men fell ill after entering Cambodian wilderness. The chronicle also stated that forest-dwelling Khmer people ambushed the Thai army, killing many leading generals. King Mongkut then ordered the construction of the model within Wat Phra Kaew, instead of the real Angkor Wat that could not be brought to Bangkok. Mongkut died before he could see the model. Its construction was completed in the reign of his son, Chulalongkorn.Hermit statue
A hermit's bronze image, which is believed to have healing powers, is installed in a sala on the western side of the temple. It is near the entry gate. It is a black stone statue, considered a patron of medicine, before which relatives of the sick and infirm pay respects and make offerings of joss sticks, fruit, flowers, and candles.
EIGHT TOWERS
On the eastern side of the temple premises there are eight towers or prangs, each of a different colour. They were erected during the reign of Rama I and represent eight elements of Buddhism.
ELEPHANT STATUES
Statues of elephants, which symbolize independence and power, are seen all around the complex. As Thai kings fought wars mounted on elephants, it has become customary for parents to make their children circumambulate the elephant three times with the belief that that it would bring them strength. The head of an elephant statue is also rubbed for good luck; this act of the people is reflected in the smoothness of the surface of elephant statues here.
WIKIPEDIA
I like a village called Bobbing; I mean who wouldn't?
Last week I made a list of churches I needed to visit, and so at the weekend singles out a local group and went, with Bobbing being one of them.
Bobbing is the next to last village before the A249 lepas over the Swale to Sheppy, and we had been near here last year when we called at Iwade.
But here I was again, looking for the church, down the old high road, with it climbing what counts for a hill in these parts, and the church standing on the crest of the rise. I pull in and see a large friendly "church open" sign.
A good sign.
Though heavily restored, plenty of interest inside. Including two fine wall monuments and some nice brasses.
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Recently restored this church displays far more of interest than the rather severe exterior promises. The church dates from the fourteenth century and consists of nave, chancel, north aisle and west tower. The south chancel wall contains and outstanding square headed low side window which contains its original medieval ironwork, Next to it is a sedilia which has a small piece of carving from Canterbury cathedral Executed in Caen stone it depicts a Bishop and a priest. The Bishop is St Martial, first Bishop of Limoges. There are also some good brasses to Sir Arnold and Lady Savage. A late seventeenth century vicar of Bobbing was Titus Oates who plotted against the catholic supporters of the Stuart royal family, thus ensuring a place in English national history.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Bobbing
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BOBBING.
LIES the next parish south-west ward from Milton last-described, at a very small distance northward from the high London road at Key-street.
THE PARISH of Bobbing lies almost the whole of it on the northern side of the high London road, nearly at the 39th mile stone. It is not an unpleasant situation, though at the same time it has not the character of being very healthy. It contains about seven hundred and eighty acres of land, of which forty are wood, the soil is in general poor, much of it on the high ground is either a gravel sand, or a mixture of clay, but in the lower parts, especially in the northern towards Milton, there is some good fertile level land. The high road runs along the southern boundaries of it, excepting at Key-street, where it extends some way up the Detling road; hence the hill rises to high ground, on which, about half a mile from the road, is the church, and close to the church-yard the ruins of Bobbing-court, with the few houses that compose the village on the other side of it. At a small distance from these ruins southward, on the brow of the hill, at the end of the toll of elms leading from the high road, Arthur Gore, esq. of the kingdom of Ireland, built on colonel Tyndale's land a few years ago, a small shooting seat, which has since been further improved by his cousin Sir Booth Gore, bart. of Sligo, in Ireland, being so created on August 30, 1760, and they both pretty constantly reside in it; the house commands the view of the London road, and a fine one southward beyond it; below the descent of the hill, northward from the church, is Bobbing-place, a low situation near the boundaries of this parish next to Milton.
At the south-west corner of the parish, on the London road, is a small hamlet of houses called Key-street, corruptly probably for caii stratum, or Caius's-street, though the ale-house in it, the sign of which seems to have arisen from the name of the street, has raised a notion of the street's taking its name from thence. Here is a large house lately erected by Mr. William Boykett, who resides in it.
In this street there was antiently a spital-house for the use of the poor and diseased.
About a mile southward from hence on the high road to Detling, there is a gravel pit of an unusual depth and length, the hollowing of which must have been the work of great labour and length of time, insomuch that if I may be allowed the conjecture, I should suppose it was made by the Romans, who took their materials from thence to make their road, which still remains visible from Key-street to Sittingborne, the quantity of gravel with which that way is raised, being only to be supplied from so large a place as this is.
There was formerly a quintin in this parish, the field in which it stood being still called from thence the Quintin-field.
There is an antient allowed fair here, held formerly on St. Bartholomew's day, now by alteration of the stile on Sept. 4, yearly, the profits of which belong to the lord of Milton manor.
THE PARAMOUNT MANOR of Milton claims over this parish, subordinate to which is the MANOR OF BOBBING, the mansion of which, called Bobbingcourt, was the antient residence of the family of Savage, or Le Sauvage, as they were called in French, who were of eminent account, and possessed good estates in this part of Kent; and Leland, in his Itinerary says, this manor had before belonged to the family of Molynes.
Ralph de Savage, the first owner of this manor, of the name whom I have met with, was present with king Richard I. at the siege of Acon, in Palestine. His descendants Sir John de Savage, Sir Thomas de Savage, of Bobing, and Sir Roger de Savage, were with king Edward I. with many other gentlemen of this county, at the siege of Carlaverock, in Scotland, in the 28th year of his reign, and were all honored there with the degree of knighthood.
Roger le Sauvage possessed this manor in the next reign of king Edward II. and in the 5th year of it obtained free-warren, and other liberties for his lands in Bobbynges, Middelton, Borden, Newenton, and Stokebury.
In the descendants of this family, who bore for their arms, Argent, six lions rampant, sable, three, two and one, which coat is still remaining on the roof of the cloysters of Canterbury cathedral, and in the chapter-house there, men of eminent degree in the times in which they flourished, whose burial place was within the north chancel of this church, this manor continued down to Arnold Savage, esq. who died s. P. in 1420, so that Eleanor his sister, who had been first married to Sir Reginald Cobham, by whom she left no issue, and was then the wife of William Clifford, esq. became his heir, as well in this manor as the rest of his possessions. The family of Clifford was descended from ancestors seated at Clifford-castle, in Herefordshire, as early as the beginning of Henry II.'s reign, several of whom were summoned to parliament, among the barons of this realm. At length Roger de Clifford, who married Matilda, daughter of Thomas de Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, and died anno 13 Richard II. leaving three sons, of whom Thomas was the eldest, from whom descended the Cliffords, earls of Cumberland; the Boyles, lords Clifford, of Lonsborough; Thomas, earl of Thanet, lord Clifford, and his daughter the lady Margaret Tuston, lady Clifford, married to Coke, earl of Leicester.
Sir William Clifford, the second son, died s.p. and Lewis Clifford, the third son, was a man of note in the military line, as well as in state affairs, and in the 6th year of Richard II. was made a knight of the garter. He died anno 4 Henry IV. leaving one son William, who as before-mentioned, married the sister of Arnold Savage, esq. and in her right became possessed of Bobbing manor, (fn. 1) a younger branch of which family had been settled at Bobbing-place, in this parish, some time before. The Cliffords, of Bobbing, bore for their arms, Chequy, or, and sable, a fess and bordure, gules, on the fess, a crescent argent, for difference, which coat they quartered with that of Savage. These arms of Clifford are on the roof of the cloysters of Canterbury cathedral, and in St. Margaret's church, in Canterbury, impaled with Savage. The first lord Clifford of this family, bore Chequy, or, and azure, a bendlet, gules, which the elder brethren kept as long as they continued; a second son turned the bendlet into a bend, and placed on it three lioneux, passant, or, from whom the Cliffords of Frampton are descended. Roger Clifford, second son of Walter the first lord, for the bendlet took a fess gules, which was borne by the earls of Cumberland, and others of that branch. Those of Kent added the bordure to the fess, and a crescent on it, for difference; and Sir Conyers bore the chequy, or, and sable, as appears by his coat of arms on an original picture of him, painted in 1595.
William Clifford, before-mentioned, was sheriff both in the 4th and 13th years of king Henry VI. and died in the 16th year of that reign, leaving two sons, Lewis, who succeeded him in his estates in this county, and John, who was ancestor to the lords Clifford, of Chudleigh.
Lewis Clifford, the eldest son, resided at Bobbing, court, whose son Alexander Clifford, esq. kept his shrievalty there in the 5th year of king Edward IV. and dying in the 10th year of Henry VII. left six sons, of whom Lewis Clifford, the eldest, succeeded him in this manor, and was sheriff in the 13th year of king Henry VII. He left by his first wife Mildred, daughter of Bartholomew Bourne, esq. of Sharsted, two sons, Nicholas, who was of Sutton Valence, and left a sole daughter and heir, married first to Harpur, and secondly to Moore, (fn. 1) and Richard.
Nicholas Clifford, esq. the eldest son, possessed this manor of Bobbing on his father's death, but removing to Sutton Valence, or Town Sutton, as it is now called. He sold it presently afterwards to Sir Thomas Neville, but Richard Clifford, esq. the younger son, repurchased it of him, and died possessed of it, being succeeded in it by his son George Clifford, esq. who resided at Bobbing-court in the middle of the reign of queen Elizabeth, and left seven sons and three daughter, of whom Henry Clifford, esq. the eldest son, succeeded him in this manor, which he afterwards alienated to his younger brother, Sir Conyers Clifford, and dame Mary his wife, the daughter of Francis Southwell, esq. of Windham-hall, in Norfolk, and had been married first to Thomas Sydney, esq. of this county, and afterwards to Nicholas Gorge, esq. Her third husband was Sir Conyers Clifford, of Bobbingcourt, above mentioned, who was governor of Connaught, in Ireland, and a privy counsellor of that kingdom, by whom she had two sons, Henry and Conyers. She survived him, and afterwards possessed solely this manor, to whom the entitled her fourth husband Sir Anthony St. Leger, master of the rolls in Ireland, and a privy counsellor there, who was third son of Sir Anthony St. Leger, of Ulcomb, lord deputy of Ireland. She had by him, who survived her, one son Anthony, and dying in 1603, æt 37, was buried in St. Patrick's church, Dublin. By her will she devised this manor, in equal shares, to her two sons Henry and Conyers Clifford, and her son Anthony St. Leger, afterwards knighted, and of Wiertonhouse, in Boughton Monchelsea. They quickly afterwards joined in the sale of it to Sir Edward Duke, of Cosington, in Aylesford, who not long afterwards passed it away by sale to Sir Richard Gurney, alderman of London, who was afterwards in 1641 created a baronet, being then lord-mayor, who bore for his arms, Paly of six, per fess, counter changed, or, and azure, (fn. 1) which coat was in allusion to that borne by Hugh Gorney, a Norman, created earl of Gorney by William Rusus, who bore Paly, six, or, and azure. He alienated it to his brother-in-law Henry Sandford, esq. who died possessed of it in 1660, bearing for his arms, Ermine, on a fess, gules, two boars heads couped, or. He left by her four daughters his coheirs, Christian; Angelica, married to Henry Thornhill, esq. Mary; and Frances, the latter of whom carried this manor in marriage to Sir George Moore, bart. who had been so created in 1665, being stiled of Maids Morton, in Buckinghamshire, bearing for his arms, On a fess, three fleurs de lis, between three mullets. He died possessed of it in 1678, and was buried in the north chancel of this church. He died s. p. leaving his widow surviving, and possessed of this manor, which she the next year carried in marriage to colonel Edw. Diggs, the fifth son of Thomas Diggs, esq. of Chilham-castle, who dying s. p she again married colonel Robert Crayford, governor of the fort of Sheerness, who survived her, and became possessed of this manor, which he afterwards, in the reign of king William, sold to Thomas Tyndale, gent. of North Nibley, in Gloucestershire, who was descended of a family originally settled in Northumberland, whence a descendant of it removed to North Nibley, which estate Thomas Tyndale sold on his purchasing this manor. His son William Tyndale, esq. who pulled down this mansion, and dying in 1748, was buried in the fouth chancel of Bobbing church; leaving no issue, he by will devised this manor in tail male to his collateral kinsman, the Rev. William Tyndale, rector of Coats, in Gloucestershire, whose son Thomas Tyndale, esq. of North Cerney, in that county, died in 1783, having married Elizabeth, third daughter of Charles Coxe, esq. of Gloucestershire, whom he left surviving, and by her one son, lieutenant-colonel William Tyndale, the present possessor of this manor, and a daughter Anne-Catherine. He bears for his arms, Argent, a fess, gules, between three garbs, sable.
The mansion of Bobbing-court, which was situated exceedingly pleasant, having a fine prospect on every side of it, stood almost adjoining to the fouth side of the church-yard. It has been many years since pulled down, but by the foundations remaining, the walls of the garden, and the out-offices belonging to it, which are yet standing, it appears to have been a building of a very considerable size.
There is a court baron regularly held for this manor.
BOBBING-PLACE was an antient seat in this parish, situated at the northern extremity of it, adjoining to Milton, which seems to have been the antient residence of the family of Clifford, before they became possessed of the manor and court of Bobbing, as heir to the Savages.
A younger collateral branch of them, in the person of Robert Clifford, esq. of Bobbing, a younger brother of Richard, bishop of Worcester and London, successively, kept his shrievalty in this parish, both in the 1st year of Henry IV. and in the 2d and 3d years of Henry V. in the 8th year of which he was knight of the shire with Arnold Savage. He died in 1422, and was buried in the cathedral of Canterbury.
It afterwards passed into the name of Gorham, and thence into that of Tuston, and in the reign of king Charles I. this seat was the property and residence of Sir Humphry Tuston, the second surviving son of Sir John Tuston, knight and baronet, of Hothfield, and next brother to Nicholas, first earl of Thanet. He resided at times both here and at the Mote, in Maidstone, and in 1641 was created a baronet. He died at Bobbing-place in 1659, and was buried in this church.
Sir John Tuston, knight and baronet, his eldest surviving son, resided entirely at the Mote, and dying in 1685, s. p. was buried in Maidstone church. By his will he devised this seat to trustees, to be sold for the payment of his debts, and they accordingly, in 1687, conveyed it by sale to major Thomas Cooke, of Faversham, who alienated it in 1692 to Mr. Thomas Sole, of Milton, shipbuilder. He married in 1688, Mary Cockin, of that parish, by whom he left Cockin Sole, esq. barrister-at-law and recorder of Queenborough, who resided here, where he died in 1750, leaving one son, and a daughter Catherine, who married first Mr. Nowell, and secondly John Constantine Jennings, esq. He was succeeded in this seat by his only son John Cockin Sole, esq. who kept his shrievalty at it in 1756, bearing for his arms, Argent, a chevron, gules, between three soles hauriant, proper, all within a bordure, engrailed of the second. He continued to reside here till he removed to Norton-court, near Faversham, and afterwards, in 1766, pulled down almost the whole of this seat, leaving of it only sufficient for a mean farm-house. After which he alienated it to Mr. Thomas Colley, who is rebuilding this seat, in which he intends to reside.
THERE is a small manor in this parish called UpPER TOES, which formerly belonged to the family of Bartholomew, of Oxenhoath, from which it has, in like manner as that estate, become the property of Sir William Geary, now of Oxenhoath, the present proprietor of it, and there is another small manor here called NETHER TOES, which formerly was the estate of the Barrows, and was given by the will of Mr. William Barrow, in 1707, among his other estates, for the benefit of the poor of Borden, in the trustees of which charity it is now vested.
Charities.
THOMAS WOLLETT, by will in 1688, gave to such poor as take no relief, lands and houses vested in the churchwardens and overseers, now of the annual produce of 1l.
MARY GIBBON gave by will in 1678, the sum of 50 l. for the purpose of putting to school poor children in this parish, now of the annual produce of 4 l. 5S.
The poor constantly relieved are about seven; casually ten.
BOBBING is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Sittingborne.
The church, which is dedicated to St. Bartholomew, consists of two small isles and two chancels, having a tall spire steeple at the west end of it, in which are five bells.
In the north chancel are several antient gravestones of the Savages and Cliffords, many of them entirely robbed of their brasses, and others only with remnants remaining, on one are the figures in brass of a man and woman, the former having the surcoat of Clifford, Chequy, a fess, with a bordure; a memorial for Sir George Moore, in 1678; a monument for Henry Sandford, esq. 1660, and Elizabeth his wife, with their two busts in white marble. In the south chancel, memorials for William Tyndale, esq. obt. 1748, and for Darell, son of Nathaniel Darell, governor of Sheerness in Charles the IId.'s reign In the south isle is a monument, having two busts of white marble on it, for Charles and Humphry Tuston, sons of Sir Humphry Tuston, of Maidstone, the former died 1652, the latter 1657, both unmarried; and memorials for Cobbes, Poole, and others.
The church of Bobbing was given by Henry III. in his 18th year, to the monastery of St. Mary and St. Sexburgh, in the Isle, of Shepey; which gift was confirmed by king Henry IV. in his 1st year, by his letters of inspeximus, (fn. 1) and it continued part of the possessions of it till the general dissolution of religious houses in the reign of king Henry VIII. in the 27th year of which, this nunnery was suppressed, as not being of the clear yearly value of two hundred pounds.
This church becoming thus vested in the crown, the king, in his 35th year, granted the rectory of it, with its appurtenances, to Thomas Green, to hold in capite by knight's service, who had been tenant of it at the dissolution, at the yearly rent of twelve pounds.
He was usually stiled Thomas Norton, alias Green, being the natural son of Sir John Norton, of Northwood, in Milton, and bore for his arms, Gules, a cross potent, ermine, within a bordure, argent, and sable. He died in the 6th year of king Edward VI. leaving two sons, Norton Green, who left an only daughter and heir, married to Sir Mark Ive, of Boxsted, in Essex, and Robert Green, gent. who was of Bobbing.
¶Norton Green, esq. the eldest son, on his father's death, became possessed of the rectory of Bobbing impropriate, with the advowson of the vicarage; on whose death it became the property of Sir Mark Ive, in right of his wife, and he presented to it in 1607. His son John Ive, esq. died in king Charles the 1st.'s reign, leaving an only daughter Anne, then an insant. In the next reign of king Charles II. Sir George Moore, of Bobbing-court, owner of the manor of Bobbing, was possessed of this rectory, with the advowson of the vicarage. Since which it has remained in the like succession of owners as that manor, down to lieutenantcolonel William Tyndale, of Gloucestershire, the present possessor and patron of it.
In the year 1578, here were communicants one hundred and eighteen. In 1640 the vicarage of it was valued at sixty pounds. Communicants eighty-eight. There is no valuation of this vicarage in the king's books.
In the year 1186, the abbot of St. Augustine's monastery demised to the prioress of St. Sexburgh, in Shepey, the tithes of this parish, which belonged to them in right of their church of Middleton, at ten shillings per annum for ever, as has been more fully mentioned before under that parish.
Delhi, commemoration of the Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur
Guru Tegh Bahadur (1 April 1621 – 24 November 1675), revered as the ninth Nanak, was the ninth of ten Gurus (Prophets) of the Sikh religion. Guru Tegh Bahadur carried forward the light of sanctity and divinity of the first Sikh Guru, Guru Nanak; his spiritual revelations dealing with varied themes such as the nature of God, human attachments, body, mind, sorrow, dignity, service, death and deliverance, are registered in the form of 115 poetic hymns in the sacred text Guru Granth Sahib.
Although a Guru of the Sikhs, Guru Tegh Bahadur was approached by Hindu Pandits from Kashmir in 1675, to seek his intercession against the forced conversions of Hindus to Islam by the Mughal rulers of India. For resisting these forced conversions and for himself refusing to convert to Islam, Guru Teg Bahadur was publicly executed via beheading at the imperial capital Delhi on the orders of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Along with Guru Teg Bahadur, three other Sikhs, Bhai Mati Das, Bhai Sati Das and Bhai Dayala, were also executed. Owing to this sacrifice, Guru Tegh Bahadur is revered as Hind-di-Chaadar (shield of Hind(India)). Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib and Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib in Delhi mark the places of execution and cremation of the Guru's body.
(source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur)
CBP officers from the Office of Field Operations and agents from the U.S. Border Patrol and Air and Marine Operations execute a planned readiness exercise at the San Ysidro Port of Entry. The exercise is designed to evaluate readiness and assess the capabilities of CBP facilities to make necessary preparations. November 22, 2018.
Photos by Mani Albrecht
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
Office of Public Affairs
Visual Communications Division
Greater Manchester Police this morning, Thursday 16 March 2023, executed a raid in Hulme to locate a man from Fallowfield, and made an arrest on suspicion of possessing indecent images of a child.
The man was also arrested on suspicion of carrying out activities relating to organised crime.
Located at Duffield Court on Brennan Close in Hulme, the 23-year-old of Selside Walk in Fallowfield, was arrested on suspicion of possession of indecent images of a child, contrary to section 160A of the Criminal Justice Act 1998.
Multiple electronic devices were seized from the address and he remains in custody for questioning. Enquiries are ongoing.
This arrest is the latest during the National Exploitation Fortnight of Action, to protect those who are being exploited - both adults and children, criminally and sexually.
You should call 101, the national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
You can also call anonymously with information about crime to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111. Crimestoppers is an independent charity who will not want your name, just your information. Your call will not be traced or recorded and you do not have to go to court or give a statement.
You can access many of our services online at www.gmp.police.uk
Thirty three (33) people have so far today, Wednesday 28 January 2015, been arrested following a huge crackdown on the supply of drugs across Greater Manchester.
Officers have executed warrants at 53 addresses across the region this morning as part of Operation Trafalgar, a pre-planned operation.
Police have also seized an imitation firearm, a quantity of heroin, several thousands of pounds of cash, three cars and discovered two cannabis farms.
Specialist officers from GMP’s Tactical Aid Unit teamed up with detectives and neighbourhood officers on each of Greater Manchester’s 11 divisions.
Superintendent Craig Thompson from the Specialist Operations Branch said: “Today’s operation sends a clear message to drug dealers that we will take robust action to disrupt their activity and put them in front of the courts.
“Drug dealers have no respect for local communities and we will not stand by and allow them to cause misery in order to fuel their own dishonest and antisocial lifestyles.
“Tackling drug-related crime is daily business and officers are out there every single day of the year hunting those responsible for bringing drugs into our communities.
“Help us weed out these individuals and put them behind bars where they deserve to be by calling the police or Crimestoppers anonymously.”
For updates on Operation Trafalgar, follow #OpTrafalgar on Twitter.
Visit our website for information about Neighbourhood Policing in your area of Greater Manchester. www.gmp.police.uk
You should call 101, the national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
ple have so far today, Wednesday 28 January 2015, been arrested following a huge crackdown on the supply of drugs across Greater Manchester.
Officers have executed warrants at 51 addresses across the region this morning as part of Operation Trafalgar, a pre-planned operation.
Officers have seized an imitation firearm, a quantity of heroin, several thousands of pounds of cash, three cars and discovered two cannabis farms.
Specialist officers from GMP’s Tactical Aid Unit teamed up with detectives and neighbourhood officers on each of Greater Manchester’s 11 divisions.
Superintendent Craig Thompson from the Specialist Operations Branch said: “Today’s operation sends a clear message to drug dealers that we will take robust action to disrupt their activity and put them in front of the courts.
“Drug dealers have no respect for local communities and we will not stand by and allow them to cause misery in order to fuel their own dishonest and antisocial lifestyles.
“Tackling drug-related crime is daily business and officers are out there every single day of the year hunting those responsible for bringing drugs into our communities.
“Help us weed out these individuals and put them behind bars where they deserve to be by calling the police or Crimestoppers anonymously.”
For updates on Operation Trafalgar, follow #OpTrafalgar on Twitter.
To report drug dealing, please contact Greater Manchester Police on 101 or call Crimestoppers anonymously on 0800 555 111.
To report drug dealing, please contact Greater Manchester Police on 101 or call Crimestoppers anonymously on 0800 555 111.
Visit our website for information about Neighbourhood Policing in your area of Greater Manchester. www.gmp.police.uk
You should call 101, the national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
Huile sur toile, 61 x 100 cm, 1880 (W 567), musée d'Orsay, Paris.
Etude pour le n° W 568, exécutée après la débâcle du 5 janvier 1880. La vue est celle d'un petit bras de la Seine entre les îles de Moisson, vers l'aval (cf. D Wildenstein).
A la suite des grands froids de l'hiver 1879-1880, La Seine entièrement gelée devient soudainement le sujet de prédilection de Claude Monet. Catastrophe naturelle sans précédent, cette "débâcle" fascine l'artiste qui manifeste un intérêt grandissant pour les phénomènes atmosphériques. Les conditions climatiques extrêmes n'empêchent pas l'artiste de travailler sur le vif comme en témoignent ses propos : "Je peignis [...] sur la glace [...]. La Seine était complètement gelée et je m'installai sur le fleuve, m'efforçant de plier mon chevalet d'une manière quelconque. De temps en temps, on m'apportait une bouillote. Mais pas pour les pieds : je n'avais pas froid, c'était pour mes doigts gourds qui menaçaient de laisser échapper le pinceau."
Cet hiver d'une exceptionnelle rigueur devient une source d'inspiration fructueuse pour l'artiste qui réalise plusieurs compositions spectaculaires où les effets diffèrent seulement selon l'angle de vue adopté et l'heure choisie : une série de dix-sept toiles de la Seine prise dans les glaces voit ainsi le jour, l'artiste en achevant certaines dans son atelier : La Débâcle, Les Glaçons, L'Hiver près de Lavacourt et "Coucher de Soleil sur la Seine, l'hiver" confirment ainsi la fascination croissante de Monet pour la modification des formes et des couleurs sous l'emprise de la lumière.
La facture enlevée de cette composition, le rythme frénétique du geste pictural, la touche fragmentée sont autant d'éléments qui témoignent de la détermination de l'artiste à capter la nature d'une pâleur hivernale et changeante. Les effets de la lumière sur cette nature glaciale aux tonalités froides, préoccupation chère aux impressionnistes, retiennent ici toute l'attention de Monet qui différencie par son pinceau la surface brumeuse de l'eau, le mouvement des blocs de glace, ou encore cette silhouette sombre et solitaire qui semble se libérer de l'emprise des glaces.
La Seine est le motif principal de cette composition tout comme celui des autres toiles de cette série : "C'est la Seine qui occupe le premier plan dans toute sa largeur, tandis que pour contrebalancer cette plage horizontale, s'élèvent, à l'arrière plan, des arbres dont les lignes verticales se réfléchissent sur l'eau. Le fleuve charrie les glaçons disloqués dont les facettes brillantes accrochent et renvoient la lumière, fournissant un merveilleux prétexte à l'artiste pour rendre sur la toile des reflets irisés, abordés auparavant sur l'eau, la neige ou encore sur le givre" (cf. Hommage à Claude Monet , Catalogue d'exposition de la Galerie Nationale du Grand Palais, Paris, 1980). Glacé par la rigueur du climat, l'artiste se doit d'immortaliser le plus rapidement possible le spectacle qui s'offre à lui, usant de la dextérité de son pinceau pour saisir le caractère éphémère de cette nature hostile.
Ces toiles aux tonalités hivernales, empreintes de douce mélancolie, ont suscité maints commentaires. Selon certains auteurs, elles sont à l'image des préoccupations morales et matérielles qui habitent l'artiste veuf depuis peu. D'autres, y voient la préfiguration de ce qui fera la renommée de Monet estimant que cet agencement de taches colorées, posées sur l'eau, annoncent les Nymphéas de Giverny. Certains enfin considèrent que cet ensemble de toiles aux effets changeants selon les éclairages du jour préfigure les "séries" futures de l'artiste. Enfin, en 1893 durant sa période de Giverny, l'artiste reprend ce thème de la Débâcle, illustrant à quel point celui-ci répond toujours à ses recherches picturales, plus d'une décennie après ses premiers essais près de Lavacourt (cf. Sotheby's).