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Conclusion: Fasting and chemotherapy can work miracles. If you are on chemotherapy, fast three days before chemotherapy and one day after. I am not a doctor.
I recently wrote about one possible reason for the evolution of cancer, as a way to euthanase old-age palaeolithic persons who do not undergo periods of starvation, and are likely therefore to have been free-loading on the charity of their peers. In short I hypothesised that cancer may be a natural granny dumping mechanism.
But that got me to thinking about an even more puzzling evolutionary phenomena: why are there old people at all?
The average lifespan of palaeolithic peoples was about 33 years, which is just as it should be from a straightforward evolutionary perspective. If they started breeding at puberty then your average palaeolith would have had time to raise a few children and then die.
The strange thing is however that then, as till quite modern times, it was the high childhood death rate that suppressed average longevity. If a palaeolithic person reached puberty they lived on average into their mid fifties, way past the menopause and optimal male breeding potential. Further, with the agricultural revolution only a few thousand years ago, biblical and modern humans have palaeolithic bodies -- we have had time to evolve lactose tolerance and little else -- with the potential to live at least three score years and ten and four score if strong (Psalm 90).
Even if older palaeolithic persons were undergoing periods of near starvation and were not free-loading, they would have been consuming food which otherwise may have been gathered by their reproducing peers. So, why did evolution allow such grannies and grandfathers to exist at all? We could easily have evolved to self-destruct at 40. To a palaeolithic society living at the calorific brink of annihilation, the existence of post-breeding-age individuals would seem to be a tremendous calorific waste.
One can think of various 'nice' evolutionary-favoured tasks that post-reproduction-aged palaeolithic people could have performed, such as child minding or as a source of wisdom. I propose a task more tragic: older persons evolved as to function as in vivo experiments, commonly called 'guinea pigs'.
In any hunter gather society -- go out into the woods and try it today -- there would have been a lot of lean times. There would be very few apples, but a vast number of species of berries, bark, and beetles (and that is just the b's) with varying degrees of food value, nutrients, calories and toxicity. When (hunter) gatherers were lucky they found known fruits and roots to fulfil their dietary needs, but they were continually on the brink, regularly going without food, and faced with risky choices of culinary behaviour. "I have not eaten in a week. Do I try these berries or not? Do I give them to my children?"
Herein lies the great evolutionary value of the existence or granny and grandfather aged people like me. "Wait a minute son. Don't eat that. Don't give it to the little one. Let me try it. I will tell you in a day!" (When I think of all my ancestors that surely must have done this it makes me cry.) Societies which contained such individuals would continually increase the variety of gathered food sources and only lose the occasional non-breeding human guinea pig.
I reach this conclusion bearing in mind the miraculous research being carried out NOW on the synergy between chemotherapy and short term starvation in the treatment of cancer. The graph above left (Shi et al., 2012) shows tumour size in mice xenografted with human skin cancer. Cisplatin (CDDP), the most common chemotherapeutic drug, shows negligible effect in reducing tumour size. Short Term Starvation (STS) has a significant but small effect. Short term starvation combined with Cisplatin chemotherapy creates a synergy which seems nothing short of miraculous. 60% percent of the cancerous mice went into remission whereas no or negligible mice went into remission in the other two conditions. The same paper (ibid) also shows similar results, in vitro, with lung cancers.
Dr Valter Longo, the pioneer whose research on fasting lead to the discovery of this chemo-fasting synergy (e.g. Raffaghello, Safdie, Bianchi, Dorff, Fontana, & Longo 2010; Lee, & Longo, 2011), argues that fasting causes ordinary cells to go into hibernation mode, whereas cancer cells keep demanding more food. If in that period of starvation one consumes, or is injected with a toxin, then it is only cancerous cells that are killed. If one keeps fasting for about a day after the consumption or injection of the toxin, until the toxin has left ones system, then the toxin hardly effects normal cells at all.
This synergy between chemotherapy and no-calorie consumption suggests an explanation for both the existence of cancer, and the existence of old people. Old people get cancer. But many of them may be able to cure their own cancer if they undergo regular periods of fasting combined with the consumption of toxins. In modern society this experience is one that perhaps only cancer patients will undergo in the form of chemotherapy but in a (hunter) gathering palaeolithic society it would have experience that would regularly and necessarily have been faced. Going through that starvation plus toxin experience and coming out the other side, or not ("no, don't eat that...urk"), would have been evolutionarily favoured. So evolution worked out a way to create such individuals with that propensity: it created individuals that have a self destruct mechanism that is cured by starvation and toxin consumption. Palaeolithic societies that evolved to have older non-breeding individuals
-- Guinea Pig People (GPPs) -- to do the toxin tasting would have been able to gather and consume more food, breed more and continue the species. And here we are, thanks to all our GPPs.
In conclusion, it seems to me, a non-doctor, from limited research, fasting and chemotherapy can work miracles. If you are on chemotherapy, consult with your oncologist and consider fasting three days before chemotherapy and one day after, because it may cure your cancer, and makes perfect evolutionary sense.
Graph above: Figure 3A and 3B from Shi et al., 2012
Bibliography
Shi, Y., Felley-Bosco, E., Marti, T. M., Orlowski, K., Pruschy, M., & Stahel, R. A. (2012). Starvation-induced activation of ATM/Chk2/p53 signaling sensitizes cancer cells to cisplatin. BMC cancer, 12(1), 1.
bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2407-12...
Lee, C., & Longo, V. D. (2011). Fasting vs dietary restriction in cellular protection and cancer treatment: from model organisms to patients. Oncogene, 30(30), 3305-3316.
Nowell, P. C. (1976). The Clonal Evolution of Tumor Cell Populations. Science, 194(4260), 23-28.
Raffaghello, L., Safdie, F., Bianchi, G., Dorff, T., Fontana, L., & Longo, V. D. (2010). Fasting and differential chemotherapy protection in patients. Cell Cycle, 9(22), 4474-4476.
The theory above - post breeding age persons are guinea pigs - is a little similar to the 'disposable soma' theory of the evolution of ageing at a societal rather than cellular level.
rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/205/1161/531.short
"Organisms that do not age are essentially in a steady state in which chronologically young and old individuals are physiologically the same. In this situation the synthesis of macromolecules must be sufficiently accurate to prevent error feedback and the development of lethal 'error catastrophes'. This involves the expenditure of energy, which is required for both kinetic proof-reading and other accuracy promoting devices. It may be selectively advantageous for higher organisms to adopt an energy saving strategy of reduced accuracy in somatic cells." (Kirkwood, Holliday, 1979)
Somatic cells are non-reproductive cells.
These non reproducing cells are argued to be disposable to facilitate greater "proof reading" and prevent "error catastrophes" in the reproducing cells. I am suggesting above that somatic people (non reproducing people) are there, and yet disposable, there to be disposed of, to facilitate "proof reading" (toxin tasting - "reduced accuracy" in diet) and prevent error catastrophes in the non-somatic, reproductive population.
Relatedly
Peto's paradox (there is no correlation between animal size and cancer rate)
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3060950/
The assumption that there should be a correlation seems to be based on the assumption that cancer is a random occurrence in cells, so the more of them the greater the chance of cancer, as opposed to a more deliberate, non-random self destruct mechanism proposed here. Cancer is not random. It is a deliberate way of killing old people who do not fast be guinea pigs.
The evolution of awareness is your ability to understand and experience different levels of consciousness. The mind is the software for the hardware of the brain to run on. The mind receives thoughts and with the brain creates your experience of the world. The mind makes you believe that you are living in a world of solid objects even though at the quantum level all form is a fluid flow of particles and energy. This is your stage on which to play out the human experience. Humans have evolved on this plane of experience for millions of years. Each generation learns and grows in awareness of itself.
Evolution is not only the physical changes that all species experience over time, but also awareness of itself. Think about your own awareness as you have grown from a baby to an adult, how much more you know about yourself. Spiritual awareness is similar except consciousness does not end with death. Spiritual awareness is never lost; your path to self awareness is a one way track in that sense. However spiritual growth is not going to come to you without your active seeking. Self awareness, the knowledge and the experience of living in unity with the creative force of the universe, is self generated. There are many spiritual teachings to learn from, but only you can assimilate the knowledge into your life.
What you bring to your world is your interpretation of it, nothing more. You have choice because awareness is always allowing the opportunity to connect with the creative force. As you experience life, you make choices to do this or that, but for the most part choices are made based on your beliefs, Beliefs that have been built over time from family, society and education. In a field of all possibilities, your mind filters the stream of energy from sensory perceptions of sight, hearing and touch. In the same way the mind also filters your consciousness to create thoughts for your decisions and subsequent actions. Young children can easily take on imaginary roles and play act cowboys, Indians, monsters and princesses because their ego self is no so strong yet. Good actors can lose themselves in portraying a character that is totally different from their own true identity.
See your thoughts as they flow in your mind and start focusing on the space between the thoughts. This silence is your portal into the world of awareness. It is the ability to connect with the silence of consciousness and bring it forth into the world. Silence and thoughts go hand in hand to create your life experience. The more you can visit the deep well of silence and bring the presence of that serenity into your daily activity, the more you will bring peace and harmony into your life.
Standing beside the huge mountain on my way to Kach Gali behind the famous lake saif-ul-Maluk was a journey not only in space & time but down to the memory lane too. A perfect place where serenity and tranquility collides with the hustle and bustle of the daily life.
Taken: On the Way to Kach Gali, Naran, Pakistan.
NAHA 2010
CONTEMPORARY CLASSIC
HAIR:MATT SWINNEY
PHOTOGRAPHER:ALENA DEMIDOVA
MAKEUP & STYLE: SALON EVOLUTION FOR MATT SWINNEY
This necklace is an evolution of the collaborative project with Sylvie Peraud: Elegant connections that we teach this year in different places.
Hi, I know I am extremely quiet and do not post as often as I used to, but I want to thank those of you who follow and give me encouragement along the way. I really appreciate your comments, feedback and support.
I continue to shoot when I can and I hope to keep posting in the future. :)
This is the fifth image in a new collaboration I am taking part in with two other photographers. Check out the project here: simonbrooksphotography.com/triple-shot-project
We release an image every 2 weeks based around a particular theme. As we are all completely different in our styles, we are expecting very different interpretations and executions of each concept.
@ Reisbrennen Germany, August 2015
Check out our website/blog www.pixelrev.de.
Our facebook page: www.facebook.com/PixelRev
122 photos in 2022: #29. Evolution
not sure why there are so many hairs on the t-shirt!
www.youtube.com/watch?v=jHj5RuN58dQ
Transvision Vamp - Evolution Evie
No worries for lost keys any more
World has turned a lot. Inventions and evolutions have made our life so simple and easy. And the change is limitless and changing every single moment in every stage and steps of our life.
Almost everything has turned from pen pencil lock to rocket.
Olden days we used to have big pad locks and big keys. Now a day we have numeric or even digital padlocks. No worries for lost keys any more. That’s a big evolution at a stage of our daily life.
"Certainly the innovators of their time, Montoya and Vigil might have been the first at San Ildefonso to use red with the black design. Perhaps a trader suggested it directly or merely showed them the brightly colored Acoma pieces which were their competition..."
Learn about the evolution of Pueblo pottery on our blog: matthewsgalleryblog.com/2015/05/16/new-landscapes-new-vis...