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La chiesa di s. Lanfranco vista dal giardino sul fianco sinistro con una parte della torre campanaria.
La fotografia originale è stata elaborata con una certa consistenza, ma non è un HDR.
Consistent Forces --- Pentax K 5 + Pentax KAsmc 210mm f/4 --- Property Of The Author Giuseppe Sartori Iscritto Alla SOCIETA' ITALIANA DEGLI AUTORI ED EDITORI SIAE n° 33070
Montaup, Canillo, Vall d'Orient, Andorra, Pyrenees - (c) Lutz Meyer
More Canillo, Pyrenees: Follow the group links at right side.
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We offer 200.000+ photos of Andorra and North of Spain. 20.000+ visable here at Flickr. Its the largest professional image catalog of Andorra: all regions, all cities and villages, all times, all seasons, all weather(s). Consistent for additional advanced programming. For smartphones and web-db. REAL TIME!
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The Terowie Soldier's Memorial Hall is important for social and architectural reasons. It is a relatively simple stone building but makes a strong contribution to the streetscape and character of the
town which has numerous other significant buildings of this era and older. The style is consistent with the Hall typology of the region, with notable features such as the timber detailing to the gable end, and the stained-glass windows on the street elevation. The Hall has provided an important and varied social service to the local community as well as providing a memorial to the local soldiers who contributed to the First World War.
The foundation stone reads "AMDG St Josephs Memorial Hall in memory of our fallen soldiers 25 March 1920". It now appears to be a private residence.
Terowie:
The town of Terowie was established in the early 1870s as a service centre for northbound traffic. Terowie owes its birth to one man, John Aver Mitchell; and its subsequent growth and success to its position on a major South Australian transport route, and later, to its important position within the South Australian rail network. John Aver Mitchell (1833 - 1879) is widely acknowledged to be the founder of Terowie. He and his family arrived in South Australia in 1847, and settled in the Marrabel area. Mitchell turned his hand to many things and lived in many places, including Kapunda and Hallett, before establishing himself in the Terowie area.
In 1872, Mitchell selected Section 158 from the recently proclaimed Hundred of Terowie. This land had previously been part of McCulloch's Gottlieb's Well sheep run, the lease of which had been resumed by the Government and opened for credit selection. Mitchell planted wheat on his land, but soon turned to other ideas for a livelihood. The growing amount of northward traffic passing through his section required services, and he is believed to have established an underground store or possible sly-grog shop at the side of the track as early as 1872.
He soon built two substantial stone buildings close to one another, the Hotel which was licensed on the 7th of May 1874; and a chapel which probably served a variety of functions including as a general meeting place. The hotel and chapel are considered to be Terowie's earliest buildings, but it was not long before a smithy and store were also constructed near the hotel. To ensure the growth and success of his infant town, Mitchell donated land and money for a school and a Methodist Chapel, both of which were erected in 1877.
The fact that the young town of Terowie offered much needed services to the northward traffic, as well as to the growing number of local settlers, secured its future prosperity. By the end of the 1870s over 500 people had settled in the town. Subsequent fluctuations in population had two main causes: the times of depression which affected local production, state-wide production and hence local services; and the rise and fall of railway operations, which reached high points in the 1880s (with the Silverton/Broken Hill Traffic), the 1940s (Military manoeuvres) and the 1950s (Leigh Creek Coal). The 1970 bypassing of the Terowie break-of-gauge sounded the death knell for the town's prosperity.
This history, of massive boom and prosperity in the 1880s, but then a subsequent dip in popularity followed by later peaks of a similar height has, to a large extent, dictated the face of Terowie today. Almost all of the buildings in the core of the town were constructed before the turn of the century. Lack of a steadily rising population led to there being no necessity for new buildings to be built after the 1880s, as the old ones were built during a wave of optimism, and then rarely outgrown.
Therefore, within the core of the town, very few twentieth century buildings have been built, and few modern alterations and additions have been required. Terowie survives as a fascinating nineteenth century commercial and residential time capsule. However, it is also a living town, with a small number of interested residents trying to retain their unique heritage.
Source: Department for Environment & Heritage, District Councils of Mount Remarkable, Orroroo/Carrieton & Peterborough, Regional Council of Goyder, Northern Areas Council, and Port Pirie Regional Council "HERITAGE OF THE UPPER NORTH - Volume 2 - Regional Council of Goyder "
you can't practice any other virtue consistently :-)
― Maya Angelou
rose, 'Dream Come True', little theater rose garden, Raleigh, north carolina
Last one. Promise.
E9 on Norwood Road.
E1 proved to be the last Go-Ahead 196, fitting for the first numerical Enviro400 in the fleet, to have also served the route consistently.
Whereas between 2605/7 are the first Abellio 196s.
Una delle relazioni più consistenti operate dall'interporto Hupac di Busto Arsizio / Gallarate è quella che lo collega con il porto di Anversa, arrivando a gestire fino a 5 coppie di treni in alcuni giorni della settimana: è quindi abbastanza facile imbattersi in uno di questi convogli lungo tutto il percorso in terra straniera, come questo 40066 diretto ad Antwerpen Combinant, affidato ad una delle E186 di B-Logistics e fotografato nelle verdi campagne ad ovest dell'abitato di Testelt.
This is how you get across some rivers. It was consistent with extremely bumpy dirt roads that were sometimes under water. Added a lot of fun to the trip.
Well I'll be damned, this is too good
Designed in the beginning of 1930s, the Fatih is a simple but impressive rifle, capable of consistent accurate shots. Originally designed for civilian usage, it was meant to use the newly-developed Ka.28 Semi-Rimless, Spitzer, a variant of the 7.62x54mmR, and feeding from 10-rounder detachable magazines. In a lightning speed it replaced the Attila rifle, which ''wasn't fit for modern combat''. It was a simple construction, and much more compact when compared to the Mosin Nagant, it was perhaps one of the best bolt-action infantry rifles ever made.
To operate the bolt, one must rotate the bolt by 45-degrees to the left and then pull it back. Most infantry rifles needed a 90-degree rotation, so this was a plus. It was surprisingly light, and surprisingly comfortable. As said by an Altayi general, ''It's hard to find a negative thing about this thing - It can do anything you want with total brilliance.'' Thanks to the recoil springs on the stock, the recoil wasn't harsh in the slightest. This rifle would be used in the hands on many for more than 15 years, and still is used mostly by civilian shooters.
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It was fun for me to build this. Hope you like it!
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With bayonet: puu.sh/7oTpR.png
With scope: puu.sh/7oTxt.png
excuse my consistent binge uploading, I hardly ever have time to get on so when I do I have to post all of my pictures at once.
So it's been 5 years since we started this crazy month - and it's been pretty consistently strong - with actually several awesome builders that have taken the challenge - all 5 years :)
While I've known of several LEGO designers that have done SHIPtember on the side - it's a new one to have it 'officially' posted and endorsed by their social media :D
You can check out their video here:
www.facebook.com/LEGOTechnic/videos/477527529300001/
Happy SHIPtember everyone!
I hope everyone had fun and rest up... only 11 more months till the next one.
Thanks for everyone for all your amazing support and encouragement to all the SHIPbuilders
The Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs (commonly known as the Maxwell School) is the public policy school of Syracuse University. The school conducts research and offers graduate degrees in the social sciences, public administration, and international affairs.
The Maxwell School is the oldest public affairs school in the United States, and is widely regarded as one of the country's most prestigious schools of public policy. U.S. News & World Report consistently ranks the Maxwell School as the leading graduate school of public affairs in the United States.
Not entirely being flippant here (not at all, actually). This weekend in my state of New South Wales (Australia) we have elections for local government.
So, if you live here, and you haven't voted, remember to Vote Green.
They are the only party that consistently pushes policies that are trying to save the world from the toxic patriarchal neoliberal capitalist system that is hell bent on destroying the planet, and sentencing our children to a bleak future.
And another thing: For our community, the Greens are the only party that has consistently been pro-LGBTIA for decades, with even their cis-het members happy to show ally-ship in their use of personal pronouns.
Soldeu ski resort, Canillo, Vall d'Orient, Andorra, Pyrenees - (c) Lutz Meyer
More Soldeu & Canillo parroquia: Follow the group links at right side.
.......
About this image:
* Medium format 4x3 (645) high quality image
* Usage: Large format prints optional
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* "Andorra authentic" edition (20 years 2003-2023)
* "Andorra camis & rutes" active collection
* Advanced metadata functionality on dynamic websites or apps
* for large metadata-controlled business collections: photo-archives, travel agencies, tourism editiorials
We offer 200.000+ photos of Andorra and North of Spain. 20.000+ visable here at Flickr. Its the largest professional image catalog of Andorra: all regions, all cities and villages, all times, all seasons, all weather(s). Consistent for additional advanced programming. For smartphones and web-db. REAL TIME!
It's based on GeoCoded stock-photo images and metadata with 4-5 languages. Prepared for easy systematic organising of very large image portfolios with advanced online / print-publishing as "Culture-GIS" (Geographic Info System).
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Ask for licence! lutz(at)lutz-meyer.com
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I've been fairly consistent on Flickr this year, posting roughly about every day or so. I think I'll take a break this holiday season though, tinker with my new toy [ A7R ;) ]
If you've been following, thank you for all the Likes/favorites over the year!
I hope you all have a happy holiday season and get the chance to spend it with Family and Friends.
See you next year!
++++ FROM WIKIPEDIA ++++
Myanmar (Burmese pronunciation: [mjəmà]),[nb 1][8] officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma, is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia. Myanmar is bordered by India and Bangladesh to its west, Thailand and Laos to its east and China to its north and northeast. To its south, about one third of Myanmar's total perimeter of 5,876 km (3,651 mi) forms an uninterrupted coastline of 1,930 km (1,200 mi) along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. The country's 2014 census counted the population to be 51 million people.[9] As of 2017, the population is about 54 million.[10] Myanmar is 676,578 square kilometers (261,228 square miles) in size. Its capital city is Naypyidaw, and its largest city and former capital is Yangon (Rangoon).[1] Myanmar has been a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) since 1997.
Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma.[11] In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty, the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Mainland Southeast Asia.[12] The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well. The British took over the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony. Myanmar was granted independence in 1948, as a democratic nation. Following a coup d'état in 1962, it became a military dictatorship.
For most of its independent years, the country has been engrossed in rampant ethnic strife and its myriad ethnic groups have been involved in one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars. During this time, the United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systematic human rights violations in the country.[13] In 2011, the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election, and a nominally civilian government was installed. This, along with the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and political prisoners, has improved the country's human rights record and foreign relations, and has led to the easing of trade and other economic sanctions.[14] There is, however, continuing criticism of the government's treatment of ethnic minorities, its response to the ethnic insurgency, and religious clashes.[15] In the landmark 2015 election, Aung San Suu Kyi's party won a majority in both houses. However, the Burmese military remains a powerful force in politics.
Myanmar is a country rich in jade and gems, oil, natural gas and other mineral resources. In 2013, its GDP (nominal) stood at US$56.7 billion and its GDP (PPP) at US$221.5 billion.[6] The income gap in Myanmar is among the widest in the world, as a large proportion of the economy is controlled by supporters of the former military government.[16] As of 2016, Myanmar ranks 145 out of 188 countries in human development, according to the Human Development Index.[7]
Etymology
Main article: Names of Myanmar
In 1989, the military government officially changed the English translations of many names dating back to Burma's colonial period or earlier, including that of the country itself: "Burma" became "Myanmar". The renaming remains a contested issue.[17] Many political and ethnic opposition groups and countries continue to use "Burma" because they do not recognise the legitimacy of the ruling military government or its authority to rename the country.[18]
In April 2016, soon after taking office, Aung San Suu Kyi clarified that foreigners are free to use either name, "because there is nothing in the constitution of our country that says that you must use any term in particular".[19]
The country's official full name is the "Republic of the Union of Myanmar" (ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်, Pyidaunzu Thanmăda Myăma Nainngandaw, pronounced [pjìdàʊɴzṵ θàɴməda̰ mjəmà nàɪɴŋàɴdɔ̀]). Countries that do not officially recognise that name use the long form "Union of Burma" instead.[20]
In English, the country is popularly known as either "Burma" or "Myanmar" /ˈmjɑːnˌmɑːr/ (About this sound listen).[8] Both these names are derived from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group. Myanmar is considered to be the literary form of the name of the group, while Burma is derived from "Bamar", the colloquial form of the group's name.[17] Depending on the register used, the pronunciation would be Bama (pronounced [bəmà]) or Myamah (pronounced [mjəmà]).[17] The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century.
Burma continues to be used in English by the governments of many countries, such as Canada and the United Kingdom.[21][22] Official United States policy retains Burma as the country's name, although the State Department's website lists the country as "Burma (Myanmar)" and Barack Obama has referred to the country by both names.[23] The Czech Republic officially uses Myanmar, although its Ministry of Foreign Affairs mentions both Myanmar and Burma on its website.[24] The United Nations uses Myanmar, as do the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Australia,[25] Russia, Germany,[26] China, India, Bangladesh, Norway,[27] Japan[21] and Switzerland.[28]
Most English-speaking international news media refer to the country by the name Myanmar, including the BBC,[29] CNN,[30] Al Jazeera,[31] Reuters,[32] RT (Russia Today) and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)/Radio Australia.[33]
Myanmar is known with a name deriving from Burma as opposed to Myanmar in Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Greek – Birmania being the local version of Burma in the Spanish language, for example. Myanmar used to be known as "Birmânia" in Portuguese, and as "Birmanie" in French.[34] As in the past, French-language media today consistently use Birmanie.,[35][36]
History
Main article: History of Myanmar
Prehistory
Main articles: Prehistory of Myanmar and Migration period of ancient Burma
Pyu city-states c. 8th century; Pagan is shown for comparison only and is not contemporary.
Archaeological evidence shows that Homo erectus lived in the region now known as Myanmar as early as 750,000 years ago, with no more erectus finds after 75,000 years ago.[37] The first evidence of Homo sapiens is dated to about 11,000 BC, in a Stone Age culture called the Anyathian with discoveries of stone tools in central Myanmar. Evidence of neolithic age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BC has been discovered in the form of cave paintings in Padah-Lin Caves.[38]
The Bronze Age arrived circa 1500 BC when people in the region were turning copper into bronze, growing rice and domesticating poultry and pigs; they were among the first people in the world to do so.[39] Human remains and artefacts from this era were discovered in Monywa District in the Sagaing Division.[40] The Iron Age began around 500 BC with the emergence of iron-working settlements in an area south of present-day Mandalay.[41] Evidence also shows the presence of rice-growing settlements of large villages and small towns that traded with their surroundings as far as China between 500 BC and 200 AD.[42] Iron Age Burmese cultures also had influences from outside sources such as India and Thailand, as seen in their funerary practices concerning child burials. This indicates some form of communication between groups in Myanmar and other places, possibly through trade.[43]
Early city-states
Main articles: Pyu city-states and Mon kingdoms
Around the second century BC the first-known city-states emerged in central Myanmar. The city-states were founded as part of the southward migration by the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states, the earliest inhabitants of Myanmar of whom records are extant, from present-day Yunnan.[44] The Pyu culture was heavily influenced by trade with India, importing Buddhism as well as other cultural, architectural and political concepts, which would have an enduring influence on later Burmese culture and political organisation.[45]
By the 9th century, several city-states had sprouted across the land: the Pyu in the central dry zone, Mon along the southern coastline and Arakanese along the western littoral. The balance was upset when the Pyu came under repeated attacks from Nanzhao between the 750s and the 830s. In the mid-to-late 9th century the Bamar people founded a small settlement at Bagan. It was one of several competing city-states until the late 10th century when it grew in authority and grandeur.[46]
Imperial Burma
Main articles: Pagan Kingdom, Taungoo Dynasty, and Konbaung Dynasty
See also: Ava Kingdom, Hanthawaddy Kingdom, Kingdom of Mrauk U, and Shan States
Pagodas and kyaungs in present-day Bagan, the capital of the Pagan Kingdom.
Pagan gradually grew to absorb its surrounding states until the 1050s–1060s when Anawrahta founded the Pagan Kingdom, the first ever unification of the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Pagan Empire and the Khmer Empire were two main powers in mainland Southeast Asia.[47] The Burmese language and culture gradually became dominant in the upper Irrawaddy valley, eclipsing the Pyu, Mon and Pali norms by the late 12th century.[48]
Theravada Buddhism slowly began to spread to the village level, although Tantric, Mahayana, Hinduism, and folk religion remained heavily entrenched. Pagan's rulers and wealthy built over 10,000 Buddhist temples in the Pagan capital zone alone. Repeated Mongol invasions (1277–1301) toppled the four-century-old kingdom in 1287.[48]
Temples at Mrauk U.
Pagan's collapse was followed by 250 years of political fragmentation that lasted well into the 16th century. Like the Burmans four centuries earlier, Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind. Several competing Shan States came to dominate the entire northwestern to eastern arc surrounding the Irrawaddy valley. The valley too was beset with petty states until the late 14th century when two sizeable powers, Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom, emerged. In the west, a politically fragmented Arakan was under competing influences of its stronger neighbours until the Kingdom of Mrauk U unified the Arakan coastline for the first time in 1437.
Early on, Ava fought wars of unification (1385–1424) but could never quite reassemble the lost empire. Having held off Ava, Hanthawaddy entered its golden age, and Arakan went on to become a power in its own right for the next 350 years. In contrast, constant warfare left Ava greatly weakened, and it slowly disintegrated from 1481 onward. In 1527, the Confederation of Shan States conquered Ava itself, and ruled Upper Myanmar until 1555.
Like the Pagan Empire, Ava, Hanthawaddy and the Shan states were all multi-ethnic polities. Despite the wars, cultural synchronisation continued. This period is considered a golden age for Burmese culture. Burmese literature "grew more confident, popular, and stylistically diverse", and the second generation of Burmese law codes as well as the earliest pan-Burma chronicles emerged.[49] Hanthawaddy monarchs introduced religious reforms that later spread to the rest of the country.[50] Many splendid temples of Mrauk U were built during this period.
Taungoo and colonialism
Bayinnaung's Empire in 1580.
Political unification returned in the mid-16th century, due to the efforts of Taungoo, a former vassal state of Ava. Taungoo's young, ambitious king Tabinshwehti defeated the more powerful Hanthawaddy in the Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War (1534–41). His successor Bayinnaung went on to conquer a vast swath of mainland Southeast Asia including the Shan states, Lan Na, Manipur, Mong Mao, the Ayutthaya Kingdom, Lan Xang and southern Arakan. However, the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia unravelled soon after Bayinnaung's death in 1581, completely collapsing by 1599. Ayutthaya seized Tenasserim and Lan Na, and Portuguese mercenaries established Portuguese rule at Thanlyin (Syriam).
The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614. It restored a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing Lower Myanmar, Upper Myanmar, Shan states, Lan Na and upper Tenasserim. The Restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century. The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley, and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs. Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years. From the 1720s onward, the kingdom was beset with repeated Meithei raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na. In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752, ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty.
A British 1825 lithograph of Shwedagon Pagoda shows British occupation during the First Anglo-Burmese War.
After the fall of Ava, the Konbaung–Hanthawaddy War involved one resistance group under Alaungpaya defeating the Restored Hanthawaddy, and by 1759, he had reunited all of Myanmar and Manipur, and driven out the French and the British, who had provided arms to Hanthawaddy. By 1770, Alaungpaya's heirs had subdued much of Laos (1765) and fought and won the Burmese–Siamese War (1765–67) against Ayutthaya and the Sino-Burmese War (1765–69) against Qing China (1765–1769).[51]
With Burma preoccupied by the Chinese threat, Ayutthaya recovered its territories by 1770, and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776. Burma and Siam went to war until 1855, but all resulted in a stalemate, exchanging Tenasserim (to Burma) and Lan Na (to Ayutthaya). Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Ayutthaya in the east, King Bodawpaya turned west, acquiring Arakan (1785), Manipur (1814) and Assam (1817). It was the second-largest empire in Burmese history but also one with a long ill-defined border with British India.[52]
The breadth of this empire was short lived. Burma lost Arakan, Manipur, Assam and Tenasserim to the British in the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826). In 1852, the British easily seized Lower Burma in the Second Anglo-Burmese War. King Mindon Min tried to modernise the kingdom, and in 1875 narrowly avoided annexation by ceding the Karenni States. The British, alarmed by the consolidation of French Indochina, annexed the remainder of the country in the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885.
Konbaung kings extended Restored Toungoo's administrative reforms, and achieved unprecedented levels of internal control and external expansion. For the first time in history, the Burmese language and culture came to predominate the entire Irrawaddy valley. The evolution and growth of Burmese literature and theatre continued, aided by an extremely high adult male literacy rate for the era (half of all males and 5% of females).[53] Nonetheless, the extent and pace of reforms were uneven and ultimately proved insufficient to stem the advance of British colonialism.
British Burma (1824–1948)
Main articles: British rule in Burma and Burma Campaign
Burma in British India
The landing of British forces in Mandalay after the last of the Anglo-Burmese Wars, which resulted in the abdication of the last Burmese monarch, King Thibaw Min.
British troops firing a mortar on the Mawchi road, July 1944.
The eighteenth century saw Burmese rulers, whose country had not previously been of particular interest to European traders, seek to maintain their traditional influence in the western areas of Assam, Manipur and Arakan. Pressing them, however, was the British East India Company, which was expanding its interests eastwards over the same territory. Over the next sixty years, diplomacy, raids, treaties and compromises continued until, after three Anglo-Burmese Wars (1824–1885), Britain proclaimed control over most of Burma.[54] British rule brought social, economic, cultural and administrative changes.
With the fall of Mandalay, all of Burma came under British rule, being annexed on 1 January 1886. Throughout the colonial era, many Indians arrived as soldiers, civil servants, construction workers and traders and, along with the Anglo-Burmese community, dominated commercial and civil life in Burma. Rangoon became the capital of British Burma and an important port between Calcutta and Singapore.
Burmese resentment was strong and was vented in violent riots that paralysed Yangon (Rangoon) on occasion all the way until the 1930s.[55] Some of the discontent was caused by a disrespect for Burmese culture and traditions such as the British refusal to remove shoes when they entered pagodas. Buddhist monks became the vanguards of the independence movement. U Wisara, an activist monk, died in prison after a 166-day hunger strike to protest against a rule that forbade him to wear his Buddhist robes while imprisoned.[56]
Separation of British Burma from British India
On 1 April 1937, Burma became a separately administered colony of Great Britain and Ba Maw the first Prime Minister and Premier of Burma. Ba Maw was an outspoken advocate for Burmese self-rule and he opposed the participation of Great Britain, and by extension Burma, in World War II. He resigned from the Legislative Assembly and was arrested for sedition. In 1940, before Japan formally entered the Second World War, Aung San formed the Burma Independence Army in Japan.
A major battleground, Burma was devastated during World War II. By March 1942, within months after they entered the war, Japanese troops had advanced on Rangoon and the British administration had collapsed. A Burmese Executive Administration headed by Ba Maw was established by the Japanese in August 1942. Wingate's British Chindits were formed into long-range penetration groups trained to operate deep behind Japanese lines.[57] A similar American unit, Merrill's Marauders, followed the Chindits into the Burmese jungle in 1943.[58] Beginning in late 1944, allied troops launched a series of offensives that led to the end of Japanese rule in July 1945. The battles were intense with much of Burma laid waste by the fighting. Overall, the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma. Only 1,700 prisoners were taken.[59]
Although many Burmese fought initially for the Japanese as part of the Burma Independence Army, many Burmese, mostly from the ethnic minorities, served in the British Burma Army.[60] The Burma National Army and the Arakan National Army fought with the Japanese from 1942 to 1944 but switched allegiance to the Allied side in 1945. Under Japanese occupation, 170,000 to 250,000 civilians died.[61]
Following World War II, Aung San negotiated the Panglong Agreement with ethnic leaders that guaranteed the independence of Myanmar as a unified state. Aung Zan Wai, Pe Khin, Bo Hmu Aung, Sir Maung Gyi, Dr. Sein Mya Maung, Myoma U Than Kywe were among the negotiators of the historical Panglong Conference negotiated with Bamar leader General Aung San and other ethnic leaders in 1947. In 1947, Aung San became Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council of Myanmar, a transitional government. But in July 1947, political rivals[62] assassinated Aung San and several cabinet members.[63]
Independence (1948–1962)
Main article: Post-independence Burma, 1948–62
British governor Hubert Elvin Rance and Sao Shwe Thaik at the flag raising ceremony on 4 January 1948 (Independence Day of Burma).
On 4 January 1948, the nation became an independent republic, named the Union of Burma, with Sao Shwe Thaik as its first President and U Nu as its first Prime Minister. Unlike most other former British colonies and overseas territories, Burma did not become a member of the Commonwealth. A bicameral parliament was formed, consisting of a Chamber of Deputies and a Chamber of Nationalities,[64] and multi-party elections were held in 1951–1952, 1956 and 1960.
The geographical area Burma encompasses today can be traced to the Panglong Agreement, which combined Burma Proper, which consisted of Lower Burma and Upper Burma, and the Frontier Areas, which had been administered separately by the British.[65]
In 1961, U Thant, then the Union of Burma's Permanent Representative to the United Nations and former Secretary to the Prime Minister, was elected Secretary-General of the United Nations, a position he held for ten years.[66] Among the Burmese to work at the UN when he was Secretary-General was a young Aung San Suu Kyi (daughter of Aung San), who went on to become winner of the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize.
When the non-Burman ethnic groups pushed for autonomy or federalism, alongside having a weak civilian government at the centre, the military leadership staged a coup d’état in 1962. Though incorporated in the 1947 Constitution, successive military governments construed the use of the term ‘federalism’ as being anti-national, anti-unity and pro-disintegration.[67]
Military rule (1962–2011)
On 2 March 1962, the military led by General Ne Win took control of Burma through a coup d'état, and the government has been under direct or indirect control by the military since then. Between 1962 and 1974, Myanmar was ruled by a revolutionary council headed by the general. Almost all aspects of society (business, media, production) were nationalised or brought under government control under the Burmese Way to Socialism,[68] which combined Soviet-style nationalisation and central planning.
A new constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma was adopted in 1974. Until 1988, the country was ruled as a one-party system, with the General and other military officers resigning and ruling through the Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP).[69] During this period, Myanmar became one of the world's most impoverished countries.[70]
Protesters gathering in central Rangoon, 1988.
There were sporadic protests against military rule during the Ne Win years and these were almost always violently suppressed. On 7 July 1962, the government broke up demonstrations at Rangoon University, killing 15 students.[68] In 1974, the military violently suppressed anti-government protests at the funeral of U Thant. Student protests in 1975, 1976, and 1977 were quickly suppressed by overwhelming force.[69]
In 1988, unrest over economic mismanagement and political oppression by the government led to widespread pro-democracy demonstrations throughout the country known as the 8888 Uprising. Security forces killed thousands of demonstrators, and General Saw Maung staged a coup d'état and formed the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC). In 1989, SLORC declared martial law after widespread protests. The military government finalised plans for People's Assembly elections on 31 May 1989.[71] SLORC changed the country's official English name from the "Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma" to the "Union of Myanmar" in 1989.
In May 1990, the government held free elections for the first time in almost 30 years and the National League for Democracy (NLD), the party of Aung San Suu Kyi, won 392 out of a total 492 seats (i.e., 80% of the seats). However, the military junta refused to cede power[72] and continued to rule the nation as SLORC until 1997, and then as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) until its dissolution in March 2011.
Protesters in Yangon during the 2007 Saffron Revolution with a banner that reads non-violence: national movement in Burmese. In the background is Shwedagon Pagoda.
On 23 June 1997, Myanmar was admitted into the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). On 27 March 2006, the military junta, which had moved the national capital from Yangon to a site near Pyinmana in November 2005, officially named the new capital Naypyidaw, meaning "city of the kings".[73]
Cyclone Nargis in southern Myanmar, May 2008.
In August 2007, an increase in the price of diesel and petrol led to the Saffron Revolution led by Buddhist monks that were dealt with harshly by the government.[74] The government cracked down on them on 26 September 2007. The crackdown was harsh, with reports of barricades at the Shwedagon Pagoda and monks killed. There were also rumours of disagreement within the Burmese armed forces, but none was confirmed. The military crackdown against unarmed protesters was widely condemned as part of the international reactions to the Saffron Revolution and led to an increase in economic sanctions against the Burmese Government.
In May 2008, Cyclone Nargis caused extensive damage in the densely populated, rice-farming delta of the Irrawaddy Division.[75] It was the worst natural disaster in Burmese history with reports of an estimated 200,000 people dead or missing, damage totalled to 10 billion US dollars, and as many as 1 million left homeless.[76] In the critical days following this disaster, Myanmar's isolationist government was accused of hindering United Nations recovery efforts.[77] Humanitarian aid was requested but concerns about foreign military or intelligence presence in the country delayed the entry of United States military planes delivering medicine, food, and other supplies.[78]
In early August 2009, a conflict known as the Kokang incident broke out in Shan State in northern Myanmar. For several weeks, junta troops fought against ethnic minorities including the Han Chinese,[79] Wa, and Kachin.[80][81] During 8–12 August, the first days of the conflict, as many as 10,000 Burmese civilians fled to Yunnan province in neighbouring China.[80][81][82]
Civil wars
Main articles: Internal conflict in Myanmar, Kachin Conflict, Karen conflict, and 2015 Kokang offensive
Civil wars have been a constant feature of Myanmar's socio-political landscape since the attainment of independence in 1948. These wars are predominantly struggles for ethnic and sub-national autonomy, with the areas surrounding the ethnically Bamar central districts of the country serving as the primary geographical setting of conflict. Foreign journalists and visitors require a special travel permit to visit the areas in which Myanmar's civil wars continue.[83]
In October 2012, the ongoing conflicts in Myanmar included the Kachin conflict,[84] between the Pro-Christian Kachin Independence Army and the government;[85] a civil war between the Rohingya Muslims, and the government and non-government groups in Rakhine State;[86] and a conflict between the Shan,[87] Lahu, and Karen[88][89] minority groups, and the government in the eastern half of the country. In addition, al-Qaeda signalled an intention to become involved in Myanmar. In a video released on 3 September 2014, mainly addressed to India, the militant group's leader Ayman al-Zawahiri said al-Qaeda had not forgotten the Muslims of Myanmar and that the group was doing "what they can to rescue you".[90] In response, the military raised its level of alertness, while the Burmese Muslim Association issued a statement saying Muslims would not tolerate any threat to their motherland.[91]
Armed conflict between ethnic Chinese rebels and the Myanmar Armed Forces have resulted in the Kokang offensive in February 2015. The conflict had forced 40,000 to 50,000 civilians to flee their homes and seek shelter on the Chinese side of the border.[92] During the incident, the government of China was accused of giving military assistance to the ethnic Chinese rebels. Burmese officials have been historically "manipulated" and pressured by the Chinese government throughout Burmese modern history to create closer and binding ties with China, creating a Chinese satellite state in Southeast Asia.[93] However, uncertainties exist as clashes between Burmese troops and local insurgent groups continue.
Democratic reforms
Main article: 2011–12 Burmese political reforms
The goal of the Burmese constitutional referendum of 2008, held on 10 May 2008, is the creation of a "discipline-flourishing democracy". As part of the referendum process, the name of the country was changed from the "Union of Myanmar" to the "Republic of the Union of Myanmar", and general elections were held under the new constitution in 2010. Observer accounts of the 2010 election describe the event as mostly peaceful; however, allegations of polling station irregularities were raised, and the United Nations (UN) and a number of Western countries condemned the elections as fraudulent.[94]
U.S. President Barack Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton with Aung San Suu Kyi and her staff at her home in Yangon, 2012
The military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party declared victory in the 2010 elections, stating that it had been favoured by 80 percent of the votes; however, the claim was disputed by numerous pro-democracy opposition groups who asserted that the military regime had engaged in rampant fraud.[95][96] One report documented 77 percent as the official turnout rate of the election.[95] The military junta was dissolved on 30 March 2011.
Opinions differ whether the transition to liberal democracy is underway. According to some reports, the military's presence continues as the label "disciplined democracy" suggests. This label asserts that the Burmese military is allowing certain civil liberties while clandestinely institutionalising itself further into Burmese politics. Such an assertion assumes that reforms only occurred when the military was able to safeguard its own interests through the transition—here, "transition" does not refer to a transition to a liberal democracy, but transition to a quasi-military rule.[97]
Since the 2010 election, the government has embarked on a series of reforms to direct the country towards liberal democracy, a mixed economy, and reconciliation, although doubts persist about the motives that underpin such reforms. The series of reforms includes the release of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest, the establishment of the National Human Rights Commission, the granting of general amnesties for more than 200 political prisoners, new labour laws that permit labour unions and strikes, a relaxation of press censorship, and the regulation of currency practices.[98]
The impact of the post-election reforms has been observed in numerous areas, including ASEAN's approval of Myanmar's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014;[99] the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in December 2011 for the encouragement of further progress, which was the first visit by a Secretary of State in more than fifty years,[100] during which Clinton met with the Burmese president and former military commander Thein Sein, as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi;[101] and the participation of Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD) party in the 2012 by-elections, facilitated by the government's abolition of the laws that previously barred the NLD.[102] As of July 2013, about 100[103][104] political prisoners remain imprisoned, while conflict between the Burmese Army and local insurgent groups continues.
Map of Myanmar and its divisions, including Shan State, Kachin State, Rakhine State and Karen State.
In 1 April 2012 by-elections, the NLD won 43 of the 45 available seats; previously an illegal organisation, the NLD had not won a single seat under new constitution. The 2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar.[105]
2015 general elections
Main article: Myanmar general election, 2015
General elections were held on 8 November 2015. These were the first openly contested elections held in Myanmar since 1990. The results gave the National League for Democracy an absolute majority of seats in both chambers of the national parliament, enough to ensure that its candidate would become president, while NLD leader Aung San Suu Kyi is constitutionally barred from the presidency.[106]
The new parliament convened on 1 February 2016[107] and, on 15 March 2016, Htin Kyaw was elected as the first non-military president since the military coup of 1962.[108] On 6 April 2016, Aung San Suu Kyi assumed the newly created role of State Counsellor, a role akin to a Prime Minister.
Geography
Main article: Geography of Myanmar
A map of Myanmar
Myanmar map of Köppen climate classification.
Myanmar has a total area of 678,500 square kilometres (262,000 sq mi). It lies between latitudes 9° and 29°N, and longitudes 92° and 102°E. As of February 2011, Myanmar consisted of 14 states and regions, 67 districts, 330 townships, 64 sub-townships, 377 towns, 2,914 Wards, 14,220 village tracts and 68,290 villages.
Myanmar is bordered in the northwest by the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh and the Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh states of India. Its north and northeast border is with the Tibet Autonomous Region and Yunnan province for a Sino-Myanmar border total of 2,185 km (1,358 mi). It is bounded by Laos and Thailand to the southeast. Myanmar has 1,930 km (1,200 mi) of contiguous coastline along the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea to the southwest and the south, which forms one quarter of its total perimeter.[20]
In the north, the Hengduan Mountains form the border with China. Hkakabo Razi, located in Kachin State, at an elevation of 5,881 metres (19,295 ft), is the highest point in Myanmar.[109] Many mountain ranges, such as the Rakhine Yoma, the Bago Yoma, the Shan Hills and the Tenasserim Hills exist within Myanmar, all of which run north-to-south from the Himalayas.[110]
The mountain chains divide Myanmar's three river systems, which are the Irrawaddy, Salween (Thanlwin), and the Sittaung rivers.[111] The Irrawaddy River, Myanmar's longest river, nearly 2,170 kilometres (1,348 mi) long, flows into the Gulf of Martaban. Fertile plains exist in the valleys between the mountain chains.[110] The majority of Myanmar's population lives in the Irrawaddy valley, which is situated between the Rakhine Yoma and the Shan Plateau.
Administrative divisions
Main article: Administrative divisions of Myanmar
A clickable map of Burma/Myanmar exhibiting its first-level administrative divisions.
About this image
Myanmar is divided into seven states (ပြည်နယ်) and seven regions (တိုင်းဒေသကြီး), formerly called divisions.[112] Regions are predominantly Bamar (that is, mainly inhabited by the dominant ethnic group). States, in essence, are regions that are home to particular ethnic minorities. The administrative divisions are further subdivided into districts, which are further subdivided into townships, wards, and villages.
Climate
Main article: Climate of Myanmar
The limestone landscape of Mon State.
Much of the country lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator. It lies in the monsoon region of Asia, with its coastal regions receiving over 5,000 mm (196.9 in) of rain annually. Annual rainfall in the delta region is approximately 2,500 mm (98.4 in), while average annual rainfall in the Dry Zone in central Myanmar is less than 1,000 mm (39.4 in). The Northern regions of Myanmar are the coolest, with average temperatures of 21 °C (70 °F). Coastal and delta regions have an average maximum temperature of 32 °C (89.6 °F).[111]
Environment
Further information: Deforestation in Myanmar
Myanmar continues to perform badly in the global Environmental Performance Index (EPI) with an overall ranking of 153 out of 180 countries in 2016; among the worst in the South Asian region, only ahead of Bangladesh and Afghanistan. The EPI was established in 2001 by the World Economic Forum as a global gauge to measure how well individual countries perform in implementing the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. The environmental areas where Myanmar performs worst (ie. highest ranking) are air quality (174), health impacts of environmental issues (143) and biodiversity and habitat (142). Myanmar performs best (ie. lowest ranking) in environmental impacts of fisheries (21), but with declining fish stocks. Despite several issues, Myanmar also ranks 64 and scores very good (ie. a high percentage of 93.73%) in environmental effects of the agricultural industry because of an excellent management of the nitrogen cycle.[114][115]
Wildlife
Myanmar's slow economic growth has contributed to the preservation of much of its environment and ecosystems. Forests, including dense tropical growth and valuable teak in lower Myanmar, cover over 49% of the country, including areas of acacia, bamboo, ironwood and Magnolia champaca. Coconut and betel palm and rubber have been introduced. In the highlands of the north, oak, pine and various rhododendrons cover much of the land.[116]
Heavy logging since the new 1995 forestry law went into effect has seriously reduced forest acreage and wildlife habitat.[117] The lands along the coast support all varieties of tropical fruits and once had large areas of mangroves although much of the protective mangroves have disappeared. In much of central Myanmar (the Dry Zone), vegetation is sparse and stunted.
Typical jungle animals, particularly tigers, occur sparsely in Myanmar. In upper Myanmar, there are rhinoceros, wild water buffalo, clouded leopard, wild boars, deer, antelope, and elephants, which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals, particularly in the lumber industry. Smaller mammals are also numerous, ranging from gibbons and monkeys to flying foxes. The abundance of birds is notable with over 800 species, including parrots, myna, peafowl, red junglefowl, weaverbirds, crows, herons, and barn owl. Among reptile species there are crocodiles, geckos, cobras, Burmese pythons, and turtles. Hundreds of species of freshwater fish are wide-ranging, plentiful and are very important food sources.[118] For a list of protected areas, see List of protected areas of Myanmar.
Government and politics
Main article: Politics of Myanmar
Assembly of the Union (Pyidaungsu Hluttaw)
The constitution of Myanmar, its third since independence, was drafted by its military rulers and published in September 2008. The country is governed as a parliamentary system with a bicameral legislature (with an executive President accountable to the legislature), with 25% of the legislators appointed by the military and the rest elected in general elections.
Les castanyoles o postisses són un instrument idiòfon de percussió consistent en dues peces de fusta o d'os, de forma rodonenca, que tenen una cara còncava i que, agitades una contra l'altra, produeixen un so sec i fort que sol servir principalment per a acompanyar danses. El seu nom deriva del fruit del castanyer (Castanea sativa), per la semblança de la seva forma amb la d'una castanya.
Les castanyoles són un instrument popular, tocat per ballarins a tota la Mediterrània des de molt antic, com a mínim a l'època dels fenicis. Als Països Catalans, com arreu, es tocaven de manera intuïtiva, sense cap formació especial, fins que al segle XIX l'escola bolera de Barcelona les va incloure com a ensenyament dins de la dansa. A la segona meitat del segle XX, Emma Maleras va inventar un mètode per a aprendre a tocar-les com qualsevol altre instrument musical, i també un tipus de pentagrama especial, anomenat bigrama, que són els que s'empren avui a tot el món. Avui existeixen cors formats exclusivament per tocadors de castanyoles, com per exemple Tocs i "Cor Castanets", als Països Catalans. També són utilitzades per molts grups de dansa catalana (esbarts dansaires). Paral·lelament, un instrument similar i amb el mateix origen, els cròtals, també s'han inclòs a l'ensenyament de la dansa clàssica oriental.
Since the S17 schedule, American Airlines have consistently provided Boeing 787-8s on their 4 times daily flights between London Heathrow and Chicago-O'Hare, replacing the rag-bag Boeing 767-300ERs and Boeing 777-200ER/300ERs prior to the changeover.
So far, American have been reluctant to use their Boeing 787-9s into London Heathrow... They have appeared previously but fill in occasionally for the smaller Boeing 787-8.
For the S19 schedule commencing on 30th March 2019, American Airlines will utilise a mixture of Boeing 787-8/9s on their 4 times daily flights between London Heathrow and Chicago-O'Hare. The schedule change will see 2 Boeing 787-8s and 2 Boeing 787-9s operating between London Heathrow and Chicago-O'Hare each day.
From commencement of the S19 schedule, Boeing 787-8s will operate AA90/99 and AA98/91, whilst Boeing 787-9s will operate AA86/47 and AA46/87.
Currently, American operates 39 Boeing 787s, which includes 20 Boeing 787-8s and 19 Boeing 787-9s. American have 22 Boeing 787-8s and 28 Boeing 787-9s on-order.
November Eight One Nine Alpha November is one of 20 Boeing 787-8s in service with American, delivered new to the carrier on 7th April 2017 and she is powered by 2 General Electric GEnx-1B engines.
Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner N819AN on final approach into Runway 27L at London Heathrow (LHR) on AA46 from Chicago-O'Hare (ORD), Illinois.
Horned Grebe HOGR (Podiceps auritus)
non breeding plumage...looks starting to moult
reddish brown tinges
Saanichton Spit
Central Saanich BC
cropped shot
DSCN8632
Sus principales características son el gran tamaño (incluso más de 40 cm de diámetro), su sabor completamente diferente al de otro tipo de tortilla y la ligera dureza en su consistencia (sin llegar a ser tostada, sino más bien correosa), que adquiere al momento de cocerse en un comal comúnmente de barro, en el que se deja semi-tostar, es decir, un cocido mayor que el del otro tipo de tortilla, para luego al ser guardada en un tenate (recipiente hecho de hojas de palma). Adquiere la consistencia característica: de flexible a semiquebradiza, muy ligeramente húmeda, fresca, difícil de masticar para quienes no están acostumbrados, aroma muy ligero como de tortilla quemada casi imperceptible. Una muy ligera cantidad de sal en la masa de nixtamal con la que se prepara en algunos casos, así como su cocimiento casi hasta el tueste, hacen que la tlayuda dure más tiempo sin descomponerse, como ocurre con las tortillas comunes.1
La tlayuda clásica es untada con asiento de puerco. Después se le agrega quesillo, también conocido como queso Oaxaca, col picada, tasajo asado, y por supuesto, salsa picante hecha en molcajete. Finalmente, la tlayuda se coloca sobre el anafre a que se tueste y quede crujiente.
Gastronomía Mexicana
Comida gurmette
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Wet plate process)
This deteriorated dry plate portrait of Theodore Roosevelt is similar to a wet plate image but has substantial differences.
The collodion process is an early photographic process.
Contents
1 Description
2 History
2.1 21st century
3 Advantages
4 Disadvantages
5 Use
6 Search for a dry collodion process
7 Collodion emulsion
8 Collodion emulsion preparation example
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Description
Collodion process, mostly synonymous with the "collodion wet plate process", requires the photographic material to be coated, sensitized, exposed and developed within the span of about fifteen minutes, necessitating a portable darkroom for use in the field. Collodion is normally used in its wet form, but can also be used in humid ("preserved") or dry form, at the cost of greatly increased exposure time. The latter made the dry form unsuitable for the usual portraiture work of most professional photographers of the 19th century. The use of the dry form was therefore mostly confined to landscape photography and other special applications where minutes-long exposure times were tolerable.[citation needed]
History
The collodion process is said to have been invented in 1851, almost simultaneously, by Frederick Scott Archer and Gustave Le Gray. During the subsequent decades, many photographers and experimenters refined or varied the process. By the end of the 1850s it had almost entirely replaced the first practical photographic process, the daguerreotype.
During the 1880s the collodion process, was largely replaced by gelatin dry plates—glass plates with a photographic emulsion of silver halides suspended in gelatin. The dry gelatin emulsion was not only more convenient, but it could also be made much more sensitive, greatly reducing exposure times.
One collodion process, the tintype, was in limited use for casual portraiture by some itinerant and amusement park photographers as late as the 1930s, and the wet plate collodion process was still in use in the printing industry in the 1960s for line and tone work (mostly printed material involving black type against a white background) since it was much cheaper than gelatin film in large volumes.[citation needed]
21st century
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The wet plate collodion process has undergone a revival as a historical technique over the past few decades. There are several practising ambrotypists and tintypists who regularly set up and make images at Civil War re-enactments. Fine art photographers use the process and its handcrafted individuality for gallery showings and personal work. There are several makers of reproduction equipment. The process is taught in workshops around the world and several workbooks and manuals are in print. Many artists work with collodion around the globe, including traveling photographer Craig Murphy, Kurt Grüng, Sally Mann, and Ben Cauchi. Other artists to note are Luther Gurlach, James Walker[disambiguation needed], Stephen Burkeman, Sam Davis, Quinn Jacobson and Ken Merfeld. There are many more as well that have contributed to bringing this process forward to a modern age.
Advantages
A portable photography studio in 19th century Ireland. The wet collodion process sometimes gave rise to portable darkrooms, as photographic images needed to be developed while the plate was still wet.
The collodion process produced a negative image on a transparent support (glass). This was an improvement over the calotype process, invented by William Henry Fox Talbot, which relied on paper negatives, and the daguerreotype, which produced a one-of-a-kind positive image and could not be replicated. The collodion process, thus combined desirable qualities of the calotype process (enabling the photographer to make a theoretically unlimited number of prints from a single negative) and the daguerreotype (creating a sharpness and clarity that could not be achieved with paper negatives). Collodion printing was typically done on albumen paper.
The collodion process had other advantages, especially in comparison with the daguerreotype. It was a relatively inexpensive process. The polishing equipment and fuming equipment needed for the daguerreotype could be dispensed with entirely. The support for the images was glass, which was far less expensive than silver-plated copper, and was more durable than paper negatives. It was also fast for the time, requiring only seconds for exposure.
Disadvantages
The wet collodion process had a major disadvantage. The entire process, from coating to developing, had to be done before the plate dried. This gave the photographer no more than 10 minutes to complete everything. This made it inconvenient for field use, as it required a portable darkroom. The plate dripped silver nitrate solution, causing stains and troublesome build-ups in the camera and plate holders.[citation needed]
The silver nitrate bath was also a source of problems. It gradually became saturated with alcohol, ether, iodide and bromide salts, dust, and various organic matter. It would lose effectiveness, causing plates to mysteriously fail to produce an image.[citation needed]
As with all preceding photographic processes, the wet-collodion process was sensitive only to blue light. Warm colours appear dark, cool colours uniformly light. A sky with clouds is impossible to render, as the spectrum of white clouds contains about as much blue as the sky. Lemons and tomatoes appear a shiny black, and a blue and white tablecloth appears plain white. Victorian sitters who in collodion photographs look as if they are in mourning might have been wearing bright yellow or pink.[1]
Use
"A Veteran with his Wife", taken by an anonymous photographer, shows a British veteran of the Napoleonic era Peninsular Wars. It is a hand-tinted ambrotype using the set collodion positive process, made circa 1860.
Despite its disadvantages, wet plate collodion became enormously popular. It was used for portraiture, landscape work, architectural photography and art photography.[citation needed] The world's largest wet process collodion glass plate negatives known to survive, measuring 53 inches (1.35 m) x 37 inches (0.94 m), are held at the State Library of New South Wales.[2][3][4]
The wet plate process is used by a number of artists and experimenters who prefer its aesthetic qualities to those of the more modern gelatin silver process.[citation needed] World Wet Plate Day is staged annually in May for contemporary practitioners.[5]
Search for a dry collodion process
The extreme inconvenience of exposing wet collodion in the field led to many attempts to develop a dry collodion process, which could be exposed and developed some time after coating. A large number of methods were tried, though none was ever found to be truly practical and consistent in operation. Well-known scientists such as Joseph Sidebotham, Richard Kennett, Major Russell and Frederick Charles Luther Wratten attempted, but never met with good results.[citation needed]
Typically, methods involved coating or mixing the collodion with a substance that prevented it from drying quickly. As long as the collodion remained at least partially wet, it retained some of its sensitivity. Common processes involved chemicals such as glycerin, magnesium nitrate, tannic acid and albumen. Others involved more unlikely substances, such as tea, coffee, honey, beer and seemingly unending combinations thereof.[citation needed]
Many methods worked to an extent; they allowed the plate to be exposed hours, or even days, after coating. They all possessed the chief disadvantage, that they rendered the plate extremely slow. An image could require anywhere from three to ten times more exposure on a dry plate than on a wet plate.[citation needed]
Collodion emulsion
In 1864 W. B. Bolton and B. J. Sayce published an idea for a process that would revolutionize photography. They suggested that sensitive silver salts be formed in a liquid collodion, rather than being precipitated, in-situ, on the surface of a plate. A light-sensitive plate could then be prepared by simply flowing this emulsion across the surface of a glass plate; no silver nitrate bath was required.
This idea was soon brought to fruition. First, a printing emulsion was developed using silver chloride. These emulsions were slow, and could not be developed, so they were mostly used for positive printing. Shortly later, silver iodide and silver bromide emulsions were produced. These proved to be significantly faster, and the image could be brought out by development.
The emulsions also had the advantage that they could be washed. In the wet collodion process, silver nitrate reacted with a halide salt; potassium iodide, for example. This resulted in a double replacement reaction. The silver and iodine ions in solution reacted, forming silver iodide on the collodion film. However, at the same time, potassium nitrate also formed, from the potassium ions in the iodide and the nitrate ions in the silver. This salt could not be removed in the wet process. However, with the emulsion process, it could be washed out after creation of the emulsion.
The speed of the emulsion process was unremarkable. It was not as fast as the ordinary wet process, but was not nearly as slow as the dry plate processes. Its chief advantage was that each plate behaved the same way. Inconsistencies in the ordinary process were rare.
Collodion emulsion preparation example
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Below is an example of the preparation of a collodion emulsion, from the late 19th century. The language has been adapted to be more modern, and the units of measure have been converted to metric.
4.9 grams of pyroxylin are dissolved in 81.3 ml of alcohol, 148 ml of ether.
13 grams of zinc bromide are dissolved in 29.6 ml of alcohol. Four or five drops of nitric acid are added. This is added to half the collodion made above.
21.4 grams of silver nitrate are dissolved in 7.4 ml of water. 29.6 ml of alcohol are added. This is then poured into the other half of the collodion; the brominized collodion dropped in, slowly, while stirring.
The result is an emulsion of silver bromide. It is left to ripen for 10 to 20 hours, until it attains a creamy consistency. It may then be used or washed, as outlined below.
To wash, the emulsion is poured into a dish and the solvents are evaporated until the collodion becomes gelatinous. It is then washed with water, followed by a washing in alcohol. After washing, it is redissolved in a mixture of ether and alcohol and is then ready for use.
Emulsions created in this manner could be used wet, but they were often coated on the plate and preserved in similar ways to the dry process.
Collodion emulsion plates were developed in an alkaline developer, not unlike those in common use today. An example formula follows.
Part A: Pyrogallic acid 96 g Alcohol 1 oz.
Part B: Potassium bromide 12 g Distilled Water 30 ml
Part C: Ammonium carbonate 80 g Water 30 ml
When needed for use, mix 0.37 ml of A, 2.72 ml of B and 10.9 ml of C. Flow this over the plate until developed. If a dry plate is used, first wash the preservative off in running water.[citation needed]
L515 curves through the Matteson cloverleaf and enters the CN/IC Chicago Sub for Homewood with 3 EMD variants. June 2024
As well as being more consistent in general when it comes to building, I wanted to expand my horizons a bit. So here's my first foray into the world of Tachikoma!
The idea behind this was a think tank that moves freight around in a large depot, analogous to a forklift I guess. The cage at the back that forms the abdomen opens up to swap cargo in and out. I wasn't sure how to go about it at first, but once I got in the groove I had an absolute blast and finished it in one sitting. There's plenty of time left in Marchikoma so I might even make another.
This title is a reference to a 65daysofstatic song (they soundtrack a lot of my buliding sessions). Matching the tachi up with the red robot from the CMF series seemed like a cute idea, particularly once I discovered the wrench manipulator arm makes it look like it's stroking its chin.
Hi everyone.
I know it's been quite a few years, probably around four now, since I've consistently updated this flickr.
There are a lot of you who've been following me for that long, some even longer.
So I think you guys know that I went through some times.
I'm going to be moving here soon into a place that feels right for me.
Ever since I graduated college and became a studio director I've felt separate from myself, like I've lost the ability to see myself, to see through myself. That's terrifying for me, but I'm bearing with it. Because if I've learned anything in the last four years, it's that nearly everything is transient, and life is not so much a matter of strength, as it is patience.
Ride it out.
Anyway, once I move I'm going to be getting back into my work.
The last year without consistent creation has been incredibly painful and draining BECAUSE of that.
So I just wanted to thank all the wonderful wonderful people who have supported me on this site for years.
I know I don't really reply to comments, but please know I read them all and truly treasure them.
There is going to be a great deal of new work coming soon!
I'm actually going to be working on a functioning website as well as my second book so I'll let you all know when that happens.
Again thank you from the bottom of my heart.
You've all been amazing over the years.
<3 <3 <3 <3
*The photo above is from earlier this week. I just bought some lenses for photo shoots and couldn't resist trying them out myself.
Also I have an instagram: YagodichJagodic.
I've had a few people ask about that so feel free.
It's private, but I approve everyone. I just keep it that way for practical professional reasons.
Una cordà és una manifestació pirotècnica, generalment nocturna, consistent en un grup de coets, del tipus carretó o també denominats coets borratxos, penjats en una canya o pal sobres el qual es col · loquen els coets i que van deixant-se anar i esclatant. A part, els participants, vestits amb roba que els cobreix tot el cos per evitar cremades, van agafant i llançant-los a l'aire dins del recinte acotat i durant un temps limitat.
Una cordà es una manifestación pirotécnica, generalmente nocturna, consistente en un grupo de cohetes, del tipo carretilla o también denominados cohetes borrachos, colgados en una caña o palo sobres el cual se colocan los cohetes y que van soltándose y estallando. Aparte, los participantes, vestidos con ropa que les cubre todo el cuerpo para evitar quemaduras, van cogiéndolo y lanzándolos al aire dentro del recinto acotado y durante un tiempo limitado.
In the mid-19th-century, "at a time when Black men had virtually no opportunities in the American South, Horace King (1807 – 1885) was the most respected bridge builder from Georgia to Mississippi. In 2004, to honor the architect's legacy, the PATH Foundation built this bridge across Stephenson Creek, in the style of Horace King's many lattice truss bridges."
— PATH marker at bridge site
Horace W. King Commemorative Covered Bridge
DeKalb County (Klondike), Georgia, USA.
28 November 2023.
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▶ "A slave who bought his freedom in 1846, Horace King was an engineer and architect who built bridges across the South. At one point, King was responsible for every major crossing on the Chattahoochee River. After the Civil War, King continued building and served in the Alabama State House."
— Arabia Mountain Alliance pamphlet
▶ "The 55-foot-long covered bridge over Stephenson Creek was designed by Merle Grimes, a PATH Foundation design consultant. Grimes did significant research on Mr. King before contacting Steadfast Bridge builders in Scottsboro, Alabama, to create an affordable bridge that honored the spirit of Horace King's design. Built in 2004, the result was a metal frame structure, modified to accept wood-cladding consistent with a King covered bridge."
April 2022
▶ To clarify, Pole Bridge Creek is NOT the creek over which the bridge extends (which is Stevenson Creek). Rather, it's the name of this spur of the Arabia Mountain PATH that begins alongside rapids on Pole Bridge Creek, 1⅓ miles to the east.
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▶ A covered bridge built in 1891 by Horace King's son, Washington W. King, remains in use today, in Stone Mountain Park, about twenty miles to the north.
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▶ Photo by Yours For Good Fermentables.com.
▶ For a larger image, type 'L' (without the quotation marks).
— Follow on Facebook: YoursForGoodFermentables.
— Follow on Instagram: @tcizauskas.
— Follow on Vero: @cizauskas.
▶ Camera: Olympus OM-D E-M10 II.
— Lens: Olympus M.14-42mm F3.5-5.6 II R.
— Edit: Photoshop Elements 15, Nik Collection (2016).
▶ Commercial use requires explicit permission, as per Creative Commons.
Victory Liner
Fleet No.: 7220
Model: 2018 Almazora Tourist Star
( MAN RR3 19.360 HOCL )
*Taken During Transport and Logistics Philippines 2018
Much less consistent seeing today, but I was still able to salvage a results that's little different in quality than yesterday's. No apparent effect of forest fire smoke from California yet.
Mars was magnitude -1.89 with angular diameter of 19.4", and was 92.7% illuminated.
One consistent allocation, this batch of E400 Scanias was new for the 88 in 2010 when Stagecoach went on quite an expansion in the City.
15717 heads along Arundel Gate with an 88 to Bents Green via Hunters Bar and Ecclesall.
A group of supervillains that Pyrite brings together after they all consistently lose to Heavyweight on separate occasions.
Alias: White Wraith
Real Name: Blanc Slate
Gender: Male
Allegiance: Villain
Backstory: His story was nothing noteworthy. Honestly, he was just a regular person, going about his daily life. That is of course, until a near death accident changed everything. How bland and boring, I know. He was comatose for a month, before he would wake up. Upon waking up, he was confused of the people around him. They were family, but he didn't know who these people were. He would lash out, saying that they are trying to trap him there at the hospital. His ghostly powers manifested themselves during this time. as his breakdown would cause him to telekinetically throw one of the visitors into the wall, while he himself floated up and out of his bed. Not knowing anything about himself, he searched for answers. But all he saw was fear in people's eyes. He would learn the reason why, when he looked at himself through a storefront's window. A white wraith of sorts, with yellow eyes. After calming down, he would revert back to his regular appearance. Not knowing where to go, he would sit on the streets of the Halford district, trying to use his powers to make some money. In his first outing as the villainous White Wraith, he would come into conflict with the hero Night Angel. Having similar appearances, Wraith thought he would find a kindred spirit in the hero, but Night Angel wasn't interested in talking, as Wraith had broken the law by stealing. This act would not go unnoticed though, as Mayhem was looking to recruit more for their cause. He would be broken out of prison by Thrill Kill, and Buzzsaw, two grunts of the organization. Thankful for not being locked up anymore, he decided to join them, though even he's not sure how long he'll stay. Needing a name, Crepuscule suggested Blanc Slate. He liked the sound of it, and would get a job as a receptionist at Victoria's PI office. His hatred towards Night Angel grows with each day.
Real Name: Xion
Gender: Male
Alignment: Villain
Backstory: Xion grew up on a farm, where he would be worked to the bone at unruly hours of the day. His complaints fall on deaf ears, as his parents wanted him to learn how to run the farm, so that eventually, he can take over the family business. It was discovered, that the crops grown there, had traces of radiation. His parents denied it, but it was only a matter of time, before CCBN junior reporter Asher Adams wrote an expose on the farm. Xion's parents would be sent to prison, and he would be sent to a monastery, due to his violent tendencies. For many years, Xion was isolated from the world, living with the other monks. While he was frustrated at how his parents treated him, they were still family. In time, he would realize they only wanted him to succeed. Most of his anger was targeted at Asher for putting them behind bars. During his time at the monastery, he would find a mystical hat in the old archives room. The rims of the hat, with razor blades (Think Kung Lao from Mortal Kombat). Upon trying it on, he had the urge to throw it. In doing so, he knocked a random vase off the shelf with such precision, and it came back to him. This relic is able to teleport back to him whenever he wants. In addition to this, when he holds it, becomes a shield, strong enough to stop bullets. One of the others tried stopping him from taking it, but seeing himself as the rightful owner of the hat, Xion killed the monk. He would leave the monastery in that moment, knowing they would come for him. Traveling back to Cardinal City, he seeks to take everything away from Asher Adams, and then, only then, will he kill him. In combat, he primarily uses his hat.
Alias: Pyrite
Real Name: Holden Ridgewood
Gender: Male
Alignment: Villain
Powers: Having a unique physiology thanks to the experiment that gave him his powers, Holden is able to change into different shapes, both solid and liquid. As a metallic polymorph, he can reshape his limbs into various weapons, and anything else he so desires. Because of this power, he's also able to cling onto the sides of buildings quite easily. Since he's not exactly human anymore, he doesn't require food, water, or oxygen to survive. Even though it's not necessary for his survival, he does it anyway, as some foods are just too tasty to give up! He's very hard to damage due to his body being now made up of metal. Also has an immunity to biological attacks.
Weaknesses: Fire, or Electricity
Backstory: Holden's brother would be sentenced to death as capital punishment, for a crime he truly didn't commit. Since Holden pretty much idolized his brother, he knew this wasn't right. It was the system's fault. A corrupt justice system, that only lives to serve the wealthy elite. As Holden Ridgewood, he gets texts and emails, everyday, blaming him. Saying how he should've seen it coming, and that there's something he could've done to prevent this tragedy. It was at this point, he would go, seeking power to make everything right. He no longer viewed the heroes in the city in a positive light, as they let an innocent man be killed, as well as protecting the corrupt from harm. He would undergo experimentation, which would change him, into something more than human. As Pyrite, he seeks to bring an end to the system that got his brother killed
Alias: Antimony
Gender: Female
Allegiance: Villain
Backstory: The villain's real name is not known, as taking off Antimony's "costume" would result in her death. No one even knows for sure if Antimony is actually female, just presumed because Antimony's voice sounds very feminine, along with the way she acts. Antimony just loves to watch chaos ensue in Cardinal City. There's no real rhyme or reason to the people she kills, just mostly for her own amusement. While she is resistant to heat, she doesn't have full out durability, so if you hit her hard enough, she will go down. Antimony is able to do various things with metals. One is the ability to liquify said metal, and another is to make said metal ductile, allowing for cables to be formed, which she uses often, to ensnare her opponents. Finally, Antimony can change liquids into various metals.
Lately I've been distancing and limiting my time on social media and just kinda living my SLife. And I must say I HIGHLY recommend it. Surprisingly I've been in better moods consistently, far more present and even a lot more productive in my responsibilities. I would say the challenge in this new found "social media free" life is now balancing the promotion and engagement of my businesses--it's def a balancing act! And I'm still defining what that looks like to me. For now I'm off to explore the grid and check out my Dad's new home!
Enjoy this light effortless look!
Hair: Platinum hairbase in "Bambi" and Punklist flexi hair in style "YaYa"
Eyeshadow: Sante "Vivianne" (tinted lavendar) base eyeshadow + "Keikumu "Blind eye contour set" in black
Lashes: Mai Bilavio "Erykah Badu" FFC set
Blush: Dotty's secret "glamrock" blush (tinted to a warm apricot shade)
Lipstick: Ives "Gigi" lipgloss
Accessories
Earrings: Revienne "Lael" in gold
Necklace: Revienne "Nouer" in gold
Handbag: Revienne "The Dame Du Ciel" in white
Wardrobe
Jacket: Ison "Ayla fringe jacket" in lavendar
Dress: Rosary "Calie" dress in white
Heels: Brior "Intrico" platform heels in white
Each year, as heavy snow blankets the high elevations of the Beartooth Mountains and the Wind River Range in northwestern Wyoming, the stage is set for one of nature's great spectacles: the Bighorn Sheep rut! The snow forces the Bighorns down to lower elevations and the sagebrush-filled valleys, where they can more easily find and access food. The snow also signals the start of the rut - the period (usually lasting two-three weeks) when the Bighorn rams sort out the mating rights of each herd. This involves several stages. First, the rams gather into small groups and test each other's condition. Often this involves kicking potential competitors (usually in the crotch!). Then the larger, mature and experienced rams chase the smaller, weaker and younger rams away from the females (called "ewes"). At this point, the big boys battle it out with a consistent display of head banging in an extraordinary demonstration of speed, power and ferocity.
This brief film highlights the picturesque scenery of this area, which is one of the most beautiful in North America, and documents the various stages of the big event: The Bighorn Rut.
© Registered Glatz Nature Productions 2020. All rights reserved.
Guimarães, Portugal
The historic town of Guimarães is associated with the emergence of the Portuguese national identity in the 12th century. An exceptionally well-preserved and authentic example of the evolution of a medieval settlement into a modern town, its rich building typology exemplifies the specific development of Portuguese architecture from the 15th to 19th century through the consistent use of traditional building materials and techniques.
Cementiri. Anyos poble, La Massana, Vall nord, Andorra, Pyrenees - (c) Lutz Meyer
More Anyos & La Massana parroquia images: Follow the group links at right side.
.......
About this image:
* Full frame format 3x2 quality image
* Usage: Large format prints optional
* Motive is suitable as symbol pic
* "Andorra authentic" edition (20 years 2003-2023)
* "Andorra camis & rutes" active collection
* Advanced metadata functionality on dynamic websites or apps
* for large metadata-controlled business collections: photo-archives, travel agencies, tourism editiorials
We offer 200.000+ photos of Andorra and North of Spain. 20.000+ visable here at Flickr. Its the largest professional image catalog of Andorra: all regions, all cities and villages, all times, all seasons, all weather(s). Consistent for additional advanced programming. For smartphones and web-db. REAL TIME!
It's based on GeoCoded stock-photo images and metadata with 4-5 languages. Prepared for easy systematic organising of very large image portfolios with advanced online / print-publishing as "Culture-GIS" (Geographic Info System).
More information about usage, tips, how-to, conditions: www.flickr.com/people/lutzmeyer/. Get quality, data consistency, stable organisation and PR environments: Professional stockphotos for exciting stories - docu, tales, mystic.
Ask for licence! lutz(at)lutz-meyer.com
(c) Lutz Meyer, all rights reserved. Do not use this photo without license.
No consistent distinction exists between cormorants and shags. The names "cormorant" and "shag" were originally the common names of the two species of the family found in Great Britain – Phalacrocorax carbo (now referred to by ornithologists as the great cormorant) and Gulosus aristotelis (the European shag). "Shag" refers to the bird's crest, which the British forms of the great cormorant lack. As other species were encountered by English-speaking sailors and explorers elsewhere in the world, some were called cormorants and some shags, sometimes depending on whether they had crests or not. Sometimes the same species is called a cormorant in one part of the world and a shag in another.
Source: Wikipedia
Aldosa (back) & Els Plans (front), La Massana, Vall nord, Andorra, Pyrenees - (c) Lutz Meyer
More Aldosa, La Massana, Vall nord, Andorra, Pyrenees: Follow the group links at right side.
.......
About this image:
* Full frame format 3x2 quality image
* Usage: Large format prints optional
* Motive is suitable as symbol pic
* "Andorra authentic" edition (20 years 2004-2024)
* "Andorra camis & rutes" active collection
* Advanced metadata functionality on dynamic websites or apps
* for large metadata-controlled business collections: photo-archives, travel agencies, tourism editiorials
We offer 200.000+ photos of Andorra and North of Spain. 20.000+ visable here at Flickr. Its the largest professional image catalog of Andorra: all regions, all cities and villages, all times, all seasons, all weather(s). Consistent for additional advanced programming. For smartphones and web-db. REAL TIME!
It's based on GeoCoded stock-photo images and metadata with 4-5 languages. Prepared for easy systematic organising of very large image portfolios with advanced online / print-publishing as "Culture-GIS" (Geographic Info System).
More information about usage, tips, how-to, conditions: www.flickr.com/people/lutzmeyer/. Get quality, data consistency, stable organisation and PR environments: Professional stockphotos for exciting stories - docu, tales, mystic.
Ask for licence! lutz(at)lutz-meyer.com
(c) Lutz Meyer, all rights reserved. Do not use this photo without license.
Our most faithful and frequent follower around our backyard is by far the fun loving, fast moving chickadees.
SEA OF Japan (April 14, 2023) - On Apr. 14, U.S. Indo-Pacific Command deployed two bombers and accompanying aircraft in a bilateral air exercise with Japan Self-Defense Forces fighters over the Sea of Japan, demonstrating the consistent and capable deterrence options readily available to the U.S.-Japan Alliance. (Photo by JASDF) 230414-M-UY543-1001
** Interested in following U.S. Indo-Pacific Command? Engage and connect with us at www.facebook.com/indopacom | twitter.com/INDOPACOM | www.instagram.com/indopacom | www.flickr.com/photos/us-pacific-command; | www.youtube.com/user/USPacificCommand | www.pacom.mil/ **
Beautiful little creature.
The only hummingbird found consistently all over the Eastern U.S. and Canada.
The red gorget of the male Ruby-throat can appear black in certain light and at certain angles.
Name: Beverly "Bev" Ridge
Location: Atlantic City, NJ
"Do You Have Bratz Style?": Of course I do! I love combining current trends with some old style and keeping everything consistently original!
Andorra border to Alt Urgell, Catalunya, Sant Julia parroquia, Gran Valira, Andorra - (c) Lutz Meyer
More Sant Julia city & Sant Julia de Loria parroquia images: Follow the group links at right side.
.......
About this image:
* Medium format 4x3 (645) high quality image
* Usage: Large format prints optional
* Motive is suitable as symbol pic
* "Andorra authentic" edition (20 years 2003-2023)
* "Andorra camis & rutes" active collection
* Advanced metadata functionality on dynamic websites or apps
* for large metadata-controlled business collections: photo-archives, travel agencies, tourism editiorials
We offer 200.000+ photos of Andorra and North of Spain. 20.000+ visable here at Flickr. Its the largest professional image catalog of Andorra: all regions, all cities and villages, all times, all seasons, all weather(s). Consistent for additional advanced programming. For smartphones and web-db. REAL TIME!
It's based on GeoCoded stock-photo images and metadata with 4-5 languages. Prepared for easy systematic organising of very large image portfolios with advanced online / print-publishing as "Culture-GIS" (Geographic Info System).
More information about usage, tips, how-to, conditions: www.flickr.com/people/lutzmeyer/. Get quality, data consistency, stable organisation and PR environments: Professional stockphotos for exciting stories - docu, tales, mystic.
Ask for licence! lutz(at)lutz-meyer.com
(c) Lutz Meyer, all rights reserved. Do not use this photo without license.
Location: Crab Island, Port Klang, Selangor, Malaysia.
The island was founded more than 100 years ago by crab hunters from mainland Klang. Located in a lovely little fishing village of Snow Island Port Klang, the majority of the residents are living fishing. Approximately ninety percent ethnic Chinese compatriots, Chaozhou and Fujian by consistently lives a simple life, laid-back, simple.
There are no cars, no motorcycles, only bicycles and the No. 11 car, so did not like the traffic congestion of the city, did not find the trouble of parking spaces, a bicycle can be unimpeded access, very comfortable.
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সাবধানবাণী: বাণিজ্যিক উদ্দেশ্যে এই সাইটের কোন ছবি ব্যবহার করা
সম্পূর্ণভাবে নিষিদ্ধ এবং কপিরাইট আইনে দণ্ডনীয় অপরাধ।
© All Rights Reserved
Please seek my consent to publish it anywhere.
:::::::::::::: [RAZU] ::::::::::::::
jakirrazu@hotmail.com
Mobile no: 006 0163080112
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So I'm settled in at the computer early this morning when I hear loud, harsh, consistent "squawking" of a sort I've never heard before. I knew it was close because even with the windows closed it was clearly audible. Out on the deck I go, and off to the side I spot a fox just sitting in the middle of the road barking. He doesn't seem to notice me. Odd behavior, but It continues, so I go back in and get my camera with the absurd concept that I might actually get an animal shot out of all this.
Still barking, it suddenly occurs to me that there must be some object of this attention. So peering around the corner of the house, I find that there is indeed...in the form of my cat who apparently is engaged in a face-off with the easily twice as large fox. She, however, utilizing the tactic of silence, while calmly lying about 20 feet away, also in the road, staring down the fox.
This additional movement on my part sent the fox scurrying (you don't see any fox photos of course). As for Star, betraying her seeming calm, she took off like a shot when I called her...adrenalin flowing...a 30 yard sprint up the stairs to the deck and into the house.
While clearly showing survival skills, it is this type of "run-in" that caused me to question whether letting her out was the right thing to do...especially in an area which abounds with "dangerous critters." She must have had numerous encounters in the past...especially at night when she prefers to be out...and I admit to breathing a sigh of relief each time she returns. But she clearly loves the freedom (don't we all?) and I could never take it from her now...
In regards to aircraft fleets, Ryanair is definitely one of the most consistent with a standard fleet of Boeing 737s (except Lauda Europe which utilises Airbus A320s) across most of their subsidiaries; the Boeing 737-800 make up considerably the majority of the low-cost carriers fleet, with the subsidiaries now taking delivery of brand new high-density 197-seater Boeing 737-8-200 MAXs which feature an additional pair of emergency exits located aft of the wing, similar to the larger Boeing 737-9 and yet to be certified Boeing 737-10.
Ryanair became the launch customer of the higher-density Boeing 737-8-200 MAX variant; with 58 already in the fleet across Ryanair, Buzz and Malta Air, providing variety especially with the Buzz and Malta Air aircraft with some even carrying different liveries of the respective airline.
Whilst Ryanair have praised the efficiency of the Boeing 737-8-200 MAX fleet, there was disdain after negotiations for an order of the much larger Boeing 737-10 fell-through owing to disagreement in pricing. Whether an order will be placed in the future remains to be seen.
Currently, Ryanair Group operates 468 Boeing 737s, which includes one Boeing 737-700 (Ryanair), 409 Boeing 737-800s (235 with Ryanair, 46 with Buzz, 120 with Malta Air and 8 with Ryanair UK) and 58 Boeing 737-8-200 MAXs (21 with Ryanair, 12 with Buzz and 24 with Malta Air). Ryanair have 153 Boeing 737-8-200 MAXs on-order.
Hotel Golf Whiskey is one of 58 Boeing 737-8-200 MAXs operated by Ryanair Group, delivered new to the low-cost carrier on 1st February 2022 and she is powered by 2 CFM International LEAP-1B27 engines.
Boeing 737-8-200 MAX EI-HGW slows along Runway 15 at Birmingham (BHX) after working FR670 from Dublin-Collinstown (DUB).
Hyles lineata
Species of moth
Hyles lineata, also known as the white-lined sphinx, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. They are sometimes known as a "hummingbird moth" because of their bird-like size (2-3 inch wingspan) and flight patterns.
Quick Facts White-lined sphinx, Scientific classification ...
As caterpillars, they have a wide range of color phenotypes but show consistent adult coloration. With a wide geographic range throughout Central and North America, H. lineata is known to feed on many different host plants as caterpillars and pollinate a variety of flowers as adults.
Larvae are powerful eaters and are known to form massive groupings capable of damaging crops and gardens. As adults, they use both visual and olfactory perception to locate plants from which they collect nectar.
Description
Caterpillar
Larvae show wide variation in color. The larvae are black with orange spots arranged in lines down the whole body. Their head's prothoracic shield, and the anal plate, are one color, either green or orange with small black dots. A tail-like spine protruding from the back of the body is a typical for sphingid moth caterpillars, known as “hornworms”. This horn, which may sometimes be yellow and have a black tip, is not a stinger, and the caterpillars are not harmful to humans. The larvae can also sometimes be lime green and black.
Dark green larva
Light green larva in Colorado
Yellow larvae in Arizona
Adult
The forewing is dark brown with a tan stripe which extends from the base to the apex. There are also white lines that cover the veins. The black hindwing has a broad pink median band. It has a wingspan of 2 to 3 inches. This moth is large and has a stout furry body. The dorsal hind region is crossed by six distinct white stripes and similar striping patterns on the wings. The hindwings are black with a thick, red-pink stripe in the middle.
Geographic range
Hyles lineata is one of the most abundant hawk moths in North America and has a very wide geographic range. This range extends from Central America to southern Canada through Mexico and most of the United States. Some regions of South Asia like Sindh, Pakistan are reported to have habitates to these Moths. They can also be found occasionally in the West Indies. Rarely, specimens have also been reported in Eurasia and Africa.[additional citation(s) needed]
The abundance of Hyles lineata populations in specific locations varies significantly from year to year, and has been thought to influence selection on flower phenotypes, although studies throughout the years show mixed results.
Habitat
White-lined Sphinx hovering over flowers in Vail Village. Vail, CO.
Hovering over flowers in Vail Village. Vail, Colorado
With such a wide geographic range, H. lineata are known to live in a variety of habitats, including deserts, gardens and suburbs. They have also been seen in abundance in the mountains of Colorado, but their presence varies from year to year in many places.
White-lined Sphinx moth hovering over Honeysuckle in Fort Collins, Colorado
Food resources
Caterpillars
Source:
Willow weed (Epilobium)
Four o'clock (Mirabilis)
Apple (Malus)
Evening primrose (Oenothera)
Elm (Ulmus)
Grape (Vitis)
Tomato (Solanum)
Purslane (Portulaca)
Fuchsia
Clarkia
Adults
Source:
Columbines
Larkspurs
Four o'clock (Mirabilis)
Petunia
Honeysuckle
Moonvine
Bouncing bet
Lilac
Clovers
Thistles
Jimson weed
Trumpet Vine
The adults will feed on different flowers depending on time of day. If at night, they will choose flowers that are white or pale colored, which are easier to identify in contrast to the dark foliage surrounding the flower. If during daylight, they will choose flowers that are more brightly colored.
Behavior
The foraging patterns of H. lineata varies according to altitude, temperature and other factors, all of which are highly variable over its vast geographic distribution.
White-lined sphinx resting on an outdoor structure near grape leaves at dusk in Santa Barbara, CA
Resting near grape leaves at dusk. Santa Barbara, California.
Hyles lineata prefer flying at night but also sometimes fly during the day. They are most commonly seen at dusk and dawn.
Pollination
H. lineata are common pollinators and are known to collect nectar from flowers. As caterpillars they feed on a huge diversity of host plants and as adults they prefer nectar over flowers. A study from the 1970s focused on H. lineata nectar feeding patterns in Emerald Lake, Colorado, specifically on Aquilegia coerulea flowers. Of the H. lineata individuals that had visited A. coerulea flowers, two groups of moths were identified, one with patches of pollen near their eyes and ones with no detectable pollen on their bodies. Between the two groups, tongue length was significantly different, with longer-tongued individuals having no pollen and shorter-tongued individuals having pollen. These results suggest that within H. lineata, some individuals are effective pollinators while some are not pollinating at all, with shorter-tongued individuals carrying out the most effective pollination.
Other studies have investigated its role as pollinators in flower morphology. Individuals visiting Aquilegia chrysantha flowers in Pima County, AZ, had proboscis lengths very similar to the length of the nectar spur of the flower, suggesting coevolution.
Hawk moths, including H. lineata, are considered long-tongued nectar foragers, although nearly 20% of all hawk moth species have very short tongues compared to H. lineata. A 1997 study found correlations between tongue length and latitude distribution: mean tongue length declines from around 40 mm to as short as 15 mm as northern latitude increase from 0 to 50 degrees. The author speculates that tongues have lengthened in hawk moths of extratropical regions where it is more difficult and energetically costly to find larval food plants that are often inconspicuous, thus they need to take up more nectar at once to fuel their longer flights. Conversely, in more northern regions, short tongues are sufficient because finding larval food plants is an easier task and they do not need to take up as much nectar to fuel their flights.
One 2009 study showed that whiter flowers are associated with an annual presence of hawk moths, including H. lineata. Their data also showed that the annual presence of H. lineata populations selects for whiter flowers. Other hawk moth species with similar range overlap, specifically Sphinx vashti, show a correlation of annual presence with longer spurs on flowers. Thus hawk moths in general have been demonstrated to impact selection on flower morphology.
Life history
Oviposition
In the spring, adult females lay eggs on various types of plants, on which the resulting larvae feed. Each individual female can produce hundreds of eggs over her life.
Seasonality
Larvae overwinter and can emerge between February and November, at which point they begin to feed on a variety of host plants. Caterpillars are known to be ardent eaters. When preparing to transition into the pupal stage, caterpillars dig shallow burrows in the ground where they then stay for 2 to 3 weeks, at which point they emerge as adults. As they get closer to pupating, they will wiggle up closer to the surface which makes it easier to emerge.
Adults typically do not survive cold northern winters, but larvae overwinter and moths begin to appear in mid-May. Depending on abundance, a second flight may occur in late August or early September. Larvae are known to gather and form giant hordes in search of host plants, and they can eat entire plants, cover entire roadways and form huge slick masses as they go.
Typically there are two generations per year, but warmer climate see more generations.
Physiology
Flight
H. lineata, when feeding, tend to hover in front of flowers and control their hovering by visual cues from the flowers.
Vision
Close-up of eye & head
Though hawk moths can be both diurnal or nocturnal (or both), they all have three spectral receptors that are sensitive to blue light, green light and ultraviolet. Though it was originally assumed that hawk moths relied primarily on olfactory cues to locate flowers, due to their prevalence at particularly odorous plants, studies have shown that hawk moths actually have great vision and are very sensitive to light.
Olfaction
Though vision is a key component of H. lineata physiology, they do also have strong olfactory capabilities. They have been shown to be very sensitive to odors coming from flowers, and they have a strong ability to learn flower odors quickly.
Interactions with humans
Food source
The caterpillars have been (and in some places still are) gathered and eaten by Native Americans (e.g.,). After collection, they would be skewered and roasted for a feast, and any leftovers were stored whole or ground up after being dried. The nutritional value of the larvae has been analyzed, and found to be significant; they contain almost as much fat as hamburger meat, but have almost one-third less saturated fat, and more energy (in calories), protein, carbohydrate, riboflavin, and niacin than hamburger meat.
Pest of crop plants
Caterpillars often form massive groups in search for food. Outbreaks have been reported in Utah that have damaged grapes, tomatoes and garden crops.
References