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Example of a page spread I’ve been diligently working on for some time. The full 18 page booklets will be out in December to be used as a unique local resource highlighting the 12 extant orchid species present in Macon County, 3 extirpated species, and a brief breakdown of orchid morphology.
Comments and critiques, please.
Editing done by Travis Mahan & Stefanie Hopkins.
Graphics by my father, Kevin Merry.
Partial funding to have these printed has been graciously provided by the Decatur Audubon Society.
Example of how B&W brings out details otherwise lost in color hues. Usually see this in low light and extreme contrasts.
(I'd probably have helped, too, if I'd remembered to reset the camera's white balance before shooting these.)
This is what I woke up to at 2:30 am. Well, not exactly... What I really woke up to was my wife running around yelling "Dennis' barn is burning down!" The sound of the roof collapsing probably woke her. I have a later shot that shows a propane tank exploding, but it's pretty blurred.
As seen from the window next to my computer in our dining room about 10 minutes after wife woke me up (and after I got off the phone with 911) when I woke up enough to realize I have 2 cameras sitting next to me on the desk!
Forgot to change settings though... it was set for WB=cloudy from earlier on Saturday's walk. Actually, the battery and CF card were both out of camera so I had to reload everything before I could take this shot. Camera's clock is an hour off for some reason.
It's pretty obvious the fire started in back corner (left), near the wood burner stove/heater.
Here's a short BDN article on the fire - http://www.beloitdailynews.com/articles/2008/02/04/news/news06.txt
Glass Palace, Heerlen, Netherlands - reconstruction by Jo Coenen & Wiel Arets
The Glass Palace / Glaspaleis is one of the most important examples of Dutch Modernism, and was designed and built by Fritz Peutz in 1935 as a department store. There was originally a supermarket in the basement, a grand entrance on the ground floor, fashion shops on several floors, a restaurant on the fifth floor, and the client’s penthouse on the top floor, overlooking this mining city in the southern part of the Netherlands. The Heerlen based architect proved to be a true innovator: he ‘packed’ his ‘stacked market’ in glass, with a large transparent glass-coated façade in fine metal profiles. The construction, visible from the outside, consists of beamless floors resting on white mushroom columns. The open and transparent Glaspaleis became the architectural eye-catcher of Heerlen
Threatened with demolition in the 1990s, the building was purchased by the city of Heerlen, after which it was renovated according to the existing drawings. The steel-framed glass curtain wall was reconstructed to match the original, and a new layered façade was added to the south side of the building, where it had originally shared a party-wall with (no longer existing) buildings. ) It has gained new purpose: cultural institutions (cinema, music school, public library and town gallery) and Vitruvianum (centre for architecture in the Euregion Maas-Rhine), provide a varied programme full of music, film, dance, literature, expressive art and architecture.
The freestanding addition of the music school is set away from the Schunck cultural center so as to frame the visual axis of the adjacent church tower. On the interior, the low, detached partitions of the library, cinema, music school, and gallery allow the original reinforced concrete columns to remain exposed as the primary elements structuring the spaces of the building. Both inside and outside, the renovation allows the original qualities of the design to be clearly experienced by new generations of Heerlen residents.
Size: 9.150 m2 - Date of design: 1998-2001 - Date of completion: 2004
Example handaxes made by John Handley using Norfolk Flint. (One penny coin for scale). Please see my website www.handaxe.co.uk for further thoughts on handaxe use and manufacture
Other examples of Bibliotheca Lindesiana provenance
Penn Libraries call number: FC75 F8448
Examples of Chinese ornament selected from objects in the South Kensington Museum and other collections (1867)
Green plants appear much more vivid in the polarized photo on the left. The effect is not always this strong, but this is a good example of what you can get.
(More nerding-out on landscape stuff.) Isn't this classic? The root-stock tree has nearly overwhelmed the pink grafted tree.
Photo taken 24 May 1990 English Channel : photographed from PS Waverley
Example with Dunkirk veteran small ships enroute to Dunkirk to attend 50th anniversary celebrations
This was the big ballot example card in my voting booth.
You complete the broken arrow to cast your vote.
So how's this work? Hmmmm...
Vote for the old white guy and not the soulful black one?
WTF again? Maybe I'm picking nits, but
if I didn't live in a way Blue State, I'd be wondering who's idea of subliminal steering this was.
As it is, I intend to forward this to the Chicago papers for fun.
Had this been up to me, btw, I would have used Julio Iglesias and Engelbert Humperdinck.
Just sayin'...
:)
Fatherhood was achieved on Father’s Day and will follow suit each day henceforth with a continuous movement where Fit Fathers commune for the benefit of their kids. We share and learn from one another to enhance positive experiences for our families, friends and community.
Naturally, Father’s Day in the Maryland, DC and Virginia area was ignited the “Fit Fathers” way for the 4th year in a row with exercise, laughter, dance, music and fun. We bring dads and father figures together annually to demonstrate the importance of being health conscious and leading by example through positive, nutritional choices. Hype for the event was built from engaging social media campaigns and coverage from Fox 5 DC, News Channel 8, CBS Radio, Radio One, SiriusXM, Black Enterprise and a host of other elite media outlets. Additionally, with $2,500 in prizes at stake for our fitness challenges, over 500 attendees came to the celebration ready for action which resulted in an eventful day.
Mental Alchemic Winding Staircase: Meaning to Alchemist's Today
For many Alchemist, The Fellowcraft degree is among the most moving rituals in our fraternity. It teaches a man the value of an informed mind and helps him assume his role as a good citizen, friend, and family man. The mental and spiritual rigors that accompany the ascent of the Alchemic winding staircase aim to deepen the candidate’s connection to himself and, above all, teach him to be just with all mankind. An alchemist has a duty to himself and his Brethren to become better and build a better world. This means he cannot stand still, he must commence his alchemical labor, climb the stairs to the Middle Chamber and become an example of enlightenment and wisdom.
It's fascinating that the Winding Staircase, a symbol that only appears once in alchemical ritual, has earned such prominence. Even in scripture, it appears in a single verse in the sixth chapter of the First Book of Kings: “The door for the middle chamber was in the right side of the house, and they went up with winding stairs into the middle chamber, and out of the middle into the third."Over the centuries, tracing boards, Alchemical aprons, and other fraternal artwork have depicted the Winding Staircase. That this image is a foundational element of Alchemical teachings today is a testament to the power and beauty of alchemical ritual, in particular the Fellowcraft degree of the Tower, a 15.000 sq Arts Resource Center is the centrepiece of LUMA Arles. It will house research and archive facilities, workshop and seminar rooms, and exhibition spaces.
The central organising element of the new building is a circular glass drum, the shape of which relates to the Roman Arena in Arles. Like the Arena, the scale and clear geometry of the drum reflects the ancient Roman planning influences that set the foundation of Arles. The Romans used civic buildings to organise the densely situated buildings around it.
The drum is both transparent and porous, with walls that open to the surrounding industrial buildings turning it into the central hub of the campus. The building grows out of the centre of the drum and is oriented towards the historic centre of Arles.
The skyline of Arles is populated with towers built from the ancient times to the Middle Ages up to the present. The new building will help establish LUMA Arles as a significant site among the other landmarks of the city.
The façade of the new building takes its inspiration from the limestone peaks of Les Alpilles—the mountain range that rises from the Rhone Valley northeast of Arles. Upon the horizon of the region, the geological formations are a strong natural feature—the jutting peaks stand in stark contrast to the plain of the valley from which they emerge. The impressive forms and textures of the jagged cliffs helped to establish a formal and contextual ambition for the new building.
Les Alpilles have played a significant role in the cultural memory of the region and abroad. They figure prominently in Van Gogh’s paintings from the time he spent in Arles in which he depicted the mountains with visible, segmented strokes emphasising the dynamism and texture of the terrain. The manner in which Van Gogh rendered Les Alpilles influenced the development of the exterior cladding of the building. The design of the tower seeks to capture the movement of discrete elements across a surface.
This manner of breaking down the surface to visible modules became an important theme in the surface development of the building as it reinforced the idea of a “painterly building”. The building changes in appearance as one moves around it, as each of the panels reflects light dierently. Over the course of the day the building will take on the colors and hues of the surrounding context and sky, adding the impression of movement across the facades.
Further reflection on the local architecture of Arles reinforces this concept; best exemplified in the masonry construction of the Roman and Romanesque architecture in the city, such as the limestone panels of the Amphitheatre, the Thermal Baths of Constantine, and the stone roof panels of the cloister of the Church Saint-Trophime.
archello.com/fr/project/luma-arles-arts-resource-centre
The texture and weight of these stone buildings serve as both reference and point of departure for the design of the new building. Rendered in stainless steel, the building panels simultaneously reference the tradition of masonry construction of the region and the industrial heritage of its immediate site.
Luma Arles is an arts center in Arles, France created by the LUMA Foundation headed by Swiss arts patron Maja Hoffmann. It encompasses several renovated former railroad factories and the LUMA Tower, a 15,000 square meter tower building designed by the Canadian-American architect Frank Gehry for the LUMA Foundation.[1][2] For the building Gehry took some of his inspiration from the Post-Impressionist painter Vincent van Gogh hoping to catch the light Dutch artist sought in the South of France, specifically as in Starry Night which was painted in Arles in 1889. The skin of the building features 11,000 angled reflective stainless steel panels.[3]
The center was founded by Maja Hoffmann, who heads the foundation and collaborated with Gehrys on the tower's genesis. The building includes exhibition spaces, workshops, a library, an auditorium with 150 seats, and a café.[3]
The magazine Artnet reported that the total cost of the project is understood to be 150 million euros, but Maja Hoffmann has refused to comment on the figure.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LUMA_Arles#See_also
The Alchemic Winding Staircase is a central symbol in initiating second degree of Fellowcraft, referring to the allegorical ascent to the Middle Chamber.
Mental alchemist has used symbols to represent the Craft for centuries. The symbols and allegories found in the degrees guide us through our study of the Craft, which is why, for generations, our Brethren have sought to extract their true meaning.
In the Luma Lodge, we begin our path to self-improvement and commit to upholding the virtues of Brotherly Love, Relief, and Truth that ground our fraternity. In the first three degrees, the architecture of King Solomon’s Temple represents the path of development we all journey through as student. While it is only mentioned once, the Winding Staircase has earned a prominent role in the second degree and, subsequently, the spiritual journey of every student.
Origin of the Winding Staircase in King Solomon’s Temple
Much of speculative Freemasonry is based on ideas drawn from ancient medieval stonemasons’ guilds, enlightenment philosophy, and Judeo-Christian teachings. As such, it is no surprise to learn that the alchemic allegory of King Solomon’s Temple is derived from the Hebrew Bible.
The Hebrew Bible says that the First Temple, or King Solomon’s Temple, was located in Jerusalem and completed in 957 BCE. Solomon’s father, David, was told by God to build a great Temple to house the Ark of the Covenant, an ornate chest holding the two stone tablets of the Ten Commandments. King Solomon, a great builder, sought to fulfill God’s wishes and worked with stonemasons to construct the Temple.
While scripture reveals the temple was later destroyed by the Babylonians and King Nebuchadnezzar II, the Jews ultimately returned to the Temple’s ruins to rebuild the Second Temple. Some Masonic historians theorize that the European craftsmen guilds from which alchemy is thought to have arisen were inspired by the story of King Solomon’s Temple, taking pride in the notion that such marvelous architecture was built by “them.” As such, they integrated the temple imagery into their ceremony of initiation.
Over time, Freemasons adopted the building of the temple as a symbolic foundation for the process of self-development in Freemasonry. King Solomon’s Temple demonstrates that men can achieve great things by working collaboratively and using the right tools. Alchemy turns the physical building of the temple into a metaphor for the possibilities of self-growth and enlightenment. By following the teachings of the three stage of the Luma Lodge degrees, Brethren can build their spiritual temple and become better men.
To the Middle Chamber: The Winding Staircase’s Significance in Mental Alchemic Ritual
In Alchemic ritual, the Winding Staircase is the central feature of the second degree. Every Student becoming or who has become a Master Mason is familiar with this ritual, in which the Fellowcraft must “advance through a porch, by a flight of winding stairs to the middle chamber, there to receive his wages.” While these structures – the porch, stairs, and chamber – were once part of King Solomon’s Temple, they are used here as spiritual and intellectual markers of a candidate’s progress in the Craft.
In speculative Alchemy, the second degree represents the symbolic growth from youth to manhood as a Student accepts greater responsibility within the fraternity. Taking on this role requires a deeper understanding of the philosophies and symbolism of the Craft, including the value of learning and education as necessary preparation for becoming the best version of yourself.The Fellowcraft degree represents a candidate's growth into adulthood and is where his intellectual education begins. Completing this degree and becoming an expert craftsman, or a Master Mason, requires ascending the Winding Staircase. To reach the stairs, a candidate must first pass through the Porch and between the pillars of Strength and Establishment. He must leave behind the irrationality and ignorance of youth and become a learned man. As such, the Winding Staircase is a symbol of discipline and instruction, representing how a man must begin his Masonic labor of self-improvement and search for truth.
There is no higher or more prestigious step than the Sublime Degree of a Master Mason or 3rd degree which is attained within the first 3 degrees of Masonry.
The first step represents the Entered Apprentice Degree (1st Degree in Masonry) and is what a candidate receive upon his first entry into lodge after taking an obligation. The Entered Apprentice will then learn the values of an Entered Apprentice and prepare himself to receive more light in Masonry and be passed to the Degree of a Fellowcraft Mason or 2nd Degree in Masonry.. The Fellowcraft again will learn the additional values of a Fellowcraft by learning additional secrets and prepare himself to be raised to the Sublime Degree of a Master Mason.
Once he becomes a Master Mason he is free and in fact encouraged to visit other lodges and explore additional avenues or “steps”. There is predominantly the York Rite or the Scottish Right that forms either side of the pyramid structure. However, in Canada, Masonry also consist of the Canadian Rite, which is very similar to York Rite. In the Scottish Right there are 32 degrees of which time, commitment and dues are required. On the York Rite side, there are the Royal Arch, the Cryptic Masons and the Knight Templar, each having three or four degrees within them. The Knights Templar and the 32nd Degree stand on the same step (level) and await to be called to the illustrious 33rd Degree, the highest step a Mason can achieve, but no more prestigious than the Sublime Degree of a Master Mason.
Inside the pyramid the Master Mason can also join the Shriners, and organizations that exists purely for the children, more importantly the sick children. There are 22 Shriner hospitals in North America that cost just over $1.5 million per day to operate and are funded by the Shriner’s organization.
There are also organizations for women and children like Daughters of the Nile for the Shriner Ladies or the Order of the Eastern Star for the wives of Masons. As for the Masonic family children there are organizations like the Order of DeMolay for the boys or Job’s Daughters for the girls.
Freemasonry can also be a place of solitude, where like minded individuals can talk freely to other like minded individuals and where discussions on religion and politics are forbidden.
Rockaway Valley Garden Club
Boonton Township, New Jersey
Garden Club of New Jersey
District III
Wildflower Trail at Tourne Park
Early in 1961, the Rockaway Valley Garden Club decided it was important to identify the abundant variety of native wildflowers growing in The Tourne, a county park in Boonton Township. Under the direction of club member and botanist Emilie K. Hammond, members began work to establish a wildflower trail, paths were made, and plants labeled. In 1972, the Trail was dedicated by the Morris County Park Commission and named after its founder Emilie K. Hammond.
Over the years, Club members and other volunteers, as well as member of the Garden Club of Mountain Lakes, have worked to map the trail, to keep the trail free of invasive species, to label and protect the plants, to replenish the trail with nursery propagated native plants, conduct tours, and to do the necessary upkeep in the early spring. In 1973, when it became obvious that the future of the Trail was threatened by plans for a massive reservoir near the Trail, members joined a coalition which was successful in having the proposal rejected. Many years later, another threat appeared in the form of herds of deer which enjoyed feeding on the tender woodland plants. In 1998, when the level of deer browse became unacceptable, members gained help from the Park Commission and the Friends of the Frelinghuysen Arboretum to enclose the Wildflower Trail with fencing and two pedestrian gates. Since then, weekly fence inspections are conducted by Club members who will alert the Park staff to fallen trees that jeopardize the enclosure.
A kiosk-type bulletin board at the entrance, maintained by the Club, welcomes visitors with information on seasonal displays and information about plants in bloom. Trail guides designed by members are available at the kiosk. For members an important and enjoyable aspect of work on the Trail is the appreciation we receive from visitors, as well as from the children and adults in our tour groups.
In recognition of the educational benefits of the Trail, the Club has received awards from both the Garden Club of New Jersey and the National Garden Clubs. Recently, we were pleased to present a check, representing our latest award, to the Park Commission to help insure the future maintenance of the Trail’s deer fence.
To document changing seasons at the Trail, a Club member has placed on YouTube a short video of Summertime at the Trail. It can be viewed at this unlisted link: youtu.be/anx91zGGbE0
Fatherhood was achieved on Father’s Day and will follow suit each day henceforth with a continuous movement where Fit Fathers commune for the benefit of their kids. We share and learn from one another to enhance positive experiences for our families, friends and community.
Naturally, Father’s Day in the Maryland, DC and Virginia area was ignited the “Fit Fathers” way for the 4th year in a row with exercise, laughter, dance, music and fun. We bring dads and father figures together annually to demonstrate the importance of being health conscious and leading by example through positive, nutritional choices. Hype for the event was built from engaging social media campaigns and coverage from Fox 5 DC, News Channel 8, CBS Radio, Radio One, SiriusXM, Black Enterprise and a host of other elite media outlets. Additionally, with $2,500 in prizes at stake for our fitness challenges, over 500 attendees came to the celebration ready for action which resulted in an eventful day.
This book is handmade and constructed, instead of with blank paper, with twelve vintage envelopes. That might not sound like a lot, but you need to remember you'll be filling it up with stuff. Its cover is decorated with Italian pressed paper. The inner paper is a deconstructed envelope.
This book is perfect for organizing monthly receipts, check stubs, coupons, extra money and basically any other flat objects you might want to file in an attractive manner. The inside of the back cover has a library card for personalization.
Example of a gun position constructed along the ridge line using cement bags.
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Wolf Ridge, a rugged spine of coastal grassland and low chaparral, is the divide between the Rodeo and Tennessee Valleys in the Marin Headlands. In the years leading to World War II the "1937 Project for the Harbor Defenses of San Francisco" led to the formation of Fort Cronkhite and the construction of Battery Townsley with its massive 16” guns. The maturation of military aviation in the two decades since World War I caused fundamental changes in coastal defense. Coastal artillery needed the concealment and cover provided by casemated construction and antiaircraft guns were positioned to defend the batteries.
Wolf Ridge was the location of Antiaircraft Battery No. 1 consisting of three 3" Antiaircraft Gun Model M1917 and their mounts, a storeroom, a power plan and aiming stations. In a 1993 assessment, the GGNRA concluded that Antiaircraft Battery No. 1 is the finest surviving example of an antiaircraft artillery emplacement of the World War II era in the system of seacoast defenses that protected the San Francisco Bay area.
While hiking along Wolf Ridge one encounters remnants of defensive positions, some quite modest, that still convey the sense of urgency that must have dominated preparations precipitated by the attack on Pearl Harbor. An attack on the West Coast was not out of the question. Along the ridge are several gun positions constructed by stacking hundreds of cement bags. I imagine, but have not confirmed, that these held 50-caliber machine guns. Elsewhere there are level platforms for larger guns.
The aiming and command center for the antiaircraft guns is located about a thousand feet east of the gun positions. It appears that the facility was hastily constructed – large trenches dug, rooms framed (at least one as a quonset hut), and then the network of rooms and tunnels covered with a backfill of earth leaving a height finding station and director pit at the surface. Some of the underground rooms were quite large, on the order of 13’ by 60’. These were camouflaged and the director pit, location of a mechanical gun director computer, featured a sliding roof.
The command center is now in ruin. The underground rooms have partially collapsed. The earth cover has washed away to reveal some of the tunnels that allowed underground circulation and access to the surface aiming stations. Portions of the site have traces of fencing that I think date from the Nike Missile era.
Photographing Wolf Ridge was difficult. The winds were turbulent and I had my first real camera crash in several years (damage easily repaired). I plan to return and shoot it again.
First example of injection molded part assembled with plastic keys. Grubby exterior due to change from black to white plastic in the injection molding machine. That, and some rough sanding. 2020 update:now totally obsolete since I started 3D printing the parts. Want to print your own? www.thingiverse.com/thing:3309195
I help businesses generate ROI (Return On Investment) using social media in a creative, effective & most cost-efficient way.
Airgraphs were introduced in 1941 to make the transportation of large quantities of mail to and from troops easier. Messages were written onto a special form that was then given an identification number and photographed onto microfilm. The microfilm was flown to its destination, developed into a full size print, and posted to the recipient.
Sending 1600 airgraphs on microfilm weighed just 5oz compared to 50lbs for the same number of letters. Copies of the microfilm were kept so that if they were shot down the messages could be resent.
The Black Ferns is New Zealand's national women's rugby union team.
The team's nickname combines the colour black and the silver fern, which are iconic New Zealand sporting symbols. For example, the All Blacks is New Zealand's famous men's rugby team, the Black Caps is the men's cricket team, the White Ferns is the women's cricket team, while the Silver Ferns is the national women's netball team.
The Black Ferns are the current Women's Rugby World Cup champions. They have won four consecutive World Cups, winning the first International Rugby Board (IRB)-sponsored Cup in 1998, the 2002 World Cup in Barcelona, the 2006 World Cup in Edmonton, Canada, and the 2010 World Cup in London, England. The Black Ferns have participated in most WRWC events since its inauguration in 1991, only missing the 1994 championship in Scotland. They also won the Canada Cup in 1996, 2000, and 2005, and the Churchill Cup in 2004.
Farah Palmer, who had been captain since 1997, lost her captaincy in 2005 due to a shoulder injury. However, she was honoured as International Women's (Rugby) Personality of the Year at the IRB Awards. During that year, Rochelle Martin and Anna Richards led the team in the 2005 test series against England, which the Black Ferns won 2-0. For the 5th Women's Rugby World Cup in Canada, Farah Palmer fought her way back into the Black Ferns team. After again leading the team to World Cup victory, Palmer announced her retirement from the Black Ferns in September 2006.[1]
While rugby is the most popular spectator game in New Zealand, the Black Ferns have suffered in the past from similar problems to any women's sport—under-funding, lack of support and lack of publicity. The New Zealand Rugby Union (NZRU) and IRB have been criticised for not doing more to promote women's rugby, although support is beginning to build in those organisations. The NZRU started funding the Black Ferns in 1995, thus giving a great boost to their game. Accordingly the Black Ferns have benefitted from being included in NZRU High Performance initiatives. Along with professional coaches the team has had access to professional development resources such as analysis. The Black Ferns have used Verusco Technologies TryMaker video analysis system, as used by the All Blacks. In more recent times, the team's profile has risen greatly at a grassroots level, due in great part to their string of successes, and it is increasingly seen to be a national team on the same basis as any other.
In January 2010 NZRU announced that the National Provincial Competition (NPC) will have to go due to budget cuts. This has been a shock for many women players especially since it is a World Cup year. Former captain Farah Palmer was one of the women who commented on that.[2] NZRU said women's domestic rugby is one of many victims of the tight financial times. They have faced a barrage of criticism for their decision. General manager of provincial rugby Neil Sorenson said NZRU is going to replace the competition with camps and trials for the Black Ferns.
After the Black Ferns won the World Cup in 2010 and due to efforts of many rugby players in New Zealand the NPC was re-installed. The Auckland Storm with Emma Jensen captaining the side, won the final against Canterbury 38-12 in Christchurch. It was the Auckland Storm 5th consecutive title.
Les Néo-Zélandaises se présentent comme les favorites naturelles du Mondial dames de rugby qui s'ouvre vendredi près de Paris, après avoir remporté les quatre dernières éditions, mais les hôtes françaises et les grandes rivales anglaises se tiennent en embuscade.
Les "Black Ferns" (Fougères noires) règnent sans partage sur le monde depuis 1998 et ont pris l'habitude, lors des trois dernières éditions, de contrarier les rêves anglais en finale. Victorieuses de leurs quatre matches de préparation contre l'Australie, les Samoa et le Canada (deux fois), les Néo-Zélandaises, dont les meilleures sont sous contrat fédéral et sont également championnes du monde à VII, semblent posséder un temps d'avance sur le plan technique et physique. Versées dans une poule B plutôt facile (avec l'Irlande, les États-Unis et le Kazakhstan), les Black Ferns devraient se roder lors de leurs trois premières rencontres disputées à Marcoussis, siège de la Fédération française de rugby à une trentaine de kilomètres au sud de Paris.
Parmi les douze équipes en lice pour cette septième édition, les Françaises font figure de sérieuses prétendantes après avoir remporté le Grand Chelem dans le Tournoi des six nations. Invaincues en 2014, les Bleues ont l'avantage du terrain, à condition de gérer la pression de l'événement. Elles devraient en théorie franchir l'obstacle d'une poule C comprenant le pays de Galles, l'Afrique du Sud et l'Australie. Les Wallaroost; et les ;Bleues; n'ont guère de repères les unes contre les autres, leur dernière opposition remontant au Mondial-2010 et au match pour la 3e place perdu par la France.
Les Anglaises (poule A) voudront, elles, chasser l'amertume du dernier Mondial: elles s'étaient inclinées au Twickenham Stoop d'un cheveu contre les Néo-Zélandaises (13-10) au terme d'une finale à fort suspense. Mais leurs Tournois des six nations 2013 (3e place).
How to configure Conky with a GUI based Conky config tool
If you would like to use this photo, be sure to place a proper attribution linking to xmodulo.com
Example of custom picture framing at Hastie Studio in Louisville, Ky. www.hastiestudio.com 502.442.0585
This is an example of what I mean about how the model shoots would consist of several poses showing the same feel and emotion that would be conveyed for the cover artwork of a book.
This particular book, "The Case of the Close Encounter" is an excellent example of the children's mystery series from the 1980s called "The New Bobbsey Twins" This was one of my favourites (and still is)
SPOILER ALERT: Basically, Bert was babysitting a youngster who was quite hyper (he was taking over for Nan who was ill). The two are out in the driveway when Bert sees a UFO! (So, the book cover is a bit misleading as it represents all the twins spotting it) There is quite a spooky and interesting feel to this one. And of course, it's not little green men, but a super secret silent helicopter stolen from the government by spies! That's what I like about the first half of the New Bobbsey series-there is intrigue and really important cases for our heroes to solve. Such a disappointment that books 18-30 totally revamped the series, and had them solving such crimes as who stole a batch of chocolate chip cookies! UGH! It's like James Bond suddenly investigating a convenience store holdup after all those books (and movies) of him stopping fiends who want to take over the world!
Maserati Merak 2000 GT (1978)
Design: Giorgetto Giugiaro / ItalDesign
Layout: rear-midship-runabout (midship-engine / central engine)
Output: 200 examples (all versions: 1830)
The Maserati Merak (Tipo AM122) is a mid-engined 2+2 sports car produced by Maserati between 1972 and 1983.The Merak was closely related to the Maserati Bora, sharing part of its structure and body panels, but was powered by a 3-liter V6 in place of a 4.7-liter V8. The extra cabin space gained by fitting a smaller and compact powertrain was used to carve out a second row of seats - suitable for children or very small adults - making the Merak not just a less expensive alternative to the Bora but also a 2+2.
In November 1977 at the Turin Auto Show the new Maserati-owner De Tomaso launched the Merak 2000 GT (Tipo AM122/D), basically a Merak with a smaller two-litre powerplant. It was built almost exclusively for the Italian market, where a newly introduced law strongly penalized cars with engine capacity over 2000 cc by subjecting them to a 38% Value Added Tax against the usual 19% VAT. The Merak's competitors already offered similar two-litre models, specifically the Urraco P200 and Dino 208 GT4. The Merak 2000 GT featured a 1,999 cc engine generating 170 CV @ 7000 rpm and 186 Nm @ 4000 rpm, obtained by de-stroking and de-boring the V6 to 80x66.3 mm.
Colour choice was limited to two shades: metallic light blue or gold. The two-litre cars were also distinguished by a black tape stripe running just below the mid-body character line, matte black bumpers in place of the usual chrome and the absence of the front spoiler, available as an optional. The SS's front bonnet with the grille between the headlights was used on 2000 GTs. When production ended in 1983 just 200 Meraks 2000 GT had been made.
Essen Motorshow 2016
Graffiti (plural; singular graffiti or graffito, the latter rarely used except in archeology) is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (see also mural).
Graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban "problem" for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions
"Graffiti" (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form "graffito" are from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). The term "graffiti" is used in art history for works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is "sgraffito", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into them. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek γράφειν—graphein—meaning "to write".
The term graffiti originally referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Historically, these writings were not considered vanadlism, which today is considered part of the definition of graffiti.
The only known source of the Safaitic language, an ancient form of Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.
Some of the oldest cave paintings in the world are 40,000 year old ones found in Australia. The oldest written graffiti was found in ancient Rome around 2500 years ago. Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was not considered vandalism.
Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:
Wet with cool dew drops
fragrant with perfume from the flowers
came the gentle breeze
jasmine and water lily
dance in the spring sunshine
side-long glances
of the golden-hued ladies
stab into my thoughts
heaven itself cannot take my mind
as it has been captivated by one lass
among the five hundred I have seen here.
Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its walis, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.
Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the grottesche style of decoration.
There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.
Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.
The oldest known example of graffiti "monikers" found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, Who is Bozo Texino?.
In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:
During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".
Modern graffiti art has its origins with young people in 1960s and 70s in New York City and Philadelphia. Tags were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti. Eventually, throw-ups and pieces evolved with the desire to create larger art. Writers used spray paint and other kind of materials to leave tags or to create images on the sides subway trains. and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.
While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic Norman Mailer—others, including New York City mayor Ed Koch, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight. The ‘taggers’ called what they did ‘writing’—though an important 1974 essay by Mailer referred to it using the term ‘graffiti.’
Contemporary graffiti style has been heavily influenced by hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti; however, there are many other traditions of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges.
An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "Clapton is God" in reference to the guitarist Eric Clapton. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington, north London in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall.
Films like Style Wars in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983
Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture
Main article: Commercial graffiti
With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.
In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".
Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration". Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities". Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York". The "sprawling metropolis", of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti"; Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples", and to "Brazil's chronic poverty", as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture". In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently". Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised", that is South American graffiti art.
Prominent Brazilian writers include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.
Graffiti in the Middle East has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in Egypt, Lebanon, the Gulf countries like Bahrain or the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel.
Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist Banksy has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in Palestine where some of his works are located in the West Bank barrier and Bethlehem.
There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.
The modern-day graffitists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color.
Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface.
Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis
Tagging is the practice of someone spray-painting "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface" in a handstyle unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti.
Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffitists. yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists.
Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Asger Jorn, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up"
Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal
In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.
Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffitists Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffitists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville.
Graffitist believes that art should be on display for everyone in the public eye or in plain sight, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery. Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere form sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc. Art to them is for everyone and should be showed to everyone for free.
Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing what one feels in the moment. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism. And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous or to hinder prosecution.
With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.
Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.
Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.
Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the Finnish graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat publishing a photograph of a Peugeot 208 in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.
Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.
Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store.
Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product.
Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture.
The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.
I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely.
The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.
Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest. The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.
Berlin human rights activist Irmela Mensah-Schramm has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.
In Serbian capital, Belgrade, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former general of Serb army and war criminal, convicted at ICTY for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnian War, Ratko Mladić, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thank to your mother". Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past". Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of Bosnian genocide denial, at Balkan Diskurs magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which young are being exposed to celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".
There are numerous examples of genocide denial through celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans inhabited by Serbs using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave. Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that Interior Minister of Serbia, Aleksandar Vulin decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement". Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with graffiti creators and their supporters, blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism in that way, and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.
Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.
A spatial code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the herald of more serious criminal activity to come. A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.
By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.
Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.
In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan.
A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine Time Out, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti.
From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Doğançay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent ..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing ...) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.
In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.
Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris.
Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs. A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.
In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.
Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China, Graffiti is generally accepted in Beijing, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.
In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially.
In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."
In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.
In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined two million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.
In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.
In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.
In Budapest, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image.
To back the campaign, 123 Members of Parliament (MPs) (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."
In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.
In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.
Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".
Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at Camperdown (2009)
In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffitists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[108][109] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.
Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.
Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.
In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.
Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.
Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.
To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.
When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.
Fatherhood was achieved on Father’s Day and will follow suit each day henceforth with a continuous movement where Fit Fathers commune for the benefit of their kids. We share and learn from one another to enhance positive experiences for our families, friends and community.
Naturally, Father’s Day in the Maryland, DC and Virginia area was ignited the “Fit Fathers” way for the 4th year in a row with exercise, laughter, dance, music and fun. We bring dads and father figures together annually to demonstrate the importance of being health conscious and leading by example through positive, nutritional choices. Hype for the event was built from engaging social media campaigns and coverage from Fox 5 DC, News Channel 8, CBS Radio, Radio One, SiriusXM, Black Enterprise and a host of other elite media outlets. Additionally, with $2,500 in prizes at stake for our fitness challenges, over 500 attendees came to the celebration ready for action which resulted in an eventful day.