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Best Large-
America-An Angelic Prospectus (10-05)
1. He's going to let the pressure out
Before it gets too old,
Before the fire stops burning-
Before it gets too cold.
He's going to get adjusted,
Before it gets too late-
Before the river runs its course
And leaves him at the gate.
He listened to you long enough,
Let you have your say-
Hunkered down in dreary towns,
Free-falling in the fray.
Some things don’t matter any more-
It’s plain enough to see,
Some things are very simple,
They happen….naturally.
2. Independence indigence,
Insurrection-on-
Spiritual insanity,
Delusion on the throne.
Continental congress,
Covenant complete-
Freedom found
From captive crown,
Taxation by defeat.
Won in war by warrior
Bowed behind the scene,
With governmental grannies
Gassed and running lean.
Sequential celebrations
Leaning to the right,
Took the town
To middle ground
Then sweetened up the fight.
3. Promise within promises,
Permanence in peace,
Stolen blind
By kindred minds
In national retreat.
God is gone,
Like Gustov’s ghost
On graduated ground-
Ridden rampant on a rail,
Run right out of town.
Religion’s rotting refuse,
Educated zeal,
Baby and bathwater,
Thrown out
By window seal.
Agreement by convenience,
The triad is complete-
The church, the crown,
The golden ground,
Professionals at least.
4. Garish, gloating, gatherings,
Temperamental tasks-
Tarnished targets
Tempting time with
Brutal baby blasts.
Fallen fronts,
Forensic flash,
Fine and faker fast-
Foul and festering
Filthy freight,
Fleeing from the past.
Happy hoppy horn toad,
Captain of the world-
No feral fear,
Calm crystal queer-
Call every boy and girl.
Mother’s mayhem
Adam’s aunt,
Gone completely mad-
Tried-on,
Tricked-up trousers
Tenderized a tad.
5. Evening ever-afters,
Happy once again-
Haunted house,
Forget the spouse,
“Egad”
The men are dead.
Lovely Lucys laughing,
Controlling interest lair,
The lion is dead,
So go to bed-
Don’t bother with the bear.
Fashion fledgling,
Faded farce,
Fractured flaky foe-
Disneyed duckling
Drawn and daft,
Domesticated woe.
Fricasseed and
Freezer freed,
Stolen by the mole-
Galloping,
The gourmet ran
Grimly to the goal.
6. Down and distance
Delicate,
Don’t do the
Dirty Dan.
Playmate pawns
Now petrified,
Passed on by
Peter Pan.
Willful,
Wicked wonders-
Empty and petite-
Cover blown,
Refused by phone-
Destined for defeat.
Sayonara Sonya-
Cronkite caught a cold-
While Willy Wonka
Whacked a weed,
Then headed down
The road.
7. Christ like crucifixions,
Criminal and crass,
Crippled captains
Carcassed cold,
Middle-eastern mass.
Choose to tremble,
Choose to cheat,
Choose whom you will serve-
Choose to conquer,
Or..Choose defeat-
The quintessential blurb.
Honing hackers
Headed home,
Hackensackin fools,
Round and round
To tumble down-
With detrimental tools.
8. Hemispheric hovering-
Contract incomplete-
Pioneered truth
By blazered brute,
Confused by
Quiet elite.
It’s given best,
To those who rest,
In reverential form.
With wealth well cast
To traveler who’s sheltered
From the storm.
Retreat is not an option-
By this time life is spent-
Though living in
And impact zone
Is hardly worth the rent.
9. Revolution ready-
Armed and graveled green-
No average addled army,
To slay this brazen queen.
Unseen waiting Warrior-
Wondrous to behold-
Breastplate bronzed
And burnished-
Countenance so bold.
Dispatched in dog-ged duty,
Determined and complete-
To fight with fire and fury,
Till victory’s at his feet!
James Watkins 10-05
Azhar Ali hits a boundary off Ben Stokes during the first test between Pakistan and England at Lord's. The Cricinfo commentary describes it thus: "Stokes to Azhar Ali, FOUR runs, short and wide, rank stuff from Stokes and Azhar tucks in his napkin and helps himself, cut through point with alacrity for four".
The year is 2153. The fourth world war has ended for a few years, and the Syndicate Of Furnitures and Home Appliances savor it’s victory against the Free Consumers Alliance.
To control the suburban areas, the SOFHA dispatched the Dyson AM97-X, a hovercraft powered by the Air Multiplier technology™. Fast and agile, it was also noiseless, making it a dreadful enemy for the FCA.
Every 4 days I spend 12hrs at night serving the citizens of my city. They don't see my face, they don't know who I am and for that matter, the many faces I see when I'm not at work could be any one of the thousands and thousands of people I talk to.
This is a 90 minute peek into my world when I'm there. 5 screens, 2 keyboards, 2 computer mouses, 1 phone keypad, many requests, calls answered, puzzles solved, citizens helped, officers assisted, medical help rendered...the list goes on and on. The most important thing is that everyone goes home safe and help is sent as quickly as possible.
I take a lot of pride in my job and what I do, I work with some really awesome people and every now and then I get to meet those on the other side of the radio. This job is the most stressful I've ever had and I love it.
Zero Image 69
Kodak Ektar 100
Billings, Montana
A dispatcher answering a call from field resources.
Photo by Joe Ritz, BLM
08-22-2022
I&M 31 South comes to an abrupt halt at the southbound home signal at Shops. A few minutes earlier the crew had called for a signal south across the NS at Shops, but the signal was still displaying Red-Over-Red. A second call to the dispatcher yielded a "you should be lined up" response. The train's conductor walked down into the yard and confirmed his suspicion that the DS had the northbound signal lined up instead. A third conversation with the DS finally resolved the matter. I, of course, took complete advantage of the situation.
Another team dispatched to the Open Lands find a Rahkshi arm thats been seperated from the body. Lack of intel results in the abundance of unknown activity in the Open Lands, with nobody ever knowing what occurs. Hence why this Rahkshi's experience becomes another mystery of the Open Lands.
Triple blue....
Maersk Clipper fueling up at the Irving pier on The Southside, soon to depart; Maersk Nexus having just arrived, waiting as Maersk Dispatcher moves towards the middle of the harbour to line up for departure. The weather soon turned to a light rain, then heavy rain. View from The Battery just above Pier 17.
Post card view of downtown Saint Louis street scene, early twentieth century.
[thanks to Michael Allen, Preservation Research Office.]
These customers are in Crisis Situation Phase 1, when they ought to be in Phase 2.
All those cops storming in with guns drawn is what you call a clue that something is about to go down.
Phase 1: "Wonder what all those cops are doing here?"
Phase 2: "That Can't be good..."
Big Box Superstore
Pelican Plaza Shopping Center
Click on the notes for more views:
Olympus OM-D E-M5 Mark II
Olympus M.14-42mm F3.5-5.6 II R
For more info about the dioramas, check out the FAQ: 1stPix FAQ
Whining out of P13, ScotRail "Express" units 385106 (leading) & 385108 depart Edinburgh Waverley with 1R31, the 0917 service to Glasgow Queen Street via Falkirk High.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, also known as Mustafa Kemal Pasha until 1921, and Ghazi Mustafa Kemal from 1921 until the Surname Law of 1934 (c. 1881 – 10 November 1938), was a Turkish field marshal, revolutionary statesman, author, and the founding father of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first president from 1923 until his death in 1938. He undertook sweeping progressive reforms, which modernized Turkey into a secular, industrializing nation. Ideologically a secularist and nationalist, his policies and socio-political theories became known as Kemalism.
Atatürk came to prominence for his role in securing the Ottoman Turkish victory at the Battle of Gallipoli (1915) during World War I. During this time, the Ottoman Empire perpetrated genocides against its Greek, Armenian and Assyrian subjects; while not directly involved, Atatürk's role in their aftermath has been controversial. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, he led the Turkish National Movement, which resisted mainland Turkey's partition among the victorious Allied powers. Establishing a provisional government in the present-day Turkish capital Ankara (known in English at the time as Angora), he defeated the forces sent by the Allies, thus emerging victorious from what was later referred to as the Turkish War of Independence. He subsequently proceeded to abolish the sultanate in 1922 and proclaimed the foundation of the Turkish Republic in its place the following year.
As the president of the newly formed Turkish Republic, Atatürk initiated a rigorous program of political, economic, and cultural reforms with the ultimate aim of building a republican and secular nation-state. He made primary education free and compulsory, opening thousands of new schools all over the country. He also introduced the Latin-based Turkish alphabet, replacing the old Ottoman Turkish alphabet. Turkish women received equal civil and political rights during Atatürk's presidency. In particular, women were given voting rights in local elections by Act no. 1580 on 3 April 1930 and a few years later, in 1934, full universal suffrage. His government carried out a policy of Turkification, trying to create a homogeneous, unified and above all secular nation under the Turkish banner. Under Atatürk, the minorities in Turkey were ordered to speak Turkish in public, but were allowed to maintain their own languages in private and within their own communities; non-Turkish toponyms were replaced and non-Turkish families were ordered to adopt a Turkish surname. The Turkish Parliament granted him the surname Atatürk in 1934, which means "Father of the Turks", in recognition of the role he played in building the modern Turkish Republic. He died on 10 November 1938 at Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul, at the age of 57; he was succeeded as president by his long-time prime minister İsmet İnönü and was honored with a state funeral.
In 1981, the centennial of Atatürk's birth, his memory was honoured by the United Nations and UNESCO, which declared it The Atatürk Year in the World and adopted the Resolution on the Atatürk Centennial, describing him as "the leader of the first struggle given against colonialism and imperialism" and a "remarkable promoter of the sense of understanding between peoples and durable peace between the nations of the world and that he worked all his life for the development of harmony and cooperation between peoples without distinction". Atatürk was also credited for his peace-in-the-world oriented foreign policy and friendship with neighboring countries such as Iran, Yugoslavia, Iraq, and Greece, as well as the creation of the Balkan Pact that resisted the expansionist aggressions of Fascist Italy and Tsarist Bulgaria.
The Turkish War of Independence (19 May 1919 – 24 July 1923) was a series of military campaigns and a revolution waged by the Turkish National Movement, after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I. The conflict was between the Turkish Nationalists against Allied and separatist forces over the application of Wilsonian principles, especially national self-determination, in post-World War I Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. The revolution concluded the collapse of the Ottoman Empire; the Ottoman monarchy and the Islamic caliphate were abolished, and the Republic of Turkey was declared in Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. This resulted in a transfer of vested sovereignty from the sultan-caliph to the nation, setting the stage for Republican Turkey's period of nationalist revolutionary reform.
While World War I ended for the Ottoman Empire with the Armistice of Mudros, the Allied Powers continued occupying and securing land per the Sykes–Picot Agreement, as well as to facilitate the prosecution of former members of the Committee of Union and Progress and those involved in the Armenian genocide. Ottoman military commanders therefore refused orders from both the Allies and the Ottoman government to surrender and disband their forces. In an atmosphere of turmoil throughout the remainder of the empire, sultan Mehmed VI dispatched Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk), a well-respected and high-ranking general, to Anatolia to restore order; however, Mustafa Kemal became an enabler and eventually leader of Turkish Nationalist resistance against the Ottoman government, Allied powers, and separatists.
In an attempt to establish control over the power vacuum in Anatolia, the Allies agreed to launch a Greek peacekeeping force into Anatolia and occupy Smyrna (İzmir), inflaming sectarian tensions and beginning the Turkish War of Independence. A nationalist counter government led by Mustafa Kemal was established in Ankara when it became clear the Ottoman government was appeasing the Allied powers. The Allies soon pressured the Ottoman government in Constantinople to suspend the Constitution, shutter Parliament, and sign the Treaty of Sèvres, a treaty unfavorable to Turkish interests that the "Ankara government" declared illegal.
In the ensuing war, Turkish and Syrian forces defeated the French in the south, and remobilized army units went on to partition Armenia with the Bolsheviks, resulting in the Treaty of Kars (October 1921). The Western Front of the independence war is known as the Greco-Turkish War, in which Greek forces at first encountered unorganized resistance. However, İsmet Pasha (İnönü)'s organization of militia into a regular army paid off when Ankara forces fought the Greeks in the First and Second Battle of İnönü. The Greek army emerged victorious in the Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir and decided to drive on the Nationalist capital of Ankara, stretching their supply lines. The Turks checked their advance in the Battle of Sakarya and eventually counter-attacked in the Great Offensive, which expelled Greek forces from Anatolia in the span of three weeks. The war effectively ended with the recapture of İzmir and the Chanak Crisis, prompting the signing of another armistice in Mudanya.
The Grand National Assembly in Ankara was recognized as the legitimate Turkish government, which signed the Treaty of Lausanne (July 1923), a treaty more favorable to Turkey than the Sèvres Treaty. The Allies evacuated Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, the Ottoman government was overthrown and the monarchy abolished, and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (which remains Turkey's primary legislative body today) declared the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923. With the war, a population exchange between Greece and Turkey, the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, and the abolition of the sultanate, the Ottoman era came to an end, and with Atatürk's reforms, the Turks created the modern, secular nation-state of Turkey. On 3 March 1924, the Ottoman caliphate was also abolished.
The ethnic demographics of the modern Turkish Republic were significantly impacted by the earlier Armenian genocide and the deportations of Greek-speaking, Orthodox Christian Rum people. The Turkish Nationalist Movement carried out massacres and deportations to eliminate native Christian populations—a continuation of the Armenian genocide and other ethnic cleansing operations during World War I. Following these campaigns of ethnic cleansing, the historic Christian presence in Anatolia was destroyed, in large part, and the Muslim demographic had increased from 80% to 98%.
Following the chaotic politics of the Second Constitutional Era, the Ottoman Empire came under the control of the Committee of Union and Progress in a coup in 1913, and then further consolidated its control after the assassination of Mahmud Shevket Pasha.[citation needed] Founded as a radical revolutionary group seeking to prevent a collapse of the Ottoman Empire, by the eve of World War I it decided that the solution was to implement nationalist and centralizing policies. The CUP reacted to the losses of land and the expulsion of Muslims from the Balkan Wars by turning even more nationalistic. Part of its effort to consolidate power was to proscribe and exile opposition politicians from the Freedom and Accord Party to remote Sinop.
The Unionists brought the Ottoman Empire into World War I on the side of Germany and Austria-Hungary, during which a genocidal campaign was waged against Ottoman Christians, namely Armenians, Pontic Greeks, and Assyrians. It was based on an alleged conspiracy that the three groups would rebel on the side of the Allies, so collective punishment was applied. A similar suspicion and suppression from the Turkish nationalist government was directed towards the Arab and Kurdish populations, leading to localized rebellions. The Entente powers reacted to these developments by charging the CUP leaders, commonly known as the Three Pashas, with "Crimes against humanity" and threatened accountability. They also had imperialist ambitions on Ottoman territory, with a major correspondence over a post-war settlement in the Ottoman Empire being leaked to the press as the Sykes–Picot Agreement. With Saint Petersburg's exit from World War I and descent into civil war, driven in part from the Ottomans' closure of the Turkish straits of goods bound to Russia, a new imperative was given to the Entente powers to knock the Ottoman Empire out of the war to restart the Eastern Front.
World War I would be the nail in the coffin of Ottomanism, a monarchist and multicultural nationalism. Mistreatment of non-Turk groups after 1913, and the general context of great socio-political upheaval that occurred in the aftermath of World War I, meant many minorities now wished to divorce their future from imperialism to form futures of their own by separating into (often republican) nation-states.
In the summer months of 1918, the leaders of the Central Powers realized that the Great War was lost, including the Ottomans'. Almost simultaneously the Palestinian Front and then the Macedonian Front collapsed. The sudden decision by Bulgaria to sign an armistice cut communications from Constantinople (İstanbul) to Vienna and Berlin, and opened the undefended Ottoman capital to Entente attack. With the major fronts crumbling, Unionist Grand Vizier Talât Pasha intended to sign an armistice, and resigned on 8 October 1918 so that a new government would receive less harsh armistice terms. The Armistice of Mudros was signed on 30 October 1918, ending World War I for the Ottoman Empire. Three days later, the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP)—which governed the Ottoman Empire as a one-party state since 1913—held its last congress, where it was decided the party would be dissolved. Talât, Enver Pasha, Cemal Pasha, and five other high-ranking members of the CUP escaped the Ottoman Empire on a German torpedo boat later that night, plunging the country into a power vacuum.
The armistice was signed because the Ottoman Empire had been defeated in important fronts, but the military was intact and retreated in good order. Unlike other Central Powers, the Allies did not mandate an abdication of the imperial family as a condition for peace, nor did they request the Ottoman Army to dissolve its general staff. Though the army suffered from mass desertion throughout the war which led to banditry, there was no threat of mutiny or revolutions like in Germany, Austria-Hungary, or Russia. This is despite famine and economic collapse that was brought on by the extreme levels of mobilization, destruction from the war, disease, and mass murder since 1914.
Due to the Turkish nationalist policies pursued by the CUP against Ottoman Christians by 1918 the Ottoman Empire held control over a mostly homogeneous land of Muslims from Eastern Thrace to the Persian border. These included mostly Turks, as well as Kurds, Circassians, and Muhacir groups from Rumeli. Most Muslim Arabs were now outside of the Ottoman Empire and under Allied occupation, with some "imperialists" still loyal to the Ottoman Sultanate-Caliphate, and others wishing for independence or Allied protection under a League of Nations mandate. Sizable Greek and Armenian minorities remained within its borders, and most of these communities no longer wished to remain under the Empire.
On 30 October 1918, the Armistice of Mudros was signed between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I, bringing hostilities in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I to an end. The Ottoman Army was to demobilize, its navy and air force handed to the Allies, and occupied territory in the Caucasus and Persia to be evacuated. Critically, Article VII granted the Allies the right to occupy forts controlling the Turkish Straits and the vague right to occupy "in case of disorder" any territory if there were a threat to security. The clause relating to the occupation of the straits was meant to secure a Southern Russian intervention force, while the rest of the article was used to allow for Allied controlled peace-keeping forces. There was also a hope to follow through punishing local actors that carried out exterminatory orders from the CUP government against Armenian Ottomans. For now, the House of Osman escaped the fates of the Hohenzollerns, Habsburgs, and Romanovs to continue ruling their empire, though at the cost of its remaining sovereignty.
On 13 November 1918, a French brigade entered Constantinople to begin a de facto occupation of the Ottoman capital and its immediate dependencies. This was followed by a fleet consisting of British, French, Italian and Greek ships deploying soldiers on the ground the next day, totaling 50,000 troops in Constantinople. The Allied Powers stated that the occupation was temporary and its purpose was to protect the monarchy, the caliphate and the minorities. Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe—the British signatory of the Mudros Armistice—stated the Triple Entente's public position that they had no intention to dismantle the Ottoman government or place it under military occupation by "occupying Constantinople". However, dismantling the government and partitioning the Ottoman Empire among the Allied nations had been an objective of the Entente since the start of WWI.
A wave of seizures took place in the rest of the country in the following months. Citing Article VII, British forces demanded that Turkish troops evacuate Mosul, claiming that Christian civilians in Mosul and Zakho were killed en masse. In the Caucasus, Britain established a presence in Menshevik Georgia and the Lori and Aras valleys as peace-keepers. On 14 November, joint Franco-Greek occupation was established in the town of Uzunköprü in Eastern Thrace as well as the railway axis until the train station of Hadımköy on the outskirts of Constantinople. On 1 December, British troops based in Syria occupied Kilis, Marash, Urfa and Birecik. Beginning in December, French troops began successive seizures of the province of Adana, including the towns of Antioch, Mersin, Tarsus, Ceyhan, Adana, Osmaniye, and İslâhiye, incorporating the area into the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration North while French forces embarked by gunboats and sent troops to the Black Sea ports of Zonguldak and Karadeniz Ereğli commanding Turkey's coal mining region. These continued seizures of land prompted Ottoman commanders to refuse demobilization and prepare for the resumption of war.
The British similarly asked Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) to turn over the port of Alexandretta (İskenderun), which he reluctantly did, following which he was recalled to Constantinople. He made sure to distribute weapons to the population to prevent them from falling into the hands of Allied forces. Some of these weapons were smuggled to the east by members of Karakol, a successor to the CUP's Special Organization, to be used in case resistance was necessary in Anatolia. Many Ottoman officials participated in efforts to conceal from the occupying authorities details of the burgeoning independence movement spreading throughout Anatolia.
Other commanders began refusing orders from the Ottoman government and the Allied powers. After Mustafa Kemal Pasha returned to Constantinople, Ali Fuat Pasha (Cebesoy) brought XX Corps under his command. He marched first to Konya and then to Ankara to organise resistance groups, such as the Circassian çetes he assembled with guerilla leader Çerkes Ethem. Meanwhile, Kazım Karabekir Pasha refused to surrender his intact and powerful XV Corps in Erzurum. Evacuation from the Caucusus, puppet republics and Muslim militia groups were established in the army's wake to hamper with the consolidation of the new Armenian state. Elsewhere in the country, regional nationalist resistance organizations known as Şuras –meaning "councils", not unlike soviets in revolutionary Russia– were founded, most pledging allegiance to the Defence of National Rights movement that protested continued Allied occupation and appeasement by the Sublime Porte.
Following the occupation of Constantinople, Mehmed VI Vahdettin dissolved the Chamber of Deputies which was dominated by Unionists elected back in 1914, promising elections for the next year. Vahdettin just ascended to the throne only months earlier with the death of Mehmed V Reşad. He was disgusted with the policies of the CUP, and wished to be a more assertive sovereign than his diseased half brother. Greek and Armenian Ottomans declared the termination of their relationship with the Ottoman Empire through their respective patriarchates, and refused to partake in any future election. With the collapse of the CUP and its censorship regime, an outpouring of condemnation against the party came from all parts of Ottoman media.
A general amnesty was soon issued, allowing the exiled and imprisoned dissidents persecuted by the CUP to return to Constantinople. Vahdettin invited the pro-Palace politician Damat Ferid Pasha, leader of the reconstituted Freedom and Accord Party, to form a government, whose members quickly set out to purge the Unionists from the Ottoman government. Ferid Pasha hoped that his Anglophilia and an attitude of appeasement would induce less harsh peace terms from the Allied powers. However, his appointment was problematic for nationalists, many being members of the liquidated committee that were surely to face trial. Years of corruption, unconstitutional acts, war profiteering, and enrichment from ethnic cleansing and genocide by the Unionists soon became basis of war crimes trials and courts martial trials held in Constantinople.[citation needed] While many leading Unionists were sentenced lengthy prison sentences, many made sure to escape the country before Allied occupation or to regions that the government now had minimal control over; thus most were sentenced in absentia. The Allies encouragement of the proceedings and the use of British Malta as their holding ground made the trials unpopular. The partisan nature of the trials was not lost on observers either. The hanging of the Kaymakam of Boğazlıyan district Mehmed Kemal resulted in a demonstration against the courts martials trials.
With all the chaotic politics in the capital and uncertainty of the severity of the incoming peace treaty, many Ottomans looked to Washington with the hope that the application of Wilsonian principles would mean Constantinople would stay Turkish, as Muslims outnumbered Christians 2:1. The United States never declared war on the Ottoman Empire, so many imperial elite believed Washington could be a neutral arbiter that could fix the empire's problems. Halide Edip (Adıvar) and her Wilsonian Principles Society led the movement that advocated for the empire to be governed by an American League of Nations Mandate (see United States during the Turkish War of Independence). American diplomats attempted to ascertain a role they could play in the area with the Harbord and King–Crane Commissions. However, with the collapse of Woodrow Wilson's health, the United States diplomatically withdrew from the Middle East to focus on Europe, leaving the Entente powers to construct a post-Ottoman order.
The Entente would have arrived at Constantinople to discover an administration attempting to deal with decades of accumulated refugee crisis. The new government issued a proclamation allowing for deportees to return to their homes, but many Greeks and Armenians found their old homes occupied by desperate Rumelian and Caucasian Muslim refugees which were settled in their properties during the First World War. Ethnic conflict restarted in Anatolia; government officials responsible for resettling Christian refugees often assisted Muslim refugees in these disputes, prompting European powers to continue bringing Ottoman territory under their control. Of the 800,000 Ottoman Christian refugees, approximately over half returned to their homes by 1920. Meanwhile 1.4 million refugees from the Russian Civil War would pass through the Turkish straits and Anatolia, with 150,000 White émigrés choosing to settle in Istanbul for short or long term (see Evacuation of the Crimea). Many provinces were simply depopulated from years of fighting, conscription, and ethnic cleansing (see Ottoman casualties of World War I). The province of Yozgat lost 50% of its Muslim population from conscription, while according to the governor of Van, almost 95% of its prewar residents were dead or internally displaced.
Administration in much of the Anatolian and Thracian countryside would soon all but collapse by 1919. Army deserters who turned to banditry essentially controlled fiefdoms with tacit approval from bureaucrats and local elites. An amnesty issued in late 1918 saw these bandits strengthen their positions and fight amongst each other instead of returning to civilian life. Albanian and Circassian muhacirs resettled by the government in northwestern Anatolia and Kurds in southeastern Anatolia were engaged in blood feuds that intensified during the war and were hesitant to pledge allegiance to the Defence of Rights movement, and only would if officials could facilitate truces. Various Muhacir groups were suspicious of the continued Ittihadist ideology in the Defence of Rights movement, and the potential for themselves to meet fates 'like the Armenians' especially as warlords hailing from those communities assisted the deportations of the Christians even though as many commanders in the Nationalist movement also had Caucasian and Balkan Muslim ancestry.
With Anatolia in practical anarchy and the Ottoman army being questionably loyal in reaction to Allied land seizures, Mehmed VI established the military inspectorate system to reestablish authority over the remaining empire. Encouraged by Karabekir and Edmund Allenby, he assigned Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) as the inspector of the Ninth Army Troops Inspectorate –based in Erzurum– to restore order to Ottoman military units and to improve internal security on 30 April 1919, with his first assignment to suppress a rebellion by Greek rebels around the city of Samsun.
Mustafa Kemal was a well known, well respected, and well connected army commander, with much prestige coming from his status as the "Hero of Anafartalar"—for his role in the Gallipoli Campaign—and his title of "Honorary Aide-de-camp to His Majesty Sultan" gained in the last months of WWI. This choice would seem curious, as he was a nationalist and a fierce critic of the government's accommodating policy to the Entente powers. He was also an early member of the CUP. However Kemal Pasha did not associate himself with the fanatical faction of the CUP, many knew that he frequently clashed with the radicals of the Central Committee like Enver. He was therefore sidelined to the periphery of power throughout the Great War; after the CUP's dissolution he vocally aligned himself with moderates that formed the Liberal People's Party instead of the rump radical faction which formed the Renewal Party (both parties would be banned in May 1919 for being successors of the CUP). All these reasons allowed him to be the most legitimate nationalist for the sultan to placate. In this new political climate, he sought to capitalize on his war exploits to attain a better job, indeed several times he unsuccessfully lobbied for his inclusion in cabinet as War Minister. His new assignment gave him effective plenipotentiary powers over all of Anatolia which was meant to accommodate him and other nationalists to keep them loyal to the government.
Mustafa Kemal had earlier declined to become the leader of the Sixth Army headquartered in Nusaybin. But according to Patrick Balfour, through manipulation and the help of friends and sympathizers, he became the inspector of virtually all of the Ottoman forces in Anatolia, tasked with overseeing the disbanding process of remaining Ottoman forces. Kemal had an abundance of connections and personal friends concentrated in the post-armistice War Ministry, a powerful tool that would help him accomplish his secret goal: to lead a nationalist movement to safeguard Turkish interests against the Allied powers and a collaborative Ottoman government.
The day before his departure to Samsun on the remote Black Sea coast, Kemal had one last audience with Sultan Vahdettin, where he affirmed his loyalty to the sultan-caliph. It was in this meeting that they were informed of the botched occupation ceremony of Smyrna (İzmir) by the Greeks. He and his carefully selected staff left Constantinople aboard the old steamer SS Bandırma on the evening of 16 May 1919.
On 19 January 1919, the Paris Peace Conference was first held, at which Allied nations set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers, including the Ottoman Empire. As a special body of the Paris Conference, "The Inter-Allied Commission on Mandates in Turkey", was established to pursue the secret treaties they had signed between 1915 and 1917. Italy sought control over the southern part of Anatolia under the Agreement of St.-Jean-de-Maurienne. France expected to exercise control over Hatay, Lebanon, Syria, and a portion of southeastern Anatolia based on the Sykes–Picot Agreement.
Greece justified their territorial claims of Ottoman land through the Megali Idea as well as international sympathy from the suffering of Ottoman Greeks in 1914 and 1917–1918. Privately, Greek prime minister Eleftherios Venizelos had British prime minister David Lloyd George's backing not least from Greece's entrance to WWI on the Allied side, but also from his charisma and charming personality. Greece's participation in the Allies' Southern Russian intervention also earned it favors in Paris. His demands included parts of Eastern Thrace, the islands of Imbros (Gökçeada), Tenedos (Bozcaada), and parts of Western Anatolia around the city of Smyrna (İzmir), all of which had large Greek populations. Venizelos also advocated a large Armenian state to check a post-war Ottoman Empire. Greece wanted to incorporate Constantinople, but Entente powers did not give permission. Damat Ferid Pasha went to Paris on behalf of the Ottoman Empire hoping to minimize territorial losses using Fourteen Points rhetoric, wishing for a return to status quo ante bellum, on the basis that every province of the Empire holds Muslim majorities. This plea was met with ridicule.
At the Paris Peace Conference, competing claims over Western Anatolia by Greek and Italian delegations led Greece to land the flagship of the Greek Navy at Smyrna, resulting in the Italian delegation walking out of the peace talks. On 30 April, Italy responded to the possible idea of Greek incorporation of Western Anatolia by sending a warship to Smyrna as a show of force against the Greek campaign. A large Italian force also landed in Antalya. Faced with Italian annexation of parts of Asia Minor with a significant ethnic Greek population, Venizelos secured Allied permission for Greek troops to land in Smyrna per Article VII, ostensibly as a peacekeeping force to keep stability in the region. Venizelos's rhetoric was more directed against the CUP regime than the Turks as a whole, an attitude not always shared in the Greek military: "Greece is not making war against Islam, but against the anachronistic [İttihadist] Government, and its corrupt, ignominious, and bloody administration, with a view to the expelling it from those territories where the majority of the population consists of Greeks." It was decided by the Triple Entente that Greece would control a zone around Smyrna and Ayvalık in western Asia Minor.
Most historians mark the Greek landing at Smyrna on 15 May 1919 as the start date of the Turkish War of Independence as well as the start of the "Kuva-yi Milliye Phase". The occupation ceremony from the outset was tense from nationalist fervor, with Ottoman Greeks greeting the soldiers with an ecstatic welcome, and Ottoman Muslims protesting the landing. A miscommunication in Greek high command led to an Evzone column marching by the municipal Turkish barracks. The nationalist journalist Hasan Tahsin fired the "first bullet"[note 4] at the Greek standard bearer at the head of the troops, turning the city into a warzone. Süleyman Fethi Bey was murdered by bayonet for refusing to shout "Zito Venizelos" (meaning "long live Venizelos"), and 300–400 unarmed Turkish soldiers and civilians and 100 Greek soldiers and civilians were killed or wounded.
Greek troops moved from Smyrna outwards to towns on the Karaburun peninsula; to Selçuk, situated a hundred kilometres south of the city at a key location that commands the fertile Küçük Menderes River valley; and to Menemen towards the north. Guerilla warfare commenced in the countryside, as Turks began to organize themselves into irregular guerilla groups known as Kuva-yi Milliye (national forces), which were soon joined by Ottoman soldiers, bandits, and disaffected farmers. Most Kuva-yi Milliye bands were led by rogue military commanders and members of the Special Organization. The Greek troops based in cosmopolitan Smyrna soon found themselves conducting counterinsurgency operations in a hostile, dominantly Muslim hinterland. Groups of Ottoman Greeks also formed contingents that cooperated with the Greek Army to combat Kuva-yi Milliye within the zone of control. A massacre of Turks at Menemen was followed up with a battle for the town of Aydın, which saw intense intercommunal violence and the razing of the city. What was supposed to be a peacekeeping mission of Western Anatolia instead inflamed ethnic tensions and became a counterinsurgency.
The reaction of Greek landing at Smyrna and continued Allied seizures of land served to destabilize Turkish civil society. Ottoman bureaucrats, military, and bourgeoisie trusted the Allies to bring peace, and thought the terms offered at Mudros were considerably more lenient than they actually were. Pushback was potent in the capital, with 23 May 1919 being largest of the Sultanahmet Square demonstrations organized by the Turkish Hearths against the Greek occupation of Smyrna, the largest act of civil disobedience in Turkish history at that point. The Ottoman government condemned the landing, but could do little about it. Ferid Pasha tried to resign, but was urged by the sultan to stay in his office.
Mustafa Kemal Pasha and his colleagues stepped ashore in Samsun on 19 May and set up their first quarters in the Mıntıka Palace Hotel. British troops were present in Samsun, and he initially maintained cordial contact. He had assured Damat Ferid about the army's loyalty towards the new government in Constantinople. However, behind the government's back, Kemal made the people of Samsun aware of the Greek and Italian landings, staged discreet mass meetings, made fast connections via telegraph with the army units in Anatolia, and began to form links with various Nationalist groups. He sent telegrams of protest to foreign embassies and the War Ministry about British reinforcements in the area and about British aid to Greek brigand gangs. After a week in Samsun, Kemal and his staff moved to Havza. It was there that he first showed the flag of the resistance.
Mustafa Kemal wrote in his memoir that he needed nationwide support to justify armed resistance against the Allied occupation. His credentials and the importance of his position were not enough to inspire everyone. While officially occupied with the disarming of the army, he met with various contacts in order to build his movement's momentum. He met with Rauf Pasha, Karabekir Pasha, Ali Fuat Pasha, and Refet Pasha and issued the Amasya Circular (22 June 1919). Ottoman provincial authorities were notified via telegraph that the unity and independence of the nation was at risk, and that the government in Constantinople was compromised. To remedy this, a congress was to take place in Erzurum between delegates of the Six Vilayets to decide on a response, and another congress would take place in Sivas where every Vilayet should send delegates. Sympathy and an lack of coordination from the capital gave Mustafa Kemal freedom of movement and telegraph use despite his implied anti-government tone.
On 23 June, High Commissioner Admiral Calthorpe, realising the significance of Mustafa Kemal's discreet activities in Anatolia, sent a report about the Pasha to the Foreign Office. His remarks were downplayed by George Kidson of the Eastern Department. Captain Hurst of the British occupation force in Samsun warned Admiral Calthorpe one more time, but Hurst's units were replaced with the Brigade of Gurkhas. When the British landed in Alexandretta, Admiral Calthorpe resigned on the basis that this was against the armistice that he had signed and was assigned to another position on 5 August 1919. The movement of British units alarmed the population of the region and convinced them that Mustafa Kemal was right.
By early July, Mustafa Kemal Pasha received telegrams from the sultan and Calthorpe, asking him and Refet to cease his activities in Anatolia and return to the capital. Kemal was in Erzincan and did not want to return to Constantinople, concerned that the foreign authorities might have designs for him beyond the sultan's plans. Before resigning from his position, he dispatched a circular to all nationalist organizations and military commanders to not disband or surrender unless for the latter if they could be replaced by cooperative nationalist commanders. Now only a civilian stripped of his command, Mustafa Kemal was at the mercy of the new inspector of Third Army (renamed from Ninth Army) Karabekir Pasha, indeed the War Ministry ordered him to arrest Kemal, an order which Karabekir refused. The Erzurum Congress was a meeting of delegates and governors from the six Eastern Vilayets. They drafted the National Pact (Misak-ı Millî), which envisioned new borders for the Ottoman Empire by applying principles of national self-determination per Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points and the abolition of the capitulations. The Erzurum Congress concluded with a circular that was effectively a declaration of independence: All regions within Ottoman borders upon the signing of the Mudros Armistice were indivisible from the Ottoman state –Greek and Armenian claims on Thrace and Anatolia were moot– and assistance from any country not coveting Ottoman territory was welcome. If the government in Constantinople was not able to attain this after electing a new parliament, they insisted a provisional government should be promulgated to defend Turkish sovereignty. The Committee of Representation was established as a provisional executive body based in Anatolia, with Mustafa Kemal Pasha as its chairman.
Following the congress, the Committee of Representation relocated to Sivas. As announced in the Amasya Circular, a new congress was held there in September with delegates from all Anatolian and Thracian provinces. The Sivas Congress repeated the points of the National Pact agreed to in Erzurum, and united the various regional Defence of National Rights Associations organizations, into a united political organisation: Anatolia and Rumeli Defence of Rights Association (A-RMHC), with Mustafa Kemal as its chairman. In an effort show his movement was in fact a new and unifying movement, the delegates had to swear an oath to discontinue their relations with the CUP and to never revive the party (despite most present in Sivas being previous members).[120] It was also decided there that the Ottoman Empire should not be a League of Nations mandate under the United States, especially after the U.S Senate failed to ratify American membership in the League.
Momentum was now on the Nationalists' side. A plot by a loyalist Ottoman governor and a British intelligence officer to arrest Kemal before the Sivas Congress led to the cutting of all ties with the Ottoman government until a new election would be held in the lower house of parliament, the Chamber of Deputies. In October 1919, the last Ottoman governor loyal to Constantinople fled his province. Fearing the outbreak of hostilities, all British troops stationed in the Black Sea coast and Kütahya were evacuated. Damat Ferid Pasha resigned, and the sultan replaced him with a general with nationalist credentials: Ali Rıza Pasha. On 16 October 1919, Ali Rıza and the Nationalists held negotiations in Amasya. They agreed in the Amasya Protocol that an election would be called for the Ottoman Parliament to establish national unity by upholding the resolutions made in the Sivas Congress, including the National Pact.
By October 1919, the Ottoman government only held de facto control over Constantinople; the rest of the Ottoman Empire was loyal to Kemal's movement to resist a partition of Anatolia and Thrace. Within a few months Mustafa Kemal went from General Inspector of the Ninth Army to a renegade military commander discharged for insubordination to leading a homegrown anti-Entente movement that overthrew a government and driven it into resistance.
In December 1919, an election was held for the Ottoman parliament, with polls only open in unoccupied Anatolia and Thrace. It was boycotted by Ottoman Greeks, Ottoman Armenians and the Freedom and Accord Party, resulting in groups associated with the Turkish Nationalist Movement winning, including the A-RMHC. The Nationalists' obvious links to the CUP made the election especially polarizing and voter intimidation and ballot box stuffing in favor of the Kemalists were regular occurrences in rural provinces. This controversy led to many of the nationalist MPs organizing the National Salvation Group separate from Kemal's movement, which risked the nationalist movement splitting in two.
Mustafa Kemal was elected an MP from Erzurum, but he expected the Allies neither to accept the Harbord report nor to respect his parliamentary immunity if he went to the Ottoman capital, hence he remained in Anatolia. Mustafa Kemal and the Committee of Representation moved from Sivas to Ankara so that he could keep in touch with as many deputies as possible as they traveled to Constantinople to attend the parliament.
Though Ali Rıza Pasha called the election as per the Amasya Protocol to keep unity between the "Istanbul government" and "Ankara government", he was wrong to think the election could bring him any legitimacy. The Ottoman parliament was under the de facto control of the British battalion stationed at Constantinople and any decisions by the parliament had to have the signatures of both Ali Rıza Pasha and the battalion's commanding officer. The only laws that passed were those acceptable to, or specifically ordered by the British.
On 12 January 1920, the last session of the Chamber of Deputies met in the capital. First the sultan's speech was presented, and then a telegram from Mustafa Kemal, manifesting the claim that the rightful government of Turkey was in Ankara in the name of the Committee of Representation. On 28 January the MPs from both sides of the isle secretly met to endorse the National Pact as a peace settlement. They added to the points passed in Sivas, calling for plebiscites to be held in West Thrace; Batum, Kars, and Ardahan, and Arab lands on whether to stay in the Empire or not. Proposals were also made to elect Kemal president of the Chamber;[clarification needed] however, this was deferred in the certain knowledge that the British would prorogue the Chamber. The Chamber of Deputies would be forcefully dissolved for passing the National Pact anyway. The National Pact solidified Nationalist interests, which were in conflict with the Allied plans.
From February to April, leaders of Britain, France, and Italy met in London to discuss the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire and the crisis in Anatolia. The British began to sense that the elected Ottoman government was under Kemalist influence and if left unchecked, the Entente could once again find themselves at war with the Empire. The Ottoman government was not doing all that it could to suppress the Nationalists.
Mustafa Kemal manufactured a crisis to pressure the Istanbul government to pick a side by deploying Kuva-yi Milliye towards İzmit. The British, concerned about the security of the Bosporus Strait, demanded Ali Rıza Pasha to reassert control over the area, to which he responded with his resignation to the sultan.
As they were negotiating the partition of the Ottoman Empire, the Allies were growing increasingly concerned about the Turkish National Movement. To this end, the Allied occupational authorities in Istanbul began to plan a raid to arrest nationalist politicians and journalists along with occupying military and police installations and government buildings. On 16 March 1920, the coup was carried out; several Royal Navy warships were anchored in the Galata Bridge to support British forces, including the Indian Army, while they carried out the arrests and occupied several government buildings in the early hours of the morning.
An Indian Army operation, the Şehzadebaşı raid, resulted in 5 Ottoman soldiers from the 10th Infantry Division being killed when troops raided their barracks. Among those arrested were the senior leadership of the Turkish National Movement and former members of the CUP. 150 arrested Turkish politicians accused of war crimes were interned in Malta and became known as the Malta exiles.
Mustafa Kemal was ready for this move. He warned all the Nationalist organisations that there would be misleading declarations from the capital. He warned that the only way to counter Allied movements was to organise protests. He declared "Today the Turkish nation is called to defend its capacity for civilization, its right to life and independence – its entire future".
On 18 March, the Chamber of Deputies declared that it was unacceptable to arrest five of its members, and dissolved itself. Mehmed VI confirmed this and declared the end of Constitutional Monarchy and a return to absolutism. University students were forbidden from joining political associations inside and outside the classroom. With the lower elected Chamber of Deputies shuttered, the Constitution terminated, and the capital occupied; Sultan Vahdettin, his cabinet, and the appointed Senate were all that remained of the Ottoman government, and were basically a puppet regime of the Allied powers. Grand Vizier Salih Hulusi Pasha declared Mustafa Kemal's struggle legitimate, and resigned after less than a month in office. In his place, Damat Ferid Pasha returned to the premiership. The Sublime Porte's decapitation by the Entente allowed Mustafa Kemal to consolidate his position as the sole leader of Turkish resistance against the Allies, and to that end made him the legitimate representative of the Turkish people.
The strong measures taken against the Nationalists by the Allies in March 1920 began a distinct new phase of the conflict. Mustafa Kemal sent a note to the governors and force commanders, asking them to conduct elections to provide delegates for a new parliament to represent the Ottoman (Turkish) people, which would convene in Ankara. With the proclamation of the counter-government, Kemal would then ask the sultan to accept its authority. Mustafa Kemal appealed to the Islamic world, asking for help to make sure that everyone knew he was still fighting in the name of the sultan who was also the caliph. He stated he wanted to free the caliph from the Allies. He found an ally in the Khilafat movement of British India, where Indians protested Britain's planned dismemberment of Turkey. A committee was also started for sending funds to help the soon to be proclaimed Ankara government of Mustafa Kemal. A flood of supporters moved to Ankara just ahead of the Allied dragnets. Included among them were Halide Edip and Abdülhak Adnan (Adıvar), Mustafa İsmet Pasha (İnönü), Mustafa Fevzi Pasha (Çakmak), many of Kemal's allies in the Ministry of War, and Celalettin Arif, the president of the now shuttered Chamber of Deputies. Celaleddin Arif's desertion of the capital was of great significance, as he declared that the Ottoman Parliament had been dissolved illegally.
Some 100 members of the Chamber of Deputies were able to escape the Allied roundup and joined 190 deputies elected. In March 1920, Turkish revolutionaries announced the establishment of a new parliament in Ankara known as the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (GNA) that was dominated by the A-RMHC.[citation needed] The parliament included Turks, Circassians, Kurds, and one Jew. They met in a building that used to serve as the provincial headquarters of the local CUP chapter. The inclusion of "Turkey" in its name reflected a increasing trend of new ways Ottoman citizens thought of their country, and was the first time it was formally used as the name of the country. On 23 April, the assembly, assuming full governmental powers, gathered for the first time, electing Mustafa Kemal its first Speaker and Prime Minister.
Hoping to undermine the Nationalist Movement, Mehmed VI issued a fatwa to qualify the Turkish revolutionaries as infidels, calling for the death of its leaders. The fatwa stated that true believers should not go along with the Nationalist Movement as they committed apostasy. The mufti of Ankara Rifat Börekçi issued a simultaneous fatwa, declaring that the caliphate was under the control of the Entente and the Ferid Pasha government. In this text, the Nationalist Movement's goal was stated as freeing the sultanate and the caliphate from its enemies. In reaction to the desertion of several prominent figures to the Nationalist Movement, Ferid Pasha ordered Halide Edip, Ali Fuat and Mustafa Kemal to be sentenced to death in absentia for treason.
On 28 April the sultan raised 4,000 soldiers known as the Kuva-yi İnzibatiye (Caliphate Army) to combat the Nationalists. Then using money from the Allies, another force about 2,000 strong from non-Muslim inhabitants were initially deployed in İznik. The sultan's government sent the forces under the name of the Caliphate Army to the revolutionaries to arouse counterrevolutionary sympathy. The British, being skeptical of how formidable these insurgents were, decided to use irregular power to counteract the revolutionaries. The Nationalist forces were distributed all around Turkey, so many smaller units were dispatched to face them. In İzmit there were two battalions of the British army. These units were to be used to rout the partisans under the command of Ali Fuat and Refet Pasha.
Anatolia had many competing forces on its soil: British troops, Nationalist militia (Kuva-yi Milliye), the sultan's army (Kuva-yi İnzibatiye), and Anzavur's bands. On 13 April 1920, an uprising supported by Anzavur against the GNA occurred at Düzce as a direct consequence of the fatwa. Within days the rebellion spread to Bolu and Gerede. The movement engulfed northwestern Anatolia for about a month. On 14 June, Nationalist militia fought a pitched battle near İzmit against the Kuva-yi İnzibatiye, Anzavur's bands, and British units. Yet under heavy attack some of the Kuva-yi İnzibatiye deserted and joined the Nationalist militia. Anzavur was not so lucky, as the Nationalists tasked Ethem the Circassian with crushing Anzavur's revolt. This revealed the sultan did not have the unwavering support of his own men and allies. Meanwhile, the rest of these forces withdrew behind the British lines which held their position. For now, Istanbul was out of Ankara's grasp.
The clash outside İzmit brought serious consequences. British forces conducted combat operations on the Nationalists and the Royal Air Force carried out aerial bombardments against the positions, which forced Nationalist forces to temporarily retreat to more secure missions. The British commander in Turkey, General George Milne—, asked for reinforcements. This led to a study to determine what would be required to defeat the Turkish Nationalists. The report, signed by French Field Marshal Ferdinand Foch, concluded that 27 divisions were necessary, but the British army did not have 27 divisions to spare. Also, a deployment of this size could have disastrous political consequences back home. World War I had just ended, and the British public would not support another lengthy and costly expedition.
The British accepted the fact that a nationalist movement could not be defeated without deployment of consistent and well-trained forces. On 25 June, the forces originating from Kuva-i İnzibatiye were dismantled under British supervision. The British realised that the best option to overcome these Turkish Nationalists was to use a force that was battle-tested and fierce enough to fight the Turks on their own soil. The British had to look no further than Turkey's neighbor already occupying its territory: Greece.
Eleftherios Venizelos, pessimistic of the rapidly deteriorating situation in Anatolia, requested to the Allies that a peace treaty be drawn up with the hope that fighting would stop. The subsequent treaty of Sèvres in August 1920 confirmed the Arab provinces of the empire would be reorganized into new nations given to Britain and France in the form of Mandates by the League of Nations, while the rest of the Empire would be partitioned between Greece, Italy, France (via Syrian mandate), Britain (via Iraqi mandate), Armenia (potentially under an American mandate), and Georgia. Smyrna would hold a plebiscite on whether to stay with Greece or Turkey, and the Kurdistan region would hold one on the question of independence. British, French, and Italian spheres of influence would also extend into Anatolia beyond the land concessions. The old capital of Constantinople as well as the Dardanelles would be under international League of Nations control.
However, the treaty could never come into effect. The treaty was extremely unpopular, with protests against the final document held even before its release in Sultanahmet square. Though Mehmed VI and Ferid Pasha loathed the treaty, they did not want Istanbul to join Ankara in nationalist struggle. The Ottoman government and Greece never ratified it. Though Ferid Pasha signed the treaty, the Ottoman Senate, the upper house with seats appointed by the sultan, refused to ratify the treaty. Greece disagreed on the borders drawn. The other allies began to fracture their support of the settlement immediately. Italy started openly supporting the Nationalists with arms by the end of 1920, and the French signed another separate peace treaty with Ankara only months later.
Kemal's GNA Government responded to the Treaty of Sèvres by promulgating a new constitution in January 1921. The resulting constitution consecrated the principle of popular sovereignty; authority not deriving from the unelected sultan, but from the Turkish people who elect governments representative of their interests. This document became the legal basis for the war of independence by the GNA, as the sultan's signature of the Treaty of Sèvres would be unconstitutional as his position was not elected. While the constitution did not specify a future role of the sultan, the document gave Kemal ever more legitimacy in the eyes of Turks for justified resistance against Istanbul.
In contrast to the Eastern and Western fronts, it was mostly unorganized Kuva-yi Milliye which were fighting in the Southern Front against France. They had help from the Syrians, who were fighting their own war with the French.
The British troops which occupied coastal Syria by the end of World War I were replaced by French troops over 1919, with the Syrian interior going to Faisal bin Al-Hussein's self-proclaimed Arab Kingdom of Syria. France which wanted to take control of all of Syria and Cilicia. There was also a desire facilitate the return of Armenian refugees in the region to their homes, and the occupation force consisted of the French Armenian Legion as well as various Armenian militia groups. 150,000 Armenians were repatriated to their homes within months of French occupation. On 21 January 1920, a Turkish Nationalist uprising and siege occurred against the French garrison in Marash. The French position untenable they retreated to Islahiye, resulting in a massacre of many Armenians by Turkish militia. A grueling siege followed in Antep which featured intense sectarian violence between Turks and Armenians. After a failed uprising by the Nationalists in Adana, by 1921, the French and Turks signed an armistice and eventually a treaty was brokered demarcating the border between the Ankara government and French controlled Syria. In the end, there was a mass exodus of Cilician Armenians to French controlled Syria, Previous Armenian survivors of deportation found themselves again as refugees and families which avoided the worst of the six years violence were forced from their homes, ending thousands of years of Christian presence in Southern Anatolia.[146] With France being the first Allied power to recognize and negotiate with the Ankara government only months after signing the Treaty of Sèvres, it was the first to break from the coordinated Allied approach to the Eastern question. In 1923 the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon under French authority would be proclaimed in former Ottoman territory.
Some efforts to coordinate between Turkish Nationalists and the Syrian rebels persisted from 1920 to 1921, with the Nationalists supporting the Faisal's kingdom through Ibrahim Hanunu and Alawite groups which were also fighting the French. While the French conquered Syria, Cilicia had to be abandoned.
Kuva-yi Milliye also engaged with British forces in the "Al-Jazira Front," primarily in Mosul. Ali İhsan Pasha (Sabis) and his forces defending Mosul would surrender to the British in October 1918, but the British ignored the armistice and seized the city, following which the pasha also ignored the armistice and distributed weapons to the locals. Even before Mustafa Kemal's movement was fully organized, rogue commanders found allies in Kurdish tribes. The Kurds detested the taxes and centralization the British demanded, including Shaykh Mahmud of the Barzani family. Having previously supported the British invasion of Mesopotamia to become the governor of South Kurdistan, Mahmud revolted but was apprehended by 1919. Without legitimacy to govern the region, he was released from captivity to Sulaymaniyah, where he again declared an uprising against the British as the King of Kurdistan. Though an alliance existed with the Turks, little material support came to him from Ankara, and by 1923 there was a desire to cease hostilities between the Turks and British at Barzanji's expense. Mahmud was overthrown in 1924, and after a 1926 plebiscite, Mosul was awarded to British-controlled Iraq.
Since 1917, the Caucasus was in a chaotic state. The border of newly independent Armenia and the Ottoman Empire was defined in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (3 March 1918) after the Bolshevik revolution, and later by the Treaty of Batum (4 June 1918). To the east, Armenia was at war with the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic after the breakup of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, and received support from Anton Denikin's White Russian Army. It was obvious that after the Armistice of Mudros (30 October 1918) the eastern border was not going to stay as it was drawn, which mandated the evacuation of the Ottoman army back to its 1914 borders. Right after the Armistice of Mudros was signed, pro-Ottoman provisional republics were proclaimed in Kars and Aras which were subsequently invaded by Armenia. Ottoman soldiers were convinced not to demobilize lest the area become a 'second Macedonia'.[149] Both sides of the new borders had massive refugee populations and famine, which were compounded by the renewed and more symmetric sectarian violence (See Massacres of Azerbaijanis in Armenia (1917–1921) and Muslim uprisings in Kars and Sharur–Nakhichevan). There were talks going on with the Armenian Diaspora and Allied Powers on reshaping the border. Woodrow Wilson agreed to transfer territories to Armenia based on the principles of national self-determination. The results of these talks were to be reflected on the Treaty of Sèvres (10 August 1920).
Kâzım Karabekir Pasha, commander of the XV corps, encountered Muslim refugees fleeing from the Armenian army, but did not have the authority to cross the border. Karabekir's two reports (30 May and 4 June 1920) outlined the situation in the region. He recommended redrawing the eastern borders, especially around Erzurum. The Russian government was receptive to this and demanded that Van and Bitlis be transferred to Armenia. This was unacceptable to the Turkish revolutionaries. However, Soviet support was absolutely vital for the Turkish Nationalist movement, as Turkey was underdeveloped and had no domestic armaments industry. Bakir Sami (Kunduh) was assigned to negotiate with the Bolsheviks.
On 24 September 1920, Karabekir's XV corps and Kurdish militia advance on Kars, blowing through Armenian opposition, and then Alexandropol. With an advance on Yerevan imminent, on 28 November 1920, the 11th Red Army under the command of Anatoliy Gekker crossed over into Armenia from Soviet Azerbaijan, and the Armenian government surrendered to Bolshevik forces, ending the conflict.
The Treaty of Alexandropol (2—3 December 1920) was the first treaty (although illegitimate) signed by the Turkish revolutionaries. The 10th article in the Treaty of Alexandropol stated that Armenia renounced the Treaty of Sèvres and its allotted partition of Anatolia. The agreement was signed with representatives of the former government of Armenia, which by that time had no de jure or de facto power in Armenia, since Soviet rule was already established in the country. On 16 March 1921, the Bolsheviks and Turkey signed a more comprehensive agreement, the Treaty of Kars, which involved representatives of Soviet Armenia, Soviet Azerbaijan, and Soviet Georgia.
Throughout most of his life, Atatürk was a moderate-to-heavy drinker, often consuming half a litre of rakı a day; he also smoked tobacco, predominantly in the form of cigarettes. During 1937, indications that Atatürk's health was worsening started to appear. In early 1938, while on a trip to Yalova, he suffered from a serious illness. He went to Istanbul for treatment, where he was diagnosed with cirrhosis. During his stay in Istanbul, he made an effort to keep up with his regular lifestyle, but eventually succumbed to his illness. He died on 10 November 1938, at the age of 57, in the Dolmabahçe Palace.
Atatürk's funeral called forth both sorrow and pride in Turkey, and 17 countries sent special representatives, while nine contributed armed detachments to the cortège. Atatürk's remains were originally laid to rest in the Ethnography Museum of Ankara, but they were transferred on 10 November 1953 (15 years after his death) in a 42-ton sarcophagus to a mausoleum overlooking Ankara, Anıtkabir.
In his will, Atatürk donated all of his possessions to the Republican People's Party, provided that the yearly interest of his funds would be used to look after his sister Makbule and his adopted children, and fund the higher education of İsmet İnönü's children. The remainder was willed to the Turkish Language Association and the Turkish Historical Society.
THE HAZZARD RANGE HERALD
7:56 AM 10 /31/2015
Hazzard Range County Sheriff's office ( HRCSO ) Sergeant Parker Walles and Deputy Andrew Lopez were dispatched abandoned property along Old mill rd near junction of Cow pie rd to report of gun shots . Scene investigated and cleared.
While most people east of me were not to thrilled to hear that this train stopped at the holding point I was ecstatic. The baretable with the amazing EMD pair throttles up east on Main 2 at the Belmont intermediates.
~Downers Grove, IL
11/15/12
2nd 1st rnd : in a stunning upset david forces tats to submit at 25 seconds.
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2nd2nd rnd : Predator is forced to submit to david after only 45 seconds
2nd3rd : Using his signature torture rack david scores an upset victory over goon in only 35 secs.
2nd4th : the battle of torture rack vs bearhug is decided when david forced emery to submit after a 50 sec match
2nd 4th : David quickly dispatched mountie with his signature torture rack at only 25 seconds
2nd Championship : Ant counted on his speed to help him defeat the monstrous david (who had never had a match even last a minute). Ant hoped that david didnt have endurance and would quickly tire when forcded to go longer than usual. Whether or not it would have worked was irrelevant when Ant scored a surprising KO over David with a clothesline followed by a sleeper that put the big man asleep at only 35 seconds. Ant retained the title
After the match david was furious at himself for the slip that allowed ant to give him his 1st defeat. He said that he had never been so embarraresed because he threw one punch, which ant ducked and then ant came off the ropes and delivered a clothesline to the offbalance david. when david hit the ground ant dropped an elbow across his back then got him in a sleeperhold. 20 seconds later david was out.
3.1 : This rematch looked exactly like the 1st match, except for the fact that it lasted less time than the 1sr one. David forced emery to submit at only 40 seconds.
David got back his pride from his loss to ant. He later put forth a challenge to Ant/
3.2 getting back into his winning ways mason is forced to submit in davids torture rack at only 45 second
3/2 using a bear hug instead of his rack david forces wolfe to submit in only 23 seconds
33 don becomes yet another victim of david when he is forced to submit by davids new favorite move the bearhug
34 everyone was somewhat shocked when david scored an easy sub victory over teh monstrous angel
35 david shocked everyone when he didnt try to force a submission from ant and instead wrestled him. he showed that he can do more than just power moves and when he secured a sleeper hold on the champ it was all over. after a 3 minute 17 second match david avemged himself by a victory over the only man who had ever taken him past the minute mark much less beat him.
everyone else was a little scared because the monster had proven that he wasnt some power guy without endurance. he could fight you rather than submit you
david established himself as a true threat. he and ant each have only lost one match and that was to each other
3rd champ match in this mcuh anticipated rematch mountie showed that he had improved since his humiliating defeat by david. However he still was forced to submit to david in a bearhug at 1:15 seconds.
David said "From what I see tyhis is only the beginning of a very long title reign for me. I know that I can beat ant and he is really the only one who has given me a challenge. I will not just sit back and wait for the final round to fight. I will prove I deserve this title by defending it in every round of the next tourney"
4/1` 15 put up a hell of a fight but in the end he was no match for the champ David who once again didnt go for a quick qin but instead fought his opponent for 3 minutes before pinning the rookie
4/2 in a surprisingly competitive match scott and david fought for 10 minutes. david finally caught scott in a torture rack and forced him to submit after 11 minutes
4/3 ryback was pinned by david in a very close match that saw the first time anyone had ever gotten a two count on david
4/4 david easily destroyed chris masters
4/5 even david was shocked when the trucker unleashed a flurry of punches that rocked the champion. however trucker pulled teh champ up before the 3 count. this mistake ended up costing him when david rallied soon thereafter and pinned trucker
noone had ever had the champ beaten like that. if trucker had gone for it he definitely would have won the match
4/6 trip shocked the world when he caught david in a bearhug and forced the campion to fight his way out of it. 3 minutes later david got his own bearhug on trip and forced him to submit after 3 excrusiating minutes of the hold
4/champ in a site never before seen pops dominated teh champion. davids power and experience never came into play as the ferocious pops took charge right away and never relinquished it. he pulled david up from a sure 3 count 7 times before he finally used david's own signature torture rack to force the champion to submit.
throughout their 5 minute match david never made any offensive moves . he was helpless against the monster who enjoyed humiliating him and making him look like a jobber.
after the match david said that he would definitely learn from the defeat and be better the next time they fought
5/1 showing that he had learned alot since his recent loss to pops.........david destroyed scott
5/2 david defeated bw effortlessly
5/3 showing that he still had the ability to destroy with his power david dominated emery once again and forced a bearhug submission
5/4 david once more scored a victory against ant.
5/5 trip was no match for the new and more aggressive David. David scored a sub victory over the big man
5/champ for the first minute this match looked like it would be a vewry close contest. however when pops connected with a right cross to david's jaw the former champion never recovered. Pops beat him relentlessly and over and over yelled at the prostrate david YOU WERE SUPOSED TO LEARN FROM OUR LAST MATCH AND GIVE ME A BETTER FIGHT
he even seemed angry that he was controlling david so easily and that came out in the viscious beating he gave to david.
David left the ring covered in blood and unconscious after pops finally put a foot on davids heaving chest and allowed the ref to count to 3. He shook his head in disappointment the whole time.
6/1 evan lost to david in a quick ko of the newcomer by a decidedly more focused david
6/2 david destroyed sammy
6/3 david easily defeated bane
6/4 david once more defeated emery
6/5 branch waas easily dispatched by david
6/champ: for the 1st time ever pops had a very tough match with david. Noone had ever been even a challenge to pops. Every match he dominated from the start and never was in a position where it even looked like he was on the defensive.
David showed that he had learned alot from his previous beatings at pops' hands. for the 1st time in all the times he had faced pops he actually put up an offensive and pops definitely was on the defensive alot.
However despite making a better showing for himself david still lost this match to pops. However after he submitted to pops both men got up and shook hands.
Pops looked ecstatic after the match and told reporters. I cant wait to see how much better he is the next time we fight. That was awesome and I want more.
7/1 david easily defeated lazo
7/2 thong quickly submitted to davids bearhug
7/3 david easily defeated mountie
7/4 dennis was easily destroyed by david
7/5 tow was completely dominated by david in this match
7/6 in a complete shocker alan dominated david after he used a pair of brass knuckles to knock the former champ out. he then inflicted so much damage that it was announced that david would not be able to take part in the next tourney. observers question why he used the knucks because at the time he was easily in control of the matdch and had david on the ropes. He said that he just wanted to make teh big dumb ape suffer ALOT
8/1 against advice david took part in this tourney. despite a sluggish start he surprised everyone by quickly dispatching emery. Emery did make more of a show of himself this match, but even when still recovering from his loss to alan he had emery outclassed
8/2 david defeated a stunned long with a series of boxing blows
8/3 david scored a pinfall over tow even though alan tried to distract him from outside
8/4 capitalizing on the injuries david recieved from alan benji shocked everyone when he forced the massive former champion to submit with davids own signature torture rack
9/1 david decided not not to take part in this tourney so bb was allowed to advance
10/1 once more david opted out of the tourney and let mc advance
11/1 davic makes his long awaited return to the ring in a match with matt duval. his time off seemed to have served him well as he showed alot of new skills and moves in his total domination of matt duval
11/2 david continued to impress with his skills in his victory over joseph
11/3 david dominated and forced purp to submit
11/4 showing that his victory over pops was no fluke Deck took control of this match with david almost immediately. However after 5 minutes of complete domination of david he stopped to grandstand and showboat. David, being the consumate performere he is used that opportunity to roll deck up in a small package a score the 1-2-3
11/5 in a truly shocking match mountie pinned david after david was distracted by Deck. after he scored the victory mountie and deck proceeded to beat david into a bloody pulp. After 5 minutes of brutalization david was left unconscious and bloody in the ring. Later it was announced that he had recieved a broken arm a fractured leg, 5 broken ribs and a concusion
12/1 due to injuries susptained in his beating from deck and mountie david declined to fight and upper was given the free pass this round
12/2 due to injuries david opted out of this match so jimmy was given a pass
13/1 due to his injuries david declined to participate so pops had a free round
14/1 david declined to participate so scott k got a free pass
15/1 david once more declined to participate so bb recieved a by this round
16/1 making a much anticipated return to the ring david showed why he is considered one of the best and easily destroyed face
16/2 david recieved a by
16/4 this rematch between pops and david was a long time coming and its results were unlike any other match the two had had before. David showed incredbile improvement by defeating pops. afterwards they shook hands nad pops said that he was proud to have finally lost to david
16/5 david and ty faced off against each other and it was an incredible match. In the end however ty was able to gain the upper hand and then never let go until he forced david to submit using david's own torture rack to do so
17/1 David was shocked by the power and skill of trey and their match was extremely competitive. However in the end david was able to secure his signature torture rack and get the victory
17/2 once again david handed face a crushing defeat
17/3 shock didnt even begin to describe the reactions to the beating that chain gave david right from the beginning of the match. However david is a great fighter and he saw an opening and used in to score the victory from the jaws of defeat
17/4 david solidly defeated the welshman
17/5 supkyle came into the match with something to prove. he desperately wanted to beat one of the greatest fighters ever and he also wanted to advance to the next round and get his revenge on ty for the humiliation he suffered from him.
However David was no pushover and theis match was a match befitting of two great competitors. but once again supkyle let his ego get the better of him and when he flexed for the crowd after he had felled david with a nasty bulldog, david turned the tables and scored a pin on the egomaniac.
after wards david said "if this guy would get his ego in check he probably would have been the one to give hughes his 1st defeat. He should have pinned me after that bulldog and he would have gotten the win. instead he celebrated a victory he didnt get yet."
17/champ hoping to gain a victory over ty and regain the championship david was focused on this match. Before the match ty told reporters "I trounced this guy before and i know that I can and will do so again. He's a great fighter but he cant hold a candle to the champ."
David just said "Ty beat me fairly once before and I intend to clear that blemish from my record by returning the favor and taking his title in the bargain."
The match began and they went at it tooth and nail. However ty took control of the match and began to dish out a beating to david. That didnt last and david took control and showed his devestating power.
After several more changes of who was in control Ty succeeded in taking control and this time he didnt relinquish it. He beat david down and once again got david to beg for mercy and an end to the match by using david's signiture torture rack.
After david submitted ty raised his hands in victory and bent over and told david " Dont ever think you have what it takes. next time we meet I will beat you so bad you will never be able to fight again. Take my advice retire. or I will make you retire."
david told reporters later that he would not retire and that while he respected ty's abilities he was going to train so that he could teach 'the little punk' a lesson he richly needs.
18/1 newly focused on toppling ty from his top spot david tore into rick with a visciousness unseen from the normally easy going fighter. Rick couldnt do anything that would save him from being totally destroyed other than to beg david to stop
18/2 despite his performance in his debut when one faces off against one of the best fighters ever it shouldnt surprise anyone when they get dominated. fank was defeated by david in this match
18/3 the match between david and affli was so one sided that the defeated affli never even got a chance to mount any offense. within 1 minute affli was in david's torture rack screaming for mercy. david eventually let him down and got the victory. He told the cameras "just getting tired of these weak ass fighters while I wait around to bring some pain to ty'
18/4 determined to revenge himself against david for his recent loss to him supkyle came on strong right away. He remained focused on the task at hand but it was not the one he expected. After controlling the match for the 1st minute supkyle found himself losing the initiative and recieving another beating from david. David forced supkyle to submit with a torture rack and then when supkyle submitted he told the cameras 'I hope ty is ready for our match. As you can see Im waiting eagerly for it'
18/5 Shock was the order of the day when david faced cento. The rookie told david 'this is going to be so I awesome I have wanted to kick your ass for years and now I get the chance to.'
David said 'well you are certainly welcome to try.'
Not only did cento try but he took control of the match and destroyed david as though it was nothing. HE kept his cheery smile on his face the whole time even when he took the motionless david up off the ground and told him 'I always wanted to get you to submit to me in your own favorite move. so here comes the torture rack buddy."
Then he put david up on his shoulders and applied the pressure. Within moments david was screaming out his submission and cento dropped his helpless victim to the ground. Then he schoolboy pinned him and said "god that was sure fun dave. lets do it again real soon.'
Then he left the defeated david to gather his wits about him in the ring
19/1 david destroyed artatwood
19/3 alana lost to david
19/4 once more the welshman was defeated by david
19/5 Deck was easily defeated by an invigorated david
19/6 it seemed that upsets were the order of the day when david was defeated by jordan
20/1 devi was no match for david
20/2 david pinned ant
20/3 david and falon fought a great fight but in the end david was able to force falon to submit
20/4 david narrowly scored a victory over benji
20/5 david easily defeated bfranch
20/6 in a shockingly competitive match david was barely able to score a pinfall over rookie nathaniel
21/1 in a stunning and completely unexpected debut match derick faced off against david. surprising everyone in attendance he took control of the match immediately and never let up. he dominated and squashed the former champion with ease.
22/1 david easily and quickly dispatched alana
22/1 thomas was defeated by david
22/3 continueing to prove his worth chris wide took on david and in a very even matchup succeeded in scoring a pinfall over him to remain champion
23/1 dannyd was defeated by david
23/2 in a stunning upset kyles defeated david
24/1 zilla seemed to gain new life and showed impressive skill when he was able to pin david
25/1 David hoped to break the longest losing streak of his carreer when he faced off against JT.........However teh rookie was not about to have the beginnings of his 1st losing streak begin. JT was able to score a pin over david after a very grueling b ack and forth matchup
26/1 Edgar continued to show dominating power when he was able to defeat david
27/1 David broke his losing streak with his dominating victory over onesy
27/2 david made a better showing but was still defeated by JT in this rematch
28/1 david easily defeated Nathaniel
28/2 david dominatedd dandecker
28/3 Blake continued to shock when he pinned david
29/1 onesy lost to dacvid
29/2 Jordan easily dispatched with david
30/1 mc lost to david
30/1 david defeated bern
30/3 David was unable to gain the upperhand against the powerful garis and he was finally forced to submit to the rookie
31/1 David was easily defeated by Dyno
32/1 David was defeated in a shocking upset by Deck
33/1 David scored a big victory when he pinned Yana to advance. Everyone was shocked to realize that they had never faced one another before
33/2 evan lost to david
33/3 david defeated trunk
33/4 Merc pinned David
34/1 Jordan defeated david
35/1 nathaniel lost to david
35/1 Benji pulled off a big victory when he was able to pin David
36/1 Still suffering from his loss to Benji David was easy prey for Baller
37/1 Joey was able to pin David
38/1 Newman's debut was amazing considering he completely squashed David the entire match
39/1 kyles lost to david
39/2 derick pinned david
40/1 Jack shocked everyone wiht his dirty tricks that allowed him to score a victory over david
41/1 David lost to yana
42/1 david lost to alexi
43/1 wolfie lost to david
43/2 Erisca defeated david
44/1 david pinned martin
44/2 david lost to tomas
44/1 David once again was pinned by alexi
46/1 Jhand lost to david
46/2 arch pinned david
47/1 david lost to soma
48/1 lesu lost to david
48/2 alexi pinned david
51/1 reggie lost to david in a Big return to the ring
51/2 merc defeated david
52/1 Rios forced david to submit
53/1 Rip destroyed David
135/2 zen easily dominated david before forcing him to submit
153329 is seen being dispatched at Taunton on the 0537 Penzance to Cardiff Central service. Observed on 31st December 2015.
Spring Hill Tower in Terre Haute, Indiana, was not only the tower controlling the local Spring Hill and Belt Jct. plants, but it was the location of the dispatcher for the former Milwaukee Road's Terre Haute Division.
Here, the second trick dispatcher has just sat down and completed his turnover, and he's shuffling the paperwork on his desk.
These pictures were taken 15 years ago, on April 20, 1996.
El Cerrito Fire Department Engine 71, (dispatched by the Richmond FD, though...) make and model unknown, (to the poster...) zips across Stockton Avenue ("T" intersection...) on San Pablo Avenue in El Cerrito, CA, on a Code-3 call, with the paramedics right behind the engine. Taken by a Nikon F3 with a Nikkor 135mm ƒ 2.8 AIs lens on Kodak U-Max 400 film.
Scanned into computer by an Epson V700, with the Epson software.
Please DON'T blow this shot up any further than the standard view - the engine is out of focus, even at the ƒ 11 I shot this at...
I'm stopped at a stoplight, BTW...
The Sloman Dispatcher is seen here sailing upstream the river Schelde on its way to the port of Antwerp. It is sailing on voyage nr. 11.921.151.15 on which it calls on Bremen, Antwerp, Harwich, Leixoes, Oran, Cartagena, Mostanem, Algier and back to Bremen, Antwerp and Harwich
Not far in front of this vessel was the Sloman Provider and both vessels entered the port of Antwerp in the same lock
Length over all 138,01m
Beam : 21,00m
Max. draught : 8,00m
Gross registered tonnage : 9611
Nett tonnage : 4260
Deadweight : 12594
Built : 2012
Capacity : 12594cbm
Container capacity : 665 TEU + 264 FEU or 290 FEU + 85 TEU
Reefer plugs : 25 (50 reefers via splitters)
Gear : 2 cranes at 150 tons SWL
Speed : 15kn
A military messenger, mounted on horse or motorcycle and occasionally, in Egypt during World War I, on camel.
Despatch riders were used by armed forces to deliver urgent orders and messages between headquarters and military units. They had a vital role at a time when telephone communication was limited and insecure. They were also used to deliver carrier pigeons for increased flexibility on return journeys.
( thanks to Peter Tully for re-enactor photo )