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The Postcard

 

A postcard bearing no publisher's name that was posted in Croydon, Surrey using a 1d. stamp on Tuesday the 7th. August 1928 to:

 

Mr. & Mrs. Osborne,

c/o 'Burleigh',

Queen Street,

Dawlish,

S. Devon.

 

The message on the divided back of the card was as follows:

 

"This is just to let you

know that C. & I are

here quite safely.

Hope you had a good

journey.

My word it did rain when

we left home on Saturday,

but Sunday and today

have been just lovely.

I did not hear any news!

Don't forget to have a

real good time.

Syd.

c/o 28, Pitlake,

W. Croydon,

Surrey."

 

The Whitgift Foundation

 

The Whitgift Foundation is a charity based in Croydon, South London. The purpose of the charity is to provide education for the young, and care for the elderly.

 

The main activities of the charity are the operation of three independent schools, providing sheltered accommodation and nursing care through three care homes, and running the Carer's Information Service.

 

In addition, the charity provides bursaries and scholarships in excess of £5million a year.

 

The foundation is governed by a Court of Governors, including the Bishop of Croydon, the Vicar of Croydon, and nominees of the Archbishop of Canterbury and Croydon Council.

 

History of the Whitgift Foundation

 

Archbishop of Canterbury John Whitgift's liking for Croydon, and his fondness for the elderly and indigent, prompted him to ask Queen Elizabeth I for permission to build a Hospital for elderly people and a school.

 

Permission was granted, and the Whitgift Foundation was established in 1596 by John Whitgift. His aims were to provide care for the elderly and education for the young.

 

Originally three separate buildings were built, The Hospital of Holy Trinity (shown in the photograph), The School House and Schoolmaster’s House. The latter two were demolished in 1897, leaving the Almshouses as the only remaining original building.

 

The accommodation in The Almshouses included two rooms for the Archbishop himself. From 1599, when the first residents moved in, until his death in 1604, John Whitgift was a frequent visitor. He would dine with his ‘brothers and sisters’ in the Common Hall, and he came to look upon them as members of his own family.

 

The Whitgift Centre, a large shopping mall, now stands where the later Victorian school and surrounding buildings and sports fields were. These buildings were occupied firstly by Whitgift School prior to its move to Haling Park in south Croydon in 1931. Haling Park was originally the home of Lord Howard of Effingham.

 

The school buildings in North End, Croydon were then occupied by the Trinity School of John Whitgift, prior to its move to Shirley Park which was formerly the country seat of Lord Eldon.

 

Whitgift Schools

 

The Whitgift Foundation runs three independent day schools:

 

-- Whitgift School, for boys aged 10–19 years

 

-- Trinity School of John Whitgift, for boys aged 10–19 years, with a co-educational sixth form

 

-- Old Palace of John Whitgift School incorporating Old Palace Nursery, a co-educational Day Nursery for both boys and girls up to 4 years, and Old Palace of John Whitgift School for girls aged 4 to 19 years.

 

Grimsby

 

The John Whitgift Academy in Grimsby in Lincolnshire is named after John Whitgift, who was born in the town, but is not part of the Whitgift Foundation.

 

Italy's Emigration Laws

 

So what else happened on the day that Syd posted the card?

 

Well, on the 7th. August 1928, Italy tightened its emigration laws, making it harder for Italians to reunite with relatives living abroad.

 

Wives and sons could still join emigrated husbands and fathers, but only if they were dependent on them. Sisters had to be unmarried in order to join their brothers.

 

James Randi

 

Also on that day, James Randi was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

 

James Randi (born Randall James Hamilton Zwinge) was a Canadian-American stage magician, author and scientific skeptic who extensively challenged paranormal and pseudoscientific claims.

 

He was the co-founder of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI), and founder of the James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF).

 

Randi began his career as a magician under the stage name The Amazing Randi, and later chose to devote most of his time to investigating paranormal, occult, and supernatural claims, which he collectively called "woo-woo".

 

Randi retired from practising magic at the age of 60, and from his foundation at the age of 87.

 

Although often referred to as a "debunker", Randi said he disliked the term's connotations, and preferred to describe himself as an "investigator".

 

He wrote about paranormal phenomena, skepticism, and the history of magic. He was a frequent guest on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, famously exposing fraudulent faith healer Peter Popoff, and was occasionally featured on the television program Penn & Teller: Bullshit!

 

Before Randi's retirement, JREF sponsored the One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge, which offered a prize of one million US dollars to eligible applicants who could demonstrate evidence of any paranormal, supernatural, or occult power or event under test conditions agreed to by both parties.

 

In 2015, the James Randi Educational Foundation said they will no longer accept applications directly from people claiming to have a paranormal power, but will offer the challenge to anyone who has passed a preliminary test that meets with their approval.

 

James Randi - The Early Years

 

Randi was the son of Marie Alice (née Paradis; 1906-1987) and George Randall Zwinge (1903-1967), an executive at Bell Telephone Company. James was of French, Danish and Austrian descent. He had a younger brother and sister.

 

James took up magic after reading conjuring books while spending 13 months in a body cast following a bicycle accident. He confounded doctors, who predicted that he would never walk again.

 

Randi scored 168 on an IQ test. However he often skipped classes, and at 17, dropped out of high school to perform as a conjurer in a carnival roadshow. He practised as a mentalist in local nightclubs and at Toronto's Canadian National Exhibition, as well as writing for Montreal's tabloid press.

 

As a teenager, James stumbled upon a church where the pastor claimed to read minds. After he re-enacted the trick before the parishioners, the pastor's wife called the police and he spent four hours in a jail cell. This event inspired his career as a scientific skeptic.

 

In his 20's, Randi posed as an astrologer, and to establish that astrologers were merely doing simple tricks, he briefly wrote an astrological column in the Canadian tabloid Midnight under the name "Zo-ran." James simply shuffled up items from newspaper astrology columns and pasted them randomly into his column.

 

In his 30's, Randi worked in the UK, Europe, Philippines and Japan. He witnessed many tricks that were presented as being supernatural. One of his earliest reported experiences was that of seeing an evangelist using a version of the "one-ahead" technique to convince churchgoers of his divine powers.

 

James Randi's Career

 

Although defining himself as a conjuror, Randi began a career as a professional stage magician and escapologist in 1946. He initially presented himself under his real name, Randall Zwinge, which he later dropped in favor of "The Amazing Randi".

 

Early in his career, he performed numerous escape acts from jail cells and safes around the world. On the 7th. February 1956, he appeared live on NBC's Today show, where he remained for 104 minutes in a sealed metal coffin that had been submerged in a hotel swimming pool, breaking what was said to be Harry Houdini's record of 93 minutes, though Randi called attention to the fact that he was much younger than Houdini had been when he established the original record in 1926.

 

James Randi was a frequent guest on the Long John Nebel program on New York City radio station WOR, and did character voices for commercials.  After Nebel left WOR in 1962, Randi was given his time slot, where he hosted The Amazing Randi Show from 1967 to 1968.

 

James's show often had guests who defended paranormal claims, among them Randi's then-friend James W. Moseley. Randi stated that he quit WOR over complaints from the archbishop of New York that Randi had said on-air that "Jesus Christ was a religious nut," a claim that Randi disputed.

 

Randi also hosted numerous television specials, and went on several world tours. As "The Amazing Randi" he appeared regularly on the New York-based children's television series Wonderama from 1959 to 1967.

 

In 1970, he auditioned for a revival of the 1950s children's show The Magic Clown, which showed briefly in Detroit and in Kenya, but was never picked up.

 

In the 2nd. February 1974 issue of the British conjuring magazine Abracadabra, Randi, in defining the community of magicians, stated:

 

"I know of no calling which depends

so much upon mutual trust and faith

as does ours."

 

The December 2003 issue of The Linking Ring, the monthly publication of the International Brotherhood of Magicians, stated:

 

"Perhaps Randi's ethics are what make

him Amazing. The Amazing Randi not

only talks the talk, he walks the walk."

 

During Alice Cooper's 1973–1974 Billion Dollar Babies tour, Randi performed on stage both as a mad dentist and as Cooper's executioner. He also built several of the stage props, including the guillotine.

 

In a 1976 performance for the Canadian TV Special World of Wizards, Randi escaped from a straitjacket while suspended upside-down over Niagara Falls.

 

Randi has been accused of actually using "psychic powers" to perform acts such as spoon bending. At a meeting where Randi was duplicating the performances of Uri Geller, a professor from the University at Buffalo shouted out that Randi was a fraud. Randi replied:

 

"Yes, indeed, I'm a trickster, I'm a

cheat, I'm a charlatan, that's what

I do for a living. Everything I've

done here was by trickery."

 

The professor shouted back:

 

"That's not what I mean. You're a

fraud because you're pretending

to do these things through trickery,

but you're actually using psychic

powers and misleading us by not

admitting it."

 

A similar event involved Senator Claiborne Pell, a confirmed believer in psychic phenomena. When Randi personally demonstrated to Pell that he could reveal—by simple trickery—a concealed drawing that had been secretly made by the senator, Pell refused to believe that it was a trick, saying:

 

"I think Randi may be a psychic

and doesn't realize it."

 

Randi consistently denied having any paranormal powers or abilities.

 

James Randi the Author

 

Randi wrote 10 books, among them Conjuring (1992), a biographical history of prominent magicians. The book is subtitled Being a Definitive History of the Venerable Arts of Sorcery, Prestidigitation, Wizardry, Deception, & Chicanery and of the Mountebanks & Scoundrels Who have Perpetrated these Subterfuges on a Bewildered Public, in short, MAGIC!

 

The book's cover indicates it is by:

 

"James Randi, Esq., A Contrite Rascal

Once Dedicated to these Wicked

Practices but Now Almost Totally

Reformed".

 

The book features the most influential magicians and tells some of their history, often in the context of strange deaths and careers on the road. This work expanded on Randi's book, Houdini, His Life and Art. This illustrated work was published in 1976 and was co-authored with Bert Sugar.

 

Randi's book, The Magic World of the Amazing Randi (1989), was intended as a children's introduction to magic tricks.

 

In addition to his magic books, he wrote several educational works about paranormal and pseudoscientific claims. These include biographies of Uri Geller and Nostradamus, as well as reference material on other major paranormal figures.

 

In 2011, he was working on A Magician in the Laboratory, which recounted his application of skepticism to science.

 

James was a member of the all-male literary banqueting club the Trap Door Spiders, which served as the basis of his friend Isaac Asimov's fictional group of mystery solvers, the Black Widowers.

 

Other books by Randi include Flim-Flam! (1982), The Faith Healers (1987), James Randi, Psychic Investigator (1991), Test Your ESP Potential (1982) and An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural (1995).

 

James Randi the Skeptic

 

Randi was a regular contributor to Skeptic magazine, writing the "'Twas Brillig ..." column, and he also served on its editorial board. He was a frequent contributor to Skeptical Inquirer magazine, published by Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, of which he was also a fellow.

 

Randi gained the international spotlight in 1972 when he publicly challenged the claims of Uri Geller. He accused Geller of being nothing more than a charlatan and a fraud who used standard magic tricks to accomplish his allegedly paranormal feats, and he presented his claims in the book The Truth About Uri Geller (1982).

 

Believing that it was important to get columnists and TV personalities to challenge Geller and others like him, Randi reached out in an attempt to educate them. During this effort, Randi made contact with Johnny Carson, and discovered that:

 

"He was very much on our side.

He wasn't only a comedian ...

he was a great thinker." 

 

According to Randi, when he was on The Tonight Show, Carson broke his usual protocol of not talking with guests before their entrance on stage, but instead would ask what Randi wanted to be emphasized in the interview:

 

"He wanted to be aware

of how he could help me."

 

In 1973, Geller appeared on The Tonight Show, and this appearance is recounted in the Nova documentary "Secrets of the Psychics":

 

"In the documentary, Randi says that Carson "had

been a magician himself and was skeptical" of

Geller's claimed paranormal powers, so before the

date of recording, Randi was asked "to help prevent

any trickery".

Per Randi's advice, the show prepared its own props

without informing Geller, and did not let Geller or his

staff "anywhere near them".

When Geller joined Carson on stage, he appeared

surprised that he was not going to be interviewed,

but instead was expected to display his abilities

using the provided articles.

Geller said "This scares me. I'm surprised because

before this program your producer came and he

read me at least 40 questions you were going to

ask me."

Geller was unable to display any paranormal abilities,

saying "I don't feel strong" and expressing his

displeasure at feeling like he was being "pressed" to

perform by Carson."

 

According to Adam Higginbotham's 7th. November 2014 article in The New York Times:

 

"The result was a legendary immolation, in which

Geller offered up flustered excuses to his host as

his abilities failed him again and again. Geller told

me when I spoke to him in September:

"I sat there for 22 minutes, humiliated. I went back

to my hotel, devastated. I was about to pack up the

next day and go back to Tel Aviv.

I thought, That's it—I'm destroyed."

 

However, this appearance on The Tonight Show, which Carson and Randi had orchestrated to debunk Geller's claimed abilities, backfired. According to Higginbotham:

 

"To Geller's astonishment, he was immediately

booked on The Merv Griffin Show. He was on

his way to becoming a paranormal superstar.

"That Johnny Carson show made Uri Geller,"

Geller said.

To an enthusiastically trusting public, his failure

only made his gifts seem more real: if he were

performing magic tricks, they would surely work

every time."

 

According to Higginbotham, this result caused Randi to realize that much more must be done to stop Geller and those like him. So in 1976, Randi approached Ray Hyman, a psychologist who had observed the tests of Geller's ability at Stanford and thought them slipshod, and suggested they create an organization dedicated to combating pseudoscience.

 

Later that same year, together with Martin Gardner, a Scientific American columnist whose writing had helped hone Hyman's and Randi's skepticism, they formed the Committee for Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP).

 

Using donations and sales of their magazine, Skeptical Inquirer, they and secular humanist philosopher Paul Kurtz took seats on the executive board, with Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan joining as founding members. Randi travelled the world on behalf of CSICOP, becoming its public face, and according to Hyman, the face of the skeptical movement.

 

Geller sued Randi and CSICOP for $15 million in 1991 and lost. Geller's suit against CSICOP was thrown out in 1995, and he was ordered to pay $120,000 for filing a frivolous lawsuit. The legal costs Randi incurred used almost all of a $272,000 MacArthur Foundation grant awarded to Randi in 1986 for his work.

 

Randi also dismissed Geller's claims that he was capable of the kind of psychic photography associated with the case of Ted Serios. It is a matter, Randi argued, of trick photography using a simple hand-held optical device.

 

During the period of Geller's legal dispute, CSICOP's leadership, wanting to avoid becoming a target of Geller's litigation, demanded that Randi refrain from commenting on Geller.

 

Randi refused and resigned, though he maintained a respectful relationship with the group, which in 2006 changed its name to the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI). In 2010, Randi was one of 16 new CSI fellows elected by its board.

 

Randi went on to write many articles criticizing beliefs and claims regarding the paranormal. He also demonstrated flaws in studies suggesting the existence of paranormal phenomena; in his Project Alpha hoax, Randi successfully planted two fake psychics in a privately funded psychic research experiment.

 

Randi appeared on numerous TV shows, sometimes to directly debunk the claimed abilities of fellow guests. In a 1981 appearance on That's My Line, Randi appeared opposite claimed psychic James Hydrick, who said that he could move objects with his mind, and appeared to demonstrate this claim on live television by turning a page in a telephone book without touching it.

 

Randi, having determined that Hydrick was surreptitiously blowing on the book, arranged foam packaging peanuts on the table in front of the telephone book for the demonstration. This prevented Hydrick from demonstrating his abilities, which would have been exposed when the blowing moved the packaging. Randi writes that, eventually, Hydrick "confessed everything".

 

Randi first exposed Peter Popoff on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in February 1986. Carson invited Randi onto his show without seeing the evidence he was going to reveal.

 

Carson appeared stunned after Randi showed a brief video segment from one of Popoff's broadcasts showing him calling out a woman in the audience; he then revealed personal information about her that he claimed came from God, and then performed a laying-on-of-hands healing to drive the devil from her body.

 

Randi then replayed the video, but with some of the sound dubbed in that he and his investigating team captured during the event using a radio scanner and recorder. Their scanner had detected the radio frequency Popoff's wife Elizabeth was using backstage to broadcast directions and information to a miniature radio receiver hidden in Popoff's left ear.

 

That information had been gathered by Popoff's assistants, who had handed out "prayer cards" to the audience before the show, instructing them to write down all the information Popoff would need to pray for them.

 

The news coverage generated by Randi's exposé on The Tonight Show led to many TV stations dropping Popoff's show, eventually forcing him into bankruptcy in September 1987. However, the televangelist returned soon after with faith-healing infomercials that reportedly attracted more than $23 million in 2005 from viewers sending in money for promised healing and prosperity.

 

In February 1988, Randi tested the gullibility of the media by perpetrating a hoax of his own. By teaming up with Australia's 60 Minutes program and by releasing a fake press package, he built up publicity for a "Spirit Channeler" named Carlos, who was actually artist José Alvarez, Randi's partner.

 

While performing as Carlos, Alvarez was prompted by Randi using sophisticated radio equipment. According to the 60 Minutes program on the Carlos hoax:

 

"It was claimed that Alvarez would not have had

the audience he did at the Opera House (and the

resulting potential sales therefrom) had the media

coverage been more aggressive (and factual)".

 

Though an analysis by The Skeptic's Tim Mendham concluded that, while the media coverage of Alvarez's appearances was not credulous, the hoax at least showed that they could benefit by being a touch more sceptical.

 

The hoax was exposed on 60 Minutes Australia; "Carlos" and Randi explained how they had pulled it off.

 

In his book The Faith Healers, Randi wrote that his anger and relentlessness arose from compassion for the victims of fraud. Randi was also critical of João de Deus, a.k.a. "John of God", a self-proclaimed psychic surgeon who had received international attention. Randi observed, referring to psychic surgery:

 

"To any experienced conjurer, the

methods by which these seeming

miracles are produced are very

obvious."

 

In 1982, Randi verified the abilities of Arthur Lintgen, a Philadelphia doctor, who was able to identify the classical music recorded on a vinyl LP solely by examining the grooves on the record.

 

However, Lintgen did not claim to have any paranormal ability, merely knowledge of the way that the groove forms patterns on particular recordings.

 

In 1988, John Maddox, editor of the prominent science journal Nature, asked Randi to join the supervision and observation of the homeopathy experiments conducted by Jacques Benveniste's team. Once Randi's stricter protocol for the experiment was in place, the positive results could not be reproduced.

 

Randi stated that Daniel Dunglas Home, who could allegedly play an accordion that was locked in a cage without touching it, was caught cheating on a few occasions, but the incidents were never made public.

 

He also stated that the actual instrument in use was a one-octave mouth organ concealed under Home's large mustache and that other one-octave mouth organs were found in Home's belongings after his death.

 

The fraudulent medium Henry Slade also played an accordion while held with one hand under a table. Slade and Home played the same pieces, and they had at one time lived near each other in the U.S. The magician Chung Ling Soo exposed how Slade had performed the trick.

 

Randi distinguished between pseudoscience and "crackpot science". He regarded most of parapsychology as pseudoscience because of the way in which it is approached and conducted, but nonetheless saw it as a legitimate subject that "should be pursued", and from which real scientific discoveries may develop. Randi regarded crackpot science as "equally wrong" as pseudoscience, but with no scientific pretensions.

 

Despite multiple debunkings, Randi did not like to be called a "debunker", preferring to call himself a "skeptic" or an "investigator":

 

"If you into a situation calling yourself a

debunker, then it is as if you have prejudged

the topic. It's not neutral or scientific, and it

can turn people against you."

 

Skeptics and magicians Penn & Teller credit Randi and his career as a skeptic for their own careers. During an interview, Penn stated that Flim-Flam! was an early influence on him, and said:

 

"If not for Randi there would not be

Penn & Teller as we are today.

Outside of my family, no one is more

important in my life. Randi is everything

to me."

 

At The Amaz!ng Meeting in 2011, the Independent Investigations Group (IIG) organized a tribute to Randi. The group gathered, put on fake white beards, and posed for a large group photo with Randi. At the CSICon in 2017, in the absence of Randi, the IIG organized another group photo with leftover beards from the 2011 photo. After Randi was sent the photo, he replied:

 

"I'm always very touched by any such expression.

This is certainly no exception. You have my sincere

gratitude. I suspect, however that a couple of those

beards were fake. But I'm in a forgiving mood at the

moment. I'm frankly very touched. I'll see you at the

next CSICon. Thank you all."

 

In a 2019 Skeptical Inquirer magazine article, Harriet Hall, a friend of Randi, compares him to the fictional Albus Dumbledore. Hall describes their long white beards, flamboyant clothing, associated with a bird (Dumbledore with a phoenix and Randi with Pegasus). They both are caring and have "immense brainpower" and both "can perform impressive feats of magic". She states that Randi is one of "major inspirations for the skeptical work I do ... He's way better than Dumbledore!"

 

Exploring Psychic Powers ... Live was a two-hour television special aired live on the 7th. June 1989, wherein Randi examined several people claiming psychic powers.

 

Hosted by actor Bill Bixby, the program offered $100,000 (Randi's $10,000 prize plus $90,000 put up by the show's syndicator, LBS Communications, Inc.) to anyone who could demonstrate genuine psychic powers.

 

An astrologer, Joseph Meriwether, claimed that he was able to ascertain a person's astrological sign after talking with them for a few minutes. He was presented with twelve people, one at a time, each with a different astrological sign. They could not tell Meriwether their astrological sign or birth date, nor could they wear anything that would indicate it.

 

After Meriwether talked to them, he had them go and sit in front of the astrological sign that he thought was theirs. By agreement, Meriwether needed to get ten of the 12 correct, to win. He got none correct.

 

The next psychic, Barbara Martin, claimed to be able to read auras around people, claiming that auras were visible at least five inches above each person. She selected ten people from a group of volunteers whom she said had clearly visible auras.

 

On stage were erected ten screens, numbered 1 through 10, just tall enough to hide the volunteer while not hiding their aura. Unseen by Martin, some of the volunteers positioned themselves behind different screens, then she was invited to predict which screens hid volunteers by seeing their aura above. She stated that she saw an aura over all ten screens, but people were behind only four of the screens.

 

A dowser, Forrest Bayes, claimed that he could detect water in a bottle inside a sealed cardboard box. He was shown twenty boxes and asked to indicate which boxes contained a water bottle.

 

He selected eight of the boxes, which he said contained water, but it turned out that only five of the twenty contained water. Of the eight selected boxes, only one was revealed to contain water, and one contained sand.

 

A psychometric psychic, Sharon McLaren-Straz, claimed to be able to receive personal information about the owner of an object by handling the object itself. In order to avoid ambiguous statements, the psychic agreed to be presented with both a watch and a key from each of twelve different people. She was to match keys and watches to their owners.

 

According to prior agreement, she had to match at least nine out of the twelve sets, but she succeeded in only two.

 

Professional crystal healer Valerie Swan attempted to use ESP to identify 250 Zener cards, guessing which of the five symbols was on each one. Random guessing should have resulted in about fifty correct guesses, so it was agreed in advance that Swan had to be right on at least eighty-two cards in order to demonstrate an ability greater than chance. However, she was able to get only fifty predictions correct, which is no better than random guessing.

 

The James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF)

 

In 1996, Randi established the James Randi Educational Foundation. Randi and his colleagues publish in JREF's blog, Swift. Topics have included the interesting mathematics of the one-seventh area triangle, a classic geometric puzzle. In his weekly commentary, Randi often gave examples of what he considered the 'nonsense' that he dealt with every day.

 

Beginning in 2003, the JREF annually hosted The Amaz!ng Meeting, a gathering of scientists, skeptics, and atheists. The last meeting was in 2015, coinciding with Randi's retirement from the JREF.

 

James Randi - The Later Years

 

Randi began a series of conferences known as "The Amazing Meeting" (TAM) which quickly became the largest gathering of skeptics in the world, drawing audiences from Asia, Europe, South America, and the UK. It also attracted a large percentage of younger attendees.

 

Randi was regularly featured on many podcasts, including The Skeptics Society's official podcast Skepticality and the Center for Inquiry's official podcast Point of Inquiry.

 

From September 2006 onwards, James contributed to The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe podcast with a column called "Randi Speaks". In addition, The Amazing Show was a podcast in which Randi shared various anecdotes in an interview format.

 

In 2014, Part2Filmworks released An Honest Liar, a feature film documentary. The film focuses on Randi's life, his investigations, and his relationship with longtime partner José Alvarez to whom he was married in 2013. The film was screened at the Tribeca Film Festival, at Toronto's Hot Docs film festival, and at the June 2014 AFI Docs Festival in Silver Spring, Maryland, and Washington, D.C., where it won the Audience Award for Best Feature. It also received positive reviews from critics.

 

In December 2014, Randi flew to Australia to take part in “An Evening with James Randi” tour, organized by Think Inc. This tour included a screening of An Honest Liar followed by a "fireside chat" with Randi on stage.

 

In 2017, Randi appeared in animated form on the website Holy Koolaid, in which he discussed the challenge of finding the balance between connecting sincerely with his audience and at the same time tricking/fooling them with an artful ruse, and indicated that this is a balance with which many magicians struggle.

 

The One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge

 

The James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF) offered a prize of US$1,000,000 to anyone able to demonstrate a supernatural ability under scientific testing criteria agreed to by both sides.

 

Based on the paranormal challenges of John Nevil Maskelyne and Houdini, the foundation began in 1996, when Randi put up $1,000 of his own money payable to anyone who could provide objective proof of the paranormal.

 

The prize money grew to $1,000,000, and had formal published rules. No one progressed past the preliminary test, which was set up with parameters agreed to by both Randi and the applicant. He refused to accept any challengers who might suffer serious injury or death as a result of the testing.

 

On the 1st. April 2007, it was ruled that only persons with an established, nationally recognized media profile and the backing of a reputable academic were allowed to apply for the challenge, in order to avoid wasting JREF resources on frivolous claimants.

 

On Larry King Live, on the 6th. March 2001, Larry King asked claimed medium Sylvia Browne if she would take the challenge, and she agreed. Randi appeared with Browne on Larry King Live six months later, and she again appeared to accept his challenge.

 

However, according to Randi, she ultimately refused to be tested, and the Randi Foundation kept a clock on its website recording the number of weeks since Browne allegedly accepted the challenge without following through, until Browne's death in November 2013.

 

During a subsequent appearance on Larry King Live on the 5th. June 2001, Randi challenged Rosemary Altea, another claimed medium, to undergo testing for the million dollars, but Altea refused to address the question. Instead Altea replied:

 

"I agree with what he says, that there are many,

many people who claim to be spiritual mediums,

they claim to talk to the dead. There are many

people, we all know this. There are cheats and

charlatans everywhere."

 

On the 26th. January 2007, Altea and Randi again appeared on the show, and Altea again refused to answer whether or not she would take the One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge.

 

In October 2007, claimed psychic John Edward appeared on Headline Prime, hosted by Glenn Beck. When asked if he would take "the Amazing Randi's" challenge, Edward responded:

 

"It's funny. I was on Larry King Live once, and they

asked me the same question. And I made a joke

then, and I'll say the same thing here: why would I

allow myself to be tested by somebody who's got

an adjective as a surname?"

 

Randi asked British businessman Jim McCormick, the inventor of the bogus ADE 651 bomb detector, to take the challenge in October 2008. Randi called the ADE 651:

 

"A useless quack device which cannot perform

any other function than separating naive persons

from their money. It's a fake, a scam, a swindle,

and a blatant fraud. Prove me wrong and take the

million dollars."

 

There was no response from McCormick. According to Iraqi investigators, the ADE 651, which was corruptly sold to the Baghdad bomb squad, was responsible for the deaths of hundreds of civilians who died as a result of terrorist bombs which were not detected at checkpoints.

 

On the 23rd. April 2013, McCormick was convicted of three counts of fraud at the Old Bailey in London; he was subsequently sentenced to ten years' imprisonment for his part in the ADE 651 scandal, which Randi was the first to expose.

 

Legal Disputes

 

Randi was involved in a variety of legal disputes, but said that:

 

"I have never paid even one dollar

or even one cent to anyone who

ever sued me."

 

However, he said, he had paid out large sums to defend himself in these suits.

 

Uri Geller

 

Randi met magician Uri Geller in the early 1970's, and found Geller to be:

 

"Very charming. Likable, beautiful,

affectionate, genuine, forward-going,

handsome—everything!"

 

However Randi viewed Geller as a con-man, and began a long effort to expose him as a fraud. According to Randi, Geller tried to sue him several times, accusing him of libel.

 

In May 1991, Geller sued Randi and CSICOP for $15 million on a charge of slander, after Randi told the International Herald Tribune that Geller had "tricked even reputable scientists" with stunts that "are the kind that used to be on the back of cereal boxes", referring to the old spoon-bending trick.

 

The court dismissed the case, and Geller had to settle at a cost to him of $120,000, after Randi produced a cereal box which bore instructions on how to do the spoon-bending trick.

 

Geller's lawyer Don Katz was disbarred mid-way into this action, and Geller ended up suing him. After failing to pay by the deadline imposed by the court, Geller was sanctioned an additional $20,000. Geller sued both Randi and CSICOP in the 1980's.

 

CSICOP argued that the organization was not responsible for Randi's statements. The court agreed that including CSICOP was frivolous, and dropped them from the action, leaving Randi to face the action alone, along with the legal costs. Geller was ordered to pay substantial damages, but only to CSICOP.

 

Geller never won against Randi, save for a ruling in a Japanese court that ordered Randi to pay Geller one-third of one per cent of what Geller had requested.

 

This ruling was cancelled, and the matter dropped, when Geller decided to concentrate on another legal matter.

 

Other Legal Cases

 

In 1993, a jury in the U.S. District Court in Baltimore found Randi liable for defaming Eldon Byrd for calling him a child molester in a magazine story, and a "shopping market molester" in a 1988 speech.

 

However, the jury found that Byrd was not entitled to any monetary damages after hearing testimony that he had sexually molested and later married his sister-in-law.

 

Late in 1996, Randi launched a libel suit against a Toronto-area psychic named Earl Gordon Curley. Curley had made multiple objectionable comments about Randi on Usenet.

 

Despite suggesting to Randi on Usenet that Randi should sue - Curley's comments implying that if Randi did not sue, then his allegations must be true - Curley seemed entirely surprised when Randi actually retained Toronto's largest law firm and initiated legal proceedings.

 

The suit was eventually dropped in 1998 when Earl Curley died at the age of 51 of "alcohol toxicity."

 

Allison DuBois, on whose life the television series Medium was based, threatened Randi with legal action for using a photo of her from her website in his 17th. December 2004 commentary without her permission.

 

Randi removed the photo, and subsequently used a caricature of DuBois when mentioning her on his site, beginning with his 23rd. December 2005 commentary.

 

Sniffex, producer of a dowsing bomb detection device, sued Randi and the JREF in 2007 and lost. Sniffex sued Randi for his comments regarding a government test in which the Sniffex device failed. The company was later investigated and charged with fraud.

 

Randi's Political Views

 

Randi was a registered Democrat. In April 2009, he released a statement endorsing the legalization of most illegal drugs.

 

Randi was a believer in Social Darwinist theories, although he denounced the ideologies and movements that formed around the theories in 2013.

 

In 2003, he was one of the signatories of the Humanist Manifesto.

 

Randi's Views on Religion

 

Randi's parents were members of the Anglican Church, but rarely attended services. He attended Sunday school at St. Cuthbert's Church in Toronto a few times as a child, but he independently decided to stop going after receiving no answer to his request for proof of the teachings of the Church.

 

Randi identified himself as an atheist. In his essay "Why I Deny Religion, How Silly and Fantastic It Is, and Why I'm a Dedicated and Vociferous Bright", Randi opined that many accounts in religious texts, including the virgin birth, the miracles of Jesus Christ, and the parting of the Red Sea by Moses, are not believable.

 

Randi refers to the Virgin Mary as:

 

"Impregnated by a ghost of some sort, and as a

result produced a son who could walk on water,

raise the dead, turn water into wine, and multiply

loaves of bread and fishes."

 

He also questions:

 

"How could Adam and Eve have two sons, one of

whom killed the other, and yet managed to populate

the Earth without committing incest".

 

He wrote that, compared to the Bible:

 

"The Wizard of Oz is more

believable. And much more fun."

 

Clarifying his view of atheism, Randi wrote:

 

"I've said it before: there are two sorts of atheists.

One sort claims that there is no deity, the other

claims that there is no evidence that proves the

existence of a deity.

I belong to the latter group, because if I were to

claim that no god exists, I would have to produce

evidence to establish that claim, and I cannot.

Religious persons have by far the easier position;

they say they believe in a deity because that's their

preference, and they've read it in a book.

That's their right."

 

In An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural (1995), Randi examines various spiritual practices skeptically. Of the meditation techniques of Guru Maharaj Ji, he writes:

 

"Only the very naive were convinced

that they had been let in on some sort

of celestial secret."

 

In a discussion with Kendrick Frazier at CSIC on 2016, Randi stated:

 

"I think that a belief in a deity is an unprovable

claim ... and a rather ridiculous claim.

It is an easy way out to explain things to which

we have no answer." 

 

He then summarized his current concern with religious belief as follows:

 

"A belief in a god is one of the most damaging

things that infests humanity at this particular

moment in history."

 

Randi's Personal Life

 

When Randi hosted his own radio show in the 1960's, he lived in a small house in Rumson, New Jersey, that featured a sign on the premises that read: "Randi - Charlatan".

 

In 1987, Randi became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He said that one reason he became an American citizen was an incident while he was on tour with Alice Cooper, during which the Royal Canadian Mounted Police searched the band's lockers during a performance, completely ransacking the room, but finding nothing illegal.

 

In February 2006, Randi underwent coronary artery bypass surgery. The weekly commentary updates to his Web site were made by guests while he was hospitalized. Randi recovered after his surgery and was able to help organize and attend The Amaz!ng Meeting (T.A.M.) in 2007 in Las Vegas, Nevada, his annual convention of scientists, magicians, skeptics, atheists and freethinkers.

 

Randi was diagnosed with colorectal cancer in June 2009. He had a series of small tumors removed from his intestines during laparoscopic surgery. He announced the diagnosis a week later at The Amaz!ng Meeting 7, as well as the fact that he was scheduled to begin chemotherapy in the following weeks. He also said at the conference:

 

"One day, I'm gonna die. That's all there is to it.

Hey, it's too bad, but I've got to make room. I'm

using a lot of oxygen and such - I think it's good

use of oxygen myself, but of course, I'm a little

prejudiced on the matter."

 

Randi underwent his final chemotherapy session in December 2009, later saying that his chemotherapy experience was not as unpleasant as he had imagined it might be. In a video posted in April 2010, Randi stated that he had been given a clean bill of health.

 

In a 2010 blog entry, Randi came out as gay, a move he said was inspired by seeing the 2008 biographical drama film Milk.

 

Randi married Venezuelan artist José Alvarez on the 2nd. July 2013 in Washington. Randi, who had recently moved to Florida, met Alvarez in 1986, in a Fort Lauderdale public library. He had left his native country for fear of his life, as he was homosexual. Jose Alvarez was a pseudonym which duplicated the name of an actual person in the United States.

 

The identity confusion caused the real Alvarez some legal and financial difficulties. José was arrested for identity theft and faced deportation. They resided in Plantation, Florida.

 

In the 1993 documentary Secrets of the Psychics, Randi stated:

 

"I've never involved myself in narcotics of any kind;

I don't smoke; I don't drink, because that can easily

just fuzz the edges of my rationality, fuzz the edges

of my reasoning powers, and I want to be as aware

as I possibly can.

That means giving up a lot of fantasies that might be

comforting in some ways, but I'm willing to give that

up in order to live in an actually real world, as close

as I can get to it".

 

In a video released in October 2017, Randi revealed that he had recently suffered a minor stroke, and that he was under medical advice not to travel during his recovery, so would be unable to attend CSICon 2017 in Las Vegas later that month.

 

The Death of James Randi

 

Randi died at his home in Plantation, Florida on the 20th. October 2020, at the age of 92. The James Randi Educational Foundation attributed his death to "age-related causes".

 

The Center for Inquiry said that:

 

"Randi was the public face of skeptical inquiry,

bringing a sense of fun and mischievousness

to a serious mission."

 

Kendrick Frazier said, as part of the statement:

 

"Despite his ferocity in challenging all forms of

nonsense, in person he was a kind and gentle

man."

Vintage Mahoney wood

 

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Montgomery, Alabama police commissioner during the Freedom Rides and race riots in 1961. He asserted that race relations in Montgomery had improved in the early 1960s and worried about the negative effects of the presence of the Freedom Riders.

 

L.B. Sullivan, the Commissioner of the Montgomery Police felt the usage of the word "police" imputed all of those actions to him specifically (even though the ad did not name him directly).

He filed suit for defamation against the New York Times in Alabama court. The state court ruled in favor of Sullivan and the New York Times appealed all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court.

 

L.B. Sullivan was an elected commissioner in Montgomery, Alabama, who supervised the police department.

...

The ad, which did not name Sullivan, contained minor errors. Sullivan claimed that because he oversaw the police, he had been libeled.

 

Even though a Montgomery, Ala., city commissioner, L.B. Sullivan, was not named, he sued the newspaper and those who "signed" the ad, citing a number of factual errors. Alabama law-and what well may have been biased state courts-favored Sullivan, and he was awarded $500,000 in damages.

 

Sullivan has been celebrated by top legal and media figures from the moment it was decided until its half-centenary this month.

...

And a few weeks ago, University of Chicago Professor Geoffrey Stone wrote that, whatever its flaws, Sullivan "remains one of the great Supreme Court decisions in American history.

...

Days later, L.B. Sullivan, police commissioner of Montgomery, filed suit in a state court against both the Times and the ministers for supposedly defaming him. Even though he hadn't even been named in the advertisement, the all-white jury awarded Sullivan the full half-million dollars he asked for.

...

Sullivan was and remains a triumph for the Times and the press.

 

Sullivan. The ruling instantly changed libel law in the United States, and it still represents the clearest and most forceful defense of press freedom in American history.

The case involved an ad that had appeared in The Times in 1960, condemning "an unprecedented wave of terror" against civil-rights demonstrators by "Southern violators," particularly in Alabama. The ad was a plea for national attention, and for donations to support the movement. L.B. Sullivan, a Montgomery city commissioner, sued The Times for libel, claiming that the ad clearly targeted him, even if not by name, and that it contained numerous factual errors.

 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 

LB was later appointed Commissioner of the Alabama Department of Corrections

 

William Higgs (left) accompanies Arthur Kinoy, a civil rights attorney and Rutgers University professor, August 18 1966 to the Washington, D.C. Court of General Sessions after Kinoy was ejected from a hearing of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) on August 17th.

 

After a quick trial the next day Judge Harold Greene said that it appeared Kinoy was trying to “out-shout the chairman” and found Kinoy guilty.

 

Kinoy addressed the judge before sentencing “I make no plea for mercy. I have no regrets or remorse for what I have done. I would do it again and again and again.” Judge Greene fined Kinoy $50.

 

Kinoy was debating a legal issue with committee chair Rep. Joe Pool (D-TX) when he was seized by U.S. marshals and dragged choking and screaming from the hearing room and charged with disorderly conduct.

 

Attorneys for other witnesses denounced the arrest as “terror and intimidation” and walked out of the hearing creating a legal problem for the committee since witnesses were guaranteed legal counsel “of their own choice” and cannot be forced to testify in the absence of counsel.

 

A witness friendly to the committee, Phillip A. McCombs, assistant editor of the right-wing National Review, began testifying about pro-National Liberation Front figures in the anti-Vietnam War movement and mentioned the name of Walter Teague, an organizer of the U.S. Committee to Aid the National Liberation Front.

 

Kinoy and his law partner William Kunstler objected saying they were entitled to cross-examine the witness because the testimony would otherwise “defame” Teague.

 

Pool ruled against the objections, but Kinoy kept pressing the point and that’s when the marshals seized him.

 

Other attorneys denounced the “brutal,” “inexcusable,” “unprecedented” treatment of Kinoy.

 

It took two years and three court-proceedings, but Kinoy was exonerated by the U.S. Court of Appeals August 6, 1968. Over 1,000 lawyers had earlier submitted a friend-of-court brief on Kinoy’s behalf.

 

The Court ruled that Pool had violated the committee’s own rules by ordering the ejection on his own rather than obtaining concurrence from a majority of the committee.

 

The Court further held that the committee had not pursued a case against Kinoy at any stage for contempt and therefore it was “difficult to understand how or why an independent tribunal can lawfully proceed.”

 

The court noted that Kinoy had been charged under a statute that prohibits congregation and assembly and the “use of loud and boisterous talking.” However, the court said, “whatever groups may be included in the definition of unlawful assembly, a lawyer permitted to represent his clients at a hearing of a House subcommittee is not one of them.”

 

Arthur Kinoy biography:

 

Arthur Kinoy (September 29, 1920-September 19, 2003) was brought up in Brooklyn by Jewish immigrants. He graduated with honors from Harvard University in 1941 and served with the U.S. Army in North Africa and Italy where he was among the troops at Anzio that were nearly pushed back into the sea by German Nazi forces.

 

After the war, he graduated from Columbia University law school in 1947 where he was editor of its law review. He went to work for the United Electrical Workers (UE), a union that left the Congress of Industrial Organizations rather than be expelled as the Second Red Scare heated up.

 

Kinoy had a long career as a civil rights and civil liberties attorney from the early 1950s until shortly before his death in 2003.

 

He made the last legal appeal for Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in 1953. Kinoy lost and the Rosenberg’s were executed. He claimed he won the appeal legally, but was defeated by the judge’s cowardice.

 

He remembered that case in a 1982 interview, “We found some statutes that said even if a person were found guilty of espionage, capital punishment could not be applied unless the espionage was committed in a time of war. The judge, Jerome Frank, who was a liberal, a New Deal supporter, said, ‘I cannot go over the heads of my bosses.’ We were furious…And later we were listening to the car radio as the Rosenbergs were taken to the electric chair. This was just disastrous.”

 

He defended communists and others charged with advocating the overthrow of the U.S. government during the McCarthy era and represented clients before the HUAC and the Senate Internal Security Committee.

 

He became law partners with William Kunstler, another prominent defender of radical causes and civil rights.

 

Kinoy established an important legal principle in the struggle for Black civil rights when he persuaded a reluctant Virginia judge that plaintiffs could take civil rights complaints to federal court under laws passed after the U.S. Civil War.

 

He argued six cases before the U.S. Supreme Court, winning five.

 

These included a reversal of U.S. Rep. Adam Clayton Powell’s expulsion from Congress and a bar against U.S. President Richard Nixon from eavesdropping on antiwar activists for alleged national security reasons without a warrant.

 

In 1965 he successfully argued the case of Dombrowski v. Pfister before the Supreme Court establishing that federal district judges could stop enforcement of laws that had a “chilling effect” on free speech.

 

Perhaps his most famous case was that of the Chicago 7 where five of the defendants had been convicted for crossing state lines to incite a riot at the 1968 Democratic Convention. Kinoy won a reversal of the convictions on appeal.

 

He was a law professor at Rutgers from 1964-1991 and when he reached mandatory retirement age, his students waged a campaign to keep him on. When he was finally forced out Henry Furst, an attorney and former student, said “Over his 25 years he is the reason many students came to Rutgers—to study with him, it’s like killing Socrates.”

 

He was a co-founder of the Center for Constitutional Rights and his last case was a victory over New York City police on a racial profiling issue.

 

Kinoy, a man of small stature, was known for his aggressiveness in the courtroom.

 

He explained in a 1992 interview in the Progressive:

 

“When people are fighting back or fighting to extend their own immediate rights, we learned that when you took the offensive in the courtroom, you were saying, ‘We’re not running away!’ When people saw that you were challenging the conspiracy of the establishment against them and we said, ‘They’re going to be the defendants! They’re the ones who are violating the fundamental laws of the land.’ It had a morale effect. What mattered to the leaders was not whether we ultimately won, but whether it made the people fight harder and begin to demonstrate. That would have an effect upon the courts.”

 

Kinoy was active in attempting to establish a third party to challenge the establishment Democratic and Republic Parties and described himself as a “scientific socialist.” In 1983 he published a book on his life entitled Rights on Trial, The Odyssey of a People’s Lawyer.

 

For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHsk72YVXD

 

Photo by Schmick. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.

 

Teater KOMA continues the tale of the hero in white, SIE JIN KWIE, with its latest play, SIE JIN KWIE DEFAMED. Gorgeous costume designs are once again combined with spectacular dance numbers, distinctive songs and music.

A truly entertaining spectacle, yet still filled with meaning and thought. The performance will coincide with the celebration of Teater Koma's 34th anniversary (1977 - 2011).

Bebe Zahara Benet and Courtney Act

As a secret or "invisible" group, the Ku Klux Klan had no membership rosters, no chapters, and no local officers. It was difficult for observers to judge its actual membership.

 

It had created a sensation by the dramatic nature of its masked forays and because of its many murders.

 

In 1870 a federal grand jury determined that the Klan was a "terrorist organization".[65] It issued hundreds of indictments for crimes of violence and terrorism. Klan members were prosecuted, and many fled from areas that were under federal government jurisdiction, particularly in South Carolina.[66] Many people not formally inducted into the Klan had used the Klan's costume for anonymity, to hide their identities when carrying out acts of violence.

 

The Not-So-Invisible Empire

By KEVIN BOYLE, New York Times, Published: November 25, 2011

 

Imagine a political movement created in a moment of terrible anxiety, its origins shrouded in a peculiar combination of manipulation and grass-roots mobilization, its ranks dominated by Christian conservatives and self-proclaimed patriots, its agenda driven by its members’ fervent embrace of nationalism, nativism and moral regeneration, with more than a whiff of racism wafting through it.

 

No, not that movement. The one from the 1920s, with the sheets and the flaming crosses and the ludicrous name meant to evoke a heroic past. The Invisible Empire of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, they called it. And for a few years it burned across the nation, a fearsome thing to ­behold.

 

In “One Hundred Percent American,” Thomas R. Pegram, a professor of history at Loyola University Maryland, traces the Invisible Empire’s meteoric rise and equally precipitous fall. The ’20s Klan was born, he explains — or more precisely was reborn — on Thanksgiving evening 1915, when 16 Southerners trooped up Stone Mountain, in Georgia, for a bit of ritual bunkum inspired by D. W. Griffith’s incendiary film “The Birth of a Nation.” The group’s leader, a one-time Methodist minister named William Simmons, hoped to turn the men into a fraternal organization that night: sort of a Rotary for white supremacists. But he had no idea how to do it. So for five years the Klan stagnated, until Simmons handed the operation over to a couple of publicity agents, Elizabeth Tyler and Edward Young Clarke, who knew a thing or two about the dark art of marketing.

 

Tyler and Clarke kept the costumes and crosses and secret signs that Simmons loved. But they broadened his bigotry. No longer would it be enough to target African-Americans, not when there were Catholics, Jews and immigrants to hate as well. They also added an aggressive political pitch, seizing on the hyperpatriotism of the recently concluded World War to turn the Klan into the champion of “one hundred percent Americanism,” staunch defender of law, order and traditional values. It was a brilliant appeal, tapping as it did into long-running prejudices, the war’s overwrought rhetoric and fears of a changing America. In the early 1920s, the K.K.K. became a national phenomenon, more popular north of the Mason-Dixon line than south of it. At its peak in 1924 there were probably 35,000 Klansmen in Detroit, about 55,000 in Chicago, 200,000 in Ohio, 240,000 in Indiana and 260,000 in Pennsylvania: a veritable army of proud Anglo-Saxons kluxing in their local klaverns. Ten bucks a head for membership, another six and a half for those fine flowing robes.

 

Klan leaders used that stunning success to insinuate the Invisible Empire into public life. On the local level, Klansmen turned themselves into moral watchdogs: beating drunken husbands, whipping wayward wives, chasing down bootleggers and purifying public schools, mostly by demanding that Catholic teachers be fired. In Indiana, Oregon, Colorado, Texas and Arkansas they built political machines strong enough to put their hand-picked candidates into governors’ offices. Indiana’s K.K.K. took control of the State Legislature, too, while Texas sent a Klansman to the United States Senate. There was even talk in the highest circles of trying to elect a Kluxer president.

 

The Invisible Empire, alive and well in the state of Virginia

David R Arnott, NBC News, September 2011

 

Jim Lo Scalzo, a photojournalist with the European PressPhoto Agency, has spent several months documenting three chapters of the Ku Klux Klan in Virginia. Lo Scalzo explains:

 

The Invisible Empire is experiencing a revival in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Three chapters of the Ku Klux Klan have reemerged in the state, holding rallies, lighting crosses, and seeking new members.

 

Anger over gay rights, racial changes in the population, and a black president are frequent refrains at these rallies.

 

Yet Klan members say they are not about hate, but about taking pride in their own race. "The blacks have the NAACP [The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People], the Mexicans La Raza, and the Jews have the ADL [The Anti-Defamation League]," says Stan Martin of the Rebel Brigade Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. "We whites have the Ku Klux Klan."

Wood texture from vintage doors in Provence , France

 

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You may not use Images for pornographic, unlawful or other immoral purposes, for spreading hate or discrimination, or to defame or victimise other people, societies, cultures.

 

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The 18th Annual Original GLBT Expo

The Fourth Annual Video Lounge

 

The Jacob K. Javits Convention Center of New York

655 West 34th Street

New York, NY 10001

March 12th 2011 - 12 noon to 7pm

March 13th 2011 - 12 noon to 6 pm

Presents the Fourth Annual VIDEO LOUNGE

 

Hosted by

The Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival &

The Rhode Island International Film Festival

 

Main Curator

Ryan Janek Wolowski of both Film and Television

  

THE ORIGINAL GLBT EXPO FOURTH ANNUAL VIDEO LOUNGE

  

***********************

 

Saturday March 12th 2011 12:00 – 7:00PM

 

12:00 Stephen Flynn - Director of the Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival HOSTS

Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos including Brian Kent and Jason Walker

  

12:30 Ms. Demure HOSTS from Dayton, Ohio host of Harper's Bazzaroworld Present's The Ms.Demure Show

"16th and 8th" preview with Stephen Schulman from SASi Public Relations & Marketing

  

1:00 Randolfe Wicker LGBT Activist HOSTS

Gender bending music videos in Japanese Pop culture

Sekiya Dorsett director of "Saving Julian" a short film for and about LGBT homeless youth

 

1:30 Anu Singh from GLAAD The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation HOSTS

Bollywood goes pink

Desi Music Video Mix

Engendered / I View Film Festival Highlights

Guest from Karan Johar film कभी अलविदा न कहना "Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna"

  

2:00 Neal Bennington - Broadway Commentator as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

- NOREEN CRAYTON (National Tour of Rent, Independent Music Award winner)

- RICHARD DeFONZO (VH1's "Boys Will Be Girls", Tribute Artist)

- TERESE GENECCO (MAC Award Winner, Longest running nightclub act on Broadway)

- PAUL GOLIO & TINSEL (Ventriloquist)

- BOBBY CRONIN (Theatre Composer/Lyricist, Welcome to My Life)

  

2:30 Tym Moss from Artists Exposed HOSTS

Phil Putnam

Gabrielle Lindau "These Showers Can Talk" short film with Lori Michaels

Deepa Soul aka Diedra Meredith (recording artist) / executive director of OUTMUSIC, the LGBT Academy of Recording Artists

Josh Zuckerman

  

3:00 Lady Gaga - Rare clips from 2008 before "The Fame" was released + more

  

3:30 Ryan Janek Wolowski of MTV Networks HOSTS

Oh My Josh! International pop recording artist "Out My Face (Wah Wah Wah)"

MAOR - Recording Artist/Music Producer originally from Tel Aviv/Israel will perform his latest single "Kmo Shir Chadash" & Victory - NO More Rain

Check out www.maormusic.com/home

 

4:00 Appolonia Cruz from FX GAY TV previously known as Fruta Extrana TV as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

 

Miss America 2011's Claire Buffie (Miss New York)

www.missnyorg.com/miss-ny-2010.html

 

LOVARI w/ special guest entertainers from his music videos:

Demanda Dahhling/Thomas Bistriz(Author)

Janifer (Recording Artist)

King Ralphy (Promoter)

Seth Clark Silberman (PHDJ)

DJ Sparrow - www.LovariWorld.Com

 

Simply Rob (spoken word poet) from El Grito de Poetas

Jorge Merced the director of the fabulous "Pregones" Bronx Theater

India M. (India Mendelsohn)

Barnacle Billl (Bill Murray)

Ova Floh

    

5:00 Ms. Demure HOSTS from Dayton, Ohio host of Harper's Bazzaroworld Present's The Ms.Demure Show

Joe E. Jeffreys presents "Drag Show Video Verite"

Candy Samples

  

5:30 Soce the Elemental Wizard / Andrew Singer HOSTS

Comedy Stop

Brad Loekle

Claudia Cogan

  

6:15 "White House Presidential Proclamation LGBT Pride Month" with Samara Riviera from www.VivaLaRiviera.com, Sassy Parker from Chic and Sassy, Ryan Janek Wolowski

 

6:15 - 7:00 Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos incl LaVonna Harris, Yozmit, R. Sky Palkowitz The Delusional Diva, Peppermint, Kid Akimbo, Josh Zuckerman, Ari Gold, Pepper Mashay, Erika Jayne and more

   

*******************************************************

  

Sunday March 13th 2011 12:00 – 6:00PM

 

12:00 Stephen Flynn - Director of the Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival HOSTS

Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival video highlights incl David Kittredge, David Kilmnick, Ron Soper, Carmella Cann aka Michael Ferreira and amberRose Marie

  

12:30 Neal Bennington - Broadway Commentator as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

- NOREEN CRAYTON (National Tour of Rent, Independent Music Award winner)

- NATASCIA DIAZ (Broadway's Man of La Mancha & The Capeman)

- REBECCA LARKIN (Broadway's Avenue Q & South Pacific

  

1:00 Randolfe Wicker LGBT Activist HOSTS

Gender bending music videos in Japanese Pop culture

Colleen Whitaker speaking on behalf of Susi Graf "Lost in the Crowd" documentary on NYC LGBT homeless youth

Paul Golio & Tinsel Ventriloquist / Jokes / Sketch Comedy

  

1:30 Tym Moss from Artists Exposed HOSTS

Robbie Cronrod, from Robbie and Allan (www.LoveAtFirstWink.com/vote ; Crate and Barrel's Ultimate Wedding Challenge, Currently 2nd Pl)

Ariel Aparicio

Athena Reich

"What Happens Next" feature film sneak peak with Thom Cardwell and guest stars from the movie showing of some clips and the Q&A with Jon Lindstrom, Chris Murrah, and Ariel Shafir

www.whathappensnextmovie.com

   

2:00 Anu Singh from GLAAD The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation HOSTS

Ricky Martin Recipient of GLAAD's Vito Russo Award music video spotlight

Juan Fortino

Vermex Van Croix

Kid Akimbo originally from Brazil

 

2:30 Soce the Elemental Wizard / Andrew Singer HOSTS

Comedy Stop

Mike Cotayo

Joanne Filan

 

3:00 Appolonia Cruz from FX GAY TV previously known as Fruta Extrana

TV as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

*JANID (Recording Academy and Billboard Recognized Zonisphere

Recording Artist) - "Alias" music video

 

LIVE Q&A with

JANID and Kaydean (Alias video director, Recording Academy

Recognized 3x Gold and 1x Platinum record producer and CEO of

Zonisphere Records)

 

*Chanel International (Drag Star)

 

*Johnathan Cedano (actor) - portraying adult film actor Tiger Tyson

in the one-man show "Confessions of a Homo Thug Porn Star,"

"INDIO" Producer/Director of Johnathan Cedano's "Portrait of a Porn Star"

 

*Mike Todd GOOTH Magazine

Samara Riviera from www.VivaLaRiviera.com, Sassy Parker from Chic and Sassy

 

*Adam Barta

 

*amberRose Marie Upclose & Personal: a videomentary. LIVE Q&A

with Billboard recording artist amberRose Marie follows, with a

special surprise. National SAG LGBT committee member Ron B.

Joins Appolonia Cruz for an intimate chat with this Diva-licious

beauty. www.amberRoseMarie.com

  

4:00 Ryan Janek Wolowski of MTV Networks HOSTS

MAOR - Recording Artist/Music Producer originally from Tel Aviv/Israel will perform his latest single "Kmo Shir Chadash" & Victory - NO More Rain

Check out www.maormusic.com/home

 

BeBe Zahara Benet winner of RuPaul's Drag Race Live in person showcasing "Cameroon" plus live Q&A

   

4:30 Under the Pink Carpet Meet the on air personalities from the gay-themed television entertainment news series that airs on WNYE / WNYC TV Channel 25 / Dish Miss HOSTS

Lady Clover Honey

Tony Sawicki

Colton Ford, recording artist, actor (The Lair) and former gay male adult entertainment star.

   

5:30 - 6:00 Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos including Vanessa Conde, Crystal Waters, Noa Tylo, Salme Dahlstrom, Khalid Rivera and more.

    

*****************************************

VIDEO LOUNGE 2011 make sure not to miss this event which only happens once a year.

 

Look for surprise guests throughout the day as well as giveaways all day long.

  

This event is OPEN TO THE PUBLIC

 

********************************************

The Original GLBT Expo Third Annual Video Lounge 2010

 

The 17th Original GLBT Expo

Jacob K. Javits Convention Center

655 West 34th Street

New York, NY 10001

(212) 216-2000

www.javitscenter.com

 

www.originalglbtexpo.com

  

*********************2010 LINE UP INCLUDED*****************

 

Saturday 11:00 – 7:00 PM 2010

...11:00 Best in LGBT and our friends Music Videos including Kelly King, Levi Kreis, Rachael Sage,

 

12:00 George Lyter of ADD-TV music video block

 

1:00 Fifty years of Queer Cinema by Danforth Prince, of Blood Moon Productions

 

1:30 LGBT Historic Video – rare footage of NYC GLBT History curated by Randolfe Wicker

 

2:00 CampBlood.org's House of Horrors - Ever wonder what gays and horror movies have in common? Join the sickos behind the biggest gay horror movie site around.

 

2:30 David Kittredge, writer and director of the controversial thriller; "Pornography: A Thriller", opening at the Cinema Village on April 16

 

2 45 Rob Williams director of “Make the Yuletide Gay,” "Three-Day Weekend," and "Long Term Relationship"

 

3:00 George Lyter music video director and creator of ADD-TV with showcase Art and Activism w/guest speakers.

 

3:30 CampBlood.org's Slumber Party Massacre Join the nutsos behind the biggest gay horror movie website and their special guests for a slumber party with a serious body count. Bloodshed, beefcake and giveaways are just a few of the surprises in store at this party.

 

4:00 Under the Pink Carpet with Lovari - Meet the on air personalities from the gay-themed television entertainment news series that airs on WNYE / WNYC TV Channel 25, incl special guest Singer Lovari

 

4:30 Yozmit a special guest exposing Transgender discrimination in the job market. Yozmit has been in The Daily News, The New York Times and generating alot of press as she is part of the group that has filed a complaint with the state attorney general's office having proved city's human rights law were violated citing J. Crew as one of the offenders. Yozmit is also a performance artists and we will celebrate her work at the expo.

www.nydailynews.com/news/2010/03/14/2010-03-14_report_say...

 

4:45 Lavender Hip Hop, with Soce the Elemental Wizard and Chic & Sassy America's Top Drag Queen rappers

 

5:00 Ryan Janek Wolowski of MTV Networks interviews Main Stage Performers

 

6:00 - 7:00 Best in LGBT and our friends Music Videos incl Vanessa Conde, Beth Sacks, Neon Glitter Bliss, Salme Dahlstrom, amberRose Marie

 

**********************************************************

 

Sunday 12-6 2010

 

12:00 Best in LGBT and our friends Music Videos incl, Jason Antone, Brian Kent, LaVonna Harris, Noa Tylo

 

1:00 Appolonia Cruz from Fruta Extrana TV which is now FX GAY TV

 

1:15 Khalid Rivera recording artist who went to #1 Music Video on Logo’s Click List

 

1:30 GLAAD The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation special guest Anu Singh

 

1:45 Samara Riviera from Vivalariviera.com has been seen on ABC and Telemundo Television, Samara has also produced footage for A&E Television Networks Biography series and has written for both Latino Boys and Adelante Magazine. Special guest will be Sahara Davenport from season two of RuPaul's Drag Race as seen on the MTV Networks channel Logo Television.

vivalariviera.com/

 

2:00 Rob Williams director of the award winning “Make the Yuletide Gay” now out on DVD

 

2:15 David Kittredge writer and director of the controversial thriller; "Pornography: A Thriller", opening at the Cinema Village on April 16

 

2:30 Lady Gaga - Live from The National Equality March

 

3:30 Ryan Janek Wolowski presents "Fatima's First Lady" comedy short starring R. Sky Palkowitz The Delusional Diva.

 

4:00 - 6:00 Best in LGBT and our friends Music Videos incl Lori Michaels, Athena Reich, Jamisin Lee (dancer), Peppermint, Josh Zuckerman, and interviews with main stage performers.

 

***********

 

Photo

New York City USA

03-20-2010

03-21-2010

The 18th Annual Original GLBT Expo

The Fourth Annual Video Lounge

 

The Jacob K. Javits Convention Center of New York

655 West 34th Street

New York, NY 10001

March 12th 2011 - 12 noon to 7pm

March 13th 2011 - 12 noon to 6 pm

Presents the Fourth Annual VIDEO LOUNGE

 

Hosted by

The Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival &

The Rhode Island International Film Festival

 

Main Curator

Ryan Janek Wolowski of both Film and Television

  

THE ORIGINAL GLBT EXPO FOURTH ANNUAL VIDEO LOUNGE

  

***********************

 

Saturday March 12th 2011 12:00 – 7:00PM

 

12:00 Stephen Flynn - Director of the Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival HOSTS

Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos including Brian Kent and Jason Walker

  

12:30 Ms. Demure HOSTS from Dayton, Ohio host of Harper's Bazzaroworld Present's The Ms.Demure Show

"16th and 8th" preview with Stephen Schulman from SASi Public Relations & Marketing

  

1:00 Randolfe Wicker LGBT Activist HOSTS

Gender bending music videos in Japanese Pop culture

Sekiya Dorsett director of "Saving Julian" a short film for and about LGBT homeless youth

 

1:30 Anu Singh from GLAAD The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation HOSTS

Bollywood goes pink

Desi Music Video Mix

Engendered / I View Film Festival Highlights

Guest from Karan Johar film कभी अलविदा न कहना "Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna"

  

2:00 Neal Bennington - Broadway Commentator as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

- NOREEN CRAYTON (National Tour of Rent, Independent Music Award winner)

- RICHARD DeFONZO (VH1's "Boys Will Be Girls", Tribute Artist)

- TERESE GENECCO (MAC Award Winner, Longest running nightclub act on Broadway)

- PAUL GOLIO & TINSEL (Ventriloquist)

- BOBBY CRONIN (Theatre Composer/Lyricist, Welcome to My Life)

  

2:30 Tym Moss from Artists Exposed HOSTS

Phil Putnam

Gabrielle Lindau "These Showers Can Talk" short film with Lori Michaels

Deepa Soul aka Diedra Meredith (recording artist) / executive director of OUTMUSIC, the LGBT Academy of Recording Artists

Josh Zuckerman

  

3:00 Lady Gaga - Rare clips from 2008 before "The Fame" was released + more

  

3:30 Ryan Janek Wolowski of MTV Networks HOSTS

Oh My Josh! International pop recording artist "Out My Face (Wah Wah Wah)"

MAOR - Recording Artist/Music Producer originally from Tel Aviv/Israel will perform his latest single "Kmo Shir Chadash" & Victory - NO More Rain

Check out www.maormusic.com/home

 

4:00 Appolonia Cruz from FX GAY TV previously known as Fruta Extrana TV as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

 

Miss America 2011's Claire Buffie (Miss New York)

www.missnyorg.com/miss-ny-2010.html

 

LOVARI w/ special guest entertainers from his music videos:

Demanda Dahhling/Thomas Bistriz(Author)

Janifer (Recording Artist)

King Ralphy (Promoter)

Seth Clark Silberman (PHDJ)

DJ Sparrow - www.LovariWorld.Com

 

Simply Rob (spoken word poet) from El Grito de Poetas

Jorge Merced the director of the fabulous "Pregones" Bronx Theater

India M. (India Mendelsohn)

Barnacle Billl (Bill Murray)

Ova Floh

    

5:00 Ms. Demure HOSTS from Dayton, Ohio host of Harper's Bazzaroworld Present's The Ms.Demure Show

Joe E. Jeffreys presents "Drag Show Video Verite"

Candy Samples

  

5:30 Soce the Elemental Wizard / Andrew Singer HOSTS

Comedy Stop

Brad Loekle

Claudia Cogan

  

6:15 "White House Presidential Proclamation LGBT Pride Month" with Samara Riviera from www.VivaLaRiviera.com, Sassy Parker from Chic and Sassy, Ryan Janek Wolowski

 

6:15 - 7:00 Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos incl LaVonna Harris, Yozmit, R. Sky Palkowitz The Delusional Diva, Peppermint, Kid Akimbo, Josh Zuckerman, Ari Gold, Pepper Mashay, Erika Jayne and more

   

*******************************************************

  

Sunday March 13th 2011 12:00 – 6:00PM

 

12:00 Stephen Flynn - Director of the Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival HOSTS

Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival video highlights incl David Kittredge, David Kilmnick, Ron Soper, Carmella Cann aka Michael Ferreira and amberRose Marie

  

12:30 Neal Bennington - Broadway Commentator as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

- NOREEN CRAYTON (National Tour of Rent, Independent Music Award winner)

- NATASCIA DIAZ (Broadway's Man of La Mancha & The Capeman)

- REBECCA LARKIN (Broadway's Avenue Q & South Pacific

  

1:00 Randolfe Wicker LGBT Activist HOSTS

Gender bending music videos in Japanese Pop culture

Colleen Whitaker speaking on behalf of Susi Graf "Lost in the Crowd" documentary on NYC LGBT homeless youth

Paul Golio & Tinsel Ventriloquist / Jokes / Sketch Comedy

  

1:30 Tym Moss from Artists Exposed HOSTS

Robbie Cronrod, from Robbie and Allan (www.LoveAtFirstWink.com/vote ; Crate and Barrel's Ultimate Wedding Challenge, Currently 2nd Pl)

Ariel Aparicio

Athena Reich

"What Happens Next" feature film sneak peak with Thom Cardwell and guest stars from the movie showing of some clips and the Q&A with Jon Lindstrom, Chris Murrah, and Ariel Shafir

www.whathappensnextmovie.com

   

2:00 Anu Singh from GLAAD The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation HOSTS

Ricky Martin Recipient of GLAAD's Vito Russo Award music video spotlight

Juan Fortino

Vermex Van Croix

Kid Akimbo originally from Brazil

 

2:30 Soce the Elemental Wizard / Andrew Singer HOSTS

Comedy Stop

Mike Cotayo

Joanne Filan

 

3:00 Appolonia Cruz from FX GAY TV previously known as Fruta Extrana

TV as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

*JANID (Recording Academy and Billboard Recognized Zonisphere

Recording Artist) - "Alias" music video

 

LIVE Q&A with

JANID and Kaydean (Alias video director, Recording Academy

Recognized 3x Gold and 1x Platinum record producer and CEO of

Zonisphere Records)

 

*Chanel International (Drag Star)

 

*Johnathan Cedano (actor) - portraying adult film actor Tiger Tyson

in the one-man show "Confessions of a Homo Thug Porn Star,"

"INDIO" Producer/Director of Johnathan Cedano's "Portrait of a Porn Star"

 

*Mike Todd GOOTH Magazine

Samara Riviera from www.VivaLaRiviera.com, Sassy Parker from Chic and Sassy

 

*Adam Barta

 

*amberRose Marie Upclose & Personal: a videomentary. LIVE Q&A

with Billboard recording artist amberRose Marie follows, with a

special surprise. National SAG LGBT committee member Ron B.

Joins Appolonia Cruz for an intimate chat with this Diva-licious

beauty. www.amberRoseMarie.com

  

4:00 Ryan Janek Wolowski of MTV Networks HOSTS

MAOR - Recording Artist/Music Producer originally from Tel Aviv/Israel will perform his latest single "Kmo Shir Chadash" & Victory - NO More Rain

Check out www.maormusic.com/home

 

BeBe Zahara Benet winner of RuPaul's Drag Race Live in person showcasing "Cameroon" plus live Q&A

   

4:30 Under the Pink Carpet Meet the on air personalities from the gay-themed television entertainment news series that airs on WNYE / WNYC TV Channel 25 / Dish Miss HOSTS

Lady Clover Honey

Tony Sawicki

Colton Ford, recording artist, actor (The Lair) and former gay male adult entertainment star.

   

5:30 - 6:00 Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos including Vanessa Conde, Crystal Waters, Noa Tylo, Salme Dahlstrom, Khalid Rivera and more.

    

*****************************************

VIDEO LOUNGE 2011 make sure not to miss this event which only happens once a year.

 

Look for surprise guests throughout the day as well as giveaways all day long.

  

This event is OPEN TO THE PUBLIC

 

********************************************

The 18th Annual Original GLBT Expo

The Fourth Annual Video Lounge

 

The Jacob K. Javits Convention Center of New York

655 West 34th Street

New York, NY 10001

March 12th 2011 - 12 noon to 7pm

March 13th 2011 - 12 noon to 6 pm

Presents the Fourth Annual VIDEO LOUNGE

 

Hosted by

The Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival &

The Rhode Island International Film Festival

 

Main Curator

Ryan Janek Wolowski of both Film and Television

  

THE ORIGINAL GLBT EXPO FOURTH ANNUAL VIDEO LOUNGE

  

***********************

 

Saturday March 12th 2011 12:00 – 7:00PM

 

12:00 Stephen Flynn - Director of the Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival HOSTS

Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos including Brian Kent and Jason Walker

  

12:30 Ms. Demure HOSTS from Dayton, Ohio host of Harper's Bazzaroworld Present's The Ms.Demure Show

"16th and 8th" preview with Stephen Schulman from SASi Public Relations & Marketing

  

1:00 Randolfe Wicker LGBT Activist HOSTS

Gender bending music videos in Japanese Pop culture

Sekiya Dorsett director of "Saving Julian" a short film for and about LGBT homeless youth

 

1:30 Anu Singh from GLAAD The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation HOSTS

Bollywood goes pink

Desi Music Video Mix

Engendered / I View Film Festival Highlights

Guest from Karan Johar film कभी अलविदा न कहना "Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna"

  

2:00 Neal Bennington - Broadway Commentator as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

- NOREEN CRAYTON (National Tour of Rent, Independent Music Award winner)

- RICHARD DeFONZO (VH1's "Boys Will Be Girls", Tribute Artist)

- TERESE GENECCO (MAC Award Winner, Longest running nightclub act on Broadway)

- PAUL GOLIO & TINSEL (Ventriloquist)

- BOBBY CRONIN (Theatre Composer/Lyricist, Welcome to My Life)

  

2:30 Tym Moss from Artists Exposed HOSTS

Phil Putnam

Gabrielle Lindau "These Showers Can Talk" short film with Lori Michaels

Deepa Soul aka Diedra Meredith (recording artist) / executive director of OUTMUSIC, the LGBT Academy of Recording Artists

Josh Zuckerman

  

3:00 Lady Gaga - Rare clips from 2008 before "The Fame" was released + more

  

3:30 Ryan Janek Wolowski of MTV Networks HOSTS

Oh My Josh! International pop recording artist "Out My Face (Wah Wah Wah)"

MAOR - Recording Artist/Music Producer originally from Tel Aviv/Israel will perform his latest single "Kmo Shir Chadash" & Victory - NO More Rain

Check out www.maormusic.com/home

 

4:00 Appolonia Cruz from FX GAY TV previously known as Fruta Extrana TV as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

 

Miss America 2011's Claire Buffie (Miss New York)

www.missnyorg.com/miss-ny-2010.html

 

LOVARI w/ special guest entertainers from his music videos:

Demanda Dahhling/Thomas Bistriz(Author)

Janifer (Recording Artist)

King Ralphy (Promoter)

Seth Clark Silberman (PHDJ)

DJ Sparrow - www.LovariWorld.Com

 

Simply Rob (spoken word poet) from El Grito de Poetas

Jorge Merced the director of the fabulous "Pregones" Bronx Theater

India M. (India Mendelsohn)

Barnacle Billl (Bill Murray)

Ova Floh

    

5:00 Ms. Demure HOSTS from Dayton, Ohio host of Harper's Bazzaroworld Present's The Ms.Demure Show

Joe E. Jeffreys presents "Drag Show Video Verite"

Candy Samples

  

5:30 Soce the Elemental Wizard / Andrew Singer HOSTS

Comedy Stop

Brad Loekle

Claudia Cogan

  

6:15 "White House Presidential Proclamation LGBT Pride Month" with Samara Riviera from www.VivaLaRiviera.com, Sassy Parker from Chic and Sassy, Ryan Janek Wolowski

 

6:15 - 7:00 Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos incl LaVonna Harris, Yozmit, R. Sky Palkowitz The Delusional Diva, Peppermint, Kid Akimbo, Josh Zuckerman, Ari Gold, Pepper Mashay, Erika Jayne and more

   

*******************************************************

  

Sunday March 13th 2011 12:00 – 6:00PM

 

12:00 Stephen Flynn - Director of the Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival HOSTS

Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival video highlights incl David Kittredge, David Kilmnick, Ron Soper, Carmella Cann aka Michael Ferreira and amberRose Marie

  

12:30 Neal Bennington - Broadway Commentator as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

- NOREEN CRAYTON (National Tour of Rent, Independent Music Award winner)

- NATASCIA DIAZ (Broadway's Man of La Mancha & The Capeman)

- REBECCA LARKIN (Broadway's Avenue Q & South Pacific

  

1:00 Randolfe Wicker LGBT Activist HOSTS

Gender bending music videos in Japanese Pop culture

Colleen Whitaker speaking on behalf of Susi Graf "Lost in the Crowd" documentary on NYC LGBT homeless youth

Paul Golio & Tinsel Ventriloquist / Jokes / Sketch Comedy

  

1:30 Tym Moss from Artists Exposed HOSTS

Robbie Cronrod, from Robbie and Allan (www.LoveAtFirstWink.com/vote ; Crate and Barrel's Ultimate Wedding Challenge, Currently 2nd Pl)

Ariel Aparicio

Athena Reich

"What Happens Next" feature film sneak peak with Thom Cardwell and guest stars from the movie showing of some clips and the Q&A with Jon Lindstrom, Chris Murrah, and Ariel Shafir

www.whathappensnextmovie.com

   

2:00 Anu Singh from GLAAD The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation HOSTS

Ricky Martin Recipient of GLAAD's Vito Russo Award music video spotlight

Juan Fortino

Vermex Van Croix

Kid Akimbo originally from Brazil

 

2:30 Soce the Elemental Wizard / Andrew Singer HOSTS

Comedy Stop

Mike Cotayo

Joanne Filan

 

3:00 Appolonia Cruz from FX GAY TV previously known as Fruta Extrana

TV as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

*JANID (Recording Academy and Billboard Recognized Zonisphere

Recording Artist) - "Alias" music video

 

LIVE Q&A with

JANID and Kaydean (Alias video director, Recording Academy

Recognized 3x Gold and 1x Platinum record producer and CEO of

Zonisphere Records)

 

*Chanel International (Drag Star)

 

*Johnathan Cedano (actor) - portraying adult film actor Tiger Tyson

in the one-man show "Confessions of a Homo Thug Porn Star,"

"INDIO" Producer/Director of Johnathan Cedano's "Portrait of a Porn Star"

 

*Mike Todd GOOTH Magazine

Samara Riviera from www.VivaLaRiviera.com, Sassy Parker from Chic and Sassy

 

*Adam Barta

 

*amberRose Marie Upclose & Personal: a videomentary. LIVE Q&A

with Billboard recording artist amberRose Marie follows, with a

special surprise. National SAG LGBT committee member Ron B.

Joins Appolonia Cruz for an intimate chat with this Diva-licious

beauty. www.amberRoseMarie.com

  

4:00 Ryan Janek Wolowski of MTV Networks HOSTS

MAOR - Recording Artist/Music Producer originally from Tel Aviv/Israel will perform his latest single "Kmo Shir Chadash" & Victory - NO More Rain

Check out www.maormusic.com/home

 

BeBe Zahara Benet winner of RuPaul's Drag Race Live in person showcasing "Cameroon" plus live Q&A

   

4:30 Under the Pink Carpet Meet the on air personalities from the gay-themed television entertainment news series that airs on WNYE / WNYC TV Channel 25 / Dish Miss HOSTS

Lady Clover Honey

Tony Sawicki

Colton Ford, recording artist, actor (The Lair) and former gay male adult entertainment star.

   

5:30 - 6:00 Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos including Vanessa Conde, Crystal Waters, Noa Tylo, Salme Dahlstrom, Khalid Rivera and more.

    

*****************************************

VIDEO LOUNGE 2011 make sure not to miss this event which only happens once a year.

 

Look for surprise guests throughout the day as well as giveaways all day long.

  

This event is OPEN TO THE PUBLIC

 

********************************************

St Mary, Kettlebaston, Suffolk

 

I always look forward to coming back to Kettlebaston. It is likely that anyone who knows the churches of Suffolk well will have Kettlebaston among their favourites. The setting is delectable, in the remote Suffolk hills between Hadleigh and Stowmarket. The building is at once elegant and interesting, the interior stunning, but most fascinating of all, perhaps, is the story behind the way it is today.

 

In 1963, in the thirty-third year of his incumbency as Rector of the parish of Kettlebaston, Father Harold Clear Butler sent a letter to a friend. "You are right,"he wrote. "There is no congregation any more." In failing health, he relied on the family of a vicar who had retired nearby to carry out the ceremonies of Easter week that year. In 1964, Father Butler himself retired, and an extraordinary episode in the history of the Anglo-Catholic movement in Suffolk came to an end.

 

There may have been no congregation, but St Mary at Kettlebaston was a shrine, to which people made pilgrimages from all over England. Here was the liturgically highest of all Suffolk's Anglican churches, where Father Butler said the Roman Mass every day, celebrated High Mass and Benediction on Sunday, dispensed with churchwardens, flouted the authority of the Anglican diocese by tearing down state notices put up in the porch, refused to keep registers, and even, as an extreme, ignored the office of the local Archdeacon of Sudbury. An entry from the otherwise empty registers for October 2nd 1933 reads Visitation of Archdeacon of Sudbury. Abortive. Archdeacon, finding no churchwardens present, rode off on his High Horse!

 

Father Butler came to this parish when the Anglo-Catholic movement was at its height, and survived into a poorly old age as it retreated, leaving him high and dry. But not for one moment did he ever compromise.

 

Kettlebaston church is not just remote liturgically. You set off from the vicinity of Hadleigh, finding your way to the back of beyond at Brent Eleigh - and then beyond the back of beyond, up the winding roads that climb into the hills above Preston. Somewhere here, two narrow lanes head north. One will take you to Thorpe Morieux, and one to Kettlebaston, but I can never be sure which is which, or even if they are always in the same place. Finding your way to this, one of the most remote of all Suffolk villages, can be like finding your way into Narnia. Once in the village, you find the church surrounded by a high yew hedge, through which a passage conducts a path into the graveyard. On a buttress, a statue of the Coronation of the Queen of Heaven sits behind a grill. It is a copy of an alabaster found under the floorboards during the 1860s restoration. The original is now in the British Museum.

 

One Anglo-catholic tradition that has not been lost here is that the church should always be open, always be welcoming. You enter through the small porch, perhaps not fully prepared for the wonders that await. The nave you step into is light, clean and well-cared for. There is no coloured glass, no heavy benches, no tiles. The brick floor and simple wooden chairs seem as one with the air, a perfect foil for the rugged Norman font on its elegant legs. And then, the surprise of the rich view to the east, for the fixtures and fittings of the 20th Century Anglo-Catholic tradition survive here in all their splendour.

 

The two major features are the rood screen and the high altar. The rood screen is the work of several people, having been added to over the years by a roll-call of prominent Anglo-Catholic artists. It was designed by Ernest Geldart in the early 1900s. It was painted by Patrick Osborne in 1949, apart from the figures, which are the work of Enid Chadwick in 1954. They are: St Felix as a bishop holding a candle, St Thomas More in regalia, St Thomas of Canterbury with a sword through his mitre, St John Fisher as a bishop holding a book, St Alban in armour and St Fursey holding Burgh Castle.

 

To one side, the Sacred Heart altar bears the original stone mensa from the high altar. The table itself is the Stuart Communion table. To the other, a Lady altar. All of these are either gifts or rescued from redundant Anglo-Catholic churches elsewhere. The elegant grill in front of the rood loft stairs is by Ninian Comper.

 

Stepping through into the chancel is a reminder of how the clearance of clutter can improve a liturgical space. Here, the emptiness provides a perfect foil for the massive altar piece. The altar itself was the gift of Miss Eleanor Featonby Smith, consecrated by the Bishop of Madagascar in 1956, in one of those ceremonies conducted in the labyrinthine underworld of the Anglo-catholic movement. The altar sports what is colloquially referred to as the Big Six - the trademark six candlesticks of an Anglo-catholic parish. Behind them, the rich reredos is also by Ernest Geldart, and was also painted by Patrick Osborne.

 

At the west end of the nave is a display case holding facsimiles of the Kettlebaston alabasters, an oddly prosaic moment. But Kettlebaston's medieval past is not entirely rebooted, for the chancel was sensitively restored by Ernest Geldart in 1902 with none of the razzmatazz of his church at Little Braxted in Essex. The east window was rebuilt to the same design as the original, as was the roof. The late 13th Century piscina and sedilia are preserved, and on the north side of the chancel survives an impressive tomb recess of about the same date.

 

The sole memorial is to Joan, Lady Jermyn, who died in 1649. Her inscription, at the End of the English Civil War and the start of the ill-fated Commonwealth, is a fascinating example of the language of the time. Is it puritan in sympathy, or Anglican? Or simply a bizarre fruit of the ferment of ideas in that World Turned Upside Down? Within this dormitory lyes interred ye corpps of Johan Lady Jermy it begins, and continues whose arke after a passage of 87 yeares long through this deluge of teares... rested upon ye mount of joye. And then the verse:

 

Sleepe sweetly, Saint. Since thou wert gone

ther's not the least aspertion

to rake thine asshes: no defame

to veyle the lustre of thy name.

Like odorous tapers thy best sent

remains after extinguishment.

Stirr not these sacred asshes, let them rest

till union make both soule & body blest.

 

Above, the roofs drip with hanging paraffin lamps, the walls have their candle brackets, for this little church still has no electricity. You sense the attraction of Benediction on a late winter afternoon.

 

St Mary is loved and cared for by those who worship in it. There are rather more of them than in Father Butler's final days, but they are still a tiny, remote community. Since 1964, they have been part of a wider benefice, and must toe the Anglican mainstream line, as at Lound. But also, as at Lound, the relics of the Anglo-Catholic heyday here are preserved lovingly, and, judging by the visitors book, it is not just the regular worshippers who love it, for Anglo-Catholics from all over England still treat it as a goal of pilgrimage. I remember sitting in this church on a bright spring afternoon some twenty years ago. I'd been sitting for a while in near-silence, which was suddenly broken by the clunk of the door latch. Two elderly ladies came in. They smiled, genuflected towards the east, and greeted me. Together, they went to the Sacred Heart altar, put a bunch of violets in a vase on it, and knelt before it. The silence continued, now with a counterpoint of birdsong from the churchyard through the open door. Then they stood, made the sign of the cross, and went out again. Father Butler looked on and smiled, I'm sure.

The 18th Annual Original GLBT Expo

The Fourth Annual Video Lounge

 

The Jacob K. Javits Convention Center of New York

655 West 34th Street

New York, NY 10001

March 12th 2011 - 12 noon to 7pm

March 13th 2011 - 12 noon to 6 pm

Presents the Fourth Annual VIDEO LOUNGE

 

Hosted by

The Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival &

The Rhode Island International Film Festival

 

Main Curator

Ryan Janek Wolowski of both Film and Television

  

THE ORIGINAL GLBT EXPO FOURTH ANNUAL VIDEO LOUNGE

  

***********************

 

Saturday March 12th 2011 12:00 – 7:00PM

 

12:00 Stephen Flynn - Director of the Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival HOSTS

Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos including Brian Kent and Jason Walker

  

12:30 Ms. Demure HOSTS from Dayton, Ohio host of Harper's Bazzaroworld Present's The Ms.Demure Show

"16th and 8th" preview with Stephen Schulman from SASi Public Relations & Marketing

  

1:00 Randolfe Wicker LGBT Activist HOSTS

Gender bending music videos in Japanese Pop culture

Sekiya Dorsett director of "Saving Julian" a short film for and about LGBT homeless youth

 

1:30 Anu Singh from GLAAD The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation HOSTS

Bollywood goes pink

Desi Music Video Mix

Engendered / I View Film Festival Highlights

Guest from Karan Johar film कभी अलविदा न कहना "Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna"

  

2:00 Neal Bennington - Broadway Commentator as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

- NOREEN CRAYTON (National Tour of Rent, Independent Music Award winner)

- RICHARD DeFONZO (VH1's "Boys Will Be Girls", Tribute Artist)

- TERESE GENECCO (MAC Award Winner, Longest running nightclub act on Broadway)

- PAUL GOLIO & TINSEL (Ventriloquist)

- BOBBY CRONIN (Theatre Composer/Lyricist, Welcome to My Life)

  

2:30 Tym Moss from Artists Exposed HOSTS

Phil Putnam

Gabrielle Lindau "These Showers Can Talk" short film with Lori Michaels

Deepa Soul aka Diedra Meredith (recording artist) / executive director of OUTMUSIC, the LGBT Academy of Recording Artists

Josh Zuckerman

  

3:00 Lady Gaga - Rare clips from 2008 before "The Fame" was released + more

  

3:30 Ryan Janek Wolowski of MTV Networks HOSTS

Oh My Josh! International pop recording artist "Out My Face (Wah Wah Wah)"

MAOR - Recording Artist/Music Producer originally from Tel Aviv/Israel will perform his latest single "Kmo Shir Chadash" & Victory - NO More Rain

Check out www.maormusic.com/home

 

4:00 Appolonia Cruz from FX GAY TV previously known as Fruta Extrana TV as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

 

Miss America 2011's Claire Buffie (Miss New York)

www.missnyorg.com/miss-ny-2010.html

 

LOVARI w/ special guest entertainers from his music videos:

Demanda Dahhling/Thomas Bistriz(Author)

Janifer (Recording Artist)

King Ralphy (Promoter)

Seth Clark Silberman (PHDJ)

DJ Sparrow - www.LovariWorld.Com

 

Simply Rob (spoken word poet) from El Grito de Poetas

Jorge Merced the director of the fabulous "Pregones" Bronx Theater

India M. (India Mendelsohn)

Barnacle Billl (Bill Murray)

Ova Floh

    

5:00 Ms. Demure HOSTS from Dayton, Ohio host of Harper's Bazzaroworld Present's The Ms.Demure Show

Joe E. Jeffreys presents "Drag Show Video Verite"

Candy Samples

  

5:30 Soce the Elemental Wizard / Andrew Singer HOSTS

Comedy Stop

Brad Loekle

Claudia Cogan

  

6:15 "White House Presidential Proclamation LGBT Pride Month" with Samara Riviera from www.VivaLaRiviera.com, Sassy Parker from Chic and Sassy, Ryan Janek Wolowski

 

6:15 - 7:00 Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos incl LaVonna Harris, Yozmit, R. Sky Palkowitz The Delusional Diva, Peppermint, Kid Akimbo, Josh Zuckerman, Ari Gold, Pepper Mashay, Erika Jayne and more

   

*******************************************************

  

Sunday March 13th 2011 12:00 – 6:00PM

 

12:00 Stephen Flynn - Director of the Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival HOSTS

Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival video highlights incl David Kittredge, David Kilmnick, Ron Soper, Carmella Cann aka Michael Ferreira and amberRose Marie

  

12:30 Neal Bennington - Broadway Commentator as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

- NOREEN CRAYTON (National Tour of Rent, Independent Music Award winner)

- NATASCIA DIAZ (Broadway's Man of La Mancha & The Capeman)

- REBECCA LARKIN (Broadway's Avenue Q & South Pacific

  

1:00 Randolfe Wicker LGBT Activist HOSTS

Gender bending music videos in Japanese Pop culture

Colleen Whitaker speaking on behalf of Susi Graf "Lost in the Crowd" documentary on NYC LGBT homeless youth

Paul Golio & Tinsel Ventriloquist / Jokes / Sketch Comedy

  

1:30 Tym Moss from Artists Exposed HOSTS

Robbie Cronrod, from Robbie and Allan (www.LoveAtFirstWink.com/vote ; Crate and Barrel's Ultimate Wedding Challenge, Currently 2nd Pl)

Ariel Aparicio

Athena Reich

"What Happens Next" feature film sneak peak with Thom Cardwell and guest stars from the movie showing of some clips and the Q&A with Jon Lindstrom, Chris Murrah, and Ariel Shafir

www.whathappensnextmovie.com

   

2:00 Anu Singh from GLAAD The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation HOSTS

Ricky Martin Recipient of GLAAD's Vito Russo Award music video spotlight

Juan Fortino

Vermex Van Croix

Kid Akimbo originally from Brazil

 

2:30 Soce the Elemental Wizard / Andrew Singer HOSTS

Comedy Stop

Mike Cotayo

Joanne Filan

 

3:00 Appolonia Cruz from FX GAY TV previously known as Fruta Extrana

TV as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

*JANID (Recording Academy and Billboard Recognized Zonisphere

Recording Artist) - "Alias" music video

 

LIVE Q&A with

JANID and Kaydean (Alias video director, Recording Academy

Recognized 3x Gold and 1x Platinum record producer and CEO of

Zonisphere Records)

 

*Chanel International (Drag Star)

 

*Johnathan Cedano (actor) - portraying adult film actor Tiger Tyson

in the one-man show "Confessions of a Homo Thug Porn Star,"

"INDIO" Producer/Director of Johnathan Cedano's "Portrait of a Porn Star"

 

*Mike Todd GOOTH Magazine

Samara Riviera from www.VivaLaRiviera.com, Sassy Parker from Chic and Sassy

 

*Adam Barta

 

*amberRose Marie Upclose & Personal: a videomentary. LIVE Q&A

with Billboard recording artist amberRose Marie follows, with a

special surprise. National SAG LGBT committee member Ron B.

Joins Appolonia Cruz for an intimate chat with this Diva-licious

beauty. www.amberRoseMarie.com

  

4:00 Ryan Janek Wolowski of MTV Networks HOSTS

MAOR - Recording Artist/Music Producer originally from Tel Aviv/Israel will perform his latest single "Kmo Shir Chadash" & Victory - NO More Rain

Check out www.maormusic.com/home

 

BeBe Zahara Benet winner of RuPaul's Drag Race Live in person showcasing "Cameroon" plus live Q&A

   

4:30 Under the Pink Carpet Meet the on air personalities from the gay-themed television entertainment news series that airs on WNYE / WNYC TV Channel 25 / Dish Miss HOSTS

Lady Clover Honey

Tony Sawicki

Colton Ford, recording artist, actor (The Lair) and former gay male adult entertainment star.

   

5:30 - 6:00 Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos including Vanessa Conde, Crystal Waters, Noa Tylo, Salme Dahlstrom, Khalid Rivera and more.

    

*****************************************

VIDEO LOUNGE 2011 make sure not to miss this event which only happens once a year.

 

Look for surprise guests throughout the day as well as giveaways all day long.

  

This event is OPEN TO THE PUBLIC

 

********************************************

The 18th Annual Original GLBT Expo

The Fourth Annual Video Lounge

 

The Jacob K. Javits Convention Center of New York

655 West 34th Street

New York, NY 10001

March 12th 2011 - 12 noon to 7pm

March 13th 2011 - 12 noon to 6 pm

Presents the Fourth Annual VIDEO LOUNGE

 

Hosted by

The Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival &

The Rhode Island International Film Festival

 

Main Curator

Ryan Janek Wolowski of both Film and Television

  

THE ORIGINAL GLBT EXPO FOURTH ANNUAL VIDEO LOUNGE

  

***********************

 

Saturday March 12th 2011 12:00 – 7:00PM

 

12:00 Stephen Flynn - Director of the Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival HOSTS

Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos including Brian Kent and Jason Walker

  

12:30 Ms. Demure HOSTS from Dayton, Ohio host of Harper's Bazzaroworld Present's The Ms.Demure Show

"16th and 8th" preview with Stephen Schulman from SASi Public Relations & Marketing

  

1:00 Randolfe Wicker LGBT Activist HOSTS

Gender bending music videos in Japanese Pop culture

Sekiya Dorsett director of "Saving Julian" a short film for and about LGBT homeless youth

 

1:30 Anu Singh from GLAAD The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation HOSTS

Bollywood goes pink

Desi Music Video Mix

Engendered / I View Film Festival Highlights

Guest from Karan Johar film कभी अलविदा न कहना "Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna"

  

2:00 Neal Bennington - Broadway Commentator as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

- NOREEN CRAYTON (National Tour of Rent, Independent Music Award winner)

- RICHARD DeFONZO (VH1's "Boys Will Be Girls", Tribute Artist)

- TERESE GENECCO (MAC Award Winner, Longest running nightclub act on Broadway)

- PAUL GOLIO & TINSEL (Ventriloquist)

- BOBBY CRONIN (Theatre Composer/Lyricist, Welcome to My Life)

  

2:30 Tym Moss from Artists Exposed HOSTS

Phil Putnam

Gabrielle Lindau "These Showers Can Talk" short film with Lori Michaels

Deepa Soul aka Diedra Meredith (recording artist) / executive director of OUTMUSIC, the LGBT Academy of Recording Artists

Josh Zuckerman

  

3:00 Lady Gaga - Rare clips from 2008 before "The Fame" was released + more

  

3:30 Ryan Janek Wolowski of MTV Networks HOSTS

Oh My Josh! International pop recording artist "Out My Face (Wah Wah Wah)"

MAOR - Recording Artist/Music Producer originally from Tel Aviv/Israel will perform his latest single "Kmo Shir Chadash" & Victory - NO More Rain

Check out www.maormusic.com/home

 

4:00 Appolonia Cruz from FX GAY TV previously known as Fruta Extrana TV as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

 

Miss America 2011's Claire Buffie (Miss New York)

www.missnyorg.com/miss-ny-2010.html

 

LOVARI w/ special guest entertainers from his music videos:

Demanda Dahhling/Thomas Bistriz(Author)

Janifer (Recording Artist)

King Ralphy (Promoter)

Seth Clark Silberman (PHDJ)

DJ Sparrow - www.LovariWorld.Com

 

Simply Rob (spoken word poet) from El Grito de Poetas

Jorge Merced the director of the fabulous "Pregones" Bronx Theater

India M. (India Mendelsohn)

Barnacle Billl (Bill Murray)

Ova Floh

    

5:00 Ms. Demure HOSTS from Dayton, Ohio host of Harper's Bazzaroworld Present's The Ms.Demure Show

Joe E. Jeffreys presents "Drag Show Video Verite"

Candy Samples

  

5:30 Soce the Elemental Wizard / Andrew Singer HOSTS

Comedy Stop

Brad Loekle

Claudia Cogan

  

6:15 "White House Presidential Proclamation LGBT Pride Month" with Samara Riviera from www.VivaLaRiviera.com, Sassy Parker from Chic and Sassy, Ryan Janek Wolowski

 

6:15 - 7:00 Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos incl LaVonna Harris, Yozmit, R. Sky Palkowitz The Delusional Diva, Peppermint, Kid Akimbo, Josh Zuckerman, Ari Gold, Pepper Mashay, Erika Jayne and more

   

*******************************************************

  

Sunday March 13th 2011 12:00 – 6:00PM

 

12:00 Stephen Flynn - Director of the Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival HOSTS

Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival video highlights incl David Kittredge, David Kilmnick, Ron Soper, Carmella Cann aka Michael Ferreira and amberRose Marie

  

12:30 Neal Bennington - Broadway Commentator as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

- NOREEN CRAYTON (National Tour of Rent, Independent Music Award winner)

- NATASCIA DIAZ (Broadway's Man of La Mancha & The Capeman)

- REBECCA LARKIN (Broadway's Avenue Q & South Pacific

  

1:00 Randolfe Wicker LGBT Activist HOSTS

Gender bending music videos in Japanese Pop culture

Colleen Whitaker speaking on behalf of Susi Graf "Lost in the Crowd" documentary on NYC LGBT homeless youth

Paul Golio & Tinsel Ventriloquist / Jokes / Sketch Comedy

  

1:30 Tym Moss from Artists Exposed HOSTS

Robbie Cronrod, from Robbie and Allan (www.LoveAtFirstWink.com/vote ; Crate and Barrel's Ultimate Wedding Challenge, Currently 2nd Pl)

Ariel Aparicio

Athena Reich

"What Happens Next" feature film sneak peak with Thom Cardwell and guest stars from the movie showing of some clips and the Q&A with Jon Lindstrom, Chris Murrah, and Ariel Shafir

www.whathappensnextmovie.com

   

2:00 Anu Singh from GLAAD The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation HOSTS

Ricky Martin Recipient of GLAAD's Vito Russo Award music video spotlight

Juan Fortino

Vermex Van Croix

Kid Akimbo originally from Brazil

 

2:30 Soce the Elemental Wizard / Andrew Singer HOSTS

Comedy Stop

Mike Cotayo

Joanne Filan

 

3:00 Appolonia Cruz from FX GAY TV previously known as Fruta Extrana

TV as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

*JANID (Recording Academy and Billboard Recognized Zonisphere

Recording Artist) - "Alias" music video

 

LIVE Q&A with

JANID and Kaydean (Alias video director, Recording Academy

Recognized 3x Gold and 1x Platinum record producer and CEO of

Zonisphere Records)

 

*Chanel International (Drag Star)

 

*Johnathan Cedano (actor) - portraying adult film actor Tiger Tyson

in the one-man show "Confessions of a Homo Thug Porn Star,"

"INDIO" Producer/Director of Johnathan Cedano's "Portrait of a Porn Star"

 

*Mike Todd GOOTH Magazine

Samara Riviera from www.VivaLaRiviera.com, Sassy Parker from Chic and Sassy

 

*Adam Barta

 

*amberRose Marie Upclose & Personal: a videomentary. LIVE Q&A

with Billboard recording artist amberRose Marie follows, with a

special surprise. National SAG LGBT committee member Ron B.

Joins Appolonia Cruz for an intimate chat with this Diva-licious

beauty. www.amberRoseMarie.com

  

4:00 Ryan Janek Wolowski of MTV Networks HOSTS

MAOR - Recording Artist/Music Producer originally from Tel Aviv/Israel will perform his latest single "Kmo Shir Chadash" & Victory - NO More Rain

Check out www.maormusic.com/home

 

BeBe Zahara Benet winner of RuPaul's Drag Race Live in person showcasing "Cameroon" plus live Q&A

   

4:30 Under the Pink Carpet Meet the on air personalities from the gay-themed television entertainment news series that airs on WNYE / WNYC TV Channel 25 / Dish Miss HOSTS

Lady Clover Honey

Tony Sawicki

Colton Ford, recording artist, actor (The Lair) and former gay male adult entertainment star.

   

5:30 - 6:00 Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos including Vanessa Conde, Crystal Waters, Noa Tylo, Salme Dahlstrom, Khalid Rivera and more.

    

*****************************************

VIDEO LOUNGE 2011 make sure not to miss this event which only happens once a year.

 

Look for surprise guests throughout the day as well as giveaways all day long.

  

This event is OPEN TO THE PUBLIC

 

********************************************

The 18th Annual Original GLBT Expo

The Fourth Annual Video Lounge

 

The Jacob K. Javits Convention Center of New York

655 West 34th Street

New York, NY 10001

March 12th 2011 - 12 noon to 7pm

March 13th 2011 - 12 noon to 6 pm

Presents the Fourth Annual VIDEO LOUNGE

 

Hosted by

The Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival &

The Rhode Island International Film Festival

 

Main Curator

Ryan Janek Wolowski of both Film and Television

  

THE ORIGINAL GLBT EXPO FOURTH ANNUAL VIDEO LOUNGE

  

***********************

 

Saturday March 12th 2011 12:00 – 7:00PM

 

12:00 Stephen Flynn - Director of the Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival HOSTS

Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos including Brian Kent and Jason Walker

  

12:30 Ms. Demure HOSTS from Dayton, Ohio host of Harper's Bazzaroworld Present's The Ms.Demure Show

"16th and 8th" preview with Stephen Schulman from SASi Public Relations & Marketing

  

1:00 Randolfe Wicker LGBT Activist HOSTS

Gender bending music videos in Japanese Pop culture

Sekiya Dorsett director of "Saving Julian" a short film for and about LGBT homeless youth

 

1:30 Anu Singh from GLAAD The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation HOSTS

Bollywood goes pink

Desi Music Video Mix

Engendered / I View Film Festival Highlights

Guest from Karan Johar film कभी अलविदा न कहना "Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna"

  

2:00 Neal Bennington - Broadway Commentator as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

- NOREEN CRAYTON (National Tour of Rent, Independent Music Award winner)

- RICHARD DeFONZO (VH1's "Boys Will Be Girls", Tribute Artist)

- TERESE GENECCO (MAC Award Winner, Longest running nightclub act on Broadway)

- PAUL GOLIO & TINSEL (Ventriloquist)

- BOBBY CRONIN (Theatre Composer/Lyricist, Welcome to My Life)

  

2:30 Tym Moss from Artists Exposed HOSTS

Phil Putnam

Gabrielle Lindau "These Showers Can Talk" short film with Lori Michaels

Deepa Soul aka Diedra Meredith (recording artist) / executive director of OUTMUSIC, the LGBT Academy of Recording Artists

Josh Zuckerman

  

3:00 Lady Gaga - Rare clips from 2008 before "The Fame" was released + more

  

3:30 Ryan Janek Wolowski of MTV Networks HOSTS

Oh My Josh! International pop recording artist "Out My Face (Wah Wah Wah)"

MAOR - Recording Artist/Music Producer originally from Tel Aviv/Israel will perform his latest single "Kmo Shir Chadash" & Victory - NO More Rain

Check out www.maormusic.com/home

 

4:00 Appolonia Cruz from FX GAY TV previously known as Fruta Extrana TV as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

 

Miss America 2011's Claire Buffie (Miss New York)

www.missnyorg.com/miss-ny-2010.html

 

LOVARI w/ special guest entertainers from his music videos:

Demanda Dahhling/Thomas Bistriz(Author)

Janifer (Recording Artist)

King Ralphy (Promoter)

Seth Clark Silberman (PHDJ)

DJ Sparrow - www.LovariWorld.Com

 

Simply Rob (spoken word poet) from El Grito de Poetas

Jorge Merced the director of the fabulous "Pregones" Bronx Theater

India M. (India Mendelsohn)

Barnacle Billl (Bill Murray)

Ova Floh

    

5:00 Ms. Demure HOSTS from Dayton, Ohio host of Harper's Bazzaroworld Present's The Ms.Demure Show

Joe E. Jeffreys presents "Drag Show Video Verite"

Candy Samples

  

5:30 Soce the Elemental Wizard / Andrew Singer HOSTS

Comedy Stop

Brad Loekle

Claudia Cogan

  

6:15 "White House Presidential Proclamation LGBT Pride Month" with Samara Riviera from www.VivaLaRiviera.com, Sassy Parker from Chic and Sassy, Ryan Janek Wolowski

 

6:15 - 7:00 Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos incl LaVonna Harris, Yozmit, R. Sky Palkowitz The Delusional Diva, Peppermint, Kid Akimbo, Josh Zuckerman, Ari Gold, Pepper Mashay, Erika Jayne and more

   

*******************************************************

  

Sunday March 13th 2011 12:00 – 6:00PM

 

12:00 Stephen Flynn - Director of the Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival HOSTS

Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival video highlights incl David Kittredge, David Kilmnick, Ron Soper, Carmella Cann aka Michael Ferreira and amberRose Marie

  

12:30 Neal Bennington - Broadway Commentator as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

- NOREEN CRAYTON (National Tour of Rent, Independent Music Award winner)

- NATASCIA DIAZ (Broadway's Man of La Mancha & The Capeman)

- REBECCA LARKIN (Broadway's Avenue Q & South Pacific

  

1:00 Randolfe Wicker LGBT Activist HOSTS

Gender bending music videos in Japanese Pop culture

Colleen Whitaker speaking on behalf of Susi Graf "Lost in the Crowd" documentary on NYC LGBT homeless youth

Paul Golio & Tinsel Ventriloquist / Jokes / Sketch Comedy

  

1:30 Tym Moss from Artists Exposed HOSTS

Robbie Cronrod, from Robbie and Allan (www.LoveAtFirstWink.com/vote ; Crate and Barrel's Ultimate Wedding Challenge, Currently 2nd Pl)

Ariel Aparicio

Athena Reich

"What Happens Next" feature film sneak peak with Thom Cardwell and guest stars from the movie showing of some clips and the Q&A with Jon Lindstrom, Chris Murrah, and Ariel Shafir

www.whathappensnextmovie.com

   

2:00 Anu Singh from GLAAD The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation HOSTS

Ricky Martin Recipient of GLAAD's Vito Russo Award music video spotlight

Juan Fortino

Vermex Van Croix

Kid Akimbo originally from Brazil

 

2:30 Soce the Elemental Wizard / Andrew Singer HOSTS

Comedy Stop

Mike Cotayo

Joanne Filan

 

3:00 Appolonia Cruz from FX GAY TV previously known as Fruta Extrana

TV as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

*JANID (Recording Academy and Billboard Recognized Zonisphere

Recording Artist) - "Alias" music video

 

LIVE Q&A with

JANID and Kaydean (Alias video director, Recording Academy

Recognized 3x Gold and 1x Platinum record producer and CEO of

Zonisphere Records)

 

*Chanel International (Drag Star)

 

*Johnathan Cedano (actor) - portraying adult film actor Tiger Tyson

in the one-man show "Confessions of a Homo Thug Porn Star,"

"INDIO" Producer/Director of Johnathan Cedano's "Portrait of a Porn Star"

 

*Mike Todd GOOTH Magazine

Samara Riviera from www.VivaLaRiviera.com, Sassy Parker from Chic and Sassy

 

*Adam Barta

 

*amberRose Marie Upclose & Personal: a videomentary. LIVE Q&A

with Billboard recording artist amberRose Marie follows, with a

special surprise. National SAG LGBT committee member Ron B.

Joins Appolonia Cruz for an intimate chat with this Diva-licious

beauty. www.amberRoseMarie.com

  

4:00 Ryan Janek Wolowski of MTV Networks HOSTS

MAOR - Recording Artist/Music Producer originally from Tel Aviv/Israel will perform his latest single "Kmo Shir Chadash" & Victory - NO More Rain

Check out www.maormusic.com/home

 

BeBe Zahara Benet winner of RuPaul's Drag Race Live in person showcasing "Cameroon" plus live Q&A

   

4:30 Under the Pink Carpet Meet the on air personalities from the gay-themed television entertainment news series that airs on WNYE / WNYC TV Channel 25 / Dish Miss HOSTS

Lady Clover Honey

Tony Sawicki

Colton Ford, recording artist, actor (The Lair) and former gay male adult entertainment star.

   

5:30 - 6:00 Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos including Vanessa Conde, Crystal Waters, Noa Tylo, Salme Dahlstrom, Khalid Rivera and more.

    

*****************************************

VIDEO LOUNGE 2011 make sure not to miss this event which only happens once a year.

 

Look for surprise guests throughout the day as well as giveaways all day long.

  

This event is OPEN TO THE PUBLIC

 

********************************************

Øye Stave Church (Norwegian: Øye stavkyrkje) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Vang Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the village of Øye. It is one of the churches for the Øye parish which is part of the Valdres prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Hamar. The brown, wooden stave church was built in a long church design in 1965 using plans drawn up by the architect Ole Øvergaard using pieces salvaged from the old 12th century church that had originally been torn down in 1747. The church seats about 30 people.

 

History

The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1347, but the church was not new that year. The first church in Øye was a wooden stave church that was built in the late 12th century, likely around the years 1180–1200. This church was located on the flat land along the shore of the lake Vangsmjøse, about 400 metres (1,300 ft) northwest of the present Øye Church. This location was problematic over the years. The land was somewhat boggy and the nearby river Rødøla would flood almost every spring and this led to grave sites being disturbed (legend says the coffins would sometimes float to the surface during the flooding). By the 1660s, the church was said to be in poor condition. In 1747, the old church was torn down and a new Øye Church was built about 400 metres (1,300 ft) to the southeast of the old site.

 

In 1935, the new Øye Church was being renovated and part of the foundation wall was removed. Under the floor, workers found 156 pieces of the old stave church that had been salvaged after the demolition of the old stave church in 1747. The pieces included some of the staves, foundation pillars, framing, and decorative pieces. No one knew they were there and no one knew why they were saved there. After this discovery, the materials were saved and plans were made to reconstruct the old stave church. The architect Ole Øvergaard designed a reconstruction proposal for the church in 1950. The plans called for using many of the parts discovered in 1935 as well as some parts from the Heddal Stave Church as well as some new materials. The parish decided to build the reconstruction about 100 metres (330 ft) north of the present Øye Church (since the old church site was still not suited for building). The construction was completed and the church was consecrated on 1 August 1965 by the Bishop Alexander Lange Johnson. Historic artifacts include a medieval doorbell, a crucifix from the 13th century with a figure of Christ and a wooden baptismal font from the 1300s.

 

Øye is a village in Vang Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The village is located at the west end of the lake Vangsmjøse, about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) northwest of the municipal centre of Vang i Valdres and about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) to the southeast of the rural village of Tyinkrysset. The European route E16 highway runs through the village, heading west through the Filefjell mountains on the way to the west coast of Norway. The historic Øye Stave Church and the newer Øye Church are both located in the village.

 

Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic , European country and an independent state in the west of the Scandinavian Peninsula . Geographically speaking, the country is long and narrow, and on the elongated coast towards the North Atlantic are Norway's well-known fjords . The Kingdom of Norway includes the main country (the mainland with adjacent islands within the baseline ), Jan Mayen and Svalbard . With these two Arctic areas, Norway covers a land area of ​​385,000 km² and has a population of approximately 5.5 million (2023). Mainland Norway borders Sweden in the east , Finland and Russia in the northeast .

 

Norway is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy , where Harald V has been king and head of state since 1991 , and Jonas Gahr Støre ( Ap ) has been prime minister since 2021 . Norway is a unitary state , with two administrative levels below the state: counties and municipalities . The Sami part of the population has, through the Sami Parliament and the Finnmark Act , to a certain extent self-government and influence over traditionally Sami areas. Although Norway has rejected membership of the European Union through two referendums , through the EEA Agreement Norway has close ties with the Union, and through NATO with the United States . Norway is a significant contributor to the United Nations (UN), and has participated with soldiers in several foreign operations mandated by the UN. Norway is among the states that have participated from the founding of the UN , NATO , the Council of Europe , the OSCE and the Nordic Council , and in addition to these is a member of the EEA , the World Trade Organization , the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and is part of the Schengen area .

 

Norway is rich in many natural resources such as oil , gas , minerals , timber , seafood , fresh water and hydropower . Since the beginning of the 20th century, these natural conditions have given the country the opportunity for an increase in wealth that few other countries can now enjoy, and Norwegians have the second highest average income in the world, measured in GDP per capita, as of 2022. The petroleum industry accounts for around 14% of Norway's gross domestic product as of 2018. Norway is the world's largest producer of oil and gas per capita outside the Middle East. However, the number of employees linked to this industry fell from approx. 232,000 in 2013 to 207,000 in 2015.

 

In Norway, these natural resources have been managed for socially beneficial purposes. The country maintains a welfare model in line with the other Nordic countries. Important service areas such as health and higher education are state-funded, and the country has an extensive welfare system for its citizens. Public expenditure in 2018 is approx. 50% of GDP, and the majority of these expenses are related to education, healthcare, social security and welfare. Since 2001 and until 2021, when the country took second place, the UN has ranked Norway as the world's best country to live in . From 2010, Norway is also ranked at the top of the EIU's democracy index . Norway ranks third on the UN's World Happiness Report for the years 2016–2018, behind Finland and Denmark , a report published in March 2019.

 

The majority of the population is Nordic. In the last couple of years, immigration has accounted for more than half of population growth. The five largest minority groups are Norwegian-Poles , Lithuanians , Norwegian-Swedes , Norwegian-Syrians including Syrian Kurds and Norwegian-Pakistani .

 

Norway's national day is 17 May, on this day in 1814 the Norwegian Constitution was dated and signed by the presidency of the National Assembly at Eidsvoll . It is stipulated in the law of 26 April 1947 that 17 May are national public holidays. The Sami national day is 6 February. "Yes, we love this country" is Norway's national anthem, the song was written in 1859 by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (1832–1910).

 

Norway's history of human settlement goes back at least 10,000 years, to the Late Paleolithic , the first period of the Stone Age . Archaeological finds of settlements along the entire Norwegian coast have so far been dated back to 10,400 before present (BP), the oldest find is today considered to be a settlement at Pauler in Brunlanes , Vestfold .

For a period these settlements were considered to be the remains of settlers from Doggerland , an area which today lies beneath the North Sea , but which was once a land bridge connecting today's British Isles with Danish Jutland . But the archaeologists who study the initial phase of the settlement in what is today Norway reckon that the first people who came here followed the coast along what is today Bohuslân. That they arrived in some form of boat is absolutely certain, and there is much evidence that they could easily move over large distances.

 

Since the last Ice Age, there has been continuous settlement in Norway. It cannot be ruled out that people lived in Norway during the interglacial period , but no trace of such a population or settlement has been found.

 

The Stone Age lasted a long time; half of the time that our country has been populated. There are no written accounts of what life was like back then. The knowledge we have has been painstakingly collected through investigations of places where people have stayed and left behind objects that we can understand have been processed by human hands. This field of knowledge is called archaeology . The archaeologists interpret their findings and the history of the surrounding landscape. In our country, the uplift after the Ice Age is fundamental. The history of the settlements at Pauler is no more than fifteen years old.

 

The Fosna culture settled parts of Norway sometime between 10,000–8,000 BC. (see Stone Age in Norway ). The dating of rock carvings is set to Neolithic times (in Norway between 4000 BC to 1700 BC) and show activities typical of hunters and gatherers .

 

Agriculture with livestock and arable farming was introduced in the Neolithic. Swad farming where the farmers move when the field does not produce the expected yield.

 

More permanent and persistent farm settlements developed in the Bronze Age (1700 BC to 500 BC) and the Iron Age . The earliest runes have been found on an arrowhead dated to around 200 BC. Many more inscriptions are dated to around 800, and a number of petty kingdoms developed during these centuries. In prehistoric times, there were no fixed national borders in the Nordic countries and Norway did not exist as a state. The population in Norway probably fell to year 0.

 

Events in this time period, the centuries before the year 1000, are glimpsed in written sources. Although the sagas were written down in the 13th century, many hundreds of years later, they provide a glimpse into what was already a distant past. The story of the fimbul winter gives us a historical picture of something that happened and which in our time, with the help of dendrochronology , can be interpreted as a natural disaster in the year 536, created by a volcanic eruption in El Salvador .

 

In the period between 800 and 1066 there was a significant expansion and it is referred to as the Viking Age . During this period, Norwegians, as Swedes and Danes also did, traveled abroad in longships with sails as explorers, traders, settlers and as Vikings (raiders and pirates ). By the middle of the 11th century, the Norwegian kingship had been firmly established, building its right as descendants of Harald Hårfagre and then as heirs of Olav the Holy . The Norwegian kings, and their subjects, now professed Christianity . In the time around Håkon Håkonsson , in the time after the civil war , there was a small renaissance in Norway with extensive literary activity and diplomatic activity with Europe. The black dew came to Norway in 1349 and killed around half of the population. The entire state apparatus and Norway then entered a period of decline.

 

Between 1396 and 1536, Norway was part of the Kalmar Union , and from 1536 until 1814 Norway had been reduced to a tributary part of Denmark , named as the Personal Union of Denmark-Norway . This staff union entered into an alliance with Napoléon Bonaparte with a war that brought bad times and famine in 1812 . In 1814, Denmark-Norway lost the Anglophone Wars , part of the Napoleonic Wars , and the Danish king was forced to cede Norway to the king of Sweden in the Treaty of Kiel on 14 January of that year. After a Norwegian attempt at independence, Norway was forced into a loose union with Sweden, but where Norway was allowed to create its own constitution, the Constitution of 1814 . In this period, Norwegian, romantic national feeling flourished, and the Norwegians tried to develop and establish their own national self-worth. The union with Sweden was broken in 1905 after it had been threatened with war, and Norway became an independent kingdom with its own monarch, Haakon VII .

 

Norway remained neutral during the First World War , and at the outbreak of the Second World War, Norway again declared itself neutral, but was invaded by National Socialist Germany on 9 April 1940 .

 

Norway became a member of the Western defense alliance NATO in 1949 . Two attempts to join the EU were voted down in referendums by small margins in 1972 and 1994 . Norway has been a close ally of the United States in the post-war period. Large discoveries of oil and natural gas in the North Sea at the end of the 1960s led to tremendous economic growth in the country, which is still ongoing. Traditional industries such as fishing are also part of Norway's economy.

 

Stone Age (before 1700 BC)

When most of the ice disappeared, vegetation spread over the landscape and due to a warm climate around 2000-3000 BC. the forest grew much taller than in modern times. Land uplift after the ice age led to a number of fjords becoming lakes and dry land. The first people probably came from the south along the coast of the Kattegat and overland into Finnmark from the east. The first people probably lived by gathering, hunting and trapping. A good number of Stone Age settlements have been found which show that such hunting and trapping people stayed for a long time in the same place or returned to the same place regularly. Large amounts of gnawed bones show that they lived on, among other things, reindeer, elk, small game and fish.

 

Flintstone was imported from Denmark and apart from small natural deposits along the southern coast, all flintstone in Norway is transported by people. At Espevær, greenstone was quarried for tools in the Stone Age, and greenstone tools from Espevær have been found over large parts of Western Norway. Around 2000-3000 BC the usual farm animals such as cows and sheep were introduced to Norway. Livestock probably meant a fundamental change in society in that part of the people had to be permanent residents or live a semi-nomadic life. Livestock farming may also have led to conflict with hunters.

 

The oldest traces of people in what is today Norway have been found at Pauler , a farm in Brunlanes in Larvik municipality in Vestfold . In 2007 and 2008, the farm has given its name to a number of Stone Age settlements that have been excavated and examined by archaeologists from the Cultural History Museum at UiO. The investigations have been carried out in connection with the new route for the E18 motorway west of Farris. The oldest settlement, located more than 127 m above sea level, is dated to be about 10,400 years old (uncalibrated, more than 11,000 years in real calendar years). From here, the ice sheet was perhaps visible when people settled here. This locality has been named Pauler I, and is today considered to be the oldest confirmed human traces in Norway to date. The place is in the mountains above the Pauler tunnel on the E18 between Larvik and Porsgrunn . The pioneer settlement is a term archaeologists have adopted for the oldest settlement. The archaeologists have speculated about where they came from, the first people in what is today Norway. It has been suggested that they could come by boat or perhaps across the ice from Doggerland or the North Sea, but there is now a large consensus that they came north along what is today the Bohuslän coast. The Fosna culture , the Komsa culture and the Nøstvet culture are the traditional terms for hunting cultures from the Stone Age. One thing is certain - getting to the water was something they mastered, the first people in our country. Therefore, within a short time they were able to use our entire long coast.

 

In the New Stone Age (4000 BC–1700 BC) there is a theory that a new people immigrated to the country, the so-called Stone Ax People . Rock carvings from this period show motifs from hunting and fishing , which were still important industries. From this period, a megalithic tomb has been found in Østfold .

It is uncertain whether there were organized societies or state-like associations in the Stone Age in Norway. Findings from settlements indicate that many lived together and that this was probably more than one family so that it was a slightly larger, organized herd.

 

Finnmark

In prehistoric times, animal husbandry and agriculture were of little economic importance in Finnmark. Livelihoods in Finnmark were mainly based on fish, gathering, hunting and trapping, and eventually domestic reindeer herding became widespread in the Middle Ages. Archaeological finds from the Stone Age have been referred to as the Komsa culture and comprise around 5,000 years of settlement. Finnmark probably got its first settlement around 8000 BC. It is believed that the coastal areas became ice-free 11,000 years BC and the fjord areas around 9,000 years BC. after which willows, grass, heather, birch and pine came into being. Finnmarksvidda was covered by pine forest around 6000 BC. After the Ice Age, the land rose around 80 meters in the inner fjord areas (Alta, Tana, Varanger). Due to ice melting in the polar region, the sea rose in the period 6400–3800 BC. and in areas with little land elevation, some settlements from the first part of the Stone Age were flooded. On Sørøya, the net sea level rise was 12 to 14 meters and many residential areas were flooded.

 

According to Bjørnar Olsen , there are many indications of a connection between the oldest settlement in Western Norway (the " Fosnakulturen ") and that in Finnmark, but it is uncertain in which direction the settlement took place. In the earliest part of the Stone Age, settlement in Finnmark was probably concentrated in the coastal areas, and these only reflected a lifestyle with great mobility and no permanent dwellings. The inner regions, such as Pasvik, were probably used seasonally. The archaeologically proven settlements from the Stone Age in inner Finnmark and Troms are linked to lakes and large watercourses. The oldest petroglyphs in Alta are usually dated to 4200 BC, that is, the Neolithic . Bjørnar Olsen believes that the oldest can be up to 2,000 years older than this.

 

From around 4000 BC a slow deforestation of Finnmark began and around 1800 BC the vegetation distribution was roughly the same as in modern times. The change in vegetation may have increased the distance between the reindeer's summer and winter grazing. The uplift continued slowly from around 4000 BC. at the same time as sea level rise stopped.

 

According to Gutorm Gjessing, the settlement in Finnmark and large parts of northern Norway in the Neolithic was semi-nomadic with movement between four seasonal settlements (following the pattern of life in Sami siida in historical times): On the outer coast in summer (fishing and seal catching) and inland in winter (hunting for reindeer, elk and bear). Povl Simonsen believed instead that the winter residence was in the inner fjord area in a village-like sod house settlement. Bjørnar Olsen believes that at the end of the Stone Age there was a relatively settled population along the coast, while inland there was less settlement and a more mobile lifestyle.

 

Bronze Age (1700 BC–500 BC)

Bronze was used for tools in Norway from around 1500 BC. Bronze is a mixture of tin and copper , and these metals were introduced because they were not mined in the country at the time. Bronze is believed to have been a relatively expensive material. The Bronze Age in Norway can be divided into two phases:

 

Early Bronze Age (1700–1100 BC)

Younger Bronze Age (1100–500 BC)

For the prehistoric (unwritten) era, there is limited knowledge about social conditions and possible state formations. From the Bronze Age, there are large burial mounds of stone piles along the coast of Vestfold and Agder, among others. It is likely that only chieftains or other great men could erect such grave monuments and there was probably some form of organized society linked to these. In the Bronze Age, society was more organized and stratified than in the Stone Age. Then a rich class of chieftains emerged who had close connections with southern Scandinavia. The settlements became more permanent and people adopted horses and ard . They acquired bronze status symbols, lived in longhouses and people were buried in large burial mounds . Petroglyphs from the Bronze Age indicate that humans practiced solar cultivation.

 

Finnmark

In the last millennium BC the climate became cooler and the pine forest disappears from the coast; pine forests, for example, were only found in the innermost part of the Altafjord, while the outer coast was almost treeless. Around the year 0, the limit for birch forest was south of Kirkenes. Animals with forest habitats (elk, bear and beaver) disappeared and the reindeer probably established their annual migration routes sometime at that time. In the period 1800–900 BC there were significantly more settlements in and utilization of the hinterland was particularly noticeable on Finnmarksvidda. From around 1800 BC until year 0 there was a significant increase in contact between Finnmark and areas in the east including Karelia (where metals were produced including copper) and central and eastern Russia. The youngest petroglyphs in Alta show far more boats than the earlier phases and the boats are reminiscent of types depicted in petroglyphs in southern Scandinavia. It is unclear what influence southern Scandinavian societies had as far north as Alta before the year 0. Many of the cultural features that are considered typical Sami in modern times were created or consolidated in the last millennium BC, this applies, among other things, to the custom of burying in brick chambers in stone urns. The Mortensnes burial ground may have been used for 2000 years until around 1600 AD.

 

Iron Age (c. 500 BC–c. 1050 AD)

 

The Einangsteinen is one of the oldest Norwegian runestones; it is from the 4th century

 

Simultaneous production of Vikings

Around 500 years BC the researchers reckon that the Bronze Age will be replaced by the Iron Age as iron takes over as the most important material for weapons and tools. Bronze, wood and stone were still used. Iron was cheaper than bronze, easier to work than flint , and could be used for many purposes; iron probably became common property. Iron could, among other things, be used to make solid and sharp axes which made it much easier to fell trees. In the Iron Age, gold and silver were also used partly for decoration and partly as means of payment. It is unknown which language was used in Norway before our era. From around the year 0 until around the year 800, everyone in Scandinavia (except the Sami) spoke Old Norse , a North Germanic language. Subsequently, several different languages ​​developed in this area that were only partially mutually intelligible. The Iron Age is divided into several periods:

 

Early Iron Age

Pre-Roman Iron Age (c. 500 BC–c. 0)

Roman Iron Age (c. 0–c. AD 400)

Migration period (approx. 400–600). In the migration period (approx. 400–600), new peoples came to Norway, and ruins of fortress buildings etc. are interpreted as signs that there has been talk of a violent invasion.

Younger Iron Age

Merovingian period (500–800)

 

The Viking Age (793–1066)

Norwegian Vikings go on plundering expeditions and trade voyages around the coastal countries of Western Europe . Large groups of Norwegians emigrate to the British Isles , Iceland and Greenland . Harald Hårfagre starts a unification process of Norway late in the 8th century , which was completed by Harald Hardråde in the 1060s . The country was Christianized under the kings Olav Tryggvason , fell in the battle of Svolder ( 1000 ) and Olav Haraldsson (the saint), fell in the battle of Stiklestad in 1030 .

 

Sources of prehistoric times

Shrinking glaciers in the high mountains, including in Jotunheimen and Breheimen , have from around the year 2000 uncovered objects from the Viking Age and earlier. These are objects of organic material that have been preserved by the ice and that elsewhere in nature are broken down in a few months. The finds are getting older as the melting makes the archaeologists go deeper into the ice. About half of all archaeological discoveries on glaciers in the world are made in Oppland . In 2013, a 3,400-year-old shoe and a robe from the year 300 were found. Finds at Lomseggen in Lom published in 2020 revealed, among other things, well-preserved horseshoes used on a mountain pass. Many hundreds of items include preserved clothing, knives, whisks, mittens, leather shoes, wooden chests and horse equipment. A piece of cloth dated to the year 1000 has preserved its original colour. In 2014, a wooden ski from around the year 700 was found in Reinheimen . The ski is 172 cm long and 14 cm wide, with preserved binding of leather and wicker.

 

Pytheas from Massalia is the oldest known account of what was probably the coast of Norway, perhaps somewhere on the coast of Møre. Pytheas visited Britannia around 325 BC. and traveled further north to a country by the "Ice Sea". Pytheas described the short summer night and the midnight sun farther north. He wrote, among other things, that people there made a drink from grain and honey. Caesar wrote in his work about the Gallic campaign about the Germanic tribe Haruders. Other Roman sources around the year 0 mention the land of the Cimbri (Jutland) and the Cimbri headlands ( Skagen ) and that the sources stated that Cimbri and Charyds lived in this area. Some of these peoples may have immigrated to Norway and there become known as hordes (as in Hordaland). Sources from the Mediterranean area referred to the islands of Scandia, Scandinavia and Thule ("the outermost of all islands"). The Roman historian Tacitus wrote around the year 100 a work about Germania and mentioned the people of Scandia, the Sviones. Ptolemy wrote around the year 150 that the Kharudes (Hordes) lived further north than all the Cimbri, in the north lived the Finnoi (Finns or Sami) and in the south the Gutai (Goths). The Nordic countries and Norway were outside the Roman Empire , which dominated Europe at the time. The Gothic-born historian Jordanes wrote in the 5th century about 13 tribes or people groups in Norway, including raumaricii (probably Romerike ), ragnaricii ( Ranrike ) and finni or skretefinni (skrid finner or ski finner, i.e. Sami) as well as a number of unclear groups. Prokopios wrote at the same time about Thule north of the land of the Danes and Slavs, Thule was ten times as big as Britannia and the largest of all the islands. In Thule, the sun was up 40 days straight in the summer. After the migration period , southern Europeans' accounts of northern Europe became fuller and more reliable.

 

Settlement in prehistoric times

Norway has around 50,000 farms with their own names. Farm names have persisted for a long time, over 1000 years, perhaps as much as 2000 years. The name researchers have arranged different types of farm names chronologically, which provides a basis for determining when the place was used by people or received a permanent settlement. Uncompounded landscape names such as Haug, Eid, Vik and Berg are believed to be the oldest. Archaeological traces indicate that some areas have been inhabited earlier than assumed from the farm name. Burial mounds also indicate permanent settlement. For example, the burial ground at Svartelva in Løten was used from around the year 0 to the year 1000 when Christianity took over. The first farmers probably used large areas for inland and outland, and new farms were probably established based on some "mother farms". Names such as By (or Bø) show that it is an old place of residence. From the older Iron Age, names with -heim (a common Germanic word meaning place of residence) and -stad tell of settlement, while -vin and -land tell of the use of the place. Farm names in -heim are often found as -um , -eim or -em as in Lerum and Seim, there are often large farms in the center of the village. New farm names with -city and -country were also established in the Viking Age . The first farmers probably used the best areas. The largest burial grounds, the oldest archaeological finds and the oldest farm names are found where the arable land is richest and most spacious.

 

It is unclear whether the settlement expansion in Roman times, migrations and the Iron Age is due to immigration or internal development and population growth. Among other things, it is difficult to demonstrate where in Europe the immigrants have come from. The permanent residents had both fields (where grain was grown) and livestock that grazed in the open fields, but it is uncertain which of these was more important. Population growth from around the year 200 led to more utilization of open land, for example in the form of settlements in the mountains. During the migration period, it also seems that in parts of the country it became common to have cluster gardens or a form of village settlement.

 

Norwegian expansion northwards

From around the year 200, there was a certain migration by sea from Rogaland and Hordaland to Nordland and Sør-Troms. Those who moved settled down as a settled Iron Age population and became dominant over the original population which may have been Sami . The immigrant Norwegians, Bumen , farmed with livestock that were fed inside in the winter as well as some grain cultivation and fishing. The northern border of the Norwegians' settlement was originally at the Toppsundet near Harstad and around the year 500 there was a Norwegian settlement to Malangsgapet. That was as far north as it was possible to grow grain at the time. Malangen was considered the border between Hålogaland and Finnmork until around 1400 . Further into the Viking Age and the Middle Ages, there was immigration and settlement of Norwegian speakers along the coast north of Malangen. Around the year 800, Norwegians lived along the entire outer coast to Vannøy . The Norwegians partly copied Sami livelihoods such as whaling, fur hunting and reindeer husbandry. It was probably this area between Malangen and Vannøy that was Ottar from the Hålogaland area. In the Viking Age, there were also some Norwegian settlements further north and east. East of the North Cape are the scattered archaeological finds of Norwegian settlement in the Viking Age. There are Norwegian names for fjords and islands from the Viking Age, including fjord names with "-anger". Around the year 1050, there were Norwegian settlements on the outer coast of Western Finnmark. Traders and tax collectors traveled even further.

 

North of Malangen there were Norse farming settlements in the Iron Age. Malangen was considered Finnmark's western border until 1300. There are some archaeological traces of Norse activity around the coast from Tromsø to Kirkenes in the Viking Age. Around Tromsø, the research indicates a Norse/Sami mixed culture on the coast.

 

From the year 1100 and the next 200–300 years, there are no traces of Norwegian settlement north and east of Tromsø. It is uncertain whether this is due to depopulation, whether it is because the Norwegians further north were not Christianized or because there were no churches north of Lenvik or Tromsø . Norwegian settlement in the far north appears from sources from the 14th century. In the Hanseatic period , the settlement was developed into large areas specialized in commercial fishing, while earlier (in the Viking Age) there had been farms with a combination of fishing and agriculture. In 1307 , a fortress and the first church east of Tromsø were built in Vardø . Vardø became a small Norwegian town, while Vadsø remained Sami. Norwegian settlements and churches appeared along the outermost coast in the Middle Ages. After the Reformation, perhaps as a result of a decline in fish stocks or fish prices, there were Norwegian settlements in the inner fjord areas such as Lebesby in Laksefjord. Some fishing villages at the far end of the coast were abandoned for good. In the interior of Finnmark, there was no national border for a long time and Kautokeino and Karasjok were joint Norwegian-Swedish areas with strong Swedish influence. The border with Finland was established in 1751 and with Russia in 1826.

 

On a Swedish map from 1626, Norway's border is indicated at Malangen, while Sweden with this map showed a desire to control the Sami area which had been a common area.

 

The term Northern Norway only came into use at the end of the 19th century and administratively the area was referred to as Tromsø Diocese when Tromsø became a bishopric in 1840. There had been different designations previously: Hålogaland originally included only Helgeland and when Norse settlement spread north in the Viking Age and the Middle Ages, Hålogaland was used for the area north approximately to Malangen , while Finnmark or "Finnmarken", "the land of the Sami", lay outside. The term Northern Norway was coined at a cafe table in Kristiania in 1884 by members of the Nordlændingernes Forening and was first commonly used in the interwar period as it eventually supplanted "Hålogaland".

 

State formation

The battle in Hafrsfjord in the year 872 has long been regarded as the day when Norway became a kingdom. The year of the battle is uncertain (may have been 10-20 years later). The whole of Norway was not united in that battle: the process had begun earlier and continued a couple of hundred years later. This means that the geographical area became subject to a political authority and became a political unit. The geographical area was perceived as an area as it is known, among other things, from Ottar from Hålogaland's account for King Alfred of Wessex around the year 880. Ottar described "the land of the Norwegians" as very long and narrow, and it was narrowest in the far north. East of the wasteland in the south lay Sveoland and in the north lay Kvenaland in the east. When Ottar sailed south along the land from his home ( Malangen ) to Skiringssal, he always had Norway ("Nordveg") on his port side and the British Isles on his starboard side. The journey took a good month. Ottar perceived "Nordveg" as a geographical unit, but did not imply that it was a political unit. Ottar separated Norwegians from Swedes and Danes. It is unclear why Ottar perceived the population spread over such a large area as a whole. It is unclear whether Norway as a geographical term or Norwegians as the name of a ethnic group is the oldest. The Norwegians had a common language which in the centuries before Ottar did not differ much from the language of Denmark and Sweden.

 

According to Sverre Steen, it is unlikely that Harald Hårfagre was able to control this entire area as one kingdom. The saga of Harald was written 300 years later and at his death Norway was several smaller kingdoms. Harald probably controlled a larger area than anyone before him and at most Harald's kingdom probably included the coast from Trøndelag to Agder and Vestfold as well as parts of Viken . There were probably several smaller kingdoms of varying extent before Harald and some of these are reflected in traditional landscape names such as Ranrike and Ringerike . Landscape names of "-land" (Rogaland) and "-mark" (Hedmark) as well as names such as Agder and Sogn may have been political units before Harald.

 

According to Sverre Steen, the national assembly was completed at the earliest at the battle of Stiklestad in 1030 and the introduction of Christianity was probably a significant factor in the establishment of Norway as a state. Håkon I the good Adalsteinsfostre introduced the leasehold system where the "coastal land" (as far as the salmon went up the rivers) was divided into ship raiders who were to provide a longship with soldiers and supplies. The leidange was probably introduced as a defense against the Danes. The border with the Danes was traditionally at the Göta älv and several times before and after Harald Hårfagre the Danes had control over central parts of Norway.

 

Christianity was known and existed in Norway before Olav Haraldson's time. The spread occurred both from the south (today's Denmark and northern Germany) and from the west (England and Ireland). Ansgar of Bremen , called the "Apostle of the North", worked in Sweden, but he was never in Norway and probably had little influence in the country. Viking expeditions brought the Norwegians of that time into contact with Christian countries and some were baptized in England, Ireland and northern France. Olav Tryggvason and Olav Haraldson were Vikings who returned home. The first Christians in Norway were also linked to pre-Christian local religion, among other things, by mixing Christian symbols with symbols of Odin and other figures from Norse religion.

 

According to Sverre Steen, the introduction of Christianity in Norway should not be perceived as a nationwide revival. At Mostratinget, Christian law was introduced as law in the country and later incorporated into the laws of the individual jurisdictions. Christianity primarily involved new forms in social life, among other things exposure and images of gods were prohibited, it was forbidden to "put out" unwanted infants (to let them die), and it was forbidden to have multiple wives. The church became a nationwide institution with a special group of officials tasked with protecting the church and consolidating the new religion. According to Sverre Steen, Christianity and the church in the Middle Ages should therefore be considered together, and these became a new unifying factor in the country. The church and Christianity linked Norway to Roman Catholic Europe with Church Latin as the common language, the same time reckoning as the rest of Europe and the church in Norway was arranged much like the churches in Denmark, Sweden and England. Norway received papal approval in 1070 and became its own church province in 1152 with Archbishop Nidaros .

 

With Christianity, the country got three social powers: the peasants (organized through the things), the king with his officials and the church with the clergy. The things are the oldest institution: At allthings all armed men had the right to attend (in part an obligation to attend) and at lagthings met emissaries from an area (that is, the lagthings were representative assemblies). The Thing both ruled in conflicts and established laws. The laws were memorized by the participants and written down around the year 1000 or later in the Gulationsloven , Frostatingsloven , Eidsivatingsloven and Borgartingsloven . The person who had been successful at the hearing had to see to the implementation of the judgment themselves.

 

Early Middle Ages (1050s–1184)

The early Middle Ages is considered in Norwegian history to be the period between the end of the Viking Age around 1050 and the coronation of King Sverre in 1184 . The beginning of the period can be dated differently, from around the year 1000 when the Christianization of the country took place and up to 1100 when the Viking Age was over from an archaeological point of view. From 1035 to 1130 it was a time of (relative) internal peace in Norway, even several of the kings attempted campaigns abroad, including in 1066 and 1103 .

 

During this period, the church's organization was built up. This led to a gradual change in religious customs. Religion went from being a domestic matter to being regulated by common European Christian law and the royal power gained increased power and influence. Slavery (" servitude ") was gradually abolished. The population grew rapidly during this period, as the thousands of farm names ending in -rud show.

 

The urbanization of Norway is a historical process that has slowly but surely changed Norway from the early Viking Age to today, from a country based on agriculture and sea salvage, to increasingly trade and industry. As early as the ninth century, the country got its first urban community, and in the eleventh century we got the first permanent cities.

 

In the 1130s, civil war broke out . This was due to a power struggle and that anyone who claimed to be the king's son could claim the right to the throne. The disputes escalated into extensive year-round warfare when Sverre Sigurdsson started a rebellion against the church's and the landmen's candidate for the throne , Magnus Erlingsson .

 

Emergence of cities

The oldest Norwegian cities probably emerged from the end of the 9th century. Oslo, Bergen and Nidaros became episcopal seats, which stimulated urban development there, and the king built churches in Borg , Konghelle and Tønsberg. Hamar and Stavanger became new episcopal seats and are referred to in the late 12th century as towns together with the trading places Veøy in Romsdal and Kaupanger in Sogn. In the late Middle Ages, Borgund (on Sunnmøre), Veøy (in Romsdalsfjorden) and Vågan (in Lofoten) were referred to as small trading places. Urbanization in Norway occurred in few places compared to the neighboring countries, only 14 places appear as cities before 1350. Stavanger became a bishopric around 1120–1130, but it is unclear whether the place was already a city then. The fertile Jæren and outer Ryfylke were probably relatively densely populated at that time. A particularly large concentration of Irish artefacts from the Viking Age has been found in Stavanger and Nord-Jæren.

 

It has been difficult to estimate the population in the Norwegian medieval cities, but it is considered certain that the cities grew rapidly in the Middle Ages. Oscar Albert Johnsen estimated the city's population before the Black Death at 20,000, of which 7,000 in Bergen, 3,000 in Nidaros, 2,000 in Oslo and 1,500 in Tunsberg. Based on archaeological research, Lunden estimates that Oslo had around 1,500 inhabitants in 250 households in the year 1300. Bergen was built up more densely and, with the concentration of exports there, became Norway's largest city in a special position for several hundred years. Knut Helle suggests a city population of 20,000 at most in the High Middle Ages, of which almost half in Bergen.

 

The Bjarkøyretten regulated the conditions in cities (especially Bergen and Nidaros) and in trading places, and for Nidaros had many of the same provisions as the Frostating Act . Magnus Lagabøte's city law replaced the bjarkøretten and from 1276 regulated the settlement in Bergen and with corresponding laws also drawn up for Oslo, Nidaros and Tunsberg. The city law applied within the city's roof area . The City Act determined that the city's public streets consisted of wide commons (perpendicular to the shoreline) and ran parallel to the shoreline, similarly in Nidaros and Oslo. The roads were small streets of up to 3 cubits (1.4 metres) and linked to the individual property. From the Middle Ages, the Norwegian cities were usually surrounded by wooden fences. The urban development largely consisted of low wooden houses which stood in contrast to the relatively numerous and dominant churches and monasteries built in stone.

 

The City Act and supplementary provisions often determined where in the city different goods could be traded, in Bergen, for example, cattle and sheep could only be traded on the Square, and fish only on the Square or directly from the boats at the quayside. In Nidaros, the blacksmiths were required to stay away from the densely populated areas due to the risk of fire, while the tanners had to stay away from the settlements due to the strong smell. The City Act also attempted to regulate the influx of people into the city (among other things to prevent begging in the streets) and had provisions on fire protection. In Oslo, from the 13th century or earlier, it was common to have apartment buildings consisting of single buildings on a couple of floors around a courtyard with access from the street through a gate room. Oslo's medieval apartment buildings were home to one to four households. In the urban farms, livestock could be kept, including pigs and cows, while pastures and fields were found in the city's rooftops . In the apartment buildings there could be several outbuildings such as warehouses, barns and stables. Archaeological excavations show that much of the buildings in medieval Oslo, Trondheim and Tønsberg resembled the oblong farms that have been preserved at Bryggen in Bergen . The land boundaries in Oslo appear to have persisted for many hundreds of years, in Bergen right from the Middle Ages to modern times.

 

High Middle Ages (1184–1319)

After civil wars in the 12th century, the country had a relative heyday in the 13th century. Iceland and Greenland came under the royal authority in 1262 , and the Norwegian Empire reached its greatest extent under Håkon IV Håkonsson . The last king of Haraldsätten, Håkon V Magnusson , died sonless in 1319 . Until the 17th century, Norway stretched all the way down to the mouth of Göta älv , which was then Norway's border with Sweden and Denmark.

 

Just before the Black Death around 1350, there were between 65,000 and 85,000 farms in the country, and there had been a strong growth in the number of farms from 1050, especially in Eastern Norway. In the High Middle Ages, the church or ecclesiastical institutions controlled 40% of the land in Norway, while the aristocracy owned around 20% and the king owned 7%. The church and monasteries received land through gifts from the king and nobles, or through inheritance and gifts from ordinary farmers.

 

Settlement and demography in the Middle Ages

Before the Black Death, there were more and more farms in Norway due to farm division and clearing. The settlement spread to more marginal agricultural areas higher inland and further north. Eastern Norway had the largest areas to take off and had the most population growth towards the High Middle Ages. Along the coast north of Stad, settlement probably increased in line with the extent of fishing. The Icelandic Rimbegla tells around the year 1200 that the border between Finnmark (the land of the Sami) and resident Norwegians in the interior was at Malangen , while the border all the way out on the coast was at Kvaløya . From the end of the High Middle Ages, there were more Norwegians along the coast of Finnmark and Nord-Troms. In the inner forest and mountain tracts along the current border between Norway and Sweden, the Sami exploited the resources all the way down to Hedmark.

 

There are no censuses or other records of population and settlement in the Middle Ages. At the time of the Reformation, the population was below 200,000 and only in 1650 was the population at the same level as before the Black Death. When Christianity was introduced after the year 1000, the population was around 200,000. After the Black Death, many farms and settlements were abandoned and deserted, in the most marginal agricultural areas up to 80% of the farms were abandoned. Places such as Skien, Veøy and Borgund (Ålesund) went out of use as trading towns. By the year 1300, the population was somewhere between 300,000 and 560,000 depending on the calculation method. Common methods start from detailed information about farms in each village and compare this with the situation in 1660 when there are good headcounts. From 1300 to 1660, there was a change in the economic base so that the coastal villages received a larger share of the population. The inland areas of Eastern Norway had a relatively larger population in the High Middle Ages than after the Reformation. Kåre Lunden concludes that the population in the year 1300 was close to 500,000, of which 15,000 lived in cities. Lunden believes that the population in 1660 was still slightly lower than the peak before the Black Death and points out that farm settlement in 1660 did not reach the same extent as in the High Middle Ages. In 1660, the population in Troms and Finnmark was 6,000 and 3,000 respectively (2% of the total population), in 1300 these areas had an even smaller share of the country's population and in Finnmark there were hardly any Norwegian-speaking inhabitants. In the High Middle Ages, the climate was more favorable for grain cultivation in the north. Based on the number of farms, the population increased 162% from 1000 to 1300, in Northern and Western Europe as a whole the growth was 200% in the same period.

 

Late Middle Ages (1319–1537)

Due to repeated plague epidemics, the population was roughly halved and the least productive of the country's farms were laid waste. It took several hundred years before the population again reached the level before 1349 . However, those who survived the epidemics gained more financial resources by sharing. Tax revenues for the state almost collapsed, and a large part of the noble families died out or sank into peasant status due to the fall in national debt . The Hanseatic League took over trade and shipping and dominated fish exports. The Archbishop of Nidaros was the country's most powerful man economically and politically, as the royal dynasty married into the Swedish in 1319 and died out in 1387 . Eventually, Copenhagen became the political center of the kingdom and Bergen the commercial center, while Trondheim remained the religious center.

 

From Reformation to Autocracy (1537–1660)

In 1537 , the Reformation was carried out in Norway. With that, almost half of the country's property was confiscated by the royal power at the stroke of a pen. The large seizure increased the king's income and was able, among other things, to expand his military power and consolidated his power in the kingdom. From roughly the time of the Reformation and in the following centuries, the state increased its power and importance in people's lives. Until around 1620, the state administration was fairly simple and unspecialised: in Copenhagen, the central administration mainly consisted of a chancellery and an interest chamber ; and sheriffs ruled the civil (including bailiffs and sheriffs) and the military in their district, the sheriffs collected taxes and oversaw business. The accounts were not clear and without summaries. The clergy, which had great power as a separate organization, was appointed by the state church after the Reformation, administered from Copenhagen. In this period, Norway was ruled by (mainly) Danish noble sheriffs, who acted as intermediaries between the peasants and the Oldenborg king in the field of justice, tax and customs collection.

 

From 1620, the state apparatus went through major changes where specialization of functions was a main issue. The sheriff's tasks were divided between several, more specialized officials - the sheriffs retained the formal authority over these, who in practice were under the national administration in Copenhagen. Among other things, a separate military officer corps was established, a separate customs office was established and separate treasurers for taxes and fees were appointed. The Overbergamtet, the central governing body for overseeing mining operations in Norway, was established in 1654 with an office in Christiania and this agency was to oversee the mining chiefs in the Nordenfjeld and Sønnenfjeld areas (the mines at Kongsberg and Røros were established in the previous decades). The formal transition from county government to official government with fixed-paid county officials took place after 1660, but the real changes had taken place from around 1620. The increased specialization and transition to official government meant that experts, not amateurs, were in charge of each area, and this civil service meant, according to Sverre Steen that the dictatorship was not a personal dictatorship.

 

From 1570 until 1721, the Oldenborg dynasty was in repeated wars with the Vasa dynasty in Sweden. The financing of these wars led to a severe increase in taxation which caused great distress.

 

Politically-geographically, the Oldenborg kings had to cede to Sweden the Norwegian provinces of Jemtland , Herjedalen , Idre and Särna , as well as Båhuslen . As part of the financing of the wars, the state apparatus was expanded. Royal power began to assert itself to a greater extent in the administration of justice. Until this period, cases of violence and defamation had been treated as civil cases between citizens. The level of punishment was greatly increased. During this period, at least 307 people were also executed for witchcraft in Norway. Culturally, the country was marked by the fact that the written language became Danish because of the Bible translation and the University of Copenhagen's educational monopoly.

 

From the 16th century, business became more marked by production for sale and not just own consumption. In the past, it was particularly the fisheries that had produced such a large surplus of goods that it was sold to markets far away, the dried fish trade via Bergen is known from around the year 1100. In the 16th century, the yield from the fisheries multiplied, especially due to the introduction of herring in Western Norway and in Trøndelag and because new tools made fishing for herring and skre more efficient. Line fishing and cod nets that were introduced in the 17th century were controversial because the small fishermen believed it favored citizens in the cities.

 

Forestry and the timber trade became an important business, particularly because of the boom saw which made it possible to saw all kinds of tables and planks for sale abroad. The demand for timber increased at the same time in Europe, Norway had plenty of forests and in the 17th century timber became the country's most important export product. There were hundreds of sawmills in the country and the largest had the feel of factories . In 1680, the king regulated the timber trade by allowing exports only from privileged sawmills and in a certain quantity.

 

From the 1520s, some silver was mined in Telemark. When the peasants chased the German miners whereupon the king executed five peasants and demanded compensation from the other rebellious peasants. The background for the harsh treatment was that the king wanted to assert his authority over the extraction of precious metals. The search for metals led to the silver works at Kongsberg after 1624, copper in the mountain villages between Trøndelag and Eastern Norway, and iron, among other things, in Agder and lower Telemark. The financial gain of the quarries at that time is unclear because there are no reliable accounts. Kongsberg made Denmark-Norway self-sufficient in silver and the copper works produced a good deal more than the domestic demand and became an important export commodity. Kongsberg and Røros were the only Norwegian towns established because of the quarries.

 

In addition to the sawmills, in the 17th century, industrial production ( manufactures ) was established in, among other things, wool weaving, soap production, tea boiling , nail production and the manufacture of gunpowder .

 

The monopoly until the Peace of Kiel (1660–1814)

Until 1660, the king had been elected by the Danish Riksråd, while he inherited the kingdom of Norway, which was a tradition in Norway. After a series of military defeats, the king committed a coup d'état and deposed the Riksdag. King Frederik III introduced absolute power, which meant that there were hardly any legal restrictions on the king's power. This reinforced the expansion of the state apparatus that had been going on for a few decades, and the civil administration was controlled to a greater extent from the central administration in Copenhagen. According to Sverre Steen, the more specialized and expanded civil service meant that the period of autocracy was not essentially a personal dictatorship: The changing monarchs had the formal last word on important matters, but higher officials set the conditions. According to Steen, the autocracy was not tyrannical where the citizens were treated arbitrarily by the king and officials: the laws were strict and the punishments harsh, but there was legal certainty. The king rarely used his right to punish outside the judiciary and often used his right to commute sentences or pardons. It almost never happened that the king intervened in a court case before a verdict had been passed.

 

In 1662, the sheriff system (in which the nobility played an important role) was abolished and replaced with amt . Norway was divided into four main counties (Akershus, Kristiansands, Bergenhus and Trondhjems) which were later called stiftamt led by stiftamtmen with a number of county marshals and bailiffs (futer) under them. The county administrator in Akershus also had other roles such as governor. The former sheriffs were almost absolute within their fiefs, while the new stifamtmen and amtmen had more limited authority; among other things, they did not have military equipment like the sheriffs. The county officials had no control over state income and could not enrich themselves privately as the sheriffs could, taxes and fees were instead handled by their own officials. County officials were employed by the king and, unlike the sheriffs, had a fixed salary. Officials appointed by the king were responsible for local government. Before 1662, the sheriffs themselves appointed low officials such as bailiffs, mayors and councillors. A church commissioner was given responsibility for overseeing the churchwardens' accounts. In 1664, two general road masters were appointed for Norway, one for Sonnafjelske (Eastland and Sørlandet) and one for Nordafjelske (Westlandet and Trøndelag; Northern Norway had no roads).

 

Both Denmark and Norway got new law books. The wretched state finances led to an extensive sale of crown property, first to the state's creditors. Further sales meant that many farmers became self-owned at the end of the 18th century. Industrial exploitation of Norwegian natural resources began, and trade and shipping and especially increasing timber exports led to economic growth in the latter part of the 1700s.

 

From 1500 to 1814, Norway did not have its own foreign policy. After the dissolution of the Kalmar Union in 1523, Denmark remained the leading power in the Nordic region and dominated the Baltic Sea, while Sweden sought to expand geographically in all directions and strengthened its position. From 1625 to 1660, Denmark lost its dominance: Christian IV lost to the emperor in the Thirty Years' War and ceded Skåne, Blekinge, Halland, Båhuslen , Jemtland and Herjedalen as well as all the islands in the inner part of the Baltic Sea. With this, Norway got its modern borders, which have remained in place ever since. Sweden was no longer confined by Norway and Denmark, and Sweden became the great power in the Nordic region. At the same time, Norway remained far from Denmark (until 1660 there was an almost continuous land connection between Norway and Denmark). During the Great Nordic War, Danish forces moved towards Scania and ended with Charles the 12th falling at Fredriksten . From 1720 to 1807 there was peace except for the short Cranberry War in 1788. In August 1807, the British navy surrounded Denmark and demanded that the Danish fleet be handed over. After bombing 2-7. On September 1807, the Danes capitulated and handed over the fleet (known as the "fleet robbery") and the arsenal. Two weeks later, Denmark entered into an alliance with Napoleon and Great Britain declared war on Denmark in November 1807. The Danish leadership had originally envisioned an alliance with Great Britain. Anger at the fleet robbery and fear of French occupation of Denmark itself (and thus breaking the connection with Norway) were probably the motive for the alliance with France. According to Sverre Steen, the period 1807-1814 was the most significant in Norway's history (before the Second World War). Foreign trade was paralyzed and hundreds of Norwegian ships were seized by the British. British ships, both warships and privateers , blocked the sea route between Norway and Denmark as described in " Terje Vigen " by Henrik Ibsen . During the Napoleonic Wars , there was a food shortage and famine in Norway, between 20 and 30 thousand people out of a population of around 900 thousand died from sheer lack of food or diseases related to malnutrition.

 

From the late summer of 1807, Norway was governed by a government commission led by the governor and commander-in-chief, Prince Christian August . Christian August was considered an honorable and capable leader. In 1808, a joint Russian and Danish/Norwegian attack on Sweden was planned; the campaign fails completely and Christian August concludes a truce with the Swedes. The Swedish king was deposed, the country got a new constitution with a limited monarchy and in the summer of 1808, Christian August was elected heir to the throne in Sweden. Christian August died a few months after he moved to Sweden and the French general Jean Baptiste Bernadotte became the new heir to the throne with the name "Karl Johan". After Napoleon was defeated at Leipzig in 1813, Bernadotte entered Holstein with Swedish forces and forced the Danish king to the Peace of Kiel .

 

Colonies and slave trade

Denmark-Norway acquired overseas colonies: St. Thomas (1665), St. Jan and St. Croix (18th century). At the same time, the kingdom entered into an agreement with rulers on the Gold Coast (Ghana) regarding the establishment of slave forts, including Christiansborg in Accra . The trade was triangular from Copenhagen to the Gold Coast with weapons, gunpowder and liquor which were exchanged for gold, ivory and slaves . The slaves were transported across the Atlantic to the Caribbean, among other things to the Danish-Norwegian colonies where St. Croix was most important. The ships returned to Copenhagen with sugar, tobacco, cotton and other goods. About 100,000 slaves were transported across the sea on Danish and Norwegian ships from 1660 to 1802. About 10% of the slaves died during the crossing. At least two of the slave ships ("Cornelia" and "Friderich") were in Norwegian ownership. Engelbret Hesselberg was a fut on St. Croix and after a slave rebellion in 1759, he had some of the rebels executed, among other things, by burning them alive, hanging them by their feet or putting them naked in a cage in the sun. At the end of the 18th century, opposition to the slave trade grew in Denmark-Norway, among others the Norwegian Claus Fasting promoted strong criticism. The slave trade was banned from 1803, while slavery itself was banned in Denmark from 1848.

 

Immigration to Norway

In the 1500s and 1600s, many people moved within Europe. From Germany, France and the Netherlands, enterprising people came to Sweden and Denmark, and gave rise to influential families. Danes in particular came to Norway who, formally speaking, were not foreigners, but were probably perceived as strangers by the local population. There was some immigration of ethnic Germans, some from areas under the Danish crown and others. Some immigrated from the Netherlands, England and Scotland. For example, half of those who applied for citizenship in Bergen in the 17th century were foreigners and they were often founders of new businesses. Immigrants from the Netherlands brought knowledge of line fishing and the preparation of herring; the Scot came with knowledge of the production of cuttlefish ; and Germans engaged in mining. Some foreigners ran large farms they bought near the cities, for example Frogner near Christiania and Lade near Trondheim. A large part of the country's leading echelon of officials and merchants were around 1,800 descendants of immigrants, and family names of foreign origin had a higher status. According to Sverre Steen, it was special for Norway that the immigrants and their descendants were given such a much stronger position than other residents.

 

Social and cultural conditions

Around 1800, most people, both women and men, in Norway could read and many could write. Foreigners traveling in Norway were surprised at how well-informed and interested Norwegian farmers were about the situation outside the country. In the 17th century, Peder Claussøn Friis translated Snorre Sturlason's royal sagas from Old Norse, and in a new edition this book became important in nation-building in later centuries. Early in the 18th century, Tormod Torfæus wrote Norway's history to 1387 in 4 volumes in Latin ; the preparation is considered to be scientifically unsustainable. In the 1730s, Ludvig Holberg wrote the popular scientific Danmarks Reges Historie , which is considered to maintain a high standard. According to Holberg, Norway emerged as a kingdom after the "nomenclature union in 1380". Holberg was the most important Norwegian cultural figure in the Danish era. Gerhard Schøning wrote Norges Reges Historie (in Danish) in the 1770s ; Schøning claimed that the Norwegians were a separate people from the dawn of time and had immigrated from the north-east without visiting Denmark.

 

1814

Norway remained the hereditary kingdom of the Oldenborg kings until 1814 , when the king had to renounce Norw

Conor & Mike performing "Look at Miss Ohio" with Gillian Welch & David Rawlings. Downtown Benson, Omaha, Nebraska @ Concert for Equality. July 31st, 2010.

 

Bright Eyes' setlist:

 

1) Trees Get Wheeled Away

2) Bowl of Oranges

3) We Are Nowhere and It's Now

4) Four Winds

5) Old Soul Song

6) Lover I Don't Have to Love

7) Coyote Song

8) Road to Joy

   

Expect lots more photos/info later.

 

***Please do not steal or repost my images without prior consent & proper credit. If you're interested in licensing or prints, please contact me.***

Grand Palace defended from democracy demonstrations by shipping containers. FFS.

 

Container barrier built by police to stop any marches to the Grand Palace on Ratchadamnoen Avenue

 

Thai protesters say royal insult law must go

10th December 2020 - Reuters

 

BANGKOK (Reuters) - Thai protesters called on Thursday for the abolition of the lese majeste law which bans criticism of the monarchy and has been used recently against the leaders of months of protests demanding royal reforms and the removal of the government.

 

Section 112 of the Thai criminal code sets jail terms of three to 15 years for anyone convicted of defaming, insulting or threatening King Maha Vajiralongkorn and his closest family.

 

“If our country were truly democratic, we would be able to talk about monarchy reforms or criticise the institution,” Panusaya “Rung” Sithijirawattanakul, one of the protest leaders, said at a public event focused on the lese majeste law.

 

“Many wouldn’t have to seek asylum, be jailed, flee for their lives, or die just because they talked about the monarchy...No one should have to face this just by talking about other human beings who fancy themselves as gods.”

 

The Palace did not comment and has not done so since the start of the protests. The government did not respond immediately to a request for comment.

 

Panusaya said she and 24 others had now been summoned to acknowledge lese majeste charges over comments made at protests since July.

 

Over 1,000 protesters against the lese majeste law gathered on Thursday at a venue commemorating a Thai student-led uprising in 1973 that helped end a military government at the time.

 

Before the recent charges, the law had not been used since 2018. Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha had said this was at the request of the king. Protesters also seek the removal of Prayuth, a former junta leader.

 

A hashtag that translates as #Abolish112 was trending on Thai-langauge Twitter on Thursday.

 

The protests have become the biggest challenge to the monarchy in decades, breaking taboos with open criticiscm of an institution that the constitution says must be revered.

 

Protesters want the king to be made clearly accountable under the constitution. They also seek to reverse changes that gave him control of the royal fortune and some army units.

JEWS CONTROL MONEY

• The Rothschilds, Goldman Sachs, and Warburgs of Hamburg are primary holders of the Federal Reserve Bank.

 

JEWS CONTROL MEDIA

• CBS is owned by Murray Rothstein (aka Sumner Redstone).

• NBC is owned by Brian Roberts.

• ABC is owned by Sydney Bass with Robert Iger as CEO.

• CNN is primarily owned by Aviv Nevo.

 

JEWS CONTROL CONGRESS

• Jewish Lobbies AIPAC, ADL, National Jewish Democratic Council, Republican Jewish Coalition with their BILLIONS hang ALL the hacks on Capitol Hill on a Jewstring.

 

JEWS CONTROL WHITE HOUSE

• Jacob Lew — Treasury Secretary; Penny Pritzker — Commerce Secretary; Kenneth Feinberg — Pay Czar; Valerie Jarrett — Senior Advisor; David Axelrod — Special Advisor.

 

JEWS CONTROL POLICY

 

• Carl Levin is head of the Senate Armed Services Committee and Diane Feinstein chairs the Senate Intelligence Committee.

• The US State Department finds Jews in the highest positions of authority.

• American Enterprise Institute and the Foreign Policy Initiative, both Jewish neocon ‘think tanks,’ dictate warmongering agendas to the Jewish-bought Congress.

 

JEWS CONTROL COURTS

• Three Jews sit on the Supreme Court Bench: Elena Kagan, Stephen Breyer, and Ruth Bader Ginsburg.

 

JEWS CONTROL HOMELAND SECURITY

• The Chertoff Group, Anti-Defamation League, Israeli Intelligence, run DHS.

 

JEWS CONTROL MILITARY

• Military brass depend on the Jewish-owned Fed for their paychecks.

• Military brass depend on Armaments Manufacturers, whose stocks are underwritten by Jewish Investment Banks, for perks and post-military careers.

• Bowing to the Jews in Israel last month, Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel took the mark-of-the-beast when placing the Jewish Yarmulke on his head.

 

JEWS CONTROL CORPORATIONS

• Jewish Investment Banks like Goldman Sachs and Citigroup underwrite the stocks of American corporations and thus dictate the offshoring of US jobs to China and India for cheap labor and BIG profits.

 

JEWS CONTROL EDUCATION

• The American Federation of Teachers is run by Jews and the ADL has infiltrated the Public Schools, brainwashing young children with homosexual and race-mixing books.

• Jews donate huge grants to the Ivy League Schools and place Jewish personnel in high positions such as David Skorton, President of Cornell and Allan Garber, Provost of Harvard.

• Jewish Wall Street mogul, Sanford Weil, Chairman Emeritus of Citigroup, is a major benefactor of Cornell University and also funds 500 Academies via his National Academy Foundation.

 

JEWS CONTROL CULTURE

• Rachel Tiven is head of Immigration Equality.

• Susanne Salkind and Michael Schwartz are Associate Directors for the LGBT Lobby Group, Human Rights Campaign.

• Keshet is a National LGBT Jewish Lobby.

• Joe Biden recently “praised” Jewish leaders for growing the Homosexual agenda due to their control of Hollywood and the Media.

 

Fact is Fact

 

me on Facebook at: www.facebook.com/Elie.Abboud.Photographer

 

me on Twitter at: www.twitter.com/Elie_Photograph

The 18th Annual Original GLBT Expo

The Fourth Annual Video Lounge

 

The Jacob K. Javits Convention Center of New York

655 West 34th Street

New York, NY 10001

March 12th 2011 - 12 noon to 7pm

March 13th 2011 - 12 noon to 6 pm

Presents the Fourth Annual VIDEO LOUNGE

 

Hosted by

The Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival &

The Rhode Island International Film Festival

 

Main Curator

Ryan Janek Wolowski of both Film and Television

  

THE ORIGINAL GLBT EXPO FOURTH ANNUAL VIDEO LOUNGE

  

***********************

 

Saturday March 12th 2011 12:00 – 7:00PM

 

12:00 Stephen Flynn - Director of the Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival HOSTS

Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos including Brian Kent and Jason Walker

  

12:30 Ms. Demure HOSTS from Dayton, Ohio host of Harper's Bazzaroworld Present's The Ms.Demure Show

"16th and 8th" preview with Stephen Schulman from SASi Public Relations & Marketing

  

1:00 Randolfe Wicker LGBT Activist HOSTS

Gender bending music videos in Japanese Pop culture

Sekiya Dorsett director of "Saving Julian" a short film for and about LGBT homeless youth

 

1:30 Anu Singh from GLAAD The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation HOSTS

Bollywood goes pink

Desi Music Video Mix

Engendered / I View Film Festival Highlights

Guest from Karan Johar film कभी अलविदा न कहना "Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna"

  

2:00 Neal Bennington - Broadway Commentator as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

- NOREEN CRAYTON (National Tour of Rent, Independent Music Award winner)

- RICHARD DeFONZO (VH1's "Boys Will Be Girls", Tribute Artist)

- TERESE GENECCO (MAC Award Winner, Longest running nightclub act on Broadway)

- PAUL GOLIO & TINSEL (Ventriloquist)

- BOBBY CRONIN (Theatre Composer/Lyricist, Welcome to My Life)

  

2:30 Tym Moss from Artists Exposed HOSTS

Phil Putnam

Gabrielle Lindau "These Showers Can Talk" short film with Lori Michaels

Deepa Soul aka Diedra Meredith (recording artist) / executive director of OUTMUSIC, the LGBT Academy of Recording Artists

Josh Zuckerman

  

3:00 Lady Gaga - Rare clips from 2008 before "The Fame" was released + more

  

3:30 Ryan Janek Wolowski of MTV Networks HOSTS

Oh My Josh! International pop recording artist "Out My Face (Wah Wah Wah)"

MAOR - Recording Artist/Music Producer originally from Tel Aviv/Israel will perform his latest single "Kmo Shir Chadash" & Victory - NO More Rain

Check out www.maormusic.com/home

 

4:00 Appolonia Cruz from FX GAY TV previously known as Fruta Extrana TV as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

 

Miss America 2011's Claire Buffie (Miss New York)

www.missnyorg.com/miss-ny-2010.html

 

LOVARI w/ special guest entertainers from his music videos:

Demanda Dahhling/Thomas Bistriz(Author)

Janifer (Recording Artist)

King Ralphy (Promoter)

Seth Clark Silberman (PHDJ)

DJ Sparrow - www.LovariWorld.Com

 

Simply Rob (spoken word poet) from El Grito de Poetas

Jorge Merced the director of the fabulous "Pregones" Bronx Theater

India M. (India Mendelsohn)

Barnacle Billl (Bill Murray)

Ova Floh

    

5:00 Ms. Demure HOSTS from Dayton, Ohio host of Harper's Bazzaroworld Present's The Ms.Demure Show

Joe E. Jeffreys presents "Drag Show Video Verite"

Candy Samples

  

5:30 Soce the Elemental Wizard / Andrew Singer HOSTS

Comedy Stop

Brad Loekle

Claudia Cogan

  

6:15 "White House Presidential Proclamation LGBT Pride Month" with Samara Riviera from www.VivaLaRiviera.com, Sassy Parker from Chic and Sassy, Ryan Janek Wolowski

 

6:15 - 7:00 Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos incl LaVonna Harris, Yozmit, R. Sky Palkowitz The Delusional Diva, Peppermint, Kid Akimbo, Josh Zuckerman, Ari Gold, Pepper Mashay, Erika Jayne and more

   

*******************************************************

  

Sunday March 13th 2011 12:00 – 6:00PM

 

12:00 Stephen Flynn - Director of the Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival HOSTS

Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival video highlights incl David Kittredge, David Kilmnick, Ron Soper, Carmella Cann aka Michael Ferreira and amberRose Marie

  

12:30 Neal Bennington - Broadway Commentator as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

- NOREEN CRAYTON (National Tour of Rent, Independent Music Award winner)

- NATASCIA DIAZ (Broadway's Man of La Mancha & The Capeman)

- REBECCA LARKIN (Broadway's Avenue Q & South Pacific

  

1:00 Randolfe Wicker LGBT Activist HOSTS

Gender bending music videos in Japanese Pop culture

Colleen Whitaker speaking on behalf of Susi Graf "Lost in the Crowd" documentary on NYC LGBT homeless youth

Paul Golio & Tinsel Ventriloquist / Jokes / Sketch Comedy

  

1:30 Tym Moss from Artists Exposed HOSTS

Robbie Cronrod, from Robbie and Allan (www.LoveAtFirstWink.com/vote ; Crate and Barrel's Ultimate Wedding Challenge, Currently 2nd Pl)

Ariel Aparicio

Athena Reich

"What Happens Next" feature film sneak peak with Thom Cardwell and guest stars from the movie showing of some clips and the Q&A with Jon Lindstrom, Chris Murrah, and Ariel Shafir

www.whathappensnextmovie.com

   

2:00 Anu Singh from GLAAD The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation HOSTS

Ricky Martin Recipient of GLAAD's Vito Russo Award music video spotlight

Juan Fortino

Vermex Van Croix

Kid Akimbo originally from Brazil

 

2:30 Soce the Elemental Wizard / Andrew Singer HOSTS

Comedy Stop

Mike Cotayo

Joanne Filan

 

3:00 Appolonia Cruz from FX GAY TV previously known as Fruta Extrana

TV as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

*JANID (Recording Academy and Billboard Recognized Zonisphere

Recording Artist) - "Alias" music video

 

LIVE Q&A with

JANID and Kaydean (Alias video director, Recording Academy

Recognized 3x Gold and 1x Platinum record producer and CEO of

Zonisphere Records)

 

*Chanel International (Drag Star)

 

*Johnathan Cedano (actor) - portraying adult film actor Tiger Tyson

in the one-man show "Confessions of a Homo Thug Porn Star,"

"INDIO" Producer/Director of Johnathan Cedano's "Portrait of a Porn Star"

 

*Mike Todd GOOTH Magazine

Samara Riviera from www.VivaLaRiviera.com, Sassy Parker from Chic and Sassy

 

*Adam Barta

 

*amberRose Marie Upclose & Personal: a videomentary. LIVE Q&A

with Billboard recording artist amberRose Marie follows, with a

special surprise. National SAG LGBT committee member Ron B.

Joins Appolonia Cruz for an intimate chat with this Diva-licious

beauty. www.amberRoseMarie.com

  

4:00 Ryan Janek Wolowski of MTV Networks HOSTS

MAOR - Recording Artist/Music Producer originally from Tel Aviv/Israel will perform his latest single "Kmo Shir Chadash" & Victory - NO More Rain

Check out www.maormusic.com/home

 

BeBe Zahara Benet winner of RuPaul's Drag Race Live in person showcasing "Cameroon" plus live Q&A

   

4:30 Under the Pink Carpet Meet the on air personalities from the gay-themed television entertainment news series that airs on WNYE / WNYC TV Channel 25 / Dish Miss HOSTS

Lady Clover Honey

Tony Sawicki

Colton Ford, recording artist, actor (The Lair) and former gay male adult entertainment star.

   

5:30 - 6:00 Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos including Vanessa Conde, Crystal Waters, Noa Tylo, Salme Dahlstrom, Khalid Rivera and more.

    

*****************************************

VIDEO LOUNGE 2011 make sure not to miss this event which only happens once a year.

 

Look for surprise guests throughout the day as well as giveaways all day long.

  

This event is OPEN TO THE PUBLIC

 

********************************************

The GLAAD Media Awards at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City

 

The GLAAD Media Awards recognize and honor media for their fair, accurate and inclusive representations of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community and the issues that affect their lives.

 

GLAAD, the world's lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) media advocacy organization, honored Robert De Niro, Mariah Carey, and the best in film, television, and journalism at the 27th Annual GLAAD Media Awards at the Waldorf Astoria New York on Saturday May 14th 2016. Jennifer Lawrence, Aziz Ansari, Connie Britton, Diane Sawyer, Caitlyn Jenner, Tamron Hall, Noah Galvin, Andrew Rannells, Andreja Pejić, and Jason Biggs were among the special guests. Recording artists Alex Newell and Bebe Rexha, as well as the Tony Award-winning Broadway musical Fun Home performed at the event hosted by Emmy Award-winning actress Laverne Cox. The 27th Annual GLAAD Media Awards were presented by Delta Air Lines, Hilton, Ketel One Vodka, and Wells Fargo.

 

GLAAD Media Award recipients announced Saturday in New York. Additional awards were presented in Los Angeles at the Beverly Hilton on April 2.

 

Excellence in Media Award: Robert De Niro (presented by Jennifer Lawrence)

 

Ally Award: Mariah Carey (presented by Lee Daniels)

 

· Outstanding TV Journalism – Newsmagazine: “Bruce Jenner: The Interview" 20/20 (ABC) [accepted by: Diane Sawyer, Caitlyn Jenner, and David Sloan, senior executive producer]

 

· Outstanding TV Journalism Segment: "Interview with Jim Obergefell" Anderson Cooper 360 (CNN) [accepted by: U.S. Supreme Court plaintiff Jim Obergefell]

 

· Outstanding Magazine Overall Coverage: Cosmopolitan [accepted by: Laura Brounstein, special projects director]

 

· Outstanding Film – Limited Release: Tangerine (Magnolia Pictures)

 

· Outstanding Individual Episode: "The Prince of Nucleotides" Royal Pains (USA Network)

 

· Outstanding Digital Journalism – Multimedia: "Stopping HIV? The Truvada Revolution" Vice Reports (Vice.com)

 

· Outstanding Newspaper Article: "Cold Case: The Murders of Cosby and Jackson" by Dianna Wray (Houston Press)

 

· Outstanding Magazine Article: "Behind Brazil's Gay Pride Parades, a Struggle with Homophobic Violence" by Oscar Lopez (Newsweek)

 

· Outstanding Digital Journalism Article: "This Is What It’s Like To Be An LGBT Syrian Fleeing For Your Life" by J. Lester Feder (Buzzfeed.com)

 

SPANISH-LANGUAGE NOMINEES

· Outstanding Daytime Program Episode: "¿El marido de mi padre o yo?" Caso Cerrado (Telemundo)

 

· Outstanding TV Journalism – Newsmagazine: TIE: "Amor que rompe barreras" Un Nuevo Día (Telemundo) and "En cuerpo ajeno" Aquí y Ahora (Univision)

 

· Outstanding TV Journalism Segment: "Víctimas de abusos" Noticiero Univision (Univision)

 

· Outstanding Digital Journalism – Multimedia: "Campeones de la igualdad" (Univision.com)

   

GLAAD (formerly the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation) is a U.S. non-governmental media monitoring organization founded by LGBT people in the media.

 

Motto - to promote understanding, increase acceptance, and advance equality.

 

Founded - 1985

 

Founder

Vito Russo

Jewelle Gomez

Lauren Hinds

 

GLAAD 2016 President and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis

 

GLAAD

104 W 29th St #4,

New York, NY 10001

USA

(212) 629-3322

 

Waldorf Astoria Hotel

301 Park Ave,

New York, NY 10022

USA

(212) 355-3000

  

Hashtag metadata tag

#GMA @glaad ‪#‎glaadawards #GLAAD #GLAADMediaAwards #GLAADMedia #GLAADAwards #LGBT #GLBT #LGBTQ #GLBTQ #Lesbian #gay #gays #gaymen #gaywomen #bi #Bisexual #Trans #Transman #TransWoman #Transidentity #Transgender #Gender #GenderFluid #GenderIdentity #Queer #Media #TV #Television #Press #WaldorfAstoria #WaldorfAstoriaHotel #NY #NYC #NYS #NewYork #NewYorkCity #NewYorkState #USA #Equality #Pride #celebrity #fashion #famous #style #RedCarpet #RedCarpetEvent

  

Photo

New York City, Manhattan Island, New York State, USA The United States of America country, North America continent

May 14th 2016‬

East-German postcard by VEB Progress Filmvertrieb, no. 1.819, 1963. Retail price: 0,20 DM. Photo: Klaus Fischer. Publicity still for Revue um Mitternacht/Midnight Review (Gottfried Kolditz, 1962).

 

German actor Manfred Krug (1937) was often cast as a socialist hero in DEFA films of the former GDR. He also became known in East-Germany as a jazz singer. In 1977, he returned to West-Germany, where he became a popular TV star.

 

Manfred Krug was born in 1937 in Duisburg, Germany. His parents were Rudolf and Alma Krug. In 1949, after the divorce of his parents, the 13-years old Manfred moved with his father from Duisburg to the newly founded German Democratic Republic (GDR) . The young Krug trained as a steel smelter in Brandenburg an der Havel. A splash of liquid steel caused a distinctive scar on his forehead. Here, Krug worked for four years in a steel plant and rolling mill. In the evenings he studied and decided to go to drama school. From 1955 to 1957 he was an apprentice at Bertolt Brecht's Berliner Ensemble. In 1957, Krug made his film debut as a guitarist in Die Schönste/The most beautiful (Ernesto Remani, Walter Beck, 1957). Filmportal.de: “Because of his strong build, his powerful body language, and his rebellious presence, Krug mainly played roles of villains and young rowdies in the early years of his movie career.” He played a smuggler in the crime film Ware für Katalonien/Goods For Catalonia (Richard Groschopp, 1959), based on a true fraud: a criminal sold the entire stock of optical instruments produced by the Zeiss factory in Jena, East Germany, to the Spanish Army and to customers in Barcelona. Krug also appeared in the successful war film Fünf Patronenhülsen/Five Cartridges (Frank Beyer, 1960) opposite Erwin Geschonneck and Armin Mueller-Stahl. During the Spanish Civil War, a battalion of the International Brigades is cut off without water or ammunition. Five Cartridges won director Frank Beyer great acclaim, and also for Krug many more film roles followed. He also achieved notability as a jazz singer. He appeared in the drama Professor Mamlock (Konrad Wolf, 1961) about a Jewish surgeon (Wolfgang Heinz) in Germany of the early 1930s. It was based on the play Professor Mamlock, written by the director's father Friedrich Wolf during 1933, when he was in exile in France. Krug was often cast as the tough guy with a heart of gold, such as in Auf der Sonnenseite/On the Sunny Side (Ralf Kirsten, 1962). In this musical comedy he starred as a steel smelter and an amateur actor and jazz singer, who is sent to a drama school by his factory's committee. The film's script was largely inspired by Krug's biography: he worked in a steel factory before turning to an acting career. His jazz band and his singing career were also a central theme in the plot. DEFA historian Dagmar Schittly notes that Auf der Sonnenseite was the most popular East German film of the early 1960s, and Krug and the collective crew were awarded the Heinrich Greif Prize for their work. Krug managed to give the Communist system a human face and credibility. Krug and director Kirsten reunited for the historical adventure Mir nach, Canaillen!/Follow Me, Scoundrels (Ralf Kirsten, 1964). Two years later Krug starred in Spur der Steine/Trace of Stones (Frank Beyer,1966). After its release, the film was shown only for a few days, before being shelved due to conflicts with the Socialist Unity Party, the ruling communist party in the GDR. Krug’s portrayal of a rebellious and brash building site brigadier was deemed as too ‘anarchic’ by the censors. Filmportal.de: “Indeed, the role of the aggressive, yet down-to-earth worker who defies authority and often kicks over the traces has always been one of Krug's main roles.” Only after 23 years was the film shown again, in 1989, when the Berlin Wall fell. His other DEFA-films include Die Fahne von Kriwoj Rog/The Banner of Krivoi Rog (Kurt Maetzig, 1967) starring Erwin Geschonneck, and the contemporary Eastern road movie Weite Straßen – stille Liebe/ Wide streets, silent love (Herrmann Zschoche, 1969) with Jaecki Schwarz, which made Krug a favourite among East-German teenage filmgoers.

 

In 1976 Manfred Krug participated in protests against the expulsion and stripping of GDR citizenship of singer-songwriter Wolf Biermann. Suddenly the popular Krug, who had won numerous awards in the years before (among them the National award and the Medal for Merit of the GDR), was subjected to sanctions and censorship. The situation escalated when Krug beat down a Stasi informer who had insulted and defamed him publicly. After six months of partly unemployment, Krug requested to leave the GDR in 1977. As soon as he got the approval he left East-Germany and moved to Schöneberg in West Berlin. Twenty years later, he wrote about these events in his book Abgehauen (1997, Pushed off). This memoir became a bestseller and in was filmed by Frank Beyer in 1998. After moving back to West Germany, Manfred Krug very soon got new roles. In 1978 he appeared as the adventurous truck driver Franz Meersdonk in the TV series Auf Achse/On the Axis. He continued to play in the series until 1995, one year before the show ended its long run. Krug's various television roles even included a two-year stint on the children's program Sesamstraße (1982-1984), the German version of the American children's program Sesame Street. He was very popular as an attorney in the Berlin-based comedic attorney TV series Liebling Kreuzberg/Darling Kreuzberg (1986-1998). From 1984 till 2001, he also starred as Hamburg-based commissioner Paul Stoever in the Krimi series Tatort, which would eventually run for a total of 41 instalments. His later feature films include the comedy Neuner (Werner Masten, 1990), and the political drama Der Blaue/The Blue One (Lienhard Wawrzyn, 1994), which was entered into the 44th Berlin International Film Festival. In 2005, his second memoir, Mein schönes Leben (2005, My beautiful life), became another bestseller. Since 1963, Manfred Krug is married with Ottilie Krug. Together they have three children, including the singer Fanny Krug. In 2002 it was announced that Manfred Krug has also an illegitimate child. Krug lives in Berlin-Charlottenburg.

 

Sources: Filmportal.de, AllMovie, Wikipedia (English and German) and IMDb.

The 18th Annual Original GLBT Expo

The Fourth Annual Video Lounge

 

The Jacob K. Javits Convention Center of New York

655 West 34th Street

New York, NY 10001

March 12th 2011 - 12 noon to 7pm

March 13th 2011 - 12 noon to 6 pm

Presents the Fourth Annual VIDEO LOUNGE

 

Hosted by

The Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival &

The Rhode Island International Film Festival

 

Main Curator

Ryan Janek Wolowski of both Film and Television

  

THE ORIGINAL GLBT EXPO FOURTH ANNUAL VIDEO LOUNGE

  

***********************

 

Saturday March 12th 2011 12:00 – 7:00PM

 

12:00 Stephen Flynn - Director of the Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival HOSTS

Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos including Brian Kent and Jason Walker

  

12:30 Ms. Demure HOSTS from Dayton, Ohio host of Harper's Bazzaroworld Present's The Ms.Demure Show

"16th and 8th" preview with Stephen Schulman from SASi Public Relations & Marketing

  

1:00 Randolfe Wicker LGBT Activist HOSTS

Gender bending music videos in Japanese Pop culture

Sekiya Dorsett director of "Saving Julian" a short film for and about LGBT homeless youth

 

1:30 Anu Singh from GLAAD The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation HOSTS

Bollywood goes pink

Desi Music Video Mix

Engendered / I View Film Festival Highlights

Guest from Karan Johar film कभी अलविदा न कहना "Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna"

  

2:00 Neal Bennington - Broadway Commentator as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

- NOREEN CRAYTON (National Tour of Rent, Independent Music Award winner)

- RICHARD DeFONZO (VH1's "Boys Will Be Girls", Tribute Artist)

- TERESE GENECCO (MAC Award Winner, Longest running nightclub act on Broadway)

- PAUL GOLIO & TINSEL (Ventriloquist)

- BOBBY CRONIN (Theatre Composer/Lyricist, Welcome to My Life)

  

2:30 Tym Moss from Artists Exposed HOSTS

Phil Putnam

Gabrielle Lindau "These Showers Can Talk" short film with Lori Michaels

Deepa Soul aka Diedra Meredith (recording artist) / executive director of OUTMUSIC, the LGBT Academy of Recording Artists

Josh Zuckerman

  

3:00 Lady Gaga - Rare clips from 2008 before "The Fame" was released + more

  

3:30 Ryan Janek Wolowski of MTV Networks HOSTS

Oh My Josh! International pop recording artist "Out My Face (Wah Wah Wah)"

MAOR - Recording Artist/Music Producer originally from Tel Aviv/Israel will perform his latest single "Kmo Shir Chadash" & Victory - NO More Rain

Check out www.maormusic.com/home

 

4:00 Appolonia Cruz from FX GAY TV previously known as Fruta Extrana TV as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

 

Miss America 2011's Claire Buffie (Miss New York)

www.missnyorg.com/miss-ny-2010.html

 

LOVARI w/ special guest entertainers from his music videos:

Demanda Dahhling/Thomas Bistriz(Author)

Janifer (Recording Artist)

King Ralphy (Promoter)

Seth Clark Silberman (PHDJ)

DJ Sparrow - www.LovariWorld.Com

 

Simply Rob (spoken word poet) from El Grito de Poetas

Jorge Merced the director of the fabulous "Pregones" Bronx Theater

India M. (India Mendelsohn)

Barnacle Billl (Bill Murray)

Ova Floh

    

5:00 Ms. Demure HOSTS from Dayton, Ohio host of Harper's Bazzaroworld Present's The Ms.Demure Show

Joe E. Jeffreys presents "Drag Show Video Verite"

Candy Samples

  

5:30 Soce the Elemental Wizard / Andrew Singer HOSTS

Comedy Stop

Brad Loekle

Claudia Cogan

  

6:15 "White House Presidential Proclamation LGBT Pride Month" with Samara Riviera from www.VivaLaRiviera.com, Sassy Parker from Chic and Sassy, Ryan Janek Wolowski

 

6:15 - 7:00 Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos incl LaVonna Harris, Yozmit, R. Sky Palkowitz The Delusional Diva, Peppermint, Kid Akimbo, Josh Zuckerman, Ari Gold, Pepper Mashay, Erika Jayne and more

   

*******************************************************

  

Sunday March 13th 2011 12:00 – 6:00PM

 

12:00 Stephen Flynn - Director of the Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival HOSTS

Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival video highlights incl David Kittredge, David Kilmnick, Ron Soper, Carmella Cann aka Michael Ferreira and amberRose Marie

  

12:30 Neal Bennington - Broadway Commentator as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

- NOREEN CRAYTON (National Tour of Rent, Independent Music Award winner)

- NATASCIA DIAZ (Broadway's Man of La Mancha & The Capeman)

- REBECCA LARKIN (Broadway's Avenue Q & South Pacific

  

1:00 Randolfe Wicker LGBT Activist HOSTS

Gender bending music videos in Japanese Pop culture

Colleen Whitaker speaking on behalf of Susi Graf "Lost in the Crowd" documentary on NYC LGBT homeless youth

Paul Golio & Tinsel Ventriloquist / Jokes / Sketch Comedy

  

1:30 Tym Moss from Artists Exposed HOSTS

Robbie Cronrod, from Robbie and Allan (www.LoveAtFirstWink.com/vote ; Crate and Barrel's Ultimate Wedding Challenge, Currently 2nd Pl)

Ariel Aparicio

Athena Reich

"What Happens Next" feature film sneak peak with Thom Cardwell and guest stars from the movie showing of some clips and the Q&A with Jon Lindstrom, Chris Murrah, and Ariel Shafir

www.whathappensnextmovie.com

   

2:00 Anu Singh from GLAAD The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation HOSTS

Ricky Martin Recipient of GLAAD's Vito Russo Award music video spotlight

Juan Fortino

Vermex Van Croix

Kid Akimbo originally from Brazil

 

2:30 Soce the Elemental Wizard / Andrew Singer HOSTS

Comedy Stop

Mike Cotayo

Joanne Filan

 

3:00 Appolonia Cruz from FX GAY TV previously known as Fruta Extrana

TV as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

*JANID (Recording Academy and Billboard Recognized Zonisphere

Recording Artist) - "Alias" music video

 

LIVE Q&A with

JANID and Kaydean (Alias video director, Recording Academy

Recognized 3x Gold and 1x Platinum record producer and CEO of

Zonisphere Records)

 

*Chanel International (Drag Star)

 

*Johnathan Cedano (actor) - portraying adult film actor Tiger Tyson

in the one-man show "Confessions of a Homo Thug Porn Star,"

"INDIO" Producer/Director of Johnathan Cedano's "Portrait of a Porn Star"

 

*Mike Todd GOOTH Magazine

Samara Riviera from www.VivaLaRiviera.com, Sassy Parker from Chic and Sassy

 

*Adam Barta

 

*amberRose Marie Upclose & Personal: a videomentary. LIVE Q&A

with Billboard recording artist amberRose Marie follows, with a

special surprise. National SAG LGBT committee member Ron B.

Joins Appolonia Cruz for an intimate chat with this Diva-licious

beauty. www.amberRoseMarie.com

  

4:00 Ryan Janek Wolowski of MTV Networks HOSTS

MAOR - Recording Artist/Music Producer originally from Tel Aviv/Israel will perform his latest single "Kmo Shir Chadash" & Victory - NO More Rain

Check out www.maormusic.com/home

 

BeBe Zahara Benet winner of RuPaul's Drag Race Live in person showcasing "Cameroon" plus live Q&A

   

4:30 Under the Pink Carpet Meet the on air personalities from the gay-themed television entertainment news series that airs on WNYE / WNYC TV Channel 25 / Dish Miss HOSTS

Lady Clover Honey

Tony Sawicki

Colton Ford, recording artist, actor (The Lair) and former gay male adult entertainment star.

   

5:30 - 6:00 Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos including Vanessa Conde, Crystal Waters, Noa Tylo, Salme Dahlstrom, Khalid Rivera and more.

    

*****************************************

VIDEO LOUNGE 2011 make sure not to miss this event which only happens once a year.

 

Look for surprise guests throughout the day as well as giveaways all day long.

  

This event is OPEN TO THE PUBLIC

 

********************************************

Despite the significance of the jambiya, it is still a weapon. Although people have used it in times of dispute, there are societal norms that must be followed in order to avoid defamation. The jambiya should only come out of its sheath in extreme cases of conflict. It is also commonly used in traditional events such as dances.

The 18th Annual Original GLBT Expo

The Fourth Annual Video Lounge

 

The Jacob K. Javits Convention Center of New York

655 West 34th Street

New York, NY 10001

March 12th 2011 - 12 noon to 7pm

March 13th 2011 - 12 noon to 6 pm

Presents the Fourth Annual VIDEO LOUNGE

 

Hosted by

The Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival &

The Rhode Island International Film Festival

 

Main Curator

Ryan Janek Wolowski of both Film and Television

  

THE ORIGINAL GLBT EXPO FOURTH ANNUAL VIDEO LOUNGE

  

***********************

 

Saturday March 12th 2011 12:00 – 7:00PM

 

12:00 Stephen Flynn - Director of the Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival HOSTS

Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos including Brian Kent and Jason Walker

  

12:30 Ms. Demure HOSTS from Dayton, Ohio host of Harper's Bazzaroworld Present's The Ms.Demure Show

"16th and 8th" preview with Stephen Schulman from SASi Public Relations & Marketing

  

1:00 Randolfe Wicker LGBT Activist HOSTS

Gender bending music videos in Japanese Pop culture

Sekiya Dorsett director of "Saving Julian" a short film for and about LGBT homeless youth

 

1:30 Anu Singh from GLAAD The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation HOSTS

Bollywood goes pink

Desi Music Video Mix

Engendered / I View Film Festival Highlights

Guest from Karan Johar film कभी अलविदा न कहना "Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna"

  

2:00 Neal Bennington - Broadway Commentator as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

- NOREEN CRAYTON (National Tour of Rent, Independent Music Award winner)

- RICHARD DeFONZO (VH1's "Boys Will Be Girls", Tribute Artist)

- TERESE GENECCO (MAC Award Winner, Longest running nightclub act on Broadway)

- PAUL GOLIO & TINSEL (Ventriloquist)

- BOBBY CRONIN (Theatre Composer/Lyricist, Welcome to My Life)

  

2:30 Tym Moss from Artists Exposed HOSTS

Phil Putnam

Gabrielle Lindau "These Showers Can Talk" short film with Lori Michaels

Deepa Soul aka Diedra Meredith (recording artist) / executive director of OUTMUSIC, the LGBT Academy of Recording Artists

Josh Zuckerman

  

3:00 Lady Gaga - Rare clips from 2008 before "The Fame" was released + more

  

3:30 Ryan Janek Wolowski of MTV Networks HOSTS

Oh My Josh! International pop recording artist "Out My Face (Wah Wah Wah)"

MAOR - Recording Artist/Music Producer originally from Tel Aviv/Israel will perform his latest single "Kmo Shir Chadash" & Victory - NO More Rain

Check out www.maormusic.com/home

 

4:00 Appolonia Cruz from FX GAY TV previously known as Fruta Extrana TV as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

 

Miss America 2011's Claire Buffie (Miss New York)

www.missnyorg.com/miss-ny-2010.html

 

LOVARI w/ special guest entertainers from his music videos:

Demanda Dahhling/Thomas Bistriz(Author)

Janifer (Recording Artist)

King Ralphy (Promoter)

Seth Clark Silberman (PHDJ)

DJ Sparrow - www.LovariWorld.Com

 

Simply Rob (spoken word poet) from El Grito de Poetas

Jorge Merced the director of the fabulous "Pregones" Bronx Theater

India M. (India Mendelsohn)

Barnacle Billl (Bill Murray)

Ova Floh

    

5:00 Ms. Demure HOSTS from Dayton, Ohio host of Harper's Bazzaroworld Present's The Ms.Demure Show

Joe E. Jeffreys presents "Drag Show Video Verite"

Candy Samples

  

5:30 Soce the Elemental Wizard / Andrew Singer HOSTS

Comedy Stop

Brad Loekle

Claudia Cogan

  

6:15 "White House Presidential Proclamation LGBT Pride Month" with Samara Riviera from www.VivaLaRiviera.com, Sassy Parker from Chic and Sassy, Ryan Janek Wolowski

 

6:15 - 7:00 Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos incl LaVonna Harris, Yozmit, R. Sky Palkowitz The Delusional Diva, Peppermint, Kid Akimbo, Josh Zuckerman, Ari Gold, Pepper Mashay, Erika Jayne and more

   

*******************************************************

  

Sunday March 13th 2011 12:00 – 6:00PM

 

12:00 Stephen Flynn - Director of the Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival HOSTS

Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival video highlights incl David Kittredge, David Kilmnick, Ron Soper, Carmella Cann aka Michael Ferreira and amberRose Marie

  

12:30 Neal Bennington - Broadway Commentator as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

- NOREEN CRAYTON (National Tour of Rent, Independent Music Award winner)

- NATASCIA DIAZ (Broadway's Man of La Mancha & The Capeman)

- REBECCA LARKIN (Broadway's Avenue Q & South Pacific

  

1:00 Randolfe Wicker LGBT Activist HOSTS

Gender bending music videos in Japanese Pop culture

Colleen Whitaker speaking on behalf of Susi Graf "Lost in the Crowd" documentary on NYC LGBT homeless youth

Paul Golio & Tinsel Ventriloquist / Jokes / Sketch Comedy

  

1:30 Tym Moss from Artists Exposed HOSTS

Robbie Cronrod, from Robbie and Allan (www.LoveAtFirstWink.com/vote ; Crate and Barrel's Ultimate Wedding Challenge, Currently 2nd Pl)

Ariel Aparicio

Athena Reich

"What Happens Next" feature film sneak peak with Thom Cardwell and guest stars from the movie showing of some clips and the Q&A with Jon Lindstrom, Chris Murrah, and Ariel Shafir

www.whathappensnextmovie.com

   

2:00 Anu Singh from GLAAD The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation HOSTS

Ricky Martin Recipient of GLAAD's Vito Russo Award music video spotlight

Juan Fortino

Vermex Van Croix

Kid Akimbo originally from Brazil

 

2:30 Soce the Elemental Wizard / Andrew Singer HOSTS

Comedy Stop

Mike Cotayo

Joanne Filan

 

3:00 Appolonia Cruz from FX GAY TV previously known as Fruta Extrana

TV as seen on The Wendy Williams Show HOSTS

*JANID (Recording Academy and Billboard Recognized Zonisphere

Recording Artist) - "Alias" music video

 

LIVE Q&A with

JANID and Kaydean (Alias video director, Recording Academy

Recognized 3x Gold and 1x Platinum record producer and CEO of

Zonisphere Records)

 

*Chanel International (Drag Star)

 

*Johnathan Cedano (actor) - portraying adult film actor Tiger Tyson

in the one-man show "Confessions of a Homo Thug Porn Star,"

"INDIO" Producer/Director of Johnathan Cedano's "Portrait of a Porn Star"

 

*Mike Todd GOOTH Magazine

Samara Riviera from www.VivaLaRiviera.com, Sassy Parker from Chic and Sassy

 

*Adam Barta

 

*amberRose Marie Upclose & Personal: a videomentary. LIVE Q&A

with Billboard recording artist amberRose Marie follows, with a

special surprise. National SAG LGBT committee member Ron B.

Joins Appolonia Cruz for an intimate chat with this Diva-licious

beauty. www.amberRoseMarie.com

  

4:00 Ryan Janek Wolowski of MTV Networks HOSTS

MAOR - Recording Artist/Music Producer originally from Tel Aviv/Israel will perform his latest single "Kmo Shir Chadash" & Victory - NO More Rain

Check out www.maormusic.com/home

 

BeBe Zahara Benet winner of RuPaul's Drag Race Live in person showcasing "Cameroon" plus live Q&A

   

4:30 Under the Pink Carpet Meet the on air personalities from the gay-themed television entertainment news series that airs on WNYE / WNYC TV Channel 25 / Dish Miss HOSTS

Lady Clover Honey

Tony Sawicki

Colton Ford, recording artist, actor (The Lair) and former gay male adult entertainment star.

   

5:30 - 6:00 Best in LGBT and our friends Music Music Videos including Vanessa Conde, Crystal Waters, Noa Tylo, Salme Dahlstrom, Khalid Rivera and more.

    

*****************************************

VIDEO LOUNGE 2011 make sure not to miss this event which only happens once a year.

 

Look for surprise guests throughout the day as well as giveaways all day long.

  

This event is OPEN TO THE PUBLIC

 

********************************************

Reverend Alvin Edwards

Mayor of Charlottesville, 1990 – 1992

 

Mike Signer

Mayor of Charlottesville, 2016 – 2018

Founder and Chair, Communities Overcoming Extremism: the After Charlottesville Project

 

Adam Neufeld

Vice President of Innovation and Strategy, Anti-Defamation League

 

Sarah Ruger

Director of Free Expression, Charles Koch Institute

 

Robert L. McKenzie

Director and Senior Fellow, New America

Kamal Ahmed, Editor-in-Chief and Co-Founder, The News Movement, United Kingdom, Jonathan Greenblatt, Chief Executive Officer and National Director, Anti-Defamation League, USA, Bani Dugal, Principal Representative, Bahá'í International Community's United Nations Office, New York, Farhan Latif, President, El-Hibri Foundation, USA, Alexis Crow, Partner; Global Head, Geopolitical Investing, PwC, USA speaking in the Keeping Faith session at the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2023 in Davos-Klosters, Switzerland, 19 January. Congress Centre - Salon Room. Copyright: World Economic Forum/Sikarin Fon Thanachaiary

2019 Dr. Marcia Robbins Wilf Lecture on November 3, 2019 addresses "Can Interreligious Dialogue Save the Planet" with guest speaker Rabbi David Fox Sandmel, Ph.D., Director of Interreligious Engagement, Anti-Defamation League.

It is false and unfair

 

Fallen KingThe slander is the most demanding spectrum of hatred and malice and the most painful trauma for him. Defamation is the defensive weapon of inferiority. Because she cannot cover her nudity and agility, she tries to tarnish those who are taller to be justified, as she thinks. Because it is false and unjustly harmful, it is the worst trauma for the one who suffers it.

 

Elder Joseph Vatopedin

German promotion card by Intercord, Stuttgart, 1979.

 

German actor Manfred Krug (1937) was often cast as a socialist hero in DEFA films of the former GDR. He also became known in East-Germany as a jazz singer. In 1977, he returned to West-Germany, where he became a popular TV star.

 

Manfred Krug was born in 1937 in Duisburg, Germany. His parents were Rudolf and Alma Krug. In 1949, after the divorce of his parents, the 13-years old Manfred moved with his father from Duisburg to the newly founded German Democratic Republic (GDR) . The young Krug trained as a steel smelter in Brandenburg an der Havel. A splash of liquid steel caused a distinctive scar on his forehead. Here, Krug worked for four years in a steel plant and rolling mill. In the evenings he studied and decided to go to drama school. From 1955 to 1957 he was an apprentice at Bertolt Brecht's Berliner Ensemble. In 1957, Krug made his film debut as a guitarist in Die Schönste/The most beautiful (Ernesto Remani, Walter Beck, 1957). Filmportal.de: “Because of his strong build, his powerful body language, and his rebellious presence, Krug mainly played roles of villains and young rowdies in the early years of his movie career.” He played a smuggler in the crime film Ware für Katalonien/Goods For Catalonia (Richard Groschopp, 1959), based on a true fraud: a criminal sold the entire stock of optical instruments produced by the Zeiss factory in Jena, East Germany, to the Spanish Army and to customers in Barcelona. Krug also appeared in the successful war film Fünf Patronenhülsen/Five Cartridges (Frank Beyer, 1960) opposite Erwin Geschonneck and Armin Mueller-Stahl. During the Spanish Civil War, a battalion of the International Brigades is cut off without water or ammunition. Five Cartridges won director Frank Beyer great acclaim, and also for Krug many more film roles followed. He also achieved notability as a jazz singer. He appeared in the drama Professor Mamlock (Konrad Wolf, 1961) about a Jewish surgeon (Wolfgang Heinz) in Germany of the early 1930s. It was based on the play Professor Mamlock, written by the director's father Friedrich Wolf during 1933, when he was in exile in France. Krug was often cast as the tough guy with a heart of gold, such as in Auf der Sonnenseite/On the Sunny Side (Ralf Kirsten, 1962). In this musical comedy he starred as a steel smelter and an amateur actor and jazz singer, who is sent to a drama school by his factory's committee. The film's script was largely inspired by Krug's biography: he worked in a steel factory before turning to an acting career. His jazz band and his singing career were also a central theme in the plot. DEFA historian Dagmar Schittly notes that Auf der Sonnenseite was the most popular East German film of the early 1960s, and Krug and the collective crew were awarded the Heinrich Greif Prize for their work. Krug managed to give the Communist system a human face and credibility. Krug and director Kirsten reunited for the historical adventure Mir nach, Canaillen!/Follow Me, Scoundrels (Ralf Kirsten, 1964). Two years later Krug starred in Spur der Steine/Trace of Stones (Frank Beyer,1966). After its release, the film was shown only for a few days, before being shelved due to conflicts with the Socialist Unity Party, the ruling communist party in the GDR. Krug’s portrayal of a rebellious and brash building site brigadier was deemed as too ‘anarchic’ by the censors. Filmportal.de: “Indeed, the role of the aggressive, yet down-to-earth worker who defies authority and often kicks over the traces has always been one of Krug's main roles.” Only after 23 years was the film shown again, in 1989, when the Berlin Wall fell. His other DEFA-films include Die Fahne von Kriwoj Rog/The Banner of Krivoi Rog (Kurt Maetzig, 1967) starring Erwin Geschonneck, and the contemporary Eastern road movie Weite Straßen – stille Liebe/ Wide streets, silent love (Herrmann Zschoche, 1969) with Jaecki Schwarz, which made Krug a favourite among East-German teenage filmgoers.

 

In 1976 Manfred Krug participated in protests against the expulsion and stripping of GDR citizenship of singer-songwriter Wolf Biermann. Suddenly the popular Krug, who had won numerous awards in the years before (among them the National award and the Medal for Merit of the GDR), was subjected to sanctions and censorship. The situation escalated when Krug beat down a Stasi informer who had insulted and defamed him publicly. After six months of partly unemployment, Krug requested to leave the GDR in 1977. As soon as he got the approval he left East-Germany and moved to Schöneberg in West Berlin. Twenty years later, he wrote about these events in his book Abgehauen (1997, Pushed off). This memoir became a bestseller and in was filmed by Frank Beyer in 1998. After moving back to West Germany, Manfred Krug very soon got new roles. In 1978 he appeared as the adventurous truck driver Franz Meersdonk in the TV series Auf Achse/On the Axis. He continued to play in the series until 1995, one year before the show ended its long run. Krug's various television roles even included a two-year stint on the children's program Sesamstraße (1982-1984), the German version of the American children's program Sesame Street. He was very popular as an attorney in the Berlin-based comedic attorney TV series Liebling Kreuzberg/Darling Kreuzberg (1986-1998). From 1984 till 2001, he also starred as Hamburg-based commissioner Paul Stoever in the Krimi series Tatort, which would eventually run for a total of 41 instalments. His later feature films include the comedy Neuner (Werner Masten, 1990), and the political drama Der Blaue/The Blue One (Lienhard Wawrzyn, 1994), which was entered into the 44th Berlin International Film Festival. In 2005, his second memoir, Mein schönes Leben (2005, My beautiful life), became another bestseller. Since 1963, Manfred Krug is married with Ottilie Krug. Together they have three children, including the singer Fanny Krug. In 2002 it was announced that Manfred Krug has also an illegitimate child. Krug lives in Berlin-Charlottenburg.

 

Sources: Filmportal.de, AllMovie, Wikipedia (English and German) and IMDb.

East-German postcard by VEB Bild und Heimat Reichenbach i.V., no. AG 500/12/72. Photo: DEFA / Kroiss. Publicity still for Die gestohlene Schlacht/The stolen battle (Erwin Stranka, 1972).

 

German actor Manfred Krug (1937) was often cast as a socialist hero in DEFA films of the former GDR. He also became known in East-Germany as a jazz singer. In 1977, he returned to West-Germany, where he became a popular TV star.

 

Manfred Krug was born in 1937 in Duisburg, Germany. His parents were Rudolf and Alma Krug. In 1949, after the divorce of his parents, the 13-years old Manfred moved with his father from Duisburg to the newly founded German Democratic Republic (GDR) . The young Krug trained as a steel smelter in Brandenburg an der Havel. A splash of liquid steel caused a distinctive scar on his forehead. Here, Krug worked for four years in a steel plant and rolling mill. In the evenings he studied and decided to go to drama school. From 1955 to 1957 he was an apprentice at Bertolt Brecht's Berliner Ensemble. In 1957, Krug made his film debut as a guitarist in Die Schönste/The most beautiful (Ernesto Remani, Walter Beck, 1957). Filmportal.de: “Because of his strong build, his powerful body language, and his rebellious presence, Krug mainly played roles of villains and young rowdies in the early years of his movie career.” He played a smuggler in the crime film Ware für Katalonien/Goods For Catalonia (Richard Groschopp, 1959), based on a true fraud: a criminal sold the entire stock of optical instruments produced by the Zeiss factory in Jena, East Germany, to the Spanish Army and to customers in Barcelona. Krug also appeared in the successful war film Fünf Patronenhülsen/Five Cartridges (Frank Beyer, 1960) opposite Erwin Geschonneck and Armin Mueller-Stahl. During the Spanish Civil War, a battalion of the International Brigades is cut off without water or ammunition. Five Cartridges won director Frank Beyer great acclaim, and also for Krug many more film roles followed. He also achieved notability as a jazz singer. He appeared in the drama Professor Mamlock (Konrad Wolf, 1961) about a Jewish surgeon (Wolfgang Heinz) in Germany of the early 1930s. It was based on the play Professor Mamlock, written by the director's father Friedrich Wolf during 1933, when he was in exile in France. Krug was often cast as the tough guy with a heart of gold, such as in Auf der Sonnenseite/On the Sunny Side (Ralf Kirsten, 1962). In this musical comedy he starred as a steel smelter and an amateur actor and jazz singer, who is sent to a drama school by his factory's committee. The film's script was largely inspired by Krug's biography: he worked in a steel factory before turning to an acting career. His jazz band and his singing career were also a central theme in the plot. DEFA historian Dagmar Schittly notes that Auf der Sonnenseite was the most popular East German film of the early 1960s, and Krug and the collective crew were awarded the Heinrich Greif Prize for their work. Krug managed to give the Communist system a human face and credibility. Krug and director Kirsten reunited for the historical adventure Mir nach, Canaillen!/Follow Me, Scoundrels (Ralf Kirsten, 1964). Two years later Krug starred in Spur der Steine/Trace of Stones (Frank Beyer,1966). After its release, the film was shown only for a few days, before being shelved due to conflicts with the Socialist Unity Party, the ruling communist party in the GDR. Krug’s portrayal of a rebellious and brash building site brigadier was deemed as too ‘anarchic’ by the censors. Filmportal.de: “Indeed, the role of the aggressive, yet down-to-earth worker who defies authority and often kicks over the traces has always been one of Krug's main roles.” Only after 23 years was the film shown again, in 1989, when the Berlin Wall fell. His other DEFA-films include Die Fahne von Kriwoj Rog/The Banner of Krivoi Rog (Kurt Maetzig, 1967) starring Erwin Geschonneck, and the contemporary Eastern road movie Weite Straßen – stille Liebe/ Wide streets, silent love (Herrmann Zschoche, 1969) with Jaecki Schwarz, which made Krug a favourite among East-German teenage filmgoers.

 

In 1976 Manfred Krug participated in protests against the expulsion and stripping of GDR citizenship of singer-songwriter Wolf Biermann. Suddenly the popular Krug, who had won numerous awards in the years before (among them the National award and the Medal for Merit of the GDR), was subjected to sanctions and censorship. The situation escalated when Krug beat down a Stasi informer who had insulted and defamed him publicly. After six months of partly unemployment, Krug requested to leave the GDR in 1977. As soon as he got the approval he left East-Germany and moved to Schöneberg in West Berlin. Twenty years later, he wrote about these events in his book Abgehauen (1997, Pushed off). This memoir became a bestseller and in was filmed by Frank Beyer in 1998. After moving back to West Germany, Manfred Krug very soon got new roles. In 1978 he appeared as the adventurous truck driver Franz Meersdonk in the TV series Auf Achse/On the Axis. He continued to play in the series until 1995, one year before the show ended its long run. Krug's various television roles even included a two-year stint on the children's program Sesamstraße (1982-1984), the German version of the American children's program Sesame Street. He was very popular as an attorney in the Berlin-based comedic attorney TV series Liebling Kreuzberg/Darling Kreuzberg (1986-1998). From 1984 till 2001, he also starred as Hamburg-based commissioner Paul Stoever in the Krimi series Tatort, which would eventually run for a total of 41 instalments. His later feature films include the comedy Neuner (Werner Masten, 1990), and the political drama Der Blaue/The Blue One (Lienhard Wawrzyn, 1994), which was entered into the 44th Berlin International Film Festival. In 2005, his second memoir, Mein schönes Leben (2005, My beautiful life), became another bestseller. Since 1963, Manfred Krug is married with Ottilie Krug. Together they have three children, including the singer Fanny Krug. In 2002 it was announced that Manfred Krug has also an illegitimate child. Krug lives in Berlin-Charlottenburg.

 

Sources: Filmportal.de, AllMovie, Wikipedia (English and German) and IMDb.

Dracula-esque - in fact Dracula (Vlad III or Vlad Tepeš) attended here at the court of the Hungarian warlord János (John) Hunyadi (Iancu de Hunedoara in Romanian), hero of Belgrade and father of Matthew Corvinus (the celebrated Hungarian 'Renaissance king" [TM]) who imprisoned Vlad for 12-14 years at Visegrad on the Danube in Hungary. (Why don't they tell you that at Visegrad? I didn't know that when I was there. Ironically, the locals here have begun to falsely claim that Vlad was held captive in a dungeon in this castle [again, rather than at Visegrad], and ticket sales and proceeds will have risen accordingly.) However Dracula was crowned voivode of Wallachia here, and soon entered into a political alliance with Hunyadi, notwithstanding that his father Vlad Dracul II had been assassinated and his elder brother Mircea II had been blinded and buried alive by the boyars of Târgoviste, both on Hunyadi's orders several years earlier.

 

- This castle is so famous and so celebrated by Hungarians that a smaller facsimile was built to scale in a park in Budapest for the millenial Honfoglolas celebration in 1896.

- Much of the castle was behind scaffolding when I was here, so this is the best shot I could get. Here's a much better view.: www.flickr.com/photos/denmartin/36092192783/in/photolist-...

- This, "the Buzdugan Tower (a buzdugan is a type of mace) was solely built for defensive purposes." (Wikipedia)

- The huge, gothic, atmospheric labyrinth that is Corvin castle is right from your childhood fantasies. (A friend had the FP 'castle' in this e-bay video which I coveted when I was a little kid.: www.youtube.com/watch?v=jwGLxN5IjEk ) It's one of the largest castles in Europe, and could be the most impressive for its age. "It's moated to a depth of 30 m.s and is approached by a narrow bridge upheld by tall stone piers, terminating beneath a mighty barbican, its roof bristling with spikes, overlooked by multitudes of towers." (RG) A small oval fortress with towers was built on this site, that of an ancient Roman camp, by Charles I of Hungary (of the Anjou line) in the early 14th cent., which was then given to John Hunyadi's father, Voicu Hunedoara, a Romanian noble, by Sigismund of Luxembourg, king of Hungary and Croatia, as severance in 1409. (Legend had it that Hunyadi was Sigismund's illegitimate son, which is why he gave the castle to his nominal father.) Hunyadi inherited the castle, took up residence in it, and initiated its reconstruction in 1446, the same year in which the Diet elected him Regent. Following his death in 1456, new commissions were initiated by his son Matthias Corvinus in 1458 to construct a renaissance-style wing, and baroque additions were later added by Gabriel Bethlen, prince of Transylvania (1613-29), from 1618.

- "Within is an extravaganza of galleries, spiral staircases and gothic vaulting, most impressively the Knight's Hall, a great reception hall with rose-coloured marble pillars. On the 2nd pillar a carved Latin inscription reads "this work has been performed by the great and handsome Iancu de Hunedoara in God's year, 1452.' Frescos on the wall of the Hall depict medallion portraits of the Bethlen family and their acquaintances." (RG) According to one site online, these include Wallachian and Moldavian voivodes Matei Basarab and Vasile Lupu.

- Other significant parts of the castle, which contains over 50 rooms, include the massive, double-walled 5-story-high defensive tower named "Nje Boisia" ("Don't be afraid" in Serbo-Croatian, as it housed Serb mercenaries, members of the castle's garrison, during the 15th cent. Ottoman invasion) and the 30 m. high hanging gallery, preserved from Hunyadi's time; the Capistrano Tower (named after St. John of Capistrano, the Franciscan friar who at age 70 led a crusade against the invading Turks together with Hunyadi at the siege of Belgrade in 1456); the 'Council hall'; a narrow gothic chapel with a high ceiling (15th cent.); the 'bear pit'; etc. A subterranean room near the entrance was held out in 2000 to have been a prison cell and 'torture chamber'. In the Corvinus wing, a fresco depicts the legend of the raven from which the name of Hunyadi's descendants 'Corvinus' originates. (See below) And In the castle yard, above the 30-m.-deep 'Turkish well', an etched inscription in Turkish reads "he who wrote this inscription is Hasan, who lives as a slave of the giaours [the infidels], in the fortress near the church."

www.youtube.com/watch?v=w-7SdiM7kwI

- www.mdpi.com/2571-9408/2/2/85/htm

- www.youtube.com/shorts/eJKrsnpBw7c www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwhCFCVnsoc

- youtu.be/gcN7wF9DjZA?si=R-67zHyvTk5METRL "It's siiick."

 

- Update Jan. 2025: I just saw Robert Eggers' homage to Murnau's 'Nosferatu' in the theatres, in which this castle, filmed on location, is the clear stand-in for 'Castle Orlok' (ie. 'Castle Dracula'), as seen in the moon-light beyond the draw-bridge as the caleche carries Nicholas Hoult towards it. [Update April '25: See it, with this tower at the left, from the 14 sec. pt. to 23 sec.s in this clip from the film.: youtu.be/yHa5G41tRkg?si=eq-YWTjiLr6pkPDi ] When Hoult cuts his thumb while slicing his bread soon after he arrives and the Count perks up and Hoult emotes (in what I found to be the most intense scene in the film), the head of a short stone statue by the fireplace, which looked familiar, turns slightly towards him. I've just confirmed that it was modelled on the effigy of John Hunyadi in Alba Iulia. commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_John_Hunyadi.jpg Wow. I call that attention to detail.

- Update, April '25: Here it is, already. The Count has more to say in this clip re 'the eve of Szent Andras' (St. George's eve, April 23, in Dracula; St. Andrew's eve, Nov. 29, is "the Romanian Halloween") than he did in the cut shown in the theatre. See Hunyadi's effigy at the 3:45 min pt. youtu.be/Fu9V7cY6OGI?si=mG7fwBBaJ03cfuAg I wondered what I might've missed in that castle in light of a detail like that. This article filmandfurniture.com/2025/03/the-design-of-nosferatu-the-... discusses Orlok's impressive coffin youtu.be/lmBwJGR3lks?si=D1nYiXIwrrtZahb3 which features heptagrams, skulls, wolves' heads and images of 'Dacian dragons' "inspired by the ['Draco' or 'Wolf-dragon' on the] Trajan column" seen at the 5:40 min. pt. in the video in the link below, with the head of a wolf and tail of a dragon and which featured on the Dacian battle-flag. Wolves, the 'Wolf-dragon', and a white werewolf (a high priest transformed into 'the Great White Wolf' in Transylvania by the Dacian god Zamolxis to lead the wolves and protect Dacia, the earliest werewolf [6th cent. BC] known to mythology anywhere) were central to ancient Dacian mythology and cosmology, and to the history of the famous Dacian 'Wolf warriors' (of course), as discussed (I think) in the film in the next link, lacking subtitles sadly, at the 3:42 min. pt. (See the ritual circle in which I slept at its centre one night [see below] at the 2:30 min. pt.) youtu.be/_O48gg5oY6Y?si=RRghelCOyHNY-pSz

 

- Re: the ethnicity of the celebrated Mattei or Matthias Corvinus, the Hungarian 'Renaissance king'. (I'll cut and paste the following into the description of a photo taken at Visegrad, Hungary when I get @ to scanning it sometime.) Corvinus' paternal grandfather was ostensibly one Voicu or Vajk, a Romanian noble. The identity of his father's mother is in question. His father Hunyadi (or Hunedoara) rose and rose through the ranks as a result of his abilities and military successes, and came to be known as 'the Hero of Belgrade' and posthumously as 'the White Knight' (a name resulting from a misreading of Blachus/Vlachus for Blancus in Western Europe, see below), took power as Voivode of Transylvania in 1441, and was then elected Regent of Hungary. But, again, he was a Romanian who would presume to rule Hungarians. A helpful rumour began to spread, and became a legend sedulously fostered during the reign of his son Matei or Matthias, that Hunyadi's father had been cuckolded by none other than Sigismund of Luxembourg, king of Hungary and Croatia, and that Hunyadi was his illegitimate son. Matthias' new moniker Corvin or Corvinus alludes to a far-fetched tale that while Sigismund was travelling in Transylvania, he met Hunyadi's mother and that some romance transpired /b/ them after which Sigismund gave her a special gold ring later to be given to the resulting, unborn child. One day while Hunyadi was a boy, a raven espied his shiny ring while he was playing with it, swooped down to nab it and flew off with it. Hunyadi cried out for help, the raven was shot with an arrow, and the ring, proof that he was Sigismund's son and not 'just some Vlach (Romanian)', was retrieved. 'Corvin' is a reference to corvus, Latin for raven, and an image of a raven with a ring in its beak was made central to Corvinus' family crest, and can be seen here at Hunedoara in both frescos and stone reliefs, and elsewhere in Hungary too.: youtu.be/WJgpXJfipeU?si=cHJLjW_evrS7XzzB (An interesting passage follows from Sandor Csernu's 'Myth, Propaganda, and Popular Etymology: János Hunyadi, "White" or "Vlach" Knight?': "Matthias and his environment, possibly infected by the mood of the frustration over the "low" origins of the king, and the concomitant compulsion to prove, apparently did not "buy" the "White Knight" version, that is to say, the connection of Johannes Blancus - Chevalier Blanc to János Hunyadi. Of course, in the Hungarian court everyone knew or at least guessed that Blanc was actually Blak, and therefore Blancus was actually Blachus/Vlachus, and that in this form probably irritated Matthias, who could be best infuriated by references to his low origins, as Bonfini tells us. It would seem that the Roman descent established by Bonfini, as well as the story of the paternity of King Sigismund also originating from him but elaborated in the text of Gáspár Heltai, were the result of that collective frustration, too.") Corvinus could never have acceded to the crown of Hungary if he had been openly ethnically Romanian, at least on his father's side. (It was much more acceptable in Buda that he be the son of a bastard raised by a cuckold and an unfaithful mother than the son of a 'legitimate' Romanian 'Vlach' noble. Think about that.) Rather, he might have endeared himself to the Hungarian nobility by taking such pains to distance himself from his ethnicity and heritage. I'd elaborated on this point earlier to suggest that his inclination to distance himself from his Romanian roots might be one reason for Corvinus' refusal to assist Vlad III Dracula and for arresting him and confining him for @ 12 years. With some more reading, I've learned that Vlad's captivity had everything to do with $$; Corvinus made peace with the Turks (with a cession of territory in SE Europe) so as to keep Catholic Christendom's war chest for himself. The evidence is excellent that Corvinus plotted to frame and defame ole Vlad, which he did, and how (with the enthusiastic assistance of some Transylvanian Saxons), and that Corvinus, the celebrated 'Renaissance king' (TM) of Hungary, was a real jerk. That said, he's celebrated in Hungary today as one of the greatest kings of medieval Europe. He raised taxes to create a standing army, one of only 3 in Europe at that time, conquered Vienna and expanded his empire. But the Austrians were easier pickings than the Ottomans in the 1460s. Hungary would fall to the Turks at Mohacs 66 years after Corvinus imprisoned Vlad and put that war chest in the bank to then be spent on libraries, palaces and frescos. www.youtube.com/watch?v=CVBymgg6VHU

 

- I arrived in the town of Hunedoara (Hoon-aye-dwarah) late in the afternoon and was soon invited to stay for a night as a guest at the home of a local family. They were great hosts, of course. At supper I asked why in northern Transylvania the locals still put garlic round their windows (something I'd read or heard somewhere en route). For protection from vampires? The son (who was studying English at school) said, very deadpan (IF he was kidding), "no, that's for the werewolves." I didn't know if he was serious and I changed the subject, but that could've been an interesting discussion if he was.

- www.youtube.com/watch?v=U_z3IoagFP0

  

- I spent most of the next day exploring this castle, which had exhibits in cases in either the 'Knight's Hall' or the Diet Hall or both, toured every inch of it, and then late that afternoon I retraced part of my route of the day before hitching north up the 687 and east along the E79 and 68 to Orăștie I think (as I passed through it again the next day), and then south on the twisty 705A and up n' up into the hills, and then walked part of the way up to the ancient site of the Dacian fortress and temple of Sarmizegetusa Regia (Sar-mee-zeg-ah-toosa).

 

- The site at Sarmizegetusa Regia is extensive, a grassy expanse on artificial terraces with the ruins and remains of ancient Dacian temples and walls and such from the days of Decebalus, Trajan and the Roman conquest of 102-106 A.D.

- "Sarmizegetusa Regia was the Dacian capital and the most important military, religious and political Dacian centre before the wars with the Romans. Erected atop a 1200 m. high mtn., the fortress, comprising 6 citadels, was the core of a strategic defensive system in the Orăștie mtn.s. The site also contained residential areas with dwellings, workshops, and a sacred zone." (Wikipedia) It was designated a 'World Heritage site' by Unesco in 1999, which I didn't know when I was there.

- "The fortress is a quadrilateral formed by massive stone blocks (murus dacicus), constructed on 5 terraces, on an area of almost 30,000 m²s." (Wikipedia) This area was overgrown and all I could see of it or saw of it was a lengthy, low, 3-m.-thick wall of large, dressed, stone blocks. I was told by a lift en route that the locals believe there's much gold to be found there and that metal-detecting enthusiasts are drawn to the place.

- The sacred zone includes the sites of rectangular temples which can be seen in outline and which contain round limestone and andesite bases for long-gone wooden columns in regular arrays. The most enigmatic sacred feature is the site of a large circular sanctuary on which modern squared beams have been inset upright into ancient post-holes in the shape of a D, which is within a larger concentric circle, which in turn is surrounded by a low stone kerb. www.flickr.com/photos/askjellr/34522664022 (I'll scan a photo or 2 of my own.) A large, flat, andesite stone disc, "the 'Andesite Sun', seems to have been used as a sundial" or as an altar.

- "Civilians lived below the citadel itself in settlements built on artificial terraces. A system of ceramic pipes channeled running water into the residences of the nobility. The archaeological inventory found at the site demonstrates that Dacian society had a relatively high standard of living."

 

- It was getting late (I'd made good time and was lucky to get there) and I was prepared to camp, but there was no-one around up there, no-one. So I put down my ground sheet and sleeping bag in the middle of the site of the D-shaped temple and slept right there under the stars, surrounded by those concentric circles of standing beams. Why not? (You'll see it here at the 2:30 min. pt. www.youtube.com/watch?v=_O48gg5oY6Y&list=TLPQMjQwMzIw... [There are plenty of videos that discuss the temples on youtube, but I can't find one in English.])

- www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_E4mqYA-_c

 

- "Towards the end of his reign, [the Dacian king] Burebista [r 61-82 AD] transferred the Geto-Dacian capital from Argedava to Sarmizegetusa, which served as the Dacian capital for at least 150 yr.s, and reached its zenith under King Decebal [aka Decebalus]. Archeological findings suggest that the Dacian god Zalmoxis and his chief priest played a central role in Dacian religious worship at this time." In Book IV of his 'Histories', Herodotus writes that "the Getae are the bravest of the Thracians and the most just. They believe that they are immortal ... and that the one who dies joins Zalmoxis, a divine being. ... Every 4 yr.s they send a messenger to him [a human sacrifice?] who is chosen by chance." Finds at the site also provide evidence of the Dacian skill in metallurgy, and of their technical and scientific knowledge, including "a medical kit in a brassbound wooden box containing a scalpel, tweezers, powdered pumice and miniature pots for pharmaceuticals; and a huge vase, 0.6 m.s high, 1.04 m.s wide, bearing an inscription in the Roman alphabet: DECEBAL PER SCORILO, i.e. ‘Decebalus, son of Scorilus’." (Wikipedia)

- In the 1st Dacian War (102 AD), Trajan invaded and defeated the Dacians who made concessions with the surrender of their territories of Banat, Tara Haţegului, Oltenia, and Muntenia in the region SW of Transylvania. However, in the years 103-105 AD, the Romans accused the Dacians of failing to respect the conditions of their surrender in 102, and sacked and burned the city in 106 (which is recorded on Trajan’s famous column in Rome). The city's walls had been partly dismantled at the end of the war in 102 AD, and were rebuilt as Roman fortifications. They were destroyed again and were rebuilt following the successful siege of the site in 105-106 AD. The Romans established a military garrison here, but later the capital of Roman Dacia was established 40 km.s further west, and was named after it - Colonia Ulpia Traiana Augusta Dacica Sarmizegetusa. www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRP0fh1IrPw I missed the extensive ruins of the later Roman city, which include an oval amphitheatre.

 

- The next morning, I explored @ the overgrown fortress for a spell, and then headed downhill and back up north walking and thumbing it to the city of Orăștie. Walking through town I came upon a funeral procession in which the hearse was an old-fashioned, black, horse-drawn carriage with the casket under a canopy held up by 4 pillars, one in each corner, with little statues of angels atop each corner of the canopy (I can be that specific as I took a photo, from a distance), and which was being pulled on its route between blocks of communist-era apartment bldg.s. It was as if it had just been pulled through a door to the past.

 

- I hitched back east a little ways and then south, east, and south again down the E79, along the twisty part down through the Defileul Jiului park all the way to Târgu Jiu, having left Transylvania and entered Wallachia. The area just west of that road has much ancient history and there were a few misses near Roman Sarmizegetusa, incl. 13th cent. churches at Densuș and Sântămăria-Orlea with 14th and 15th cent. frescoes, the former cannibalized from a 4th cent. Roman mausoleum, and the famous Iron Gate, the narrow pass where the Dacians were finally defeated by the Romans in 106.

 

- Târgu Jiu is famous for the art of its native son Brâncuși (Bran-choosh), specifically his 'Infinity column', 'Gate of the Kiss" and "Table of Silence". I knew he had some work to be seen in parks there, but I wasn't keen and didn't make the time to go look for it. Now I wish I had or that I'd known how close that column was to the 67 and my route, only @ 150 m.s. It's photogenic, and it's hard to believe I didn't see it walking or being driven past it. ? The column, "inaugurated in Oct. 1938, has a height of 29.35 m.s, is composed of 16 octahedral modules superimposed, and was dedicated to Romanian soldiers who fell in 1916 in battles on the banks of the Jiu river." (Wikipedia) It's now on the Coat of Arms of Târgu Jiu Municipality. ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloana_Infinitului#/media/Fi%C8%99...

- www.youtube.com/watch?v=grrwy3gOV78 Update: 'Brâncuși['s] Monumental Ensemble', the column, the 'gate' and the 'table', have been designated a 'World Heritage site' by Unesco in 2024.

 

- From Târgu Jiu I hitched east and NE along the 67 to the 144 and up to the Horezu or Hurezi monastery. I had an interesting and entertaining experience on that route which I write about in my description to another photo here: www.flickr.com/photos/97924400@N00/2796780209/in/photostr...

- Misses in the vicinity of this route include "the Polovragi cave, once believed to be the abode of Zalmoxis, the Dacians’ chief deity, ... [now] renowned for the stalactites in its “Candlesticks Gallery”, and in "a beautiful grotto", the "Womens' cave" with 2 "impressive illuminated passages" in one of which "the skeletons of 183 cave bears [!] have been discovered". (RG)

  

- The Hurezi or Horezu 'monastery' (it's now a convent), is the most important in Wallachia. Again, I stayed there overnight as a guest and as a 'pilgrim'. Founded in 1690 by Prince Constantine Brancoveanu, it's "a masterpiece known for its architectural purity and balance, the richness of its sculptural detail, the treatment of its religious compositions, its votive portraits and its painted works." (Wikipedia) It's most famous for the fine frescoes that cover the walls and ceiling and the 10-pillared porch of the 'Great Church (1693) at the centre, created by 12 artists under the direction of Masters Constantinos and Ioan /b/ 1692 and 1702, and which represent the advent of the Brâncovenesc style. These include a gallery of royal portraits of Brancoveanu and co. "The school of mural and icon painting established here in the 18th cent., and which developed the Brâncovenesc style, soon became famous throughout the Balkans." www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHQdwbgCb38

- There's a large fresco of the last judgment in the porch by the entrance, with an instructive scene of the damned in a river of fire, each individual beneath writing or labeling to warn the faithful as to what sins he or she committed or the details of their punishment, I presume. The river of fire flows into or out of the mouth of some angry, toothy monster. Some of the damned wear robes covered in crosses (priests?) and bow on their knees to a demon; the rest are nude, and many are stooped with things hanging with ropes from @ their necks. The artist was no Hieronymus Bosch, but it's an attempt.

- The complex is home to 5 churches, a 'Sanctuary for the infirm', rows of cells behind arcades on 2 floors @ the interior of the quadrangle, the abbey, a bakery, bell-tower, a library, etc. I don't recall, but I would've toured the 2 art galleries (if they were open in 2000), and the Treasury with its icons and such.

- This monastery is another Unesco site (the only cultural Unesco site in Wallachia).

- From the porch I watched as a priest blessed individuals one by one in a crowd gathered @ him with a group of nuns, all standing outside by the entrance to the church.

 

- Politically, Brancoveanu had sought to distance Wallachia from its Ottoman overlords (in part as he hoped to keep some of the huge taxes they demanded for use in his building projects). At the outbreak of a Russo-Turkish War in 1710 he sought an alliance with the Russians and with the Habsburgs, while he was also prepared to fight for the Turks if they seemed likely to win. He had hoped to be buried in the 'Great church' at Hurezi, but his sarcophagus remains empty as the Sultan accused him of treachery and he was arrested and then tortured and beheaded with his 4 sons on Aug. 15, 1714 at Yedikule in 'Stamboul'. (RG)

  

- From the Hurezi or Horezu monastery, I walked and hitched down country roads /b/ green, restful apple and plum orchards back to the 67 (I took a photo of a black horse resting on its knees in the shade by one of those country roads) and hitched east along that twisty road and the 73C to the famous Mănăstirea Curtea de Argeș (Cur-tee-ah de Ar-jesh).

 

- Curtea de Argeş ('The Court upon [the river] Argeş') was Wallachia’s 1st capital according to the Wallachian chronicles. They recount that Radu Negru crossed the Carpathians from Transylvania to found that city and Câmpulung in 1290. In 1330, Charles I of Hungary organized an expedition against the "unfaithful" Wallachian Voivode Basarab I and destroyed the Argeș stronghold. After 1340, a new royal court was built at Argeș, and it was here that the Metropolitan Orthodox Church of Wallachia was founded in 1359. The town traded with Transylvania, focusing on the town of Sibiu, to which there was a direct road north crossing the Olt Valley. In the 15th cent., the court in Argeș was used alternately with that in Târgoviște, which became the capital in the 16th cent. The Orthodox Metropolitan's seat moved to Târgoviște in 1517." (Wikipedia)

- I toured the iconic 'Dormition of the Mother of God' Orthodox cathedral built by the legendary Master Manole from 1512 to 1517 at the north end of town. It was renovated in 1875-85 by Frenchman Lecomte de Noüy who "grafted on all the Venetian mosaics and Parisian woodwork" in the interior, in which the church founder, and kings Carol I (1866–1914) and Ferdinand (1914–27) are buried. "Resembling the creation of an inspired confectioner, it’s a boxy structure enlivened by whorls, rosettes and fancy trimmings, rising into [4 belfries], 2 [smaller, cylindrical] 'twisted' belfries [at the front], and 2 [larger] octagonal [ones behind]." (RG) The 2 cylindrical belfries are distinctive and emblematic as their long, slit-thin windows or openings all slant dramatically from the lower right to the upper left to give the impression that the belfries had been twisted, one clockwise and the other counter-clockwise. It's a simple effect, but I don't think I've seen anything like it anywhere else. www.youtube.com/watch?v=nov1IdfFUJg

- "Legend has it that Manole was marooned on the roof of the church when Prince Neagoe Basarab, who had commissioned him to build it, ordered the scaffolding to be removed to ensure that he could not repeat his masterwork elsewhere. Manole tried to escape with the use of wings made from roofing shingles, only to crash to his death, whereupon a spring gushed forth creating 'Manole's Well' nearby. The story is perhaps one of a crude form of justice, for legend also has it that Manole had immured his wife within the walls of the church, for at the time it was believed that 'stafia' or ghosts kept buildings from collapsing." (RG)

- "United Romania's first modern king, Carol I of Romania, renovated the Curtea de Argeș monastery and selected it to be a royal necropolis in 1886 ... for the Royal House of Romania (a branch of the Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen dynasty), including himself, Ferdinand I and Queen Marie, [et al.]" (Wikipedia)

- "On July 7, 1947, the total rainfall in Curtea de Argeș was 205.7 mm (8.10 in) in 20 minutes, which is a world record." (Wikipedia)

 

- More Dracula: When I was @ 11 or 12 I read Radu Florescu's 'In Search of Dracula'. (This 'In Search of' episode from the Leonard-Nimoy-narrated TV series was based on the book. www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLy19ttRzpU ) One thing Floresu discovered in his research was that the only candidate for the title of 'Dracula's castle', one built or reconstructed by and/or belonging to Vlad II Dracula, is the mountaintop ruin of Cetatea Poenari (Poe-eh-narry), 20-25 clicks north of Curtea de Argeş. And so a hike up to that castle was in the cards, handy as it was to the church of Master Manole and the 1st or 2nd capital of Wallachia, and as I'd heard it has great views north into the Carpathians (the best mountain views that I'd have in fact /b/ the High Tatras and the Rila mtn.s in Western Bulgaria). Having toured the Orthodox Cathedral and its grounds at Curtea de Argeş, I headed north to one of the quiet little villages just south of the castle (Corbeni or Căpăţânenii Pământeni [say that 10 x fast]) where I rented a cheap room and hit the hay early with plans to get up before sunrise, which I did and hiked over to and up and up the 1,480 steps to the fortress. It was compact (1/3rd of it had collapsed in 1888) but impressively situated with walls above steep cliffs. The view to the south was of mtn.s across the river-valley below that I'd just crossed, and the view to the north was of a steep, green ridge facing the castle, the gorge and the Argeș river below, and of the ridges and peaks stretching beyond it, with small clouds rising from below. (I'll scan photos that don't do the view justice.) I saw all the nooks and crannies, took my time so as to see the light change as the sun rose, and had the whole place to myself before heading back down after a couple of hours or less. On the stairs I met an older man walking up who might've been the custodian or ticket-seller (although there was no gate), who gave me the stink-eye. (I'd just gone up for free, and I bet tourists have climbed up at night and camped up there for something to do, like I'd done in the temple at Sarmizegetusa.)

 

- "It was to here, in 1457, that the survivors of Vlad Tepeş' massacre of the boyars in Târgovişte [a myth, as contemporary records attest] were marched to begin the construction or the repair and consolidation of his castle. This is the real 'Dracula’s Castle'; his only connection with the popular Bran castle is that he may have attacked it once. ... The Poenari castle, or part of it, had been built in the early 13th cent. and would become a primary citadel of the Basarab rulers in @ the 14th cent. It was then abandoned and fell into ruin, but Vlad appreciated its strategic location and potential. It contains the crumbling remains of 2 towers within; one, prism-shaped, was the old keep, Vlad’s residential quarters, from where, according to legend, his wife or concubine flung herself out the window in 1462 during a successful siege by the Turks, led by Vlad's 1/2-brother 'Radu the handsome', declaring that she “would rather have her body rot and be eaten by the fish of the Argeş” than be captured. Legend also has it that Vlad escaped via a secret passageway leading north through the mountains. According to other accounts, he escaped on horseback, fooling his pursuers by shoeing his mount backwards or by affixing horseshoes that left the impression of cow prints." (RG)

- www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIj28GQsuoM

 

- Walking and hitching back into town down the 7C that morning, I was offered a lift by a British tourist clear across to Bran where he was heading, and although I'd planned to tour the old centre of Curtea de Argeş, I couldn't say no (with my eye on the clock and the calendar). The turn-off for the 73C was north of it, but I wish I'd asked if he'd seen or might like to see the 'Princely Church' in the Court of Argeş, the oldest church in Wallachia (1352) (with "wonderfully alive" frescoes [1384], and in which Radu Negru, founder of Wallachia, and other early Basarab rulers are entombed."[RG]). So that was a miss. www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8cmH0kdBYY De Noüy had plans to renovate or reconstruct the Princely Church as well, but historian Nicolae Iorga managed to get legal backing to stop him.

 

- From Curtea de Argeş we headed NE up the twisty 73C and the 73 and took a stop just south of Câmpulung to tour the excavated and preserved remains of the Roman fort or castrum stativum of Jidava, "part of the Limes Transalutanus defensive line, [@ 235 km.s in length,] destroyed by the Goths in 244 AD." (RG). (I've also read that the fort was destroyed by the Carpi, aka the Carpiani. - ?) A stretch of the stone enclosure wall and a curtain tower on the wall had been reconstructed, as well as hypocaust in the praetorium. The sites of bldgs. within the citadel were outlined with the bases of walls. We probably toured the small museum there too, with coins, etc. found on the site of the camp, but I don't recall.

- This had been the strongest Roman camp of the limes Transalutanus. Its ancient name is lost to history. Built of stone, it guarded the access to Wallachia through the Bran-Rîşnov (Cumidava) pass. The citadel was quadrilateral, covered an area of 98.5 x 132 m.s., and had 4 gates and square towers at the corners and 4 in the curtains (I think). The wall, 1.8 m.s wide, is preserved to a height of 2 m.s. Inside were found the remains of a praetorium, officers' quarters, a horreum (grain store), bathing facilities, and hibernalia (barracks) (2nd - 3rd cent.s). The camp was built /b/ 190 and 211, during the reigns of Commodus (180-192) and Septimius Severus (193-211.). The composition of the garrison was legionary with auxiliary detachments, and a troop of Eastern archers (Cohors I Flavia Commagenorum) was stationed there until, as excavations have revealed, the citadel was burned, destroyed and abandoned in haste during the reign of Philip the Arab (244-249), less than 60 yr.s after it had been built, when the Romans lost all the limes Transalutanus. Dacia was the last territory to be conquered by Rome and the first to be abandoned. (The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites) www.youtube.com/watch?v=bxYEvSGp3D4 "Just beyond the gates [of the camp are] vestiges of a Roman colony, variously identified with Romula, Stepenium and Ulpia Traiana." (Wikipedia)

 

- Otherwise we missed all the sights and sites of Câmpulung, a town we drove through, said to be Wallachia's 1st capital "after the Voivodate was forged @ 1300" (RG), which include the Negru Vodă monastery, attributed to the 13th-cent. Black Prince, much of it reconstructed in 1837 with a chapel from 1718. (RG) Câmpulung had been another segregated Saxon city, founded no later than 1300 but by the 15th cent. the Romanian and Saxon communities had merged, unlike in the Siebenbergen. New Romanian churches were built near the Catholic areas, and some Romanian județs were elected. Bogomil Bulgarians [persecuted as heretics in Bulgaria, and officially condemned at the Synod of Tarnovo by Tsar Boril in 1211] settled in a Șchei neighborhood (Șchei is old Romanian for Slavic), and there was a leper colony on a hill o/s the town with its own church and mill. (Wikipedia).

- En route we would've passed (but I don't recall) the Mateias Mausoleum, a lighthouse-esque memorial on the site where Romanian troops repelled a German offensive over 45 days in 1916. The remains of more than 2,000 Romanians who died there are kept in a large glass chest in the ossuary, and beautiful mosaics decorate the walls and ceiling. (RG) Oh well.

 

- From Jidava and Câmpulung, we continued up the 73C towards Castle Bran, the most popular, touristy sight or site in Romania, crossing back into Transylvania from Wallachia en route.

(See the next photo).

The defamation of Hewlett Packard CEO Mark Hurd continues to make the news this week, following his ousting from the company almost two weeks ago, but Hurd isn’t alone in the Hall of Fame of slanderous CEOs.

 

View full graphic and article at Meet The Boss TV

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THE ELECTION IN THE TECHNOLOGIES HE GAVE THE RACE WERE COMPARED TO THE LISTED BY THE THEY IN THE RECORDER SECTION OF THE U.N. .THEY SAW HE GAVE SIX TECHNOLOGIES IN THE FIRST YEAR OF HIS LIFE.ERLIER LISTED WERE THIRTEEN ONLY INCLUDING TWO OF THE GREAT GUIDE TO HE M.S.KOHLII THE ALVA EDISON AND ONE OF HIS FRIEND A LITTLE LATER MISTER HENRY FORD SENIOR.ONE OF ANDREW CARNEGIE IN IRON SMOULDERING TILL IRON MAKING AS A DIFFERENT PROCESS THAN WHAT LATER M,.S.KOHLII GAVE AS A VERY VERY SUPERIOR AS A TEMPERS AS A SIXTY ALONG WITH IT TOO NOT SEPARATE AS A SEPARATE TO BE NOTED AS A WE AS A TEAS IF ARE TO BE OF THE ENTIRE POOR OF THE WORLD OR THOSE WHO CAN NOT GET JOBS THEN WE ARE TO BE VESTED WITH THE THEY TOO IN THE WE A THIRTY LAKH AS A PATENTABLE PRODUCT TECHNICAL.RECORDER NO BODY ELSE CAN BE COULD BE.AS A WE AS A SEEN ALL OF M.S.,KOHLII AFTER A SARUP SINGH AS A MAN WAS TURNED OUT BY A HEFT A K.K.PAUL THE WE AS A TRUTH POSITION CAME TO BE TAKEN UP BY A HEFT AS A A.S. BRAR AS A OUR ENEMY NUMBER ONE FROM THE DATE OF OUR BIRTH AS A FORCER ON WE TO THE EXTENT OF TRYING TO PUT WE TO SLAVERY,SNATCHING OUR MONEY ENTIRELY TO RUN AWAY TO SPEND LAVISHLY IN THE BOOZE AND WINING OTHERS AS A SEXES AS A SERIES AS A ASSAULTS ON ALL.AS A NO ALEXANDER EVER DID AS A VERY SANE AS A INDIVIDUAL AS TO GET ASIDE FROM SUN AS A SHADOW IN THE CALL IN TO SO DO BY A DILAPIDATED AS A MAN SANEST SAID AS A OLD OF THE THIRTY NOT SEVENTY NOT HUNDRED ASKING HE HOW TO LIVE LIFE CORRECTLY..UNLIKE THESE DUFFERS AS A LOVERS AS A SAY IN MURDER AS A INITIATORS TO WE AS A ALL IN THE WORLD HAVING KILLED IN THIS TYPE OF ACTION A TWO THIRTY THOUSAND AS A GIRLS IN SEX ASSAULTS AS A SEVENTY HEFTY LAUGHING HAND IN HAND AS A WE IT A PURELY A MALE TO MALE SEX ACTIVITY.WHEN MALES MORE THAN ONE JOIN PUTTING CYANIDE OR MAKING UNCONSCIOUS A GIRL IT IS A SEX BETWEEN THEM AS A CO-ENJOYERS WHICH ALONE WE FEEL DESERVES DEATH AS A SENTENCE THAT THE THESE AS A A.S. AS A DEATHERS SAY IT BE TO THE ANY TWO WHO LIVE AS A BROTHERS TOO IN THE THEY TRY TO GET THEY AS A PROPERTY OF THE THEY TRYING TO LIVE SAFELY AS ARE TOO TO THE GIRLS LIVING THREE ACCUSES THEY PROSTITUTES ARE THEY AS A COMMON LIVING AS A PENYLESS MADE GIRLS IN THE THIS GROUP BY KILLING THE THEIR PARENTS AS A MOTHER TOO IN THE PROSTITUTION OTHERWISE FORCED BY THESE FORCER PROSTITUTIONER ASKING THEY A MONTHLY TEN THOUSAND AT LEAST BUT GENERALLY A MAN WITH A BUNGLOW TO BE RICH ON THE GIRLS SO CAUGHT IN THE WE AS A OBSERVES.THE MAN BROUGHT IS SEEN HIS CONTACTS AS A ANY TOO IS AND HE TOO IS KILLED TO TAKE PROPERTY EARNED THIRTY FORTY YEARS IN BY THE JOINER HEFTY IN A SECOND BY INSERTING A DROP OF THIRTY PERCENT CYANIDE WHICH KILLS INSTANTANEOUSLY.FASTER THAN NARCOTIC SELLING BY TWO FORTY TIMES HE WE AS A INVENTOR OF SHORT CUTS TO LIFE IS HE SAYS SUPERIOR AS WE CAN NOT DO ANYTHING SINCE OUR WIVES WERE TAKEN TOO TO THE LATRINE THEIRS AS A LAT ON WE. SILLY STUPID NEED KILLING AS MANY AS THEY ON THE PLANET AS A DISCOS AS A DANCING OR AS A PHYSICO THERAPY SAY IN THE THEY GIVING A GIRLS A SEX AS A DOPE AS ASK AS A IN THE THEY CAUSING A SEX ADDICTION REDUCING THEIR LIFE AND CHARM AT A SPACE NOT PACE OF THIRTY TWO THOUSAND TIMES TILL ILLING THE THEY IN THE THIRTY AS A MEN MOUNTING THEY IN THE THESE ONCE IN IS WE AS A SEEN AND OPPOSED AS A SADR M.S.KOHLII RIGHT FROM THE START WHEN HE WAS PHONED FROM SAN FRANSISCO BY ONE HARJIT ASKING HE TOO TO JOIN.HE ASKED ALL AND TOLD HE TO STOP ANY SUCH IMPORT INTO THE COUNTRY BUT HE DID IT WITH THE OTHER THE THIS GANGS AS A SHRI A.S. AS A NAMED HE.IN THE USA FROM THEY MADE FOUR CALLS IN THE WE TO DEFAME WE THE JUSTICE AUTHORITY BY THEN AGED TWENTY AS A TOO NOT NINETEEN YEARS OF AGE RECOGNISED GOD OF EARTH.WE DID PUT ALL REQUIRED TO THE POLICE AS A WE AS A TEAS AS A DESERVE AS A THEY WE WE TO THEY AS A IT IN THE WE A FRIENDSHIP AS A WE AS A TEA DESERVERS OF THE ENTIRE WORLD.

 

WE NEVER SELL DID ANY OF OUR THING.THE TECHNOLOGIES OURS WERE SOLD BY THE UNITED NATIONS COURTS CORRECTLY.WE NEVER COULD GIVE A GIFT IN LIFE AS A WE LEFT WITHOUT A PENNY BY THE BUREAUCRACY IN THE THEY AS A DESIRE TO POSSESS OURS AS A MONEY SENT TO WE THOUGHT BY THE QUEEN TO BE SHARED BY ALL AS A SONS OF THE SAME GOD AS WE ARE A GOD AS A SO WE DO NOT REQUIRE TO EAT OR SLEEP OR LIVE UNDER A ROOF.WE WILL LOOK IN THE Same to the extent it as a initiation and a working in the they the those who we are with it in the life we as a teas as a d till.

 

we saw a cheque we as a of thirty one point four heptillion dollars came to be from the oman sultan in fifty percent of the oil being ours as a we to be as a we as a earth owners as a proof too in the they who oppose we as a say till illing it they be as a we as a teas as a d.

 

THE DAY WE GOT THE CHEQUE A NEWS WAS GOT PUBLISHED BY A SMUGGLER BRIGADE THAT A BILLION IN THE THEY NOW BE WILL BE AS A THREE AS A ONE UP.IT WERE A WE AS A AMMOUNT AS A ONE TO NEXT STEP IN THE MILLION BILLION TRILLION TO BE THE SIX AS A FIGURES.WE'S AS A BROTHER D.I.S. ASKED WE TO ACCEPT WHAT COMES BUT HAD A SEVEN DAY ERLIER TAKEN TO A CHANNI AS A MOTOR MECHANIC FOR A AMRINDER PARNEET TO THE THEY TO BE HAPPY FOR THEY A A PURE DEATH AS A WERE TO HE BEFORE KILLING A HE AS A SEVEN TILL IN THE MIDDLE OF THE ROAD TO PUT HE INTO WE AS A THINKING WE WILL BE KILLED BY THEY AS A WE AS A CHEQUES AS A WE AS A WERE GOING TO BE LARGE SO WE WILL HAVE A REAL AS A PROBLEM KEEPING SECRETY AS ALL WILL BE IN THE WE AS A MONEYS AS A WE TO ASKING ONE OR OTHER WAY PLEASE GIVE SUCH AND SUCH FOR SUCH AND SUCH AS A VERY REAL LOOK IN THE EYE TO WE AS A DRAMATIC OF REAL LIFE BE IN THE WE TOO IN IT DID NOT THAT MUCH UNDERSTAND AS A HE APPLIER OF THE PURE POISON TO WE AS A LIFE OURS DAILY TOO IN THE THEY AS A SAYS AS A THEIR SPERM SON TILL ILLING HE WE AS A BROTHER BUT THEIRS AS A SIN AS A SON FORCED ON HIS MOTHER BY THEY THE SEX ASSAULTERS TO EVER AS A EVERY WOMAN AS A INSERTER OF THEIR PENIS AS A MEATER AS A SEVERESTS AS A DEATHS AS A DESERVY THING AS A WE TWO HERE WRITING TOO DESERVING TOO TO BE LISTENED AS THE GOD TOO WE TWO OF THE COSMOS TILL HE WE RECOGNISE IN THE IS AS A DANDITED AS.

 

AFTER WE CAME IN THE NINETEEN NINETY NINE THIRTY THREE YEARS AS A LATER THAN CHEQUE'S PRESENTATION WE FOUND BANK WANTED THE MONEY OURS.WE THE OWNER AS A NOT GIVEN RESPECT WERE IT IN THE WE FOR THEY THE FREE CITIZENS WERE THEREIN I CANCEL FREEDOM.TAKING IT ALL WITHIN ME IT.AS NONE IN THE VISIBLE.THE WE TOOK THE PLANET AS A TOTO AS A SIX PERCENT TOO IN THE WE IN THE DATE SIX OF THE JANUARY OF THE SIX OF TWO THOUSAND.NOW IT WE.FREEZING TILL NOT BUT RATIONALISINGLY TILL ILLING THE ILLERS.

 

THEN AFTER TESTING THE STATE BANK OF INDIA IN THE DELHI AS A ONCE CHAIRMAN APPOINTED FOR LIFE IN THE CHANDIGARH REGION AS A OF THE THEN A DERI.

 

WE'S THREE TRIL IN IT WERE THERE WE AS A IT IN THE ENTIRE IT AS A WE AS A SEVERE AS A WERE T.T IS THE WE FEED AS A WE TO NOT TO THE WE THE GIVER TO THE THEY THE GIVER TO THE OTHER TO EARN A PRICE TO WE NOT WE TO THEY AS A ON THE LEDGE.THEY WERE THEN READY NOW NOT IT EATEN YESTERDAY.NUMBER TWO THIRTY ONE AS A SECRET NOT IT TOO IN THE THEY IT IS THERE AS A MODI TO BE TRANSFERED FOR WHAT AND IN WHAT LAW OUR EARN BE HIS AS A WE AS A GOT COME.

 

THE OUR OMAN CHEQUE WE DEPOSITED NOT IT WAS LIFTED AND DEPOSITED BY A.S. GANG LIFTING IT FROM REGISTREE CLERK KILLING SHE IN THE SCUFFLE SHE WON'T GIVE WE MADE A COMPLAINT SO CAME TO KNOW OUR OWN CHEQUE WE CAME TO ENQUIRE WERE IT AS A REGISTREE SENT BY SOURCE NOT ARRIVED TO WE.

  

INJUST INDIA WAS A MADES AS A WE AS A SCREENING DONE BY THE WE AS A SIKHS AS A DURUST SAYING SELF THE SANSI DOGRAS AS A SAY IN THE NOT BEING THE DOGRAS EVEN IN THE WE AS A NOT BE AS A WE AS A SMEAR AS A WE AS A NONER WERE DONE THEY BY THE LUTCHE AS A WE TO FROM THE WE AS A DHEES AS

A WE AS A DIMMING AS A WE INTO INSERTING THE POISON POTASSIUM CYANIDE IN DOSES AS A ELEPHANTS TO THE WE AS A DOGS AS A TREATED AS-----------INVERTING THE WORD GOD.

 

I TAKE OATH TO DISSOLVE THIS VOLUN.WE SAY AS A WE AS A ESTIMATE WHO IS THE WORLD FIRST CLEAR CUT OVER THE HITLER A CRIMINAL.................MADE BOTH WERE BY THE ENGLAND INJECTING POISONOUS GAS PRODUCED GOT BY ORDER ON IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY IN THE YEAR NINETEEN THIRTY THREE FROM TILL DATE FOR WE THREE GIVEN TO HE THE THEIR THOUGHT THEY TO WE BY NOT HE BY WE TOO THEY TOO GIVEN DIRTY LINENS TOO AS A WE AS A DAUGHTERS AS A SEVENTY PERCENT SEXED TILL DEATH THOUGH REVIVED AS WERE MISS MAINO-----THE ME BY ASKED SO WE IN TRUST SHE WITHHELD WE GIVEN POWER WE BY GUIDED TO BE A TRUST TO THE MASSES IN THE INDIA OWNED BY WE THE SOLE LANDOWNER AND CHIEF OF A COUNTRY INDIA NOT ALONE AS A ELECTED CHIEF OF STAFF IN THE DATE WE AS A STREES AS A NOT BUT TOO IN THE IRESPONSIBLESTS AS A COUPLE IN THE BUREAUCRACY IN THE WE BY MADE WE AGAINST TURNED INSTEAD OF DEATH TAKING KILLING WE THE GOD..JOINING THE WE AS A NON-RELATIVE KILLING OUR RELATIVE TO IN THE WE AS A ASKING WE TO JOIN BE WE AS A REFRAIN INSTEAD CLEAR AS A NO WAS BUT THE SHAMELESSEST THOUGH ON TELEPHONE RECORD WORLD GOT IT ERASED FROM THE C.I.D. OFFICER HERE KILLING HIS WIFE BEFORE HIM LEAVING HIS SISTERS.THEY WE SEE CHANGE STATEMENT TO POLICE.BUT POLICE DOES NOT CATCH THEY.I ORDER THE KILLING BY BULLETING HE KILLER OF OUR BEST BETS.I LOOSEN IN IT THE OUR LUST IN THE LAD TO ZERO IN THE WE AS A STREES AS A DUUR IN THE WE AS A TEAS AS A TOO IN THE WE AS A TREES AS.

  

CORRECT IS A TERM OF THE DICTION WE .WE SEE WE AS A RISE NOT BUT A ERR.SO WE TREAT IT AS A WE AS A TWO NOT ONE AS A MATTER DEALT -------- AS IS ACTUAL. AS A WE AS A WE AS A TWO AS A REFERENCES WERE TO THE LIFE WE LIVED------- ENTERING A DEAD HUMAN FOUND TO BE RARE AS A LIFE AS A MOST EVOLVED ABOUT TWELVE BILLION TIMES HIGHER THAN A KRISHAN KANT PAUL AS HE WERE AS A DELHI DIRECTOR GENERAL POLICE AS A PUNNY NOTHING IN COMPARISON TO HE WHOM HE WAS KILLING GOING WITH HIS STOLEN CARDS TO JOIN IN THE UNITED NATIONS HIS POSITION AS A AMBITIOUS POLICE PERSONNEL NOT BUT A FRONT OF THE RAJAN GANG AS A SEX ADDICTION PROMOTER EVOLVER TOPMOST OF TIMES WHOM M.S.KOHLII ALONE HAD RISEN TO OPPOSE.THE DATE WE CITE WHEN HE IS ON RECORD IN FORTY THREE COUNTRIES TO TAKE PRESIDENTSHIP OF THE WORLD.THE CARD HE SHOWED WERE THE SIX SENT BY THE UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY TO THE MAN WE WRITE FROM.TEN OTHERS WERE THERE ERLIER SENT BY HE ON ARMTWIST NOT IN FEAR OF IT DIRECTLY TOLD POINT BLANK BY THE RAJAN A GANGSTER SINCE THE KILLING BY HE OF COMMANDER NANAVATI AND AHUJA HE GOT FIXED UP IN A FALSESTS AS A D.I.S. AS A ASSERS AS---- IN A DESIRE TO SNATCH A WAR-SHIP FROM THE INDIAN NAVY TO DACOIT IN THE SEA DACOITING TRADERS IN DEEP SEA TAKING THEIR LUGGAGE AND SHIP SELLING THE SHIP CLANDESTINELY AS A EFFORTS AS A FRONT WITH WE AS A SADR M.S.KOHLII AS A S.S.KOHLI AS A CALLED TO SHIP WITH WIFE AND DAUGHTER VERY VERY HONOURABLY----------WHILE ON SHIP TAKING OVER SHIP CLANDESTINELY----- SHUTTING THE CPA=CAPTAIN AS A POTENTIALS AS A ALL IN THE WE AS A SOLE LANDOWNER'S ORDER AS A SHOW AS A FAMILY HIS CAUGHT AS A DACOITY. SEX ASSAULTING BEFORE THEM IN PUBLIC ASKING THEM TO JOIN IN THIS GREAT FUN AS A POLATED EXERCISE THEIRS AS A POLICE RECORDS AS A WE AS A SEVEN SEAS AS.............FOILED AS A WE AS A SON M.S.KKOHLII CYANIDED WITH THIRTY DROP AND A INSTIL OF ONE BY WIFE TURNED BY THE FORCERS AS A THEY AS A SIR HAJIT CHOTA RAJAN AS A DELHI POLICERS AS.AS ASSERS AS A SIR THAT LOOKED A UNPROTECTED BY U.N.,INDIA,USA.NO ONE HAD THOUGHT TILL ENGLAND HE WILL BE DACOITED.ROME WERE IN INFORM AS WAS A USA IN THE TELEPHONE WHEN THEY CAME TO ASK THE SHIP.M.S.KOHLII SAID EH WHAT A WAY TO START A WAR OF NATIONS.AS A SHAITANS=SATAN ITSELF.WHY DID YOU GET ON THE INDIA AS A DACOITS LIVING IN INDIA ASKING THE NAVY OURS A SHIP IT IS TRYING TO BUILD UP AS A RECENTLY TAKEN FROM USA AS A FIRST SHIP WITH FIVE PLANES AS I HAD SUGGESTED THE PRIME MINISTER IN VIEW OF HER FEAR THAT WE LOOK WEAK SO THREATS WERE FROM PAKISTAN ON BEHALF USA----------- I HAD SUGGESTED A PURCHASE FROM USA TO BUILD TRUST.YOU SPOILER THINK I CAN CONSIDER MY SISTER MOTHER FATHER BROTHER AS A IMPORTANT AS A INDIVIDUALS TAKEN OVER BY YOUR GANG AS A SARDARS AS A SHIP-WRECKERS AS A ACQUIRING THE CONTROL OF THE SHIP AND TRYING TO FIRE GRANADES.ALL ON RECORD WE INTERNATIONAL ALL IS.BE SEEN WE ON TWO COMPACT DISCS AS A PAGES THREE WE CITE AS A THREE THOUSAND FIFTEEN TO SEVENTEEN AS A TRUE AS A DATA.THEY HE GOT CAUGHT AS A AIR CRAFT FLYERS AS A TOO IN THE MID AIR TILL OLIM.WORKING IMMEDIATELY ON PMO.TO GET THE DACOIT DUE WITHOUT A BIT ON THE FAMILY WE AS A AVTARS THREE NOT TWO THERE WE AS A WRITER OF THE GURU GRANTH OF THE SIKH WHICH WE SAY WERE NOT YET AWARDED BY THE UNO OR ANY OTHER AS A EVEN APPRECIATIONS BY A REVIEWS OPPOSED BY THESE KHALISTAN GANGSTERS WHO CAME FROM WHERE INTO WHAT TOO NOT RESEARCHED SO FAR BY POLICE AS WHY THEY DID WHAT THEY DID AS A POLATED AS A RELIGIOUS AS A PERSONS GOING AGAINST THE VERY RELIGION THAT WERE A STUDY OF THE HINDU AND A HINDU RELIGION CLASSED BY THE ENGLAND AS A HINDUS ACCORDED A PLACE IN THE HINDU AS A HINDU PANI EXACT OPPOSERS OF THE MUSLIMS THAT BREED WHICH PROTECTED BEING KILLED RELIGION THE HINDU.AS A IT IT TRANSCENDS AS A SOME STRATEGY OF THE THESE VULTURES.TO WHO LITTLE SON AS A ONE YEAR OLD NOT THE GOD AS A WE AS A SON RECOGNISED AS A WERE TAKEN TO DEATHS AS A ASSINGS AS AND HIS PROPERTY DEFOILED.NEEDS AN IMMEDIATE ATTENTION ON THE UNITED NATIONS AS A STOPPING THE CURRENCY AND TRADES AS A EMBASSIES AS A WE AS A SINNERS AS.WE FEEL NONE IN THEM IS A CORRECT.THEY WE SEE INCORRECTED AS A WE AS A SAY IN ALL THE WORLD AS A SERVANTS AS A WE AS A SIGNPOSTED AS A DECEIVER.

 

CORRECT AS A WORK WE SAW AS A TWO.

 

ONE WAS WALDO D. EMERSON THE ESSAYIST OF COMMONSENSE AS A ESSAY STILL VALID AS A IT AS A COMMONSENSE BUILDER HIGHER THAN OTHER SUN.

 

CORRECT WHAT IS.

 

AS A DESCRIBE WE SAW A MATTER AS CAME ONLY IN NINETEEN SIXTY TWO.IN THE RAMA KRISHNA ASHRAM IN A STOPPED THERE AND ASKED TOO TO GET OUT AS A LIFE AS AS A CRITIC AS A OF THE MATH THOUGHT ASSEDLY BY THE SECRETARY OF THE BRANCH CALLED MISSION AS A MISSIONARY AS A POLATED CUTTING THE GODHEAD IMPLANTED BY WE CANCELLING ITSELF AVIDLY BY WE AS IS.AS A STUDENT AS A CYANIDED BY THEY FORTY SEVEN TIMES AS A SELECTED ASS BASED ON NOTHING BUT A GUT REACTION AS A FACIAL EXPRESSION EXCITING A MAN TO GET INTO IT IN POLATION BY MOTHER NATURE OF A SUPERIOR ABOVE THE STARS TO BE BROKEN IF HE WERE TO BE HEARD TOO THERE AND THEN AS A CORRECT AS A NATURAL REACTION OF A ANIMAL LIKE A COW WHICH TOO IS CLASSED BY THE HINDUS AS THEIR MOTHER AS A WISE GUIDE TO THEY AS A ANIMALS.IF WE GO INTO THE DETAILS OF THEIR WORKING OR OBSERVATIONS SEEN BY M.S.KOHLII TOO OTHERS TOO SINCE HIS BIRTH TILL AGE NINE WHEN FIRST AS A SON ASA SSSKOHLI AS A WERE INTRODUCED TO HINDU CULTURE NOT BUT IT AS A WE AS A SEEN LEVEL THEN OF THE MEN LEFT HERE IN THE COUNTRY BY THE SLAVER FORCER OFF THE MINDS AS A ALL TACTICS AS A WARS AS A WAY TO SNATCH THE THEIR JEYDADS AS A DADIS AS A WE AS A NOT BUT THEY THE ANIMALS.HE WE THE WE SEEN AS A SECOND MAN IN FINDING WHAT IS RIGHT SO FAR WERE IN THE SLAVES AS A MENTALITY OR AS A SLAVERS AS A REFLEX TO SEE IF THAT THE ENGLANDERS REACTION WAS ALL RIGHT OR CORRECTESTS AS A POLATED AS A ONES A STRONGEST COUNTRY EMERGED ON EARTH AS A WE AS ASSAY AS A NOT THEY AS A FIND AS A ANIMALS AS A LIVES AS A TWO THINGS ONLY AS A CONCERNS AS A SEXES AS.WHICH THEY ISLANDERS AS A INDIANS AS A CENTRAL GOVERNMENT GIVEN TO A NEHRU TOO TO CONTINUE AS A SIMPLE AS A LOOKING MEN FORCED BY ANIMALISTICS AS A TWO COUNTRIES AS A WE AS A ANALYSIS IS. FAR FAR SUPER AS A WE AS A TRY TOO TO BE STILL A SERVICE TO THE MOTHER NATURE EXPOSING THEY TOO TO IT THE CURRENT AS A OPPOSERS AS..AS A ASSER AS A ANIMALS SNATCHER TRUSTED BY THEIR OWN MISTAKE POLATING THEIR SAID AS A DEPENDABLE MATTERS AS IF THEY WERE GOING TO BE DOING AS THEY PROJECTED TO ALL AT ALL TIMES SINCE TWENTY YEARS PAST AS A LIFE AS A ACTIVE OF THE TWO PARENT OF THE CHILD COMING UP AS THE GOD TILL A STUDENT ACTUAL MADE BY THEM TO THE BEST OF THEIR ABILITY AS A EXTENSION OF THEY THEMSELVES AS WAS SUGGESTED BY THEIR PARENTS AS A EXTENSIONS OF WHO THEY HAD COME UP AS A PEOPLE OF PROMINENCE.IN RECORD OF ROME.ENGLAND TOO,COMMUNISTS TOO.INDIA ERASING THEY MEANS ONLY IT IS A ANIMAL..WHICH YET HAS NO BENT TO RECORD THE MATTER AS IT IS.AS A VERY DEGRADED AS A SOCIETY.IN THE THEIR AS A NO SYSTEM IN THE THOUGHT TILL OF THE HINDUS EVEN AFTER TWENTY YEARS AS A IN THE STATE AS A EXPOSURES AS A SAID AS A ASSERS AS A CONGRESS AS A SYSTEM AS A ASS AS A SPARE PART OF THE WORLD.IN THE EFFORTS TO MAKE THIS WORLD A USELESSESTS AS A DEVICES ALONGWITH IT'S BRANCHES AS A BJP AND ALL OTHER PARTIES HERE.SEE THEIR REACTION TO MAMTA BANERJI IN THE HER COMING TO ATTEND AS A CALLED AS A STATE AS A NOT BEING ALLOWED TO ENTER THE PLANNING COMMISSION SO WE DID EFFORT TO SEE THEY ALL OUT AND CANCELLED AS A PLOTTERS AS A OF THE SYSTEM TO NON-SENSE GIVING AS A WAY TILL BY THEY AND ALL OTHER PARTIES IN WHICH WE ARE STEP BY STEP PROGRESSING TO DECIMATE THEY.NO MAN WHO WERE A STUDENT OF LAW AS A LLB OR NOT ROSE ON THE SCREEN AS A VISIBLE ALTHOUGH TWO DID WERE CANCELLED BY THE POLICE--- WE ASK OF THE POLICE AS A EXPLAIN TO WE THE WHO AND HOW TEACHES THEM LAW.IS IT THE BOOKS OF LAW OR A THEY AS A DEROGATION COMPLETE OF THE LAW AS A WAY AS WE SAW IN THE DELHI BY WE THE GODS AS A WE AS A PUT TOO IN THE REPORTS WE AS A POLICE TOO TO BUT NO ONE YET AS A WE AS A SEE AS A WERE.WE STOPPED OUR CARS THERE AND THEN BY A ORDER OF THE PUNJAB POLICE NOT BUT TOO IN THE TIME A.S. BRAR SPECIALLY GOT ELECTED BY THE PARTY TO CANCEL WE AS A THOUGHT AS------AS A ASSERS AS A FEW NOT TWELVE THOUSAND AS A SPECIAL PLUCK. ALL UNDERSTANDING I GOD THE MOTHER NATURE TOTAL OWNER OF THE COSMOS PERVADING THE COSMOS WAS GOING TO BE BUSY FOR A FEW MONTHS IN THE BRINGING UP OF THE ALTERNATE TO THE GOD U.N. FORCED ON THEM THE ANIMALS.UNWORTHIES AS BEHAVING THROUGH PERIODS NINETEEN FORTY SEVEN TO SIXTY SEVEN.AS A WORLD LAW BREAKERS AS SO BROKEN DOWN INTO BITS AS A SEVEN AS A TIMES AS A STATE AS A ALLOW STARTING THE THEIR TAKEP. TAKEP IS THE TOTAL DIVEST OF THE ECONOMY. A BROKERAGES TILL NOT PAID AS A EXISTING. A DOWNGRADE AS A EXISTANCE. THIS AS A WE AS A GUARANTEES AS A IS AS A WE AS A SEENS AS A SEWS AS.RECORDED IN THE INTELLIGENCE OF THE WORLD IN THE YEAR AS A SEVEN OF THE FIFTY AS A SPECIAL SESSEIONS.BY THE DAV COMMITTEE TOO IN THE THAT.PLACED WE AS A WE.KNOWN TO WE.WE AS A MEMORY GIVER TAKE IT TOO TO BE KEEPING IT IN RECORDS AS A SEVEN TOO IN THE NEED WE NOT BUT TO PUBLISH THEY THE THESE AS A SEWS AS A WE AS A TO ACCUSES AS A SEWS AS A ALONE MAKE DO DID IN THE PAST AS EVER.

 

CORRECT WHAT IS TO FIND A MAN WERE THERE WE AS A STRIVE IN THE WE TO GUIDE HE WE.WE=ONE LOST IN GOD THE SUPREME FORCE UNIVERSE WHEN WRITTEN BY WE THE GOD OF ALL SUPREME FORCE UNIVERSE AS A WE AS.

 

HE WE SAW DID SEARCH FOR AN ANSWERS AS A WE AS A SEVEN SEAS AS A SADR AS A EARTH TO BE DECLARED FIVE SEVENTY TIMES AS A COST PAID AS A MERE BACHE AS A SKILLED KILLED AS A MEMORY AS A ORDER SIR AS A NOTHING AS A POLICER INCOMPETENT MISTER SEN CALLING SELF A FOOL AS A MIND AS.

 

WATER IN INVENTIONS AS A SEVEN SEVENTY AS A CHIEF INVENTOR OF THE WATER AS A TAKER AS A CALLED AS A VERY POOR DESCRIPTION AS A OF THE VERY FOOL SHRI S.C. KAUSHAL.WE SAW WE AS A SEA AS ASSE.HE ASSING HE MISTER M.S. WHO CHIEF OF WORLD GOT HE A JOB THREE DIFFERENT PLACES IN ON HIS REQUESTS..AS A SEA AS A SERVANT HIS AS AVOW TAKEN IN ADVANCE AS A WORLD ATMOSPHERE BUILDING IN THE HE WILL ASSIST TO EXTENT HE CAN AS TO BRING UP EQUALITY,FRATERNITY,PEACE AS WERE BUT HE MADE FOOL IN VERY VERY TILL BECAME THERE WE SAY TILL ILLING WE HE AS SO WE SENT HE TO HELL IN THE HELL.HEAVEN WE GAVE HE A A WE AS BUT HE HIS OTHERS AS A BROTHERS AS A ALL IN THE OBLIGE WE AS A SHRI M.S.KOHLII SHE WE WERE THERE IN THE OUTSOURCING WE BUT OUR RETURN IN THE THEY FROM IS NOT THERE ANY WAY TILL EIGHT PERCENT BY S.C. KAUSHAL A MAN WHO UNLIKE MANY OTHER FORGOT NOT TO REPAY BUT COULD NOT .AS A WAS AS A TWENTY FIVE PERCENT OF THE THIS PLANET..TO THE EXTENT FIFTY THOUSAND PERCENT AS A MATTER RECEIVED AS A WE AS A SEEN .REST AS A SEVEN THOUSAND PERCENT ARE IN DEBT COMPLETE.

 

S.C.KAUSHAL'S DONE IN THE DIRECTION OF THE WE WERE A MERE TWO PERCENT OF THE RECEIVED BY HE.RESULTS AS A WE AS A FURTHER INPUTS AS A WE AS A READING HE HIS EXPRESSIONS FROM WERE AS A MISTER MIND READERS AS A SOUL AS A PURE AS A WE AS.

 

WE SAW A PLANET EARTH IN NO WATER AS A SYSTEM AS A INDIA..AS A WE NOT AS A GOD BUT AS A HUMAN M.S.KOHLII WE AS A SMALLEST CREATURE AS GOOD AS A FISH WHALE OF THE TYPE BLUE WHOM HE TAUGHT THE VOICE OF THE HUMAN IN THE SEA AS A SEAMEN IN THE A.S. BRAR USING THE RADIOPHONE AS A HIS INVENTION GIVEN BY HE M.S.KOHLII TO MICHIKO OF JAPAN AS A GIFT TO HAVE COME ON PHONE ON HIS BROTHER'S REQUEST NOT BUT HIS REQUEST.HE WE SAW A VERY VERY RESPECTFUL NON-SEX LEADER ESTABLISHING A REASONABLE SAY AS A WE AS A GOD AS.DEEP WITHIN WE TO CONNECTED AS A MINUTE AS A FIFTY THOUSAND TIMES IN HIS DIETY AS A LIFE LIVING CREATURES AS A MIAN BIWI.AS A WE AS A TALK AS A WE AS A KEPT NOT AS A BIVI=BIWI=WIFE AS WE ASS WE AS A BIWI-AS A BIVI IN LOVE NOT WE THE GOD AS A DO LIKE WE AS A PRESENTED TO HIM A WIFE BUT HUSBANDING THE HE THE HUSBAND WISER THAN HE SHE TILL FIVE TIMES IN HUNDRED THOUSANDS AS A WE AS A NOT ONLY YOU AS A WORLD BUT SEX IS A GREAT HEALER YOU WOULD SAY WE DON'T.WE SEE EXACT SO DID HE BUT AS A REALIST AS A IT SAW LIFE WE SAW AS IT IS..AS IT WILL BE...AS A LIVING....WITHOUT HER AND WITH HER----CHOOSING A LINE SHE WITH IT AFTER SHE REQUESTED HE TO DECIDE FOR ONCE SHE BE OR NOT BE IT AS A SHE CAUGHT NOT BECAUSE HE WANTED NOT CATCHING HER IN ACT OF SEX..AS A ONE IN WE THINKING WE SEE ALL IN THE WORLD AT ALL THE TIMES AND IT ALL HAPPENING IN THE WORLD IS THAT THAT GOD DESIRES AS A TOTALITY.SO JUST BE SEEING THINGS AS THEY ARE..AND LEARN..CAREFULLY ALL LIFE BRINGS BEFORE YOU IT MAY BE FOR YOUR GOOD IF YOU UNDERSTAND------AFTER ALL LIFE WERE GOING TO BE WHETHER YOU LIVE OR NOT AND HAS BEEN TOO WHEN YOU WERE YET TO COME.COMBINATIONS MIGHT HAVE BEEN ANY BUT THE ONES GOING TO COME BEFORE YOU TOO MIGHT HAVE COME EARLIER AND YOU MAY LEARN FROM IT THE REAL FACT------PROBABLY THIS THE GOD WANTS YOU TO BE DOING TO LEARN WHAT EXACTLY IS WHAT AND THEN CAREFULLY SEE IF THAT CAN BE APPLIED IN SOME SUCH WAY AS TO REACH TARGETERS AS WHERE YOU TARGET.YEAR AFTER YEAR AS A WE AS A HE WERE IN THE JOB AS A PROBABILITIES ADDRESSED. A SINGLE PERSON ON A PLANET ABSOLUTELY OPPOSED TILL COUNTRIES HUNDRED TWENTY TILL RISING EVER AS A DIRTY TRICKS DEPARTMENT CAME IN SEEING A GREAT AS A OPPORTUNITY IN THE PLUCK OF A HERO.HE WERE A WE TO CONNECTED HIGHEST AS A WORSHIPPER ALWAYS ACTING IN THE CORRECT DIRECTION.HE WE DUE AND HIS MIND SPEED DUE TO CONTINUOUSLY FIXING MIND ON TWO THINGS DUE WE AT THE SAME TIME BLESSED BY WE TO OUR LOVE AS A EXTENSION AS A CHILD OURS OR WE OURSELVES EXPRESSED AS A FROM BEGINING OF HIS LIFE AS A FATHER AS A TOO IT WERE ALL TROUGH HIS LIFE AS A RAM RAM AS A BASIC BHAJAN IN HIS HEART AS A WE AS A SEEN A WEARER OF A JANEU TILL SIKHS CALLING SELF AS A THREAT OF A KNIFING TILL DEATH IF DOES NOT TAKE OFF IT BECAUSE OF SERIOUS ATYACHARS AS A HINDUS AS A SIKH ON.ATYACHARS WERE AS A SEXES THREE TILL DAILY ON EACH AND EVERY KANYA BE IT TWO YEARS OF AGE OR A THIRTY FORTY TILL NOT ONLY BUT A SEVENTY TOO.IN DELHI......UNDER ENGLAND AS A SEMEN BUILDINGS AS A HINDUS AS A FRONT AS A WE AS A TILL TILLORED AS A WE AS A GREAT PREACHER OF HINDUS AS A WE AS A GRANTH CARRYING ALL IT ONLY SAID TOO TO BE AGAINST THEY.BY THEY THE ONES SAYING WE SIKHS WILL KILL YOU FOR WRITING THE GRANTH AS A HINDU.MISTER IKKI WAS THE CAUSER OF ALL THIS AS A DHAN OURS AS A WE AS A SHORT BE WITH A SINGLE AIM IT SO I ONCOMING SO ROTATED LIFE THEY BE IN DOING WHAT THEY HAD BEEN DOING YOU IN DOING WHAT YOU DID AS A WESTERNER OR CHINESE OR JAPANESE OR A BRAZILIAN OR AMERICAN OR ENGLISH TO POLATE YOU ENOUGH AND MAKE YOU RELAXED ENOUGH AS TO TAKE ON YOU ALL WHEN I FEEL I NO MORE WILL TOLERATE YOU..AND FIX YOU AS A NUT BOLT WE BY INVENTED AS A SARDAR SAHIB AS A OURS AS A MISTER M.S.KOHLII THE PRIME INVENTOR THAT GAVE YOU ELECTRICAL,GAS AND ALL OTHER WELDINGS TOO,SPARK PLUGS TOO BIGEON PINS TOO IN THE POLATION OF A ROTATES AS A THEY BE TO LUBRICATEDLY RUNNING LIFE SUBSTANCES AS A SOURCER RESOURCER AS A NATURE MOTHER EARTH OF A DISTILLED SUBSTANCES AS A OBSERVER OF HIGHEST MERIT AS TO BE GOD TO YOU ALL ESPECIALLY THE GIRLS ALL OF THE EARTH..WHOSE EVERY INCH OF LIFE IS FILLED BY HE THE MAKER OF YOUR BINDI TOO OF TEN TOUSAND AS A VARIABLES AS A CHARMS AS A ONE WIFE FOR TO BE CHARMIS TO HER HUSBAND SO IT THE BANGLES OF THE PLASDTICS,GLASSES,SILVER,GOLD,ROLLED GOLD --HIS INVENTION OF GOLD LIKE SUBSTANCE SHINING TOO TO BE A NOT ATTRACTIVE TO CHAIN SNATCHER BUT EQUALLY GOOD LOOKING TO ANY WITHIN A PURSE OF THE LOWEST EARNS AS A COMMON TILL....YOUR SOFAS OF ALL STEEL,WOOD,SO TOO BEDS,FROM CEMENTS TILL PLASTER OF PARIS THROUGH LIME AS A THIRTY THOUSAND NOT THREE NOT IT...BRICKS OF ALL SIZES HIS MADE AS A ARE WERE ALL THE TIME SINCE NINETEEN FIFTY THREE NOT FIFTY NOT TOO FORTY NINE NOT TOO EIGHT TILL ILLING THE THEY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF THE GOVERNMENT TOO IN THE THEY SAYING TILL WHEN YOU ENGINEER WILL WE.WE SEE DID HE DOING IT FOR ALL THE MANUFACTURERS LIKE CHILDREN TOYS AS A SWIFT AS A IDEAS AS A WE AS A WERE TEN THOUSANDS.THE DELHI WE DEVELOPED AS A WE AS A ALL ALONE AS AWE AS A FROM THE DATE OF THE WE AS GIVING THE FREEDOM HOW BUT ERLIER AS THE WE AS A DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEAF SPRING AND A CARIERS FOR ALL.ON THE HUNDRED TWENTIETH DAY OF LIFE AS A TINY TODDLER SIX AS A INCH HIGH THOUGH BUT TALKING WALKING.WATER WE STARTED WE AS A DIVERTY AS GOING INTO WHY A SINGLE WERE IN FEELING LIFE ON EARTH AS A HUNGRY MOUTHS TO FEED.UNITED NATIONS WAS CORRECT IN NOT GIVING HIS INVENTIONS OF HIGHEST CAPITALISABILITY IN THIS WORLD TO ANY WITHOUT AN EVALUATION AND FIXING EXCHANGE PARAMETERS----THOUGH PUT THIRTY TIMES LOWER AS A WE AS A WERE.A SINGLE INVENTION IF WOULD HAVE BEEN SOLD AS A ROYAL AS A NOT BUT ON ROYALTY AS WERE AS A HUNDRED TWENTY AFTER WE IT WERE WE AS A DRY NOT SLAVER NOT.NOR IT'S TIME OR AGE WERE TO BE.WE TARE IS.TEN PERCENT IT ALLOWED TO THOSE AS A WE TO IN THE CATAGORY BRICK MAKING A MERE THREE AS A PERCENT TOO WERE NOT AS A OUR APPLICATIONS AS A GOT BY THE ENGLAND WERE.TWO PERCENT WERE GIVEN.SO WAS IN THE ROAD MAKING.HAD IT BEEN TEN PERCENT OUR SINGLE INVENTION AS A ELECTRIC GENERATOR USED THROUGHOUT THE WORLD TILL TODAY WOULD HAVE GOT WE EXACTLY 67890 OCTILLION.........WE ACCUSE ENGLAND OF CORNERING WE AS IT WERE IN KNOW OF THE TOTAL BEHAVIOUR OF ALL IN THE BEING THE LEADER OF THE AGGRESSIVES ASA ALL IN THE THIS AGGRESSIVE WORLD OF DACOITS WHO SAW TO IT THAT HIS VALUABLE PRODUCE OF HUNDRED TWENTY LAKH TIMES THE FIGURE I PUT AS EXACT OUR ROYALTY FROM ONE ELECTRIC GENERATION IN WHICH WE AS A THIRTY FOUR AS A INVENTIONS ENTERED BY WE WERE OVER THE EDISONIAN AS A NON WORKING INVENTION. WE CITE SALE OF EDISON COMPANY OF THE ELECTRICITY IN USA AND OTHERS AS A POINT WE PUT HERE AS A WE AS A POINT--------IT WERE A TOTAL OF THIRTY THREE MILLION AS A TIMES AS A ALL.FROM NINETEEN TWELVE AS A SAID NOW FICTITIOUSLY BUT IT STARTED IN THE YEAR NINETEEN FORTY SEVEN TILL HAD A SEEM AS A IN THE TOWN OF THE EDINBURGH IN TEN POUND AS A FIGURES AS A WE AS A QUEEN ELI ONE AS A SAY NOW WE SAW IT NOTHING-----IN ENGLAND STILL NONE IS IN THE COMPANY IN THE SUMP.

 

WATER FEEL WE GAVE TO HE WE AS A TOY.IN CITY OF DACOITS AS A WATER POISONED WERE THRICE ALWAYS REPORTED AS A HE BEING MOST TASTE.THREE MILLION TIMES AS A COMMON PALATE OF A COMMON WOMAN.HE WE SAY IS THE ALL THAT YOU EAT IN THE FIVE STAR TILL WE HAVE A HOLDING AS A FIFTY PERCENT IN ALL ON OUR LAND PER WE AS A CHARGE AS A SOLE LANDOWNER SO FIXED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE UNITED NATIONS AFTER A DISCISSIONS THIRTY.SO ALL FACTORIES COUNTRIES AS A TOO APPLICABLE WERE BUT NONE HAS PAID A PENNY TO OUR CHILD AS A JUSTIN AS A DOING HIS DUTY AS A GOD OF EARTH GIVING THE EARTH FEEL AS A OUTSOURCER OURS AS A MOTHER NATURE. WE ASK NOW OURS ALL.FROM ALL.ONLY USA AS A PAYMENT OF FORTEEN FORTY HEP WE FIXED UP SEEING IMMINENT TAKING OF IT BY MISTER AMIT SHAH AS A SISTERS AS A SHRI MODI.AS DID WE IN TWO DACOITY ON WE WE BY BROUGHT TOO IN THE WORDPRESS AS A WE AS A WRITINGS AS A CONFORM IN HERE WE CONFIRM SAME AS A REPORTS AS.

 

DESPITE WE AS A VERY MANY UPBRINGING EFFORTS WE HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO STOP ENTRY OF OUTSIDERS INTO THE U.N. BUILDINGS AS A VERY VERY UNPROTECTED AS A STRUCTURES INFILTRATED BY TWENTY THOUSAND MEN TWELVE THOUSAND WOMEN NEVER ALLOCATED A JOB IN A REGULAR SELECTION OR A JOB ADVERTISEMENT-------------AS A VERY VERY ALARMING AS A WE TO ACTIVITY IN WHICH WE FEEL YOU EARTH HAVE LOST THE UNITED NATIONS.

 

WE CITE HEREUNDER A CASE HUNDRED FORTY .OF THE PAIN IN THE RIB GIVEN SPECIFICALLY TOO TO THE WOMEN NOT MEN THAT HAD SOWN SEEDS AS AT ONE SIXTEEN P.M. TODAY THE ELEVENTH OF JUNE OF THE TWO THOUSAND EIGHTEEN.THEY ARE TWELVE THOUSAND.COMBED EXCUTIVELY BY OUR EXACTING OFFICERS OF THE DEPARTMENTS MADE BY WE THE COSMOS HANDLERS.THE GOD WE OF THE UNIVERSE AS.AS YOU AS A NONE.POLICE WE.OFFICERS WE.GENERALS WE.NATO IN TWELVE THOUSANDS.IN POLICE INDIA AS A SIX TWELVE AS A THOUSANDS IN THE THEY AS A SENT TO IT IS AS A WE AS A STRIVERS AS A TO BE OR OTHERWISE WE KEEP INCREASING THE PAINS AS A REMINDERS AS AS A WELL TESTED METHOD.IN THE RUSSIA PUTIN NOT BUT TOO IN THE ABSENCE OF THE CORRECT POSTURING.OTHER ALL.TILL GEORGIA IF THEY DO NOT GIVE WE OUR LYDMILA IN GOOD HEALTH TO BE SEEING HER AND ASKING HER WELFARE.WE REMIND SHE WERE HERE WE AS A MARRIAGE IN INTERTESTED AS A PROPOSER WE TO THE WE AS A SADR AS A INTRODUCED WHEN THE A.S. BRAR AS TO EXCITED BE IN SEXING HER THIRTY SIX THOUSANDS OF TIMES IF POSSIBLE AS BECOMES TO WOMEN IN POLICE CUSTODY TILL.THEY RAPED HER THIRTY MEN AS A TWELVE MONTHS WE SO IN GIVE HE WE AS A SERVANT SO A MILD NOT SEVERE PAINS AS A WE TO DECEIVERS AS AS A WE OF THE WHOLE WEALTH TAKER LEAVING WE IN THE LURCH NOT ONLY BUT IN THE LURE OF A JOB ENOUGH TO FEED OUR TWO AS A ASS AS A STRATEGY TO WREST AWAY ALL OF A VERY VERY TALENTED AND TELL HE HE EARNED NOTHING EVER IN LIFE WHILE TAKING HIS MULTIPLE BILLIONS AS A FUNDS AS A WE AS A WERE AS A OIL IN ALL DEVELOPMENTS OF EXCAVATION IN THE EARTH TOO AS THE FIFTY PERCENT SHARE SUGGESTED BY THE U.N. TO ALL OIL EXCAVATORS AS A OUR JUSTICE IN SHARE AS A ONE WHO PURCHASED THE RIGHTS AS A EARTH OWNERS AS FROM ALL THE DEFEATED OR SLAVE COUNTRIES TOO AND THE CONTROLLERS OF THE LAND OF THE PLANET CLEARLY IN EXCHANGES GIVING EXACT TWELVE BILLION TIMES THE CURRENT VALUE PEGGED BY WE ME THE SUPREME JUSTICE GIVER AS A NINE NEUNTILLIONS AS A VERY MANY MAGNATES AS A PROPERTY STEALERS AS A ARE IN THE IT AS A WE AS A RELATIVES COMING IN THE SAY WE REPRESENT HE WE DO NOT GIVE A DUCK.THE REAL VALUE WE GIVE ARE A TELLTALE AS A NONE.OVER ABOVE ALL MONEYS.NO RIGHT TO SELL ANY ANY.THE WE ANALYSE HERE WE AS A POINT THIS TOO IN THE WE AS A OUTSOURCING THE WE BOUGHT BY ANYS AS A GRAPHICALITY. : THE RUSSIA AS A USSR TOO SINCE OUR PURCHASE TOOK OUT MINERAL OIL AS A WE AS A OF THE SALE IT INSIDE AS A THIRTY FIVE THOUSAND BILLION AT A PRICE LOWER THAN INDIA AS A SEVEN THOUSAND FIFTY HUNDRED SEVENTY NINE.AS A WE ME ARRIVALS AS A DONE BY THE THEY THE JUSTICE .JUSTICE HOEING TO THE SKY AS.THROWING IT IN THE BIN.WE SO IN PUT THE WE SAY IN THE OTHER HOW. THE ACTUAL VALUE SOLD IS A TERMINOLOGY NOW AS A WE AS A MISTER M.S.KOHLII BY RIGHTLY OPPOSED TO THE C.I.A. AS A NAMED INSTITUTE NOT BUT TO THE GENERAL MANAGER IT'S AS A SLIGHTLY CINNED NOT BUT TWENTY DROPS OF THIRTY PERCENT THROWN ON HE TEN MINUTES LATER HOW BUT WAS AS A SEPOY NOTED EXACTLY HIS STATEMENT SIGNED BY HE COLLAPSING..............FOR THE LEGALITIES AS A SOLE LANDOWNER THE OWNER OF THE THEIR LAND INDIA TOO IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM WEND.AS IS..AS A WE AS A SYSTEM AS SAID FALSE COMPLETE SO IN I GIVE THEY ALL THE STRAIN OF THE MILLION SUNS.ESPECIALLY TO THE OTHER NOT ALL THOSE WE SEE DOING A REPRESENT..IN THE WE TO A DECEIT. SO WE MOVE TO ALL IN THE PLANET IN THE THEY DOING EXACT.

 

A EXPLANATION OF THE ABOVE THREE THIRTY LINE WORK NOT BUT TOO IN THE MIND OF THE SCIENTIST WERE.BUT WERE RECORDED BY WE ONLY.YOUR EARTH AS A THANKS NOT WERE BUT THE BENEFITS WERE TAKEN WITHOUT A MUR.SO THIS EARTH TO WE GIVE A RANGE OF THE CHEMICALITY.CHARGING IT PENALITY.AT PLACES YOU WILL SEE IT.LEAVE IT OR TAKE IT CHOICE BE PER FATE.MANY ARE IN THE TOUCHING OR DAMAGING ME MY WRITTEN.I GIVE THEM NAUSEA.AT TWO SIXTEEN P.M. TODAY FROM TILL END AS A WAY OF THE OUR BLESSES.COUNTER YOU TRY WE INCREASE.YOU ENJOY AS YOU MAKE WE ENJOY.LET WE BE LIFE LIKE.

  

MALAWINDAR SINGH KOHLII WATCHED IN THE UNIVERSITY AND ELSEWHERE CAUSED BY HIM THE FOUNTAINS MADE BY HIM IN THE CUT CANISTERS TOO BUT IN THE GALVANISED IRON A INVENT OF HIS IN THE MEHRAULI IN THE DATE TERAH NOTED ON A PLAIN PAPER IN THE COURT OF THE UNJION AND REMOVED BY A VERY JEALOUS STUPID FOOL K.K.PAUL .

 

THE BEHAVIOUR WERE DIFERENT .IT THE EXACT AMOUNTS GIVEN FAR SUPERIOR. SO STARTED EXPERIMENTATION NEXT IN THE UNIVERSITY,HIS HOUSE, IN THE ROSE GARDEN CHANDIGARH UNDER HIS GAZE ,,AS A VERY MANY EXPERIMENTS SECRETIVELY NOT BUT TOO IN THE WE SEEN IS ASCRIBED TO A ANOTHER NOT HIM IN THE UNIVERSITY PWD DEPARTMENT IN THE REGISTER AS A NEW INVENT.THE EXPERIMENTS HE DID WERE TWO THOUSAND BEFORE GOING IN FOR THE NEXT VARIETY OF THE EXPERIMENTS FROM THE TWO OF THE TWELVE OF HIS AGE STARTING WERE IN THE DELHI TOO IN THE MEHRAULI TOO IN THE QUTUB IN ASSOCIATION NOT DUE SUGGESTIONS GIVEN AS A RECORDED BY THE INDIRA GANDHI SYNDICATE HOW.INDIA AS A CULTURED AS A POORESTS AS A COUNTRY WERE IS PROVED BY THE THIS BEHAVIOURS AS A NON RECORDING THE VERY MANY EXPERIMENTS OF A DOYAN AS A EXPERIMENTORS AS A MISTER M.S.KOHLII THE MAN WHO GOT THEM FREEDOM FROM FOREIGN RULE BY GIVING THEM FREEDOM TO BE DEMOCRATICALLY BEHAVING CALLING THE SHOT OVER AND ABOVE THE MAN WHO PURCHASED THE LAND OF THE WORLD TOO IN WHICH THE INDIA IS ONLY A THOUSANDTH PART BUT IT STOPPED HIS INVESTMENT GIVING FREEDOMS ON IT'S OWN EVEN AFTER THEY HAD KNOWN HIS CYANIDINGS WERE BY A TORCHERERS GANG OF THE WITCH DOCTOR THE YADWINDER

  

BABA PAL AS A MISTER JOGINDER KAUR AS A PRACTICING WOMEN WOMENHOOD AS A PRESCRIBED PROFESSION TO THEY PRESCRIBED BY THE POLICE AND THEY POISONED SHE HIS MOTHER WOMEN BEING MOST DESPICABLE IN THE JANUARY OF THE NINETEEN FORTY EIGHT UNDER ORDERS OF J.L. NEHRU A CRIMER WITH THE WE WEMEN. WE SAW HE SEX HER IN CUSTODY TWO THIRTY TIMES AS A STATEMENT OF THE GANG A.S. BRAR.

  

THEIR MEMORY AND SPREAD RELIGION BE STOPPED FOR EVER AS THERE TOO NO GURU GOBIND SING OR RAI EXISTED AS HINDUS ARE SAYING WERE THE RECORTS AS A PROVEN.THESE AS A POLICE RECORDS AS A TOO EXIST BUT A JEALOUS AS A FASTESTS AS A JAMES-BONDING TYPE SAY IN THAT HE FOUND A CRIMINAL REPLACED THE GODLY FAMILY TO TAKE AWAY THEIR PROPERTY WITH HIS MOTHER AS A WITCH DOCTORS AS A THREE AS A POTENT BUT WITH TWO MEN INCURSED BY THEY THE OBSERVANT OF THE GEEN/GANGS AS A TWELVE MADE MOVING AROUND WOMEN IN THE DAY TO SELECT A ANY TO ASK FOR A TEA TOGETHER IN THE THEIR DRUG AS A SPRAYED OR FLASHED WITH FLASHERS AS THEY DID WITHOUT NOTICE BY THESE WOMEN TOO NOT BUT TOO IN THE DESIRE .

The GLAAD Media Awards at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City

 

The GLAAD Media Awards recognize and honor media for their fair, accurate and inclusive representations of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community and the issues that affect their lives.

 

GLAAD, the world's lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) media advocacy organization, honored Robert De Niro, Mariah Carey, and the best in film, television, and journalism at the 27th Annual GLAAD Media Awards at the Waldorf Astoria New York on Saturday May 14th 2016. Jennifer Lawrence, Aziz Ansari, Connie Britton, Diane Sawyer, Caitlyn Jenner, Tamron Hall, Noah Galvin, Andrew Rannells, Andreja Pejić, and Jason Biggs were among the special guests. Recording artists Alex Newell and Bebe Rexha, as well as the Tony Award-winning Broadway musical Fun Home performed at the event hosted by Emmy Award-winning actress Laverne Cox. The 27th Annual GLAAD Media Awards were presented by Delta Air Lines, Hilton, Ketel One Vodka, and Wells Fargo.

 

GLAAD Media Award recipients announced Saturday in New York. Additional awards were presented in Los Angeles at the Beverly Hilton on April 2.

 

Excellence in Media Award: Robert De Niro (presented by Jennifer Lawrence)

 

Ally Award: Mariah Carey (presented by Lee Daniels)

 

· Outstanding TV Journalism – Newsmagazine: “Bruce Jenner: The Interview" 20/20 (ABC) [accepted by: Diane Sawyer, Caitlyn Jenner, and David Sloan, senior executive producer]

 

· Outstanding TV Journalism Segment: "Interview with Jim Obergefell" Anderson Cooper 360 (CNN) [accepted by: U.S. Supreme Court plaintiff Jim Obergefell]

 

· Outstanding Magazine Overall Coverage: Cosmopolitan [accepted by: Laura Brounstein, special projects director]

 

· Outstanding Film – Limited Release: Tangerine (Magnolia Pictures)

 

· Outstanding Individual Episode: "The Prince of Nucleotides" Royal Pains (USA Network)

 

· Outstanding Digital Journalism – Multimedia: "Stopping HIV? The Truvada Revolution" Vice Reports (Vice.com)

 

· Outstanding Newspaper Article: "Cold Case: The Murders of Cosby and Jackson" by Dianna Wray (Houston Press)

 

· Outstanding Magazine Article: "Behind Brazil's Gay Pride Parades, a Struggle with Homophobic Violence" by Oscar Lopez (Newsweek)

 

· Outstanding Digital Journalism Article: "This Is What It’s Like To Be An LGBT Syrian Fleeing For Your Life" by J. Lester Feder (Buzzfeed.com)

 

SPANISH-LANGUAGE NOMINEES

· Outstanding Daytime Program Episode: "¿El marido de mi padre o yo?" Caso Cerrado (Telemundo)

 

· Outstanding TV Journalism – Newsmagazine: TIE: "Amor que rompe barreras" Un Nuevo Día (Telemundo) and "En cuerpo ajeno" Aquí y Ahora (Univision)

 

· Outstanding TV Journalism Segment: "Víctimas de abusos" Noticiero Univision (Univision)

 

· Outstanding Digital Journalism – Multimedia: "Campeones de la igualdad" (Univision.com)

   

GLAAD (formerly the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation) is a U.S. non-governmental media monitoring organization founded by LGBT people in the media.

 

Motto - to promote understanding, increase acceptance, and advance equality.

 

Founded - 1985

 

Founder

Vito Russo

Jewelle Gomez

Lauren Hinds

 

GLAAD 2016 President and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis

 

GLAAD

104 W 29th St #4,

New York, NY 10001

USA

(212) 629-3322

 

Waldorf Astoria Hotel

301 Park Ave,

New York, NY 10022

USA

(212) 355-3000

  

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#GMA @glaad ‪#‎glaadawards #GLAAD #GLAADMediaAwards #GLAADMedia #GLAADAwards #LGBT #GLBT #LGBTQ #GLBTQ #Lesbian #gay #gays #gaymen #gaywomen #bi #Bisexual #Trans #Transman #TransWoman #Transidentity #Transgender #Gender #GenderFluid #GenderIdentity #Queer #Media #TV #Television #Press #WaldorfAstoria #WaldorfAstoriaHotel #NY #NYC #NYS #NewYork #NewYorkCity #NewYorkState #USA #Equality #Pride #celebrity #fashion #famous #style #RedCarpet #RedCarpetEvent

  

Photo

New York City, Manhattan Island, New York State, USA The United States of America country, North America continent

May 14th 2016‬

Thai protesters stage ‘people's runway’ in downtown Bangkok against princess’ fashion brand

CNA - Oct 29, 2020.

Protesters gathered in Bangkok’s business district of Silom on Thursday (Oct 29) to voice their opposition against a royal fashion brand belonging to King Maha Vajiralongkorn’s daughter, Princess Sirivannavari Nariratana.

The princess’ fashion brand Sirivannavari is scheduled to showcase its autumn/winter 2020-2021 collection at 8pm on the same day in the “French Flair Runway” show at Mandarin Oriental in Bangkok.

The protest on Thursday adopted the theme of “People’s Runway” and took place on Silom Road, starting from the Sri Maha Mariamman Temple. It is a satire on the princess’ fashion business.

Ahead of the rally, organisers announced the gathering plan on social media. They also cited an earlier local media report which allegedly detailed Thailand’s national budget Bill for 2020 and allocations worth more than 29 billion baht (US$929 million) set aside for the monarchy.

These included a budget of 13 million baht for the Department of International Trade Promotion to exhibit products of the Sirivannavari brand in foreign countries.

The protest on Thursday marked another challenge to Thailand’s monarchy, which is protected by the strict lese majeste law. The law punishes whoever defames, insults or threatens the King, the Queen, the Heir-apparent or the Regent with imprisonment of three to 15 years.

People's Runway 13 million

A mock runway on Silom Road in Bangkok on Oct 29, 2020, with a sign saying: "Commerce Ministry’s 13-million budget supports the business of Sirivannavari". The sign refers to a local media report on the 2020 national budget bill and the 13 million baht allocation to promote Princess Sirivannavari’s fashion brand. (Photo: Pichayada Promchertchoo)

On Monday, protesters marched to the German embassy in Bangkok to submit letters for the German government, asking them to investigate whether King Maha has exercised political power during his extended stays in Bavaria.

Protesters also demanded clarification from Germany on whether the King is required to pay inheritance tax as stipulated by German law, after inheriting a fortune from his father, the late King Bhumibol Adulyadej.

On Monday, German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas told reporters the government was following developments in Thailand and that it was aware of the demonstrations.

The demonstration on Thursday is part of Thailand’s youth-led movement, which has been protesting against the government of Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha for months. They are calling for an end to his rule, charter amendment and reform of the monarchy.

Prayut staged a coup in 2014 to topple a democratically government of Yingluck Shinawatra and controlled Thailand for five years, before an election in 2019 installed his political party to government.

On Tuesday, the prime minister dismissed calls from opposition parties to resign at a parliament session he had called to discuss months of protests.

This came after he addressed the nation last week and called for a parliamentary solution to the ongoing rift in society.

“The protestors have made their voices and views heard. It is now time for them to let their views be reconciled with the views of other segments of Thai society through their representatives in parliament,” Prayut said.

“Let us respect the law and parliamentary democracy, and let our views be presented through our representatives in parliament.”

I've heard of distorting the truth but this is just silly. "Deformation" indeed. Yep, it's from the Grauniad

Street candid portrait taken in Boston, Lincolnshire.

 

Is it right to take photos of people without asking?

 

In public places where there is no right to privacy, yes you can. The same applies in private places where you have the permission of the landowner or the landowner has stated no restrictions on photography. However photographing someone without asking their permission can cause a lot of trouble if not handled sensitively. If someone does not want to be photographed it is best to respect their wishes unless there is an overriding reason not to. Most people in most circumstances respond well to friendly explanation, especially if you show them the photo. Nevertheless some will object that you have violated their rights in some interesting way, and it's best to have the explanations ready.

  

'You can't take my photo without permission'. Oh yes you can, usually. Point to the CCTV cameras and wave, they never asked either. Of course it is perfectly understandable that individuals may feel singled out and perhaps intimidated, frightened or angry not to be in control, but it's not a legal point.

'You have violated my copyright'. This is in no sense true. There is no copyright in the human face or form, and copying would anyway mean cloning them, not creating an image. An image of a person is copyright of the photographer.

'You have violated my privacy'. Legally this is unlikely to be true. There is no right to privacy in public places as a rule. There is a right to privacy in private places and in public places where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy (eg public toilets), but how extensive this is depends on circumstances.

In private places that are open to the public, permission of the landowner is usually sufficient to be able to photograph visitors and staff. However a recent court case upheld a right to eat a meal in a restaurant in privacy even though the restaurant owner had consented to the photography, because in the court's view it was a customer's normal expectation not to be photographed there. If in doubt, this is probably the question to ask yourself.

'You have violated my human rights'. Police seem to sometimes object to being photographed on the grounds that their 'Human Rights' are being violated. This really means the same thing as 'privacy' and there is none in the street as the presence of CCTV and police photographers shows.

The Human Rights Act 1998 recognises a human right to expect privacy wherever privacy is normal, eg in the home. So photographs taken where privacy may be expected require permission of the subject. EG photographs taken from public places that depict someone within their home in a situation where they expect privacy, for instance through a window using a telephoto lens, will be actionable.

'You are harassing me'. Photography can indeed constitute harassment, but for an act to constitute harassment requires deliberate acts of harassment on at least 2 separate occasions. The complainant may then seek a restraining order from the court.

Harassment is potentially an issue for paparazzi in their pursuit of celebrities, but equally a restraining order has been used to suppress inconvenient photography by npower at Radley lakes.

'You need a model release'. Model releases are not necessary for anything except photographs to be used for commercial purposes. For editorial or artistic purposes they have no relevance unless you intend defaming the subject and need them to make a contractual agreement not to sue you for libel. If you intend selling the image for marketing or advertising use that implies endorsement by the subject, then yes, you need a model release (or rather, the advertiser does).

'You have violated data protection law'. Superficially this seems correct as the Data Protection Act does indeed prohibit the recording of data that identifies an individual. A photograph certainly qualifies and the DPA certainly applies to CCTV monitoring, ID photos etc. However the DPA Part 1 Section 3 specifically exempts as a 'special purpose' photographs or other data recorded for journalism, or for artistic or literary purposes.

photorights.org/faq/is-it-legal-to-take-photos-of-people-...

One of the things being online has given me, is an appreciation of the wonders that surrounded me as I was growing up, but was ignorant of. Such a shame then that I only get to see bits and pieces when we go back to visit my Mother, of like this weekend, when I returned home for a school reunion.

 

Fritton is a small village on the A143 between Yarmouth and Beccles, and we used to go as we liked the local pub, The Decoy. It was run by an ex-RAF dentist, Eric. Nice bloke, hope he and his wife are still OK.

 

Looking through my friend's website on Suffolk churches last week, I came across the entry for Fritton, and I was intrigued: so, the first stop out of Lowestoft was Fritton.

 

Set down a quiet country lane, a simple round-towered church, but then like so many churches, the exterior does not hint at the delights and wonders inside.

 

I thought the round chancel similar to Wissington, but inside the chancel is revealed as Norman and many-arched. But let Simon describe it:

 

---------------------------------------------------

 

Norfolk now has two Frittons, but this one used to be in Suffolk. Here we are out in the wilds of the Lothingland Peninsula, and in 1974 the border was moved a few miles south so that Great Yarmouth's dreary suburbia could all be taken into Norfolk. Unfortunately for Suffolk, the new border line was taken down to Fritton Lakes, putting this little jewel of a church and its pretty village into the northern county.

Perhaps it was compensation of a kind for also having to take on the awful town of Hopton to the east. In this case, Suffolk's loss was very much Norfolk's gain, for this is that rare thing in East Anglia, a Norman church with an apse. They are thin on the ground in the region, and the three best are now all within a few miles on the same side of the border. Hales and Heckingham are on the far bank of the Waveney; St Edmund is similarly round-towered and thatched, and if it is not quite as pretty as its two cousins, it is at least as interesting, and perhaps even more of a treasure house than they are.

 

There is a little trapdoor on the south side of the chancel, the purpose of which is not immediately clear. Inevitably in this traditionally lawless area not far from the sea, it has become known as the Smugglers' Loft. The churches of this area are all in the Norwich Diocese, even the Suffolk ones, and while the churches near to Yarmouth and Lowestoft have a reputation for being kept locked, Fritton St Edmund is, thankfully, open everyday, and you step into a pleasantly Victorianised rustic interior. The view to the east is unusual, with the little, low chancel hemmed in up one corner behind a screen which doesn't really seem to fit, and the royal arms high above on top of the eastern wall of the 14th Century rebuilt nave. When the nave was widened, the original north wall was retained and the other wall rebuilt about three metres further south, thus the curious juxtaposition between nave and chancel. In the splay of a window on this south side the rebuilders painted an image of a Saint, possibly St John the Baptist holding an agnus dei, while on the north wall opposite the south doorway is a massive St Christopher of about the same date. Otherwise, the nave is rather austere, the recut square font at the west end lending a note of gravitas.

 

This plainness and simplicity offset the fabulous jewel-like interior of the chancel, which you step down into as if into a quite different church. It is a remarkable survival. The tunnel-vaulting is an extraordinary thing to find. The trapdoor outside lets into the space above it, but more interestingly vaulting of this kind is often associated with there having been a tower above. Not only the vaulting of the apse has survived, but in 1967 a sequence of wall-paintings depicting the martyrdom of St Edmund were uncovered in the eastern end of the apse. It is one of the most complete sequences of the subject in England. The Saint himself appears crowned and shot through with arrows in the central panel, and other panels depict Danish bowmen, possibly St Peter and a donor. There is a little panel of Victorian glass depicting St Edmund at the centre, a happy accident because they could not have known about the wall paintings.

 

The chancel windows are furnished with some excellent early 20th century glass depicting a sequence of East Anglian Saints. They include St Walstan, St Olaf, St William of Norwich, St Felix, Fursey, St Wendreda, St Etheldreda and the more international seafaring Saint, St Nicholas. It is a perfect setting for them.

 

The screen has obviously been restored, perhaps more than once, but it almost certainly dates from the time that the nave was widened. There is said to be another which is almost identical, only better, in the now-closed church at Belton a few miles off, where it awaits an uncertain fate. No such fears here; I compared St Edmund with the churches of Hales and Heckingham near the start of this piece, but it is worth adding that this is the only one of those three apsed Norman churches which has not been declared redundant, and is still home to an Anglican faith community.

 

Arthur Mee, in his 1940s Kings England: Suffolk, waxes so lyrically about Fritton that you might be forgiven for thinking that he is actually writing a spoof, or a parody of himself. Here is heart's delight, he begins, for painter, poet and naturalist; great waters, spreading woodland, nursery of multitudes of water-fowl, and nightingales which sing in chorus the livelong day and night of their minstrel season. Mee also recalls the inconsequential but fascinating detail from the registers that on the 17th day of August 1816, Hannah Freeman did penance in the church for defaming the character of Mary Hanham, spinster. There is a good story behind that, no doubt.

Today, most visitors to this parish are here on holiday, because around the great Fritton Lake, which is the longest in East Anglia, spreads Fritton Country Park and its associated camping sites. Part of the lake is Fritton Decoy, a long, narrow stretch into which ducks were attracted to be shot in their hundreds by 19th century worthies. There is something pleasingly old-fashioned about the setting, as if the Famous Five might even now be in a tent nearby, awaiting an adventure.

 

Simon Knott, July 2008

 

www.norfolkchurches.co.uk/frittonedmund/frittonedmund.htm

The Original GLBT Expo Third Annual Video Lounge 2010

 

The 17th Original GLBT Expo

Jacob K. Javits Convention Center

655 West 34th Street

New York, NY 10001

(212) 216-2000

www.javitscenter.com

 

www.originalglbtexpo.com

  

*********************2010 LINE UP INCLUDED*****************

 

Saturday 11:00 – 7:00 PM 2010

...11:00 Best in LGBT and our friends Music Videos including Kelly King, Levi Kreis, Rachael Sage,

 

12:00 George Lyter of ADD-TV music video block

 

1:00 Fifty years of Queer Cinema by Danforth Prince, of Blood Moon Productions

 

1:30 LGBT Historic Video – rare footage of NYC GLBT History curated by Randolfe Wicker

 

2:00 CampBlood.org's House of Horrors - Ever wonder what gays and horror movies have in common? Join the sickos behind the biggest gay horror movie site around.

 

2:30 David Kittredge, writer and director of the controversial thriller; "Pornography: A Thriller", opening at the Cinema Village on April 16

 

2 45 Rob Williams director of “Make the Yuletide Gay,” "Three-Day Weekend," and "Long Term Relationship"

 

3:00 George Lyter music video director and creator of ADD-TV with showcase Art and Activism w/guest speakers.

 

3:30 CampBlood.org's Slumber Party Massacre Join the nutsos behind the biggest gay horror movie website and their special guests for a slumber party with a serious body count. Bloodshed, beefcake and giveaways are just a few of the surprises in store at this party.

 

4:00 Under the Pink Carpet with Lovari - Meet the on air personalities from the gay-themed television entertainment news series that airs on WNYE / WNYC TV Channel 25, incl special guest Singer Lovari

 

4:30 Yozmit a special guest exposing Transgender discrimination in the job market. Yozmit has been in The Daily News, The New York Times and generating alot of press as she is part of the group that has filed a complaint with the state attorney general's office having proved city's human rights law were violated citing J. Crew as one of the offenders. Yozmit is also a performance artists and we will celebrate her work at the expo.

www.nydailynews.com/news/2010/03/14/2010-03-14_report_say...

 

4:45 Lavender Hip Hop, with Soce the Elemental Wizard and Chic & Sassy America's Top Drag Queen rappers

 

5:00 Ryan Janek Wolowski of MTV Networks interviews Main Stage Performers

 

6:00 - 7:00 Best in LGBT and our friends Music Videos incl Vanessa Conde, Beth Sacks, Neon Glitter Bliss, Salme Dahlstrom, amberRose Marie

 

**********************************************************

 

Sunday 12-6 2010

 

12:00 Best in LGBT and our friends Music Videos incl, Jason Antone, Brian Kent, LaVonna Harris, Noa Tylo

 

1:00 Appolonia Cruz from Fruta Extrana TV which is now FX GAY TV

 

1:15 Khalid Rivera recording artist who went to #1 Music Video on Logo’s Click List

 

1:30 GLAAD The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation special guest Anu Singh

 

1:45 Samara Riviera from Vivalariviera.com has been seen on ABC and Telemundo Television, Samara has also produced footage for A&E Television Networks Biography series and has written for both Latino Boys and Adelante Magazine. Special guest will be Sahara Davenport from season two of RuPaul's Drag Race as seen on the MTV Networks channel Logo Television.

vivalariviera.com/

 

2:00 Rob Williams director of the award winning “Make the Yuletide Gay” now out on DVD

 

2:15 David Kittredge writer and director of the controversial thriller; "Pornography: A Thriller", opening at the Cinema Village on April 16

 

2:30 Lady Gaga - Live from The National Equality March

 

3:30 Ryan Janek Wolowski presents "Fatima's First Lady" comedy short starring R. Sky Palkowitz The Delusional Diva.

 

4:00 - 6:00 Best in LGBT and our friends Music Videos incl Lori Michaels, Athena Reich, Jamisin Lee (dancer), Peppermint, Josh Zuckerman, and interviews with main stage performers.

 

***********

 

Photo

New York City USA

03-20-2010

03-21-2010

On the afternoon of 9th March 1908 Moana Cafe was officially opened by the Colonial Treasurer Mr Frank Wilson, (although was to be opened by the Premier, but he fell ill), in the presence of a large number of citizens who were invited by the proprietor Demetrius Angels (Angelopolus).

The architect was Richard Joseph Dennehy (who in 1913 filed for breach of contract), the proprietor was Demetrius Angels, the cost of the building was £10,000.

B.Makutz, Ironworker made the magnificent wrought iron staircase, so constructed to avoid any crowding on the steps, being of double design, one side for upward traffic the other for downward traffic, with a pretty ornamental scrolled baluster is carried right throughout from basement to top, Makutz also supplied the large lattice girder and ironwork for the verandahs, the internal fittings and furniture were supplied by Messrs. Robertson and Moffat, are certainly second to none that can be found in any similar establishment in the Commonwealth.

The window. fittings, counters, showcases, and wall decorations on the ground floor were specially designed by the firm's artist and are of Huon pine, relieved with walnut mouldings, all polished and finished in the very best style and mounted with mirror glass.

In the basement were four private dining-rooms, a ladies dining-room and a large public dining-hall, these furnished and fitted out in keeping with the rest of the building.

In each of the private rooms is a complete suite, a different timber and design having been selected for each, and named after four Australian Governors.

The roof has been elaborately fitted out as a garden, furnished with marble tables chairs settees and decorated with pot plants.

In 1901-07 on this site was, Demetrius Angels Dining Rooms (old building).

In 1908 new building, Demetrius Angels Dining Rooms.

In 1909-14 Moana Cafe Proprietor Demetrius Angels.

In 1915-23 Moana Cafe Proprietor Saul Epstein.

In 1924-37 Moana Tea and Supper Rooms, Proprietor Saul Epstein and Zeck's Toilet Parlours and Ezywalkin Ltd Shoes.

In 1938-40 P.E.Auguste Refreshment Rooms and Zeck's Ladies Toilet Parlours and Ezywalkin Ltd Shoes.

In 1941-49 Club Cabarita Refreshment Rooms and Zeck's Toilet Parlours and Ezywalkin Ltd Shoes.

In 1909 the manager of the Moana Cafe, claims that his establishment is the best appointed cafe and restaurant in Australia.

In 1909 Members of the Perth Roads Board were entertained by delegates of the Roads Board, speeches were made by Sir John Forrest and the Premier Mr Moore and Mayor of Perth Mr Molloy.

In 1909 Herman Bromer pleaded guilty to stealing 2lb of Blue Cod from Moana Cafe, he was fined 7s.

In 1909 George Fisher arrested for having created a disturbance at 11.30pm in Moana Cafe. In 1910 it was wrongly reported that the Proprietor of the Moana Cafe, Demetrius Angel's dead body was found in scrub near the main drive in King's Park, it was said he had committed suicide, a revolver was beside the body and bullet wound in the head, he was found by Tom Forrester, a carter, the deceased had had a lot of business worry, although the body turned out to be A.E.Whittle, an apology was put in paper for the pain and annoyance the article had caused Mr Angels, although the newspaper defended themselves in saying there was more than a passing resemblance between the two men, in fact they were 'dead ringers', the officer at the morgue asked how to spell 'Demetruis' and the report got out to the press.

In 1910 A young beardless Greek of juvenile appearance, named Nicholas Consoukas, Pantryman an employee of Moana Cafe was charged with throwing a knife at Eva Smith also employed at Moana Cafe, and cutting her wrist, Smith came for some butter with a dirty knife, Consoukas stopped her, she slapped his face and in temper he threw the knife, she called him "a dirty black wretch" and the accused threatened to smash a salad bowl into her face, evidence was given by Dr Couch, Miss Adelaide Williams and Miss Catherine Maley (Waitresses), the case was dismissed, Moana Cafe is commonly regarded as the swaggerest restaurant in the metropolis.

In 1911 Dementrius Angels, proprietor of the Moana Cafe, was charged with having sold a sample of milk which was adulterated, to Inspector Robinson of the Perth Local Board of Health. The facts were the milk sold to the inspector was purveyed in the condition it was received from suppliers Currie Bros in Fremantle, and paid cash. The magistrate was satisfied that defendant had sold the milk in the same condition as it was received.

In 1912 Demetrius Angels, Proprietor, was fined £2 on two charges of having neglected to provide two assistants, kitchenman, and pantry maid, with a full luncheon hour.

In 1912 Demetrius Angels Proprietor was charged with defamation, calling his employee Nicholas Stamoulis a murderer, as he had boasted to killing a man in Greece, and employee Mrs Wateson for gossiping and being hit by Stamoulis, and Angels dismissed them.

In 1913 His Excellency the Governor will attend the dinner of the W.A. Chamber of Manufactures at Moana Cafe.

In 1914 Demetrius Angels of Moana Cafe and Boans Bros were charged with selling ice for icecream not in the nature of the substance required by regulations both were fined £2 and £1 0s. 6d. costs.

In 1914 Proprietor Demetrius Angels (who later returned to Athens, Greece to conduct a Banking Business) handed over Moana Cafe to Saul Epstein of Kalgoorlie.

In Jan 1914 the Million Club (for those interested in securing a population of one million for the state and to make W.A. better known to the world), established and to be held at Moana Cafe every Tuesday, Governor Sir Harry Barron President, Premier Mr Scaddan Vice-President.

In 1914 Captain Earl Grey ex-Governor General of Canada attended the Million Club luncheon at Moana Cafe.

In 1914 Annual Dinner of the Chamber of Commerce held at Moana Cafe, guests included His Excellency the Governor, Sir John Forrest, the Premier, Colonel Kyngdon.

In 1915 George Wales was charged with making a disturbance at Moana Cafe, he swore at the waitress, abused and made like to strike Saul Epstein, went outside and walked up and down on the pavement making rude gestures and muttering about "Turks" and wanting to fight, he was taken into custody.

In 1915 an Indian Nightwatchman was inspecting the lock on Moana Cafe when Charles Rowe another Nightwatchman came up to him and said 'I want to fight you', you 'black Turkish ......' and rushed him with a stick, the complainant turned on Rowe and said, 'you are nothing but a white ........', the case was dismissed.

In 1916 two windows of Moana Cafe were smashed, Mr Epstein Proprietor says they were intact at closing time, but found in the morning to be broken, he added that in case there was an impression he was German, he was actually Russian and had been in Australia for 30yrs. In 1916 at midnight the police raided the Moana Cafe, in Hay street, which is conducted by Saul Epstein, there were about a hundred persons, including many women, on the premises at the time, and the appearance of the police caused some consternation and sixty dozen bottles of beer were discovered, including a quantity of German lager.

In 1916 Saul Epstein's Moana Cafe again raided, about 100 men and women were drinking beer out of their cups, confiscated were 101 small and 60 large bottles of stout, 43 small and 70 large bottles of English Ale, 288 small and 153 bottles of German beer.

In 1916 Saul Epstein had his wine licence opposed as he had been twice convicted in illegally dealing in liquor in the last twelve months, although the bench granted renewal of the licence. In June 1916 thirty soldiers accompanied by a lot of civilian youths, paraded the city streets, it started as boisterous fun and terminated in attempts to wreck half the Greek cafes, including the Moana Cafe, missiles of all description were thrown at the large plate glass windows and were smashed to pieces, and a rush was made upon the heavy stocks of chocolates on show, and the boxes were thrown out on the footpath. The interior of the Moana Cafe was crowded at the time, women and girls came rushing out on the verge of hysteria, an elderly lady was reported to have fallen down the stairs and received severe injuries to the face. The scene became one of indescribable excitement, eight mounted police arrived from Claremont, and charged the mob and arrested thirty soldiers, called "Chocolate Soldiers", some of the charged were, Albert Bawden, John Shepherd. Frederick Chinnery aged 18, shop assistant, was arrested for disturbance and refusing to give his name or address, and when arrested began kicking and biting, and took four men to get him into the police cab, calling out that he would get the boys to give them (police) a good trimming, he was fined 30s and a further 10s.

In Dec 1916 Charles Lewis, having just smashed the record in his racing automobile from Albany to Armadale, jumped out of his racer outside Moana Cafe leaving it for advertising purposes obstructing traffic, for an hour, he got into another car and drove to the garage, a large crowd gathered around the racer, he was fine 10s with 8 s costs.

In 1917 After their wedding, Prime Minister John Curtin and wife Elsie had tea and cakes at Moana Cafe, with Elsie still clutching a tightly rolled wedding certificate in her hand throughout.

In 1918 Dr Andre' Siegfried general secretary to the French Mission, French academic, Geographer and Political writer, was entertained by National Labour Members of the State Parliament at Moana Cafe.

In 1920 Saul Epstein Proprietor fined £2 for selling an imitation substitute for butter.

In 1921 Saul Epstein Proprietor fined £5 for selling milk under the required standard.

In 1922 Con Christofis a 16yr old Greek employee of Moana was sitting in the pantry of the Cafe in great pain, he was said to have grossly insulted and used obscene language to one of the waitresses and Harry Myers, her brother had thrashed Christofis who was now in Royal Perth Hospital on the danger list.

In 1923 Ezywalkin opened in Moana Chambers.

In 1923 "The largest and most up-to-date toilet salons in W.A." opened by Mr Zeck in Moana Chambers, a feature of this salon is a separate saloon devoted solely to children's hairdressing.

In 1923 Moana Cafe re-opened on the first floor in Moana Chambers, it is furnished in the most up-to-date style and boasts of a delightfully cool saloon where patrons can obtain meals under the most comfortable conditions.

In 1926 Michael 'Mick' Malone turned 100yrs and after meeting with the Governor Sir William and Lady Campion, lunched in great style at Moana Cafe.

In 1926 Miss Irene Bingham introduced her "Moana Follies" Cabaret to Moana Cafe, they will feature every Friday night.

In 1927 Dr Alexander Goldstein, Author, Journalist and organizer of the Zionist Movement had his farewell social attended by over 200 members of the Jewish community.

In 1930 Proprietor Savas Lemonis had a charge dropped for selling liqueur chocolates at Moana Tea Rooms.

In 1932 Moana Chambers was raided by police and John Quirk, Clerk of room number 8 at Moana Chambers fined in connection to gaming charges.

In 1933 A permanent exhibition of paintings, portrait and landscape and modelling by Clem Kennedy now open at Moana Chambers.

In 1935 Charles Silverman 44, Tailor of Silverman and Sons of Moana Chambers, arrested with 3 others for the murder of Edgar Whitfield, Caretaker of Caris Bros after a £4,927 jewel robbery, Silverman jailed for 6 years with hard labour.

In 1935 Wilfred Harrison 30 a miner, charged with creating a disturbance at the rear of Moana Cafe, he threatened to use a knife that he carried in his belt.

In 1936 Architect Mr Dennehy writes into the newspaper, "when I built Moana Cafe I induced the owners to allow me to set back (the building) from the original alignment, this advantage has been obvious for years as people have been able to walk on the footpath instead of the too narrow roadway".

In 1939 Death of Mr R. J. Dennehy Architect of Moana Chambers, born in County Cork, Ireland in 1859.

In 1941 Lou Douglas Norton 35 arrested for stealing from Sol Shilkin and Co in Moana Chambers and sentenced to 3mths.

In 1942 Opening and change of name, now known as Cabarita Club, proprietors, Mrs Jessie Gladys Levien, Mrs Mary Ellen Veronica Harrington and Nora Hassell, open for morning teas, luncheons, afternoon teas and dinner dances with music by Molly Wagner's band.

In Feb 1943 proprietors Mary Harrington (Molly Wagner) and Nora Hassell charged with allowing liquor on the premises on two separate occasions, Molly Wagner a pretty browned haired woman, ace musician, and one of Perth's daintiest cuts a trim figure.

In Aug 1943 Tax Claim of £433/19/- against Club Cabarita proprietors Mrs Jessie Gladys Levien, Mrs Mary Ellen Veronica Harrington (better known as Molly Wagner of orchestral fame) and Nora Hassell.

In Dec 1943 Mary Harrington (Molly Wagner) pleaded guilty and charged £10 for allowing persons with intoxicating liquor on the premises and a further £5 on a similar nature.

In Feb 1944 proprietor Mary Harrington (Molly Wagner) fined £6 with 3/- costs for having a person with intoxicating liquor in his possession on a public place for the purpose of consumption.

In May 1944 Mary Ellen Harrington (Molly Wagner) facing five charges of allowing people to bring intoxicating liquor onto the premises, cherry, whiskey and gin were found in peoples glasses.

In Jun 1945 proprietors Gladys Levien and M. E. V. Harrington (Molly Wagner) charged with having worked a Cook, Waitresses and others on more than three late nights a week, failed to keep a roster, proper time or wages book and failed to pay a former waitress a proportionate allowance of holiday pay.

In Feb 1946 owners of Club Cabarita, Mrs Jessie Gladys Levien and Mrs Mary Ellen Veronica Harrington were charged £70 each on liquor charges, the Club Steward, Charles Morsley was charged £15 on three charges of selling liquor above the fixed price. In May 1946 Accountant, John Horwood Davies 34 of Mount St., Perth, came down the stairs early Saturday morning at Club Cabarita to find Cabarita's Steward, Charles Morsley 34 trying to get into Horwood's car, police found them trading punches on the tram lines in Hay St at 1.45am, Morsley had severely bitten Davies finger and was charged £2.In Jul 1946 In the opinion of Manageress Molly Wagner, Perth night clubs were not likely to introduce 'Taxi Dancers' as in N.S.W. the population here is smaller and girls seldom go to night clubs unescorted, I think Perth girls would be shocked at the idea of dancing with a hired man.

In Aug 1946 of six night spots in the city block in the hey-day of 1943-44, only one is still doing business, the Club Cabarita.

In 1947 Club Cabarita is under new management of Miss Rene Esler.

In Jul 1947 To honour her husband's birthday, His Highness Tunku Temmongong Ahmad, Her Highness Unku Maimunak entertained 70 persons at a dance at Club Cabarita, many of whom they had known in Malaya were received by Her Highness, who wore a beautiful gown of black and gold Lame', a exhibition tango and rhumba was given by Robert and Sheila Wrightson.

In Aug 1948 Club Cabarita sold to Mrs Vera Bruce of Melbourne and is closed for renovations and will re-open under the name of Marelle Cafe, which will be maintained as a restaurant.

In Sep 1953 Fire brigade was called out at 4.30am to Marelle Cafe where there was a fire in a pile of wood along side a stove.

In Apr 1954 Advert: Marelle is simply this.......a place of distinction; spacious; well appointed; an imaginative cuisine well prepared; expertly served; unobtrusive attention and most important reasonable cost, a bride who hold their reception at Marelle never fears criticism of the arrangements, the appointments, or the food. MARELLE 618 Hay St.

In 1954 Advert: Cuisine Deluxe...One look at Marelle’s Menu and your gastronomical juices are agog, the difficult thing is, which of the delectable dishes to choose. The cooking is really out of this world. Marelle’s service is second to none and the beautifully spacious dining room makes it the choice of all who wish to enjoy the very best of cuisine. MARELLE upstairs 618 Hay St.

In 1954 Advert: Deservedly Popular......On the byways and along the highways we found no better......no more wholesale meal obtainable than at Marelle in the hub of the City, here is good plain cooking for the Australian taste.....no dickering with pseudo continental fancy dishes.......cleanliness and wholesomeness is always the watch word at MARELLE upstairs 618 Hay St.

In 1954 Teen and Twenty Niteclub every Monday night at the Marelle, above Ezywalkins in Hay Street. Your dance and club of social activities.

In 1972-73 Ground level shop was Shoemart.

Heritage listed building. (Currently being renovated, and now features a Cafe' called Moana Coffee on the verandah).

Valleygirl shop below has been renovated and false ceiling removed to reveal the beautiful original pressed tin patterned high ceiling.

Take a break from the busy Mall and dash up the stairs (or lift) to the 1st Floor, for a fabulous coffee and bite to eat on the verandah, watch the world go by while enjoying the cool breeze coming up Barrack Street, from the Swan River.

Built in1908. (Number change in the past 404)

— at 618 - 620 Hay St., Perth.

The Hardangerfjord is 183 kilometers long and is Norway's second longest fjord after the Sognefjord , and the fifth longest fjord in the world. It is located in Vestland county in the districts of Sunnhordland and Hardanger . The fjord is considered to go from Halsnøy and Huglo in the west in Sunnhordland to Odda and Eidfjord in the east in Hardanger.

 

The greatest depth is more than 850 meters close to Norheimsund about halfway into the fjord. The Folgefonna glacier is located on the south side of the Hardangerfjord.

 

The high density of salmon farming facilities makes the Hardangerfjord one of four large farming regions in the world.

 

The following municipalities have a coastline towards the fjord (from outermost to innermost): Stord , Tysnes , Kvinnherad , Ullensvang , Kvam , Voss , Ulvik and Eidfjord .

 

As of 2019, there is a ban on fishing for salmon and sea trout within Ystadnes in Ølve.

 

Geology

It is widely agreed that real fjords such as the Hardangerfjord have mainly been created by glacial erosion of the bedrock. The main course of the Hardangerfjord follows the direction of the cracks in the Caledonian fold which has controlled the erosion of the glaciers. While the Sognefjord gets steadily deeper from the threshold towards the North Sea and from the innermost fjord arms, the Hardangerfjord consists of several basins separated by thresholds. The varying depth with several thresholds is probably due to varying rock types.

 

The fjord has an irregular width so that in some places the glacier could spread over a larger area and thus eroded with less force. The glacier in Sogn, by comparison, was confined in a narrow channel of uniform gneiss to a point approximately 30 km from the sea where the glacier spread out and lost power.

 

The deepest part is Samlafjorden between Jonaneset ( Jondal ) and Ålvik with a marked threshold at Vikingneset in Kvam herad . The Hissfjorden-Sildafjorden-Kvinnheradsfjorden form a slightly shallower basin of almost 700 meters deep, the Husnesfjorden between Skorpo (at Uskedalen ) and Huglo forms a basin of around 400 meters deep. At Huglo and the entrance to Langenuen , there is a threshold of around 150 meters in depth.

 

The Halsnøyfjord forms a basin to a threshold at Otterøy a little inside Mosterhamn ( the Bømlafjord tunnel runs through this relatively shallow part), the Bømlafjord outside goes down to a depth of more than 400 metres. The Granvinsfjord has a bottom about 200 meters deep and the bottom drops steeply at the mouth to the bottom of the main fjord so that the Granvinsfjord forms a hanging valley under water. Sørfjorden has a depth of 300-400 meters and also forms a hanging valley. The largest ice thickness over Sogn was around 3,000 metres, while it was somewhat less in Hardanger.

 

Transport

Hardanger was settled from the sea and it was the fjord that was the way. The old shipping companies and many municipalities were organized around the fjord with associated areas on both sides. For example, some villages on the south side of the fjord formerly belonged to Kvam herad .

 

Until 1631, Hallingdal belonged to Stavanger diocese, and due to the bishop's journey across the Hardangervidda , Eidfjord was simultaneously part of Hallingdal diocese and thus under the Stavanger bishop.

 

The Hardangerfjord was trafficked by steamboats from around 1846. Regular scheduled traffic started in 1861 with weekly trips with stops in Odda, Norheimsund and Rosendal. From 1865, the Bergen-Stavanger steamboat passed through Hardanger. From 1850 there was a strong increase in new steamship routes and in 1866 there was a drivable road between the Sognefjord (Gudvangen) and the Hardangerfjord (Granvin). A popular tourist route (under the direction of Thomas Cook among others ) at the end of the 19th century was by steamboat to Hardanger, overland to Gudvangen via Vossevangen, and steamboat back to Bergen. Road building was encouraged by the new steamship routes.

 

When Voss got its way to Granvin (Eide), a large part of the traffic to and from Voss, especially the transport of goods, went through Granvin. Much of this traffic disappeared when the Vossebanen was opened and Voss got a direct connection with Bergen. The road connection between Odda and Telemark at the end of the 19th century stimulated tourist traffic on the Sørfjorden.

 

From the 1930s, the old fjord boats (which took vehicles on board with a lift) were gradually replaced by car ferries . Between Øystese and Granvin along the north side of the fjord, it was built on a partly very demanding stretch 1933–1941, including the Fyksesund Bridge , which was an unusual construction at the time. In the period 1935–1985, the Hardanger Railway connected the Bergen Railway with the Hardanger Fjord.

 

The arm of the Hardangerfjord is crossed by the Hardangerbrua , the ferry connection Bruravik–Brimnes was closed when the bridge opened. Utne has a ferry connection with Kvanndal and Kinsarvik . Jondal and Tørrvikbygd have a ferry connection. The ferry between Gjermundshamn and Årsnes passes by Varaldsøy .

 

Side and part fjords from west to east:

The Bømlafjord (forms the outlet of the Hardangerfjord towards the Norwegian Sea , and is not strictly speaking part of the fjord)

The Børøyfjord

Førdespollen

Stokksundet / Sagvågsfjorden

The Halsnøyfjord

The Bjoafjord

The Ålfjord

The Ølsfjorden

The Etnefjord

The flour

Skånevik Fjord

The Matrefjord

Åkrafjorden

Klosterfjorden

Langenuen

Husnesfjorden (first part which is strictly considered part of Hardangerfjorden)

Høylandssundet

Kvinnheradsfjorden

The Onarheimsfjord

Storsundet

The Øynefjord

The Sildafjord

Maurangsfjorden

Ostrepollen

Nordrepollen

Hissfjorden

Samlafjorden

Outer Samlafjorden

Inner Samlafjorden

Fyksesund

The Utnefjord

Granvinsfjorden

Sørfjorden

Kinsarvik bay

The Eidfjord

The Osafjord

The Bagnsfjord

Ulvikafjorden

Simadalsfjorden

 

Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic , European country and an independent state in the west of the Scandinavian Peninsula . Geographically speaking, the country is long and narrow, and on the elongated coast towards the North Atlantic are Norway's well-known fjords . The Kingdom of Norway includes the main country (the mainland with adjacent islands within the baseline ), Jan Mayen and Svalbard . With these two Arctic areas, Norway covers a land area of ​​385,000 km² and has a population of approximately 5.5 million (2023). Mainland Norway borders Sweden in the east , Finland and Russia in the northeast .

 

Norway is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy , where Harald V has been king and head of state since 1991 , and Jonas Gahr Støre ( Ap ) has been prime minister since 2021 . Norway is a unitary state , with two administrative levels below the state: counties and municipalities . The Sami part of the population has, through the Sami Parliament and the Finnmark Act , to a certain extent self-government and influence over traditionally Sami areas. Although Norway has rejected membership of the European Union through two referendums , through the EEA Agreement Norway has close ties with the Union, and through NATO with the United States . Norway is a significant contributor to the United Nations (UN), and has participated with soldiers in several foreign operations mandated by the UN. Norway is among the states that have participated from the founding of the UN , NATO , the Council of Europe , the OSCE and the Nordic Council , and in addition to these is a member of the EEA , the World Trade Organization , the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and is part of the Schengen area .

 

Norway is rich in many natural resources such as oil , gas , minerals , timber , seafood , fresh water and hydropower . Since the beginning of the 20th century, these natural conditions have given the country the opportunity for an increase in wealth that few other countries can now enjoy, and Norwegians have the second highest average income in the world, measured in GDP per capita, as of 2022. The petroleum industry accounts for around 14% of Norway's gross domestic product as of 2018. Norway is the world's largest producer of oil and gas per capita outside the Middle East. However, the number of employees linked to this industry fell from approx. 232,000 in 2013 to 207,000 in 2015.

 

In Norway, these natural resources have been managed for socially beneficial purposes. The country maintains a welfare model in line with the other Nordic countries. Important service areas such as health and higher education are state-funded, and the country has an extensive welfare system for its citizens. Public expenditure in 2018 is approx. 50% of GDP, and the majority of these expenses are related to education, healthcare, social security and welfare. Since 2001 and until 2021, when the country took second place, the UN has ranked Norway as the world's best country to live in . From 2010, Norway is also ranked at the top of the EIU's democracy index . Norway ranks third on the UN's World Happiness Report for the years 2016–2018, behind Finland and Denmark , a report published in March 2019.

 

The majority of the population is Nordic. In the last couple of years, immigration has accounted for more than half of population growth. The five largest minority groups are Norwegian-Poles , Lithuanians , Norwegian-Swedes , Norwegian-Syrians including Syrian Kurds and Norwegian-Pakistani .

 

Norway's national day is 17 May, on this day in 1814 the Norwegian Constitution was dated and signed by the presidency of the National Assembly at Eidsvoll . It is stipulated in the law of 26 April 1947 that 17 May are national public holidays. The Sami national day is 6 February. "Yes, we love this country" is Norway's national anthem, the song was written in 1859 by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (1832–1910).

 

Norway's history of human settlement goes back at least 10,000 years, to the Late Paleolithic , the first period of the Stone Age . Archaeological finds of settlements along the entire Norwegian coast have so far been dated back to 10,400 before present (BP), the oldest find is today considered to be a settlement at Pauler in Brunlanes , Vestfold .

For a period these settlements were considered to be the remains of settlers from Doggerland , an area which today lies beneath the North Sea , but which was once a land bridge connecting today's British Isles with Danish Jutland . But the archaeologists who study the initial phase of the settlement in what is today Norway reckon that the first people who came here followed the coast along what is today Bohuslân. That they arrived in some form of boat is absolutely certain, and there is much evidence that they could easily move over large distances.

 

Since the last Ice Age, there has been continuous settlement in Norway. It cannot be ruled out that people lived in Norway during the interglacial period , but no trace of such a population or settlement has been found.

 

The Stone Age lasted a long time; half of the time that our country has been populated. There are no written accounts of what life was like back then. The knowledge we have has been painstakingly collected through investigations of places where people have stayed and left behind objects that we can understand have been processed by human hands. This field of knowledge is called archaeology . The archaeologists interpret their findings and the history of the surrounding landscape. In our country, the uplift after the Ice Age is fundamental. The history of the settlements at Pauler is no more than fifteen years old.

 

The Fosna culture settled parts of Norway sometime between 10,000–8,000 BC. (see Stone Age in Norway ). The dating of rock carvings is set to Neolithic times (in Norway between 4000 BC to 1700 BC) and show activities typical of hunters and gatherers .

 

Agriculture with livestock and arable farming was introduced in the Neolithic. Swad farming where the farmers move when the field does not produce the expected yield.

 

More permanent and persistent farm settlements developed in the Bronze Age (1700 BC to 500 BC) and the Iron Age . The earliest runes have been found on an arrowhead dated to around 200 BC. Many more inscriptions are dated to around 800, and a number of petty kingdoms developed during these centuries. In prehistoric times, there were no fixed national borders in the Nordic countries and Norway did not exist as a state. The population in Norway probably fell to year 0.

 

Events in this time period, the centuries before the year 1000, are glimpsed in written sources. Although the sagas were written down in the 13th century, many hundreds of years later, they provide a glimpse into what was already a distant past. The story of the fimbul winter gives us a historical picture of something that happened and which in our time, with the help of dendrochronology , can be interpreted as a natural disaster in the year 536, created by a volcanic eruption in El Salvador .

 

In the period between 800 and 1066 there was a significant expansion and it is referred to as the Viking Age . During this period, Norwegians, as Swedes and Danes also did, traveled abroad in longships with sails as explorers, traders, settlers and as Vikings (raiders and pirates ). By the middle of the 11th century, the Norwegian kingship had been firmly established, building its right as descendants of Harald Hårfagre and then as heirs of Olav the Holy . The Norwegian kings, and their subjects, now professed Christianity . In the time around Håkon Håkonsson , in the time after the civil war , there was a small renaissance in Norway with extensive literary activity and diplomatic activity with Europe. The black dew came to Norway in 1349 and killed around half of the population. The entire state apparatus and Norway then entered a period of decline.

 

Between 1396 and 1536, Norway was part of the Kalmar Union , and from 1536 until 1814 Norway had been reduced to a tributary part of Denmark , named as the Personal Union of Denmark-Norway . This staff union entered into an alliance with Napoléon Bonaparte with a war that brought bad times and famine in 1812 . In 1814, Denmark-Norway lost the Anglophone Wars , part of the Napoleonic Wars , and the Danish king was forced to cede Norway to the king of Sweden in the Treaty of Kiel on 14 January of that year. After a Norwegian attempt at independence, Norway was forced into a loose union with Sweden, but where Norway was allowed to create its own constitution, the Constitution of 1814 . In this period, Norwegian, romantic national feeling flourished, and the Norwegians tried to develop and establish their own national self-worth. The union with Sweden was broken in 1905 after it had been threatened with war, and Norway became an independent kingdom with its own monarch, Haakon VII .

 

Norway remained neutral during the First World War , and at the outbreak of the Second World War, Norway again declared itself neutral, but was invaded by National Socialist Germany on 9 April 1940 .

 

Norway became a member of the Western defense alliance NATO in 1949 . Two attempts to join the EU were voted down in referendums by small margins in 1972 and 1994 . Norway has been a close ally of the United States in the post-war period. Large discoveries of oil and natural gas in the North Sea at the end of the 1960s led to tremendous economic growth in the country, which is still ongoing. Traditional industries such as fishing are also part of Norway's economy.

 

Stone Age (before 1700 BC)

When most of the ice disappeared, vegetation spread over the landscape and due to a warm climate around 2000-3000 BC. the forest grew much taller than in modern times. Land uplift after the ice age led to a number of fjords becoming lakes and dry land. The first people probably came from the south along the coast of the Kattegat and overland into Finnmark from the east. The first people probably lived by gathering, hunting and trapping. A good number of Stone Age settlements have been found which show that such hunting and trapping people stayed for a long time in the same place or returned to the same place regularly. Large amounts of gnawed bones show that they lived on, among other things, reindeer, elk, small game and fish.

 

Flintstone was imported from Denmark and apart from small natural deposits along the southern coast, all flintstone in Norway is transported by people. At Espevær, greenstone was quarried for tools in the Stone Age, and greenstone tools from Espevær have been found over large parts of Western Norway. Around 2000-3000 BC the usual farm animals such as cows and sheep were introduced to Norway. Livestock probably meant a fundamental change in society in that part of the people had to be permanent residents or live a semi-nomadic life. Livestock farming may also have led to conflict with hunters.

 

The oldest traces of people in what is today Norway have been found at Pauler , a farm in Brunlanes in Larvik municipality in Vestfold . In 2007 and 2008, the farm has given its name to a number of Stone Age settlements that have been excavated and examined by archaeologists from the Cultural History Museum at UiO. The investigations have been carried out in connection with the new route for the E18 motorway west of Farris. The oldest settlement, located more than 127 m above sea level, is dated to be about 10,400 years old (uncalibrated, more than 11,000 years in real calendar years). From here, the ice sheet was perhaps visible when people settled here. This locality has been named Pauler I, and is today considered to be the oldest confirmed human traces in Norway to date. The place is in the mountains above the Pauler tunnel on the E18 between Larvik and Porsgrunn . The pioneer settlement is a term archaeologists have adopted for the oldest settlement. The archaeologists have speculated about where they came from, the first people in what is today Norway. It has been suggested that they could come by boat or perhaps across the ice from Doggerland or the North Sea, but there is now a large consensus that they came north along what is today the Bohuslän coast. The Fosna culture , the Komsa culture and the Nøstvet culture are the traditional terms for hunting cultures from the Stone Age. One thing is certain - getting to the water was something they mastered, the first people in our country. Therefore, within a short time they were able to use our entire long coast.

 

In the New Stone Age (4000 BC–1700 BC) there is a theory that a new people immigrated to the country, the so-called Stone Ax People . Rock carvings from this period show motifs from hunting and fishing , which were still important industries. From this period, a megalithic tomb has been found in Østfold .

It is uncertain whether there were organized societies or state-like associations in the Stone Age in Norway. Findings from settlements indicate that many lived together and that this was probably more than one family so that it was a slightly larger, organized herd.

 

Finnmark

In prehistoric times, animal husbandry and agriculture were of little economic importance in Finnmark. Livelihoods in Finnmark were mainly based on fish, gathering, hunting and trapping, and eventually domestic reindeer herding became widespread in the Middle Ages. Archaeological finds from the Stone Age have been referred to as the Komsa culture and comprise around 5,000 years of settlement. Finnmark probably got its first settlement around 8000 BC. It is believed that the coastal areas became ice-free 11,000 years BC and the fjord areas around 9,000 years BC. after which willows, grass, heather, birch and pine came into being. Finnmarksvidda was covered by pine forest around 6000 BC. After the Ice Age, the land rose around 80 meters in the inner fjord areas (Alta, Tana, Varanger). Due to ice melting in the polar region, the sea rose in the period 6400–3800 BC. and in areas with little land elevation, some settlements from the first part of the Stone Age were flooded. On Sørøya, the net sea level rise was 12 to 14 meters and many residential areas were flooded.

 

According to Bjørnar Olsen , there are many indications of a connection between the oldest settlement in Western Norway (the " Fosnakulturen ") and that in Finnmark, but it is uncertain in which direction the settlement took place. In the earliest part of the Stone Age, settlement in Finnmark was probably concentrated in the coastal areas, and these only reflected a lifestyle with great mobility and no permanent dwellings. The inner regions, such as Pasvik, were probably used seasonally. The archaeologically proven settlements from the Stone Age in inner Finnmark and Troms are linked to lakes and large watercourses. The oldest petroglyphs in Alta are usually dated to 4200 BC, that is, the Neolithic . Bjørnar Olsen believes that the oldest can be up to 2,000 years older than this.

 

From around 4000 BC a slow deforestation of Finnmark began and around 1800 BC the vegetation distribution was roughly the same as in modern times. The change in vegetation may have increased the distance between the reindeer's summer and winter grazing. The uplift continued slowly from around 4000 BC. at the same time as sea level rise stopped.

 

According to Gutorm Gjessing, the settlement in Finnmark and large parts of northern Norway in the Neolithic was semi-nomadic with movement between four seasonal settlements (following the pattern of life in Sami siida in historical times): On the outer coast in summer (fishing and seal catching) and inland in winter (hunting for reindeer, elk and bear). Povl Simonsen believed instead that the winter residence was in the inner fjord area in a village-like sod house settlement. Bjørnar Olsen believes that at the end of the Stone Age there was a relatively settled population along the coast, while inland there was less settlement and a more mobile lifestyle.

 

Bronze Age (1700 BC–500 BC)

Bronze was used for tools in Norway from around 1500 BC. Bronze is a mixture of tin and copper , and these metals were introduced because they were not mined in the country at the time. Bronze is believed to have been a relatively expensive material. The Bronze Age in Norway can be divided into two phases:

 

Early Bronze Age (1700–1100 BC)

Younger Bronze Age (1100–500 BC)

For the prehistoric (unwritten) era, there is limited knowledge about social conditions and possible state formations. From the Bronze Age, there are large burial mounds of stone piles along the coast of Vestfold and Agder, among others. It is likely that only chieftains or other great men could erect such grave monuments and there was probably some form of organized society linked to these. In the Bronze Age, society was more organized and stratified than in the Stone Age. Then a rich class of chieftains emerged who had close connections with southern Scandinavia. The settlements became more permanent and people adopted horses and ard . They acquired bronze status symbols, lived in longhouses and people were buried in large burial mounds . Petroglyphs from the Bronze Age indicate that humans practiced solar cultivation.

 

Finnmark

In the last millennium BC the climate became cooler and the pine forest disappears from the coast; pine forests, for example, were only found in the innermost part of the Altafjord, while the outer coast was almost treeless. Around the year 0, the limit for birch forest was south of Kirkenes. Animals with forest habitats (elk, bear and beaver) disappeared and the reindeer probably established their annual migration routes sometime at that time. In the period 1800–900 BC there were significantly more settlements in and utilization of the hinterland was particularly noticeable on Finnmarksvidda. From around 1800 BC until year 0 there was a significant increase in contact between Finnmark and areas in the east including Karelia (where metals were produced including copper) and central and eastern Russia. The youngest petroglyphs in Alta show far more boats than the earlier phases and the boats are reminiscent of types depicted in petroglyphs in southern Scandinavia. It is unclear what influence southern Scandinavian societies had as far north as Alta before the year 0. Many of the cultural features that are considered typical Sami in modern times were created or consolidated in the last millennium BC, this applies, among other things, to the custom of burying in brick chambers in stone urns. The Mortensnes burial ground may have been used for 2000 years until around 1600 AD.

 

Iron Age (c. 500 BC–c. 1050 AD)

 

The Einangsteinen is one of the oldest Norwegian runestones; it is from the 4th century

 

Simultaneous production of Vikings

Around 500 years BC the researchers reckon that the Bronze Age will be replaced by the Iron Age as iron takes over as the most important material for weapons and tools. Bronze, wood and stone were still used. Iron was cheaper than bronze, easier to work than flint , and could be used for many purposes; iron probably became common property. Iron could, among other things, be used to make solid and sharp axes which made it much easier to fell trees. In the Iron Age, gold and silver were also used partly for decoration and partly as means of payment. It is unknown which language was used in Norway before our era. From around the year 0 until around the year 800, everyone in Scandinavia (except the Sami) spoke Old Norse , a North Germanic language. Subsequently, several different languages ​​developed in this area that were only partially mutually intelligible. The Iron Age is divided into several periods:

 

Early Iron Age

Pre-Roman Iron Age (c. 500 BC–c. 0)

Roman Iron Age (c. 0–c. AD 400)

Migration period (approx. 400–600). In the migration period (approx. 400–600), new peoples came to Norway, and ruins of fortress buildings etc. are interpreted as signs that there has been talk of a violent invasion.

Younger Iron Age

Merovingian period (500–800)

 

The Viking Age (793–1066)

Norwegian Vikings go on plundering expeditions and trade voyages around the coastal countries of Western Europe . Large groups of Norwegians emigrate to the British Isles , Iceland and Greenland . Harald Hårfagre starts a unification process of Norway late in the 8th century , which was completed by Harald Hardråde in the 1060s . The country was Christianized under the kings Olav Tryggvason , fell in the battle of Svolder ( 1000 ) and Olav Haraldsson (the saint), fell in the battle of Stiklestad in 1030 .

 

Sources of prehistoric times

Shrinking glaciers in the high mountains, including in Jotunheimen and Breheimen , have from around the year 2000 uncovered objects from the Viking Age and earlier. These are objects of organic material that have been preserved by the ice and that elsewhere in nature are broken down in a few months. The finds are getting older as the melting makes the archaeologists go deeper into the ice. About half of all archaeological discoveries on glaciers in the world are made in Oppland . In 2013, a 3,400-year-old shoe and a robe from the year 300 were found. Finds at Lomseggen in Lom published in 2020 revealed, among other things, well-preserved horseshoes used on a mountain pass. Many hundreds of items include preserved clothing, knives, whisks, mittens, leather shoes, wooden chests and horse equipment. A piece of cloth dated to the year 1000 has preserved its original colour. In 2014, a wooden ski from around the year 700 was found in Reinheimen . The ski is 172 cm long and 14 cm wide, with preserved binding of leather and wicker.

 

Pytheas from Massalia is the oldest known account of what was probably the coast of Norway, perhaps somewhere on the coast of Møre. Pytheas visited Britannia around 325 BC. and traveled further north to a country by the "Ice Sea". Pytheas described the short summer night and the midnight sun farther north. He wrote, among other things, that people there made a drink from grain and honey. Caesar wrote in his work about the Gallic campaign about the Germanic tribe Haruders. Other Roman sources around the year 0 mention the land of the Cimbri (Jutland) and the Cimbri headlands ( Skagen ) and that the sources stated that Cimbri and Charyds lived in this area. Some of these peoples may have immigrated to Norway and there become known as hordes (as in Hordaland). Sources from the Mediterranean area referred to the islands of Scandia, Scandinavia and Thule ("the outermost of all islands"). The Roman historian Tacitus wrote around the year 100 a work about Germania and mentioned the people of Scandia, the Sviones. Ptolemy wrote around the year 150 that the Kharudes (Hordes) lived further north than all the Cimbri, in the north lived the Finnoi (Finns or Sami) and in the south the Gutai (Goths). The Nordic countries and Norway were outside the Roman Empire , which dominated Europe at the time. The Gothic-born historian Jordanes wrote in the 5th century about 13 tribes or people groups in Norway, including raumaricii (probably Romerike ), ragnaricii ( Ranrike ) and finni or skretefinni (skrid finner or ski finner, i.e. Sami) as well as a number of unclear groups. Prokopios wrote at the same time about Thule north of the land of the Danes and Slavs, Thule was ten times as big as Britannia and the largest of all the islands. In Thule, the sun was up 40 days straight in the summer. After the migration period , southern Europeans' accounts of northern Europe became fuller and more reliable.

 

Settlement in prehistoric times

Norway has around 50,000 farms with their own names. Farm names have persisted for a long time, over 1000 years, perhaps as much as 2000 years. The name researchers have arranged different types of farm names chronologically, which provides a basis for determining when the place was used by people or received a permanent settlement. Uncompounded landscape names such as Haug, Eid, Vik and Berg are believed to be the oldest. Archaeological traces indicate that some areas have been inhabited earlier than assumed from the farm name. Burial mounds also indicate permanent settlement. For example, the burial ground at Svartelva in Løten was used from around the year 0 to the year 1000 when Christianity took over. The first farmers probably used large areas for inland and outland, and new farms were probably established based on some "mother farms". Names such as By (or Bø) show that it is an old place of residence. From the older Iron Age, names with -heim (a common Germanic word meaning place of residence) and -stad tell of settlement, while -vin and -land tell of the use of the place. Farm names in -heim are often found as -um , -eim or -em as in Lerum and Seim, there are often large farms in the center of the village. New farm names with -city and -country were also established in the Viking Age . The first farmers probably used the best areas. The largest burial grounds, the oldest archaeological finds and the oldest farm names are found where the arable land is richest and most spacious.

 

It is unclear whether the settlement expansion in Roman times, migrations and the Iron Age is due to immigration or internal development and population growth. Among other things, it is difficult to demonstrate where in Europe the immigrants have come from. The permanent residents had both fields (where grain was grown) and livestock that grazed in the open fields, but it is uncertain which of these was more important. Population growth from around the year 200 led to more utilization of open land, for example in the form of settlements in the mountains. During the migration period, it also seems that in parts of the country it became common to have cluster gardens or a form of village settlement.

 

Norwegian expansion northwards

From around the year 200, there was a certain migration by sea from Rogaland and Hordaland to Nordland and Sør-Troms. Those who moved settled down as a settled Iron Age population and became dominant over the original population which may have been Sami . The immigrant Norwegians, Bumen , farmed with livestock that were fed inside in the winter as well as some grain cultivation and fishing. The northern border of the Norwegians' settlement was originally at the Toppsundet near Harstad and around the year 500 there was a Norwegian settlement to Malangsgapet. That was as far north as it was possible to grow grain at the time. Malangen was considered the border between Hålogaland and Finnmork until around 1400 . Further into the Viking Age and the Middle Ages, there was immigration and settlement of Norwegian speakers along the coast north of Malangen. Around the year 800, Norwegians lived along the entire outer coast to Vannøy . The Norwegians partly copied Sami livelihoods such as whaling, fur hunting and reindeer husbandry. It was probably this area between Malangen and Vannøy that was Ottar from the Hålogaland area. In the Viking Age, there were also some Norwegian settlements further north and east. East of the North Cape are the scattered archaeological finds of Norwegian settlement in the Viking Age. There are Norwegian names for fjords and islands from the Viking Age, including fjord names with "-anger". Around the year 1050, there were Norwegian settlements on the outer coast of Western Finnmark. Traders and tax collectors traveled even further.

 

North of Malangen there were Norse farming settlements in the Iron Age. Malangen was considered Finnmark's western border until 1300. There are some archaeological traces of Norse activity around the coast from Tromsø to Kirkenes in the Viking Age. Around Tromsø, the research indicates a Norse/Sami mixed culture on the coast.

 

From the year 1100 and the next 200–300 years, there are no traces of Norwegian settlement north and east of Tromsø. It is uncertain whether this is due to depopulation, whether it is because the Norwegians further north were not Christianized or because there were no churches north of Lenvik or Tromsø . Norwegian settlement in the far north appears from sources from the 14th century. In the Hanseatic period , the settlement was developed into large areas specialized in commercial fishing, while earlier (in the Viking Age) there had been farms with a combination of fishing and agriculture. In 1307 , a fortress and the first church east of Tromsø were built in Vardø . Vardø became a small Norwegian town, while Vadsø remained Sami. Norwegian settlements and churches appeared along the outermost coast in the Middle Ages. After the Reformation, perhaps as a result of a decline in fish stocks or fish prices, there were Norwegian settlements in the inner fjord areas such as Lebesby in Laksefjord. Some fishing villages at the far end of the coast were abandoned for good. In the interior of Finnmark, there was no national border for a long time and Kautokeino and Karasjok were joint Norwegian-Swedish areas with strong Swedish influence. The border with Finland was established in 1751 and with Russia in 1826.

 

On a Swedish map from 1626, Norway's border is indicated at Malangen, while Sweden with this map showed a desire to control the Sami area which had been a common area.

 

The term Northern Norway only came into use at the end of the 19th century and administratively the area was referred to as Tromsø Diocese when Tromsø became a bishopric in 1840. There had been different designations previously: Hålogaland originally included only Helgeland and when Norse settlement spread north in the Viking Age and the Middle Ages, Hålogaland was used for the area north approximately to Malangen , while Finnmark or "Finnmarken", "the land of the Sami", lay outside. The term Northern Norway was coined at a cafe table in Kristiania in 1884 by members of the Nordlændingernes Forening and was first commonly used in the interwar period as it eventually supplanted "Hålogaland".

 

State formation

The battle in Hafrsfjord in the year 872 has long been regarded as the day when Norway became a kingdom. The year of the battle is uncertain (may have been 10-20 years later). The whole of Norway was not united in that battle: the process had begun earlier and continued a couple of hundred years later. This means that the geographical area became subject to a political authority and became a political unit. The geographical area was perceived as an area as it is known, among other things, from Ottar from Hålogaland's account for King Alfred of Wessex around the year 880. Ottar described "the land of the Norwegians" as very long and narrow, and it was narrowest in the far north. East of the wasteland in the south lay Sveoland and in the north lay Kvenaland in the east. When Ottar sailed south along the land from his home ( Malangen ) to Skiringssal, he always had Norway ("Nordveg") on his port side and the British Isles on his starboard side. The journey took a good month. Ottar perceived "Nordveg" as a geographical unit, but did not imply that it was a political unit. Ottar separated Norwegians from Swedes and Danes. It is unclear why Ottar perceived the population spread over such a large area as a whole. It is unclear whether Norway as a geographical term or Norwegians as the name of a ethnic group is the oldest. The Norwegians had a common language which in the centuries before Ottar did not differ much from the language of Denmark and Sweden.

 

According to Sverre Steen, it is unlikely that Harald Hårfagre was able to control this entire area as one kingdom. The saga of Harald was written 300 years later and at his death Norway was several smaller kingdoms. Harald probably controlled a larger area than anyone before him and at most Harald's kingdom probably included the coast from Trøndelag to Agder and Vestfold as well as parts of Viken . There were probably several smaller kingdoms of varying extent before Harald and some of these are reflected in traditional landscape names such as Ranrike and Ringerike . Landscape names of "-land" (Rogaland) and "-mark" (Hedmark) as well as names such as Agder and Sogn may have been political units before Harald.

 

According to Sverre Steen, the national assembly was completed at the earliest at the battle of Stiklestad in 1030 and the introduction of Christianity was probably a significant factor in the establishment of Norway as a state. Håkon I the good Adalsteinsfostre introduced the leasehold system where the "coastal land" (as far as the salmon went up the rivers) was divided into ship raiders who were to provide a longship with soldiers and supplies. The leidange was probably introduced as a defense against the Danes. The border with the Danes was traditionally at the Göta älv and several times before and after Harald Hårfagre the Danes had control over central parts of Norway.

 

Christianity was known and existed in Norway before Olav Haraldson's time. The spread occurred both from the south (today's Denmark and northern Germany) and from the west (England and Ireland). Ansgar of Bremen , called the "Apostle of the North", worked in Sweden, but he was never in Norway and probably had little influence in the country. Viking expeditions brought the Norwegians of that time into contact with Christian countries and some were baptized in England, Ireland and northern France. Olav Tryggvason and Olav Haraldson were Vikings who returned home. The first Christians in Norway were also linked to pre-Christian local religion, among other things, by mixing Christian symbols with symbols of Odin and other figures from Norse religion.

 

According to Sverre Steen, the introduction of Christianity in Norway should not be perceived as a nationwide revival. At Mostratinget, Christian law was introduced as law in the country and later incorporated into the laws of the individual jurisdictions. Christianity primarily involved new forms in social life, among other things exposure and images of gods were prohibited, it was forbidden to "put out" unwanted infants (to let them die), and it was forbidden to have multiple wives. The church became a nationwide institution with a special group of officials tasked with protecting the church and consolidating the new religion. According to Sverre Steen, Christianity and the church in the Middle Ages should therefore be considered together, and these became a new unifying factor in the country. The church and Christianity linked Norway to Roman Catholic Europe with Church Latin as the common language, the same time reckoning as the rest of Europe and the church in Norway was arranged much like the churches in Denmark, Sweden and England. Norway received papal approval in 1070 and became its own church province in 1152 with Archbishop Nidaros .

 

With Christianity, the country got three social powers: the peasants (organized through the things), the king with his officials and the church with the clergy. The things are the oldest institution: At allthings all armed men had the right to attend (in part an obligation to attend) and at lagthings met emissaries from an area (that is, the lagthings were representative assemblies). The Thing both ruled in conflicts and established laws. The laws were memorized by the participants and written down around the year 1000 or later in the Gulationsloven , Frostatingsloven , Eidsivatingsloven and Borgartingsloven . The person who had been successful at the hearing had to see to the implementation of the judgment themselves.

 

Early Middle Ages (1050s–1184)

The early Middle Ages is considered in Norwegian history to be the period between the end of the Viking Age around 1050 and the coronation of King Sverre in 1184 . The beginning of the period can be dated differently, from around the year 1000 when the Christianization of the country took place and up to 1100 when the Viking Age was over from an archaeological point of view. From 1035 to 1130 it was a time of (relative) internal peace in Norway, even several of the kings attempted campaigns abroad, including in 1066 and 1103 .

 

During this period, the church's organization was built up. This led to a gradual change in religious customs. Religion went from being a domestic matter to being regulated by common European Christian law and the royal power gained increased power and influence. Slavery (" servitude ") was gradually abolished. The population grew rapidly during this period, as the thousands of farm names ending in -rud show.

 

The urbanization of Norway is a historical process that has slowly but surely changed Norway from the early Viking Age to today, from a country based on agriculture and sea salvage, to increasingly trade and industry. As early as the ninth century, the country got its first urban community, and in the eleventh century we got the first permanent cities.

 

In the 1130s, civil war broke out . This was due to a power struggle and that anyone who claimed to be the king's son could claim the right to the throne. The disputes escalated into extensive year-round warfare when Sverre Sigurdsson started a rebellion against the church's and the landmen's candidate for the throne , Magnus Erlingsson .

 

Emergence of cities

The oldest Norwegian cities probably emerged from the end of the 9th century. Oslo, Bergen and Nidaros became episcopal seats, which stimulated urban development there, and the king built churches in Borg , Konghelle and Tønsberg. Hamar and Stavanger became new episcopal seats and are referred to in the late 12th century as towns together with the trading places Veøy in Romsdal and Kaupanger in Sogn. In the late Middle Ages, Borgund (on Sunnmøre), Veøy (in Romsdalsfjorden) and Vågan (in Lofoten) were referred to as small trading places. Urbanization in Norway occurred in few places compared to the neighboring countries, only 14 places appear as cities before 1350. Stavanger became a bishopric around 1120–1130, but it is unclear whether the place was already a city then. The fertile Jæren and outer Ryfylke were probably relatively densely populated at that time. A particularly large concentration of Irish artefacts from the Viking Age has been found in Stavanger and Nord-Jæren.

 

It has been difficult to estimate the population in the Norwegian medieval cities, but it is considered certain that the cities grew rapidly in the Middle Ages. Oscar Albert Johnsen estimated the city's population before the Black Death at 20,000, of which 7,000 in Bergen, 3,000 in Nidaros, 2,000 in Oslo and 1,500 in Tunsberg. Based on archaeological research, Lunden estimates that Oslo had around 1,500 inhabitants in 250 households in the year 1300. Bergen was built up more densely and, with the concentration of exports there, became Norway's largest city in a special position for several hundred years. Knut Helle suggests a city population of 20,000 at most in the High Middle Ages, of which almost half in Bergen.

 

The Bjarkøyretten regulated the conditions in cities (especially Bergen and Nidaros) and in trading places, and for Nidaros had many of the same provisions as the Frostating Act . Magnus Lagabøte's city law replaced the bjarkøretten and from 1276 regulated the settlement in Bergen and with corresponding laws also drawn up for Oslo, Nidaros and Tunsberg. The city law applied within the city's roof area . The City Act determined that the city's public streets consisted of wide commons (perpendicular to the shoreline) and ran parallel to the shoreline, similarly in Nidaros and Oslo. The roads were small streets of up to 3 cubits (1.4 metres) and linked to the individual property. From the Middle Ages, the Norwegian cities were usually surrounded by wooden fences. The urban development largely consisted of low wooden houses which stood in contrast to the relatively numerous and dominant churches and monasteries built in stone.

 

The City Act and supplementary provisions often determined where in the city different goods could be traded, in Bergen, for example, cattle and sheep could only be traded on the Square, and fish only on the Square or directly from the boats at the quayside. In Nidaros, the blacksmiths were required to stay away from the densely populated areas due to the risk of fire, while the tanners had to stay away from the settlements due to the strong smell. The City Act also attempted to regulate the influx of people into the city (among other things to prevent begging in the streets) and had provisions on fire protection. In Oslo, from the 13th century or earlier, it was common to have apartment buildings consisting of single buildings on a couple of floors around a courtyard with access from the street through a gate room. Oslo's medieval apartment buildings were home to one to four households. In the urban farms, livestock could be kept, including pigs and cows, while pastures and fields were found in the city's rooftops . In the apartment buildings there could be several outbuildings such as warehouses, barns and stables. Archaeological excavations show that much of the buildings in medieval Oslo, Trondheim and Tønsberg resembled the oblong farms that have been preserved at Bryggen in Bergen . The land boundaries in Oslo appear to have persisted for many hundreds of years, in Bergen right from the Middle Ages to modern times.

 

High Middle Ages (1184–1319)

After civil wars in the 12th century, the country had a relative heyday in the 13th century. Iceland and Greenland came under the royal authority in 1262 , and the Norwegian Empire reached its greatest extent under Håkon IV Håkonsson . The last king of Haraldsätten, Håkon V Magnusson , died sonless in 1319 . Until the 17th century, Norway stretched all the way down to the mouth of Göta älv , which was then Norway's border with Sweden and Denmark.

 

Just before the Black Death around 1350, there were between 65,000 and 85,000 farms in the country, and there had been a strong growth in the number of farms from 1050, especially in Eastern Norway. In the High Middle Ages, the church or ecclesiastical institutions controlled 40% of the land in Norway, while the aristocracy owned around 20% and the king owned 7%. The church and monasteries received land through gifts from the king and nobles, or through inheritance and gifts from ordinary farmers.

 

Settlement and demography in the Middle Ages

Before the Black Death, there were more and more farms in Norway due to farm division and clearing. The settlement spread to more marginal agricultural areas higher inland and further north. Eastern Norway had the largest areas to take off and had the most population growth towards the High Middle Ages. Along the coast north of Stad, settlement probably increased in line with the extent of fishing. The Icelandic Rimbegla tells around the year 1200 that the border between Finnmark (the land of the Sami) and resident Norwegians in the interior was at Malangen , while the border all the way out on the coast was at Kvaløya . From the end of the High Middle Ages, there were more Norwegians along the coast of Finnmark and Nord-Troms. In the inner forest and mountain tracts along the current border between Norway and Sweden, the Sami exploited the resources all the way down to Hedmark.

 

There are no censuses or other records of population and settlement in the Middle Ages. At the time of the Reformation, the population was below 200,000 and only in 1650 was the population at the same level as before the Black Death. When Christianity was introduced after the year 1000, the population was around 200,000. After the Black Death, many farms and settlements were abandoned and deserted, in the most marginal agricultural areas up to 80% of the farms were abandoned. Places such as Skien, Veøy and Borgund (Ålesund) went out of use as trading towns. By the year 1300, the population was somewhere between 300,000 and 560,000 depending on the calculation method. Common methods start from detailed information about farms in each village and compare this with the situation in 1660 when there are good headcounts. From 1300 to 1660, there was a change in the economic base so that the coastal villages received a larger share of the population. The inland areas of Eastern Norway had a relatively larger population in the High Middle Ages than after the Reformation. Kåre Lunden concludes that the population in the year 1300 was close to 500,000, of which 15,000 lived in cities. Lunden believes that the population in 1660 was still slightly lower than the peak before the Black Death and points out that farm settlement in 1660 did not reach the same extent as in the High Middle Ages. In 1660, the population in Troms and Finnmark was 6,000 and 3,000 respectively (2% of the total population), in 1300 these areas had an even smaller share of the country's population and in Finnmark there were hardly any Norwegian-speaking inhabitants. In the High Middle Ages, the climate was more favorable for grain cultivation in the north. Based on the number of farms, the population increased 162% from 1000 to 1300, in Northern and Western Europe as a whole the growth was 200% in the same period.

 

Late Middle Ages (1319–1537)

Due to repeated plague epidemics, the population was roughly halved and the least productive of the country's farms were laid waste. It took several hundred years before the population again reached the level before 1349 . However, those who survived the epidemics gained more financial resources by sharing. Tax revenues for the state almost collapsed, and a large part of the noble families died out or sank into peasant status due to the fall in national debt . The Hanseatic League took over trade and shipping and dominated fish exports. The Archbishop of Nidaros was the country's most powerful man economically and politically, as the royal dynasty married into the Swedish in 1319 and died out in 1387 . Eventually, Copenhagen became the political center of the kingdom and Bergen the commercial center, while Trondheim remained the religious center.

 

From Reformation to Autocracy (1537–1660)

In 1537 , the Reformation was carried out in Norway. With that, almost half of the country's property was confiscated by the royal power at the stroke of a pen. The large seizure increased the king's income and was able, among other things, to expand his military power and consolidated his power in the kingdom. From roughly the time of the Reformation and in the following centuries, the state increased its power and importance in people's lives. Until around 1620, the state administration was fairly simple and unspecialised: in Copenhagen, the central administration mainly consisted of a chancellery and an interest chamber ; and sheriffs ruled the civil (including bailiffs and sheriffs) and the military in their district, the sheriffs collected taxes and oversaw business. The accounts were not clear and without summaries. The clergy, which had great power as a separate organization, was appointed by the state church after the Reformation, administered from Copenhagen. In this period, Norway was ruled by (mainly) Danish noble sheriffs, who acted as intermediaries between the peasants and the Oldenborg king in the field of justice, tax and customs collection.

 

From 1620, the state apparatus went through major changes where specialization of functions was a main issue. The sheriff's tasks were divided between several, more specialized officials - the sheriffs retained the formal authority over these, who in practice were under the national administration in Copenhagen. Among other things, a separate military officer corps was established, a separate customs office was established and separate treasurers for taxes and fees were appointed. The Overbergamtet, the central governing body for overseeing mining operations in Norway, was established in 1654 with an office in Christiania and this agency was to oversee the mining chiefs in the Nordenfjeld and Sønnenfjeld areas (the mines at Kongsberg and Røros were established in the previous decades). The formal transition from county government to official government with fixed-paid county officials took place after 1660, but the real changes had taken place from around 1620. The increased specialization and transition to official government meant that experts, not amateurs, were in charge of each area, and this civil service meant, according to Sverre Steen that the dictatorship was not a personal dictatorship.

 

From 1570 until 1721, the Oldenborg dynasty was in repeated wars with the Vasa dynasty in Sweden. The financing of these wars led to a severe increase in taxation which caused great distress.

 

Politically-geographically, the Oldenborg kings had to cede to Sweden the Norwegian provinces of Jemtland , Herjedalen , Idre and Särna , as well as Båhuslen . As part of the financing of the wars, the state apparatus was expanded. Royal power began to assert itself to a greater extent in the administration of justice. Until this period, cases of violence and defamation had been treated as civil cases between citizens. The level of punishment was greatly increased. During this period, at least 307 people were also executed for witchcraft in Norway. Culturally, the country was marked by the fact that the written language became Danish because of the Bible translation and the University of Copenhagen's educational monopoly.

 

From the 16th century, business became more marked by production for sale and not just own consumption. In the past, it was particularly the fisheries that had produced such a large surplus of goods that it was sold to markets far away, the dried fish trade via Bergen is known from around the year 1100. In the 16th century, the yield from the fisheries multiplied, especially due to the introduction of herring in Western Norway and in Trøndelag and because new tools made fishing for herring and skre more efficient. Line fishing and cod nets that were introduced in the 17th century were controversial because the small fishermen believed it favored citizens in the cities.

 

Forestry and the timber trade became an important business, particularly because of the boom saw which made it possible to saw all kinds of tables and planks for sale abroad. The demand for timber increased at the same time in Europe, Norway had plenty of forests and in the 17th century timber became the country's most important export product. There were hundreds of sawmills in the country and the largest had the feel of factories . In 1680, the king regulated the timber trade by allowing exports only from privileged sawmills and in a certain quantity.

 

From the 1520s, some silver was mined in Telemark. When the peasants chased the German miners whereupon the king executed five peasants and demanded compensation from the other rebellious peasants. The background for the harsh treatment was that the king wanted to assert his authority over the extraction of precious metals. The search for metals led to the silver works at Kongsberg after 1624, copper in the mountain villages between Trøndelag and Eastern Norway, and iron, among other things, in Agder and lower Telemark. The financial gain of the quarries at that time is unclear because there are no reliable accounts. Kongsberg made Denmark-Norway self-sufficient in silver and the copper works produced a good deal more than the domestic demand and became an important export commodity. Kongsberg and Røros were the only Norwegian towns established because of the quarries.

 

In addition to the sawmills, in the 17th century, industrial production ( manufactures ) was established in, among other things, wool weaving, soap production, tea boiling , nail production and the manufacture of gunpowder .

 

The monopoly until the Peace of Kiel (1660–1814)

Until 1660, the king had been elected by the Danish Riksråd, while he inherited the kingdom of Norway, which was a tradition in Norway. After a series of military defeats, the king committed a coup d'état and deposed the Riksdag. King Frederik III introduced absolute power, which meant that there were hardly any legal restrictions on the king's power. This reinforced the expansion of the state apparatus that had been going on for a few decades, and the civil administration was controlled to a greater extent from the central administration in Copenhagen. According to Sverre Steen, the more specialized and expanded civil service meant that the period of autocracy was not essentially a personal dictatorship: The changing monarchs had the formal last word on important matters, but higher officials set the conditions. According to Steen, the autocracy was not tyrannical where the citizens were treated arbitrarily by the king and officials: the laws were strict and the punishments harsh, but there was legal certainty. The king rarely used his right to punish outside the judiciary and often used his right to commute sentences or pardons. It almost never happened that the king intervened in a court case before a verdict had been passed.

 

In 1662, the sheriff system (in which the nobility played an important role) was abolished and replaced with amt . Norway was divided into four main counties (Akershus, Kristiansands, Bergenhus and Trondhjems) which were later called stiftamt led by stiftamtmen with a number of county marshals and bailiffs (futer) under them. The county administrator in Akershus also had other roles such as governor. The former sheriffs were almost absolute within their fiefs, while the new stifamtmen and amtmen had more limited authority; among other things, they did not have military equipment like the sheriffs. The county officials had no control over state income and could not enrich themselves privately as the sheriffs could, taxes and fees were instead handled by their own officials. County officials were employed by the king and, unlike the sheriffs, had a fixed salary. Officials appointed by the king were responsible for local government. Before 1662, the sheriffs themselves appointed low officials such as bailiffs, mayors and councillors. A church commissioner was given responsibility for overseeing the churchwardens' accounts. In 1664, two general road masters were appointed for Norway, one for Sonnafjelske (Eastland and Sørlandet) and one for Nordafjelske (Westlandet and Trøndelag; Northern Norway had no roads).

 

Both Denmark and Norway got new law books. The wretched state finances led to an extensive sale of crown property, first to the state's creditors. Further sales meant that many farmers became self-owned at the end of the 18th century. Industrial exploitation of Norwegian natural resources began, and trade and shipping and especially increasing timber exports led to economic growth in the latter part of the 1700s.

 

From 1500 to 1814, Norway did not have its own foreign policy. After the dissolution of the Kalmar Union in 1523, Denmark remained the leading power in the Nordic region and dominated the Baltic Sea, while Sweden sought to expand geographically in all directions and strengthened its position. From 1625 to 1660, Denmark lost its dominance: Christian IV lost to the emperor in the Thirty Years' War and ceded Skåne, Blekinge, Halland, Båhuslen , Jemtland and Herjedalen as well as all the islands in the inner part of the Baltic Sea. With this, Norway got its modern borders, which have remained in place ever since. Sweden was no longer confined by Norway and Denmark, and Sweden became the great power in the Nordic region. At the same time, Norway remained far from Denmark (until 1660 there was an almost continuous land connection between Norway and Denmark). During the Great Nordic War, Danish forces moved towards Scania and ended with Charles the 12th falling at Fredriksten . From 1720 to 1807 there was peace except for the short Cranberry War in 1788. In August 1807, the British navy surrounded Denmark and demanded that the Danish fleet be handed over. After bombing 2-7. On September 1807, the Danes capitulated and handed over the fleet (known as the "fleet robbery") and the arsenal. Two weeks later, Denmark entered into an alliance with Napoleon and Great Britain declared war on Denmark in November 1807. The Danish leadership had originally envisioned an alliance with Great Britain. Anger at the fleet robbery and fear of French occupation of Denmark itself (and thus breaking the connection with Norway) were probably the motive for the alliance with France. According to Sverre Steen, the period 1807-1814 was the most significant in Norway's history (before the Second World War). Foreign trade was paralyzed and hundreds of Norwegian ships were seized by the British. British ships, both warships and privateers , blocked the sea route between Norway and Denmark as described in " Terje Vigen " by Henrik Ibsen . During the Napoleonic Wars , there was a food shortage and famine in Norway, between 20 and 30 thousand people out of a population of around 900 thousand died from sheer lack of food or diseases related to malnutrition.

 

From the late summer of 1807, Norway was governed by a government commission led by the governor and commander-in-chief, Prince Christian August . Christian August was considered an honorable and capable leader. In 1808, a joint Russian and Danish/Norwegian attack on Sweden was planned; the campaign fails completely and Christian August concludes a truce with the Swedes. The Swedish king was deposed, the country got a new constitution with a limited monarchy and in the summer of 1808, Christian August was elected heir to the throne in Sweden. Christian August died a few months after he moved to Sweden and the French general Jean Baptiste Bernadotte became the new heir to the throne with the name "Karl Johan". After Napoleon was defeated at Leipzig in 1813, Bernadotte entered Holstein with Swedish forces and forced the Danish king to the Peace of Kiel .

HOCUS LOCUS Blogpost

 

Harry Nicolaides, the Australian writer jailed in Thailand for defaming its monarch, has returned home after being pardoned by the king and set free on February 21th.

 

Harry, 41, was sentenced to three years in jail by a Thai court on Blue Monday, January 19 2009, after pleading guilty to insulting Thailand's revered royal family in his novel Versimilitude. Harry Nicolaides appeared in a Bangkok court wearing a dark orange prison jumpsuit with his hands cuffed and his feet shackled. He has already been in custody for nearly five months. He dared writing a novel (of which only seven copies were sold) in which as much as ten phrases express critical thoughts on the doings of the crown prince of Thailand.

 

The horror of lese-majeste in which devotees of 81-year-old King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand take themselves far too seriously, has now turned into a nightmare for an innocent writer without an audience. His physical health has deteriorated, he has lost weight, he has been continually unwell for extended periods of time. And obviously psychologically he has found the experience of being in prison in Thailand very challenging.

 

Sign the petition for the release of Harry Nicolaides now!

East-German postcard by VEB Progress Film-Vertrieb, Berlin, no. 688, 1958. Photo: Kiesling.

 

The German actress Eva-Maria Hagen died last Tuesday, 16 August 2022, at the age of 87. From 1957 to 1965 she appeared in some 50 films and TV productions and became known as 'East-Germany’s Brigitte Bardot'. Her daughter, the well-known singer Nina Hagen, and two of her grandchildren told the German newspaper Bild on Friday. It is not known how she died. Eva-Maria Hagen was also a well-known singer, painter and author.

 

Eva-Maria Hagen was born as Eva-Maria Buchholz in Költschen, Germany (now Kolczyn, Poland) in 1934. She grew up in Kremlin at the edge of Pommern until the age of ten. After graduating from machine fitter training, she started to attend actor's training in East Berlin in 1952. Already a year later she played a leading part under the direction of the legendary Bertolt Brecht at the famous Berliner Ensemble Theater in the play Katzgraben (Cat’s Grave) by Erwin Strittmatter. A year later she married the author and screenplay writer Hans Oliva-Hagen (they divorced in 1959). In 1955 their daughter Catherina was born, who would later become pop star Nina Hagen. In 1956 Eva-Maria Hagen continued her acting studies at the Fritz-Kirchoff-Akademie in West Berlin. In 1957 she began her film career in the heart-warming DEFA comedy Vergesst mir meine Traudel nicht/Don’t Forget My Traudel (Kurt Maetzig, 1957). According to IMDb reviewer Lillian Hartman, Hagen refreshingly played a sully but also very anxious girl who has no place in this world due to World War II. In 1958 she obtained an engagement at the Maxim-Gorki-Theater in Berlin, and in the following years, Hagen became one of the most important theatre actresses on the East German theatre scene. Although she is dark-haired by nature she had to dye her hair blonde to play roles of sexy blondes, which gave her the nickname ’Brigitte Bardot der DDR’ (Brigitte Bardot of the German Democratic Republic).

 

From 1957 to 1965 Eva-Maria Hagen appeared in some 50 films and TV productions, like Nur eine Frau/Just A Woman (Carl Balhaus, 1958), the thriller For Eyes Only (János Veiczi, 1963), and the comedy Reise ins Ehebett/Journey in a Marriage Bed (Joachim Hasler, 1966) with Anna Prucnal. She was a star guest at the Filmfestival in Karlovy Vary and other events. In 1965 she met songwriter and poet Wolf Biermann. The two became life partners from 1965 till 1972. In 1966, Biermann obtained a 'berufsverbot' by the SED to play and publish. This put Hagen also in the line of fire of the GDR government. There was a lawsuit against her concerning ‘defamation of the state’. Job opportunities got heavily restricted so that Hagen at times had to work for provincial theatres and she could play small roles in films like Die Fahne von Kriwoj Rog/The Flag of Krivoy Rog (Kurt Maetzig, 1967) and Die Legende von Paul und Paula/The Legend of Paul and Paula (Heiner Carow, 1973) with Angelica Domröse. Furthermore, she was discriminated against and observed by State Security. In 1977, after she protested against Biermann's expulsion from the GDR in 1976, she was finally also stripped of her GDR citizenship. She was forced to emigrate with Nina and settled in Hamburg.

 

In West Germany Eva-Maria Hagen started a successful career interpreting songs by Wolf Biermann and Bertolt Brecht. Her debut album, 'Nicht Liebe Ohne die Liebe' (Not Without Love, 1979), was a collection of Russian and Gypsy folk songs translated into German by Wolf Biermann. Biermann started to write songs for her which she released on the album 'Ich Leb' Mein Leben' (I Live My Life) in 1981. On 'Das mit den Männern und Den Frau'n' (That Thing Between Men and Women, 1985) and 'Michael, Michael' (1986) she continued the collaboration with Biermann. After the fall of the wall in 1989, she was finally allowed to perform again in East Germany, like together with Biermann at the Leipziger Messe. She also played supporting roles in films like Gibbi - Westgermany (Christel Buschmann, 1980) with Eric Burdon, and Marmor, Stein und Eisen bricht/Marble, Stone and Iron Break (Hans-Christof Stenzel, 1982), a biopic of tragic Schlager singer Drafi Deutscher. At the time she lived together with director Matti Geschonneck, and later with pianist Siegfried Gerlich. She regularly appeared on German TV, like in the popular adventure series 4 gegen Z/Four Against Z (2005-2007) starring Udo Kier. Together with her daughter Nina and her granddaughter Cosma Shiva, she appeared in the TV film Ein Mann für gewisse Sekunden/A Man For Certain Seconds (Bernhard Stephan, 1999). Besides her theatre and film projects, as well as exhibitions of her paintings, she continued to release CDs: 'Wenn Ich Erstmal Losleg' (Once When I get Started, 1996) with new Biermann songs using Baltic folk material, and on occasion of Brecht's 100th birthday she released 'Joe, Mach die Musik von Damals Nach' (Joe, Play That Music from Then Again, 1997). Her book 'Eva und der Wolf' (1998, Eva and Wolf) about her time together with Biermann was a big success in Germany. She was awarded the Carl Zuckmayr medal for her book. In 1999 she released another album with Biermann songs: 'Eva Singt Wolfslieder' (Eva Sings Wolf’s Songs). In 2006 she published another autobiographical book, 'Eva jenseits vom Paradies' (Eva Out of Paradise). She returned in the cinema in Dinosaurier/Dinosaurs (Leander Haußmann, 2009) with Walter Giller and Nadja Tiller. This crime comedy was a remake of the film Lina Braake (Bernhard Sinkel, 1975) about an 81-year-old lady bank robber. Her last appearance on the big screen was in the international co-production Lore (Cate Shortland, 2012). On 16 August 2022, Eva-Maria Hagen died in Hamburg at the age of 87. Besides her daughter Nina, her granddaughter Cosma Shiva Hagen is also active as an actress.

 

Sources: Frank Eisenhuth (All Music Guide), Filmportal.de, Wikipedia and IMDb.

 

And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.

Thousands of Thai protesters call for royal reform in biggest gathering since 2014 coup

The Telegraph - 20th September 2020

 

Thousands of protesters cheered as activists installed a new plaque on Sunday declaring that Thailand "belongs to the people" - the boldest show of defiance in a youth-led movement which has questioned the unassailable monarchy's role in the kingdom.

 

Thailand has seen near-daily protests for the past two months led by student activists calling for the resignation of Prime Minister Prayut Chan-O-Cha, a former army chief who masterminded a 2014 coup.

 

Demonstrators spent Saturday rallying in Bangkok's historic Sanam Luang field next to the Grand Palace, where organisers took a stronger line on monarchical reform, calling for the royal family to stay out of the kingdom's politics.

Authorities said the demonstration drew 18,000, though AFP reporters on the ground estimated a 30,000-strong crowd at its peak - making it the largest gathering the kingdom has seen since the 2014 coup.

 

On Sunday at dawn, student activists installed a commemorative "People's Plaque" on the paved area adjacent to Sanam Luang field.

 

"Down with feudalism, long live the people," shouted protest organiser Parit Chiwarak to the cheering crowd.

 

The new plaque states the date Sept 20, 2020, followed by the proclamation: "The people have expressed the intention that this country belongs to the people, and not the king."

The movement is pushing frank questioning of the royal family's role in the kingdom into the public - once a taboo topic due to Thailand's draconian royal defamation laws.

 

The newly installed medallion references the original brass one embedded for decades in the ground of Bangkok's Royal Plaza.

 

It commemorated the end of royal absolutism in 1932 after a revolution that transitioned the kingdom into a constitutional monarchy.

 

But it mysteriously disappeared in 2017 - after King Maha Vajiralongkorn took power following the death of his father - replaced with one bearing a reminder for Thais to remain loyal to the "nation, religion, king".

 

Activists say the missing plaque is emblematic of a wider whitewashing of Thai political history.

 

Palace officials did not immediately respond to requests for comment.

 

Organisers had initially planned to march to Government House, but a last-minute change of plans saw protesters move to the Privy Council's office - opposite the Grand Palace - to submit a list of requests.

 

The highly influential board of royal advisors wields significant influence in Thailand.

 

Dozens of officers stood guard, alongside water cannon trucks in front of the palace.

 

The leaderless youth-organised movement, inspired by Hong Kong's pro-democracy protests, is calling for Prayut's government to be dissolved, a rewrite of the 2017 military-scripted constitution, and for authorities to stop "harassing" political opponents.

 

Some factions within the movement - including the organisers of the weekend demonstrations - have also called for frank discussion of the monarchy.

 

Their demands include greater accounting of the palace's finances, the abolition of royal defamation laws and a call for the king to remain outside of politics.

 

The ultra-wealthy King Maha Vajiralongkorn sits at the apex of Thai power, bolstered by a powerful military and conservative establishment.

 

The monarch spends long periods in Europe, his absence from Thailand raising ire on social media in recent months as the kingdom's economy tumbled due to pandemic closures.

 

The newly installed plaque in Sanam Luang will be regarded "as an immediate challenge", said analyst Paul Chambers, warning that "the growing acrimony could lead to heightened state violence against protesters".

 

Prayut has said Thailand would be "engulfed in flames" if the students push too hard, though he vowed "softer measures" against the weekend's protesters.

 

Since 1932, the military has staged more than a dozen coups following bouts of violent protests - which arch-royalist generals have claimed in the past was necessary to defend the king.

 

The recent wave of pro-democracy demonstrations have so far been peaceful.

 

But authorities have arrested more than two dozen activists, charging them with sedition before releasing them on bail.

With Jambias, the traditionnal knife..This the only time they use it...Thula Yemen

Jambiya, or jambia, is the Arabic term for dagger, but it is generally used to describe a specific type of dagger with a short curved blade that is worn on a belt. Although the term jambiya is also used in other Arab countries, it is mostly associated with people of Yemen. Men typically above the age of 14 wear it as an accessory to their clothing. Despite the significance of the jambiya, it is still a weapon. Although people have used it in times of dispute, there are societal norms that must be followed in order to avoid defamation. The jambiya should only come out of its sheath in extreme cases of conflict. It is also commonly used in traditional events such as dances.

 

© Eric Lafforgue

www.ericlafforgue.com

In contrast to the patriotic, colorful war propaganda posters of the first half of the 20th century, the 1960s and 70s gave rise to another type of political advertisement -- the simply drawn, sometimes sobering protest poster. Decorating the bulletin boards of college campuses, these posters served as rallying cries for peace, defamations of Nixon and the federal government, and tributes to the martyrs of the civil rights movement.