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Great hit Harley! Especially considering you got thrown into a wall!
Ooooh! Coco! Low blow! My turn!
--Bang—Bang!
Dam it that amour is thick “Batman”. I must give it to you though—you’ve got a strong arm—almost had be worried for a minute! Hehehehahaha!
You know my neck still hurts a bit…better return the favor…Harley!
SMACK!
Ooooh! You really aren’t him! Batman would have been able to withstand that! But if you really want to be like him—then you need to get initiated into the Bat family! Hehehehe! Perhaps a bullet to the spine! Oh no—that’s not good enough! A bomb! This bomb! With all of Gotham watching—with all those police men down there!
Ah! Look! My ride is here! Hahahaha! Bring down the ropes! Get up there Coco! Harley!
Hahahaha! I hope you like my toy box clown—that dynamite he’s holding will set of the chain that’ll raise this whole building down! You know you’re not the first of Batman’s boys to be in this situation! And it turned out good for him!
Oh! Before I forget—can’t let you leave…
--Bang!—Bang!—Bang!
We’ll see if the armor on you’re knees is strong enough for that! Hahahehehe! Ok kid, I guess it’s time for me to go! Don’t say up too late…and have a nice afterlife!
Oh…and one more thing…when you see the Batman…tell him I said…hello…
The Joker moves from Wayne Station (#45) to attack the High-rise Apartments (#39), defeating Jean Paul Valley.
--------------------------------------------
Joker and JVP Story Arc:
By Baricade & Juilus No
Part 1: The Commencement
Part 2: Joker Face
Part 3: The Confrontation
Part 4: Joker Face 2
Part 5: The Conclusion
Part 6: Joker Face 3
this piece started with scribbling out a smudge on the paper, then drawing a flower that bounced off it in a compositionally interesting way. sometimes when you don't know what to make, the best thing you can do is just do *something,* even if it's just a scribble, and see what branches out in your mind from there.
if you're interested in hearing more of my thoughts on what to do to when you don't know what to make, check out my youtube channel, linked below!
Grafton, UT - This a very small cemetery just outside the ghost town of Grafton. Majority of the graves here are Mormons however there are a few Indians. It was noted that even though the Mormons and Indians fought each other, the settlers did bury the fallen Indians in the same graveyard of their own families. There is something a bit odd to have fake flowers on a real grave.
Sunday, 28 January 2024: our temperature around 3:00 pm today is a ridiculous PLUS 11°C! Sure beats our recent -30°C's and -40°C's!! Sunrise was at 8:19 am and sunset will be at 5:18 pm.
"As we enter the final days of January 2024, things are looking up for the Prairies. They will be considerably up on the thermometer, that is. It will be a fitting conclusion to the first month of 2024 after such a bitterly cold start, thanks to the polar vortex." The Weather Network.
Adding five more photos from my archives this evening. If I wrote a description under any previously-posted photos that were taken on the same outings as these 'new' photos posted today, I will add it under today's photos.
It has now been 30 days since I have managed to get out for any kind of drive, the last one being on 28 December 2023! The latest "thing" I have had to deal with (yesterday) was having a scam website hack into my credit card. Now, of course, I have to wait probably five days for a new card to arrive. Keeping my fingers crossed that things on auto-payment aren't messed up by this, which I think happened once before.
"This photo was taken on 6 August 2016, when I went on a mushroom foray at Rod Handfield's acreage. Though this was a fungi day (well, morning), we also came across a few wildflower species, too.
I found the whole day physically and mentally exhausting (a mix of excitement and stress). It was a great day, too, thanks to friend, Sandy! She very kindly picked me up around 8:15 am and we drove SW of the city and SW of Millarville to Rod Handfield's acreage. For a number of years, this has been one of my favourite places to explore, as Rod's forest tends to be full of all sorts of beautiful treasures. It is one of the two best places that I know for mushrooms, the other being Brown-Lowery Provincial Park. This year turned out after all to be great for fungi, thanks to all the endless, torrential rain we had in the summer. This year has had such weird weather - a very mild, dry winter, a spring that was as dry and hot as a summer, and then a wet, thundery summer. Winter paid the city a visit all Thanksgiving weekend (about a week ago), but now we are back to more sunshine and somewhat warmer temperatures.
We met up with a group of other interested people, most of whom we didn't know, and we searched the land for fungi. Right at the start, I was telling Sandy that on the last visit there (or one of the last), maybe four years ago (17 August 2010, so six years ago - how time flies!), we had seen a beautiful Amanita muscaria / Fly agaric mushroom growing just a few feet from the start of the hike. Sure enough, there were several growing in exactly the same spot on this day, which was so exciting. Later in the walk, we saw two other patches of absolute beauties of this hallucinogenic, poisonous species, including ones that were at a younger stage, as seen in this photo. The rain was spitting during our walk, and the forest was so dark, but amazingly, some of my photos came out well enough - this one could have been quite a bit sharper. Thanks so much, Karel, for organizing and leading this trip and for sharing your knowledge with us!
"A large conspicuous mushroom, Amanita muscaria is generally common and numerous where it grows, and is often found in groups with basidiocarps in all stages of development. Fly agaric fruiting bodies emerge from the soil looking like a white egg, covered in the white warty material of the universal veil... Amanita muscaria poisoning occurs in either young children or people ingesting it to have a hallucinogenic experience... A fatal dose has been calculated at an amount of 15 caps. Deaths from this fungus A. muscaria have been reported in historical journal articles and newspaper reports. However, with modern medical treatment a fatal outcome because of the poison of this mushroom would be extremely rare."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_muscaria
I have to admit that I always find a walk like this rather frustrating. It doesn't work too well when you have people who are photographers and people who are interested in picking mushrooms to eat : ) The latter tend to always be ahead and by the time you catch up to them, you can't see what has already quickly been picked and of course it is usually difficult or impossible to get a photo. This was private land and some of us know the owner, Rod Handfield. In places like the national or provincial parks, one is not allowed to remove anything from the area - but some people still do. You see people with large baskets full of mushrooms picked for cooking! This is especially an east European 'thing'. They have grown up with this tradition and seem to know which fungi are edible or not. Some poisonous mushrooms can look very similar to edible ones, which is why the warning is to never, ever eat any kind of fungus unless you are an expert! As our local Naturalist always says: "All fungi are edible, some only once!"
Sandy and I left the group around lunchtime, to go looking at vehicles at one of the dealerships. In the last year and a half, I had to put far too much money into repairs for my poor old 17+ year old car and finally, I knew that I had no choice but to replace it. After a three-week wait for my new car to arrive, I was finally able to pick it up about six weeks ago. A huge learning curve when going from a 1999 car to a 2016 vehicle, but I am so thankful to have reliable transportation!"
It's so long since I wore this skirt. It had become a bit tight around my waist as it was made quite a few years ago. However, it felt much more comfortable this time and so I will be wearing it more regularly again.
Why don’t you have a big expensive Tomahawk(m) Wagyu Steak and watch the NCAA National Championship Game here? 😈
Perhaps that bold and aggressive adventure will make up for your let-down this afternoon at Resorts World? 🤔
The monumental gateway to the Acropolis, the Propylaea was built under the general direction of the Athenian leader Pericles, but Phidias was given the responsibility for planning the rebuilding of the Acropolis as a whole at the conclusion of the Persian Wars. According to Plutarch, the Propylaea was designed by the architect Mnesicles, but we know nothing more about him. Construction began in 437 BC and was terminated in 432, when the building was still unfinished.
End of the Finali Mondiali, the cars are getting ready to be loaded in the trucks.
Please check www.arthomobiles.fr
Gentlemen -- It's 2 am and you've had a busy day on the Fabulous Vegas Strip. Life Is Very Good Here! You will sleep very well tonight. And so when you wake up around 9 am, you will begin making the inevitable transition from the state of being of 'Living Las Vegas' to the bittersweet state of being of 'Leaving Las Vegas!'
You are here Solo because your very lovely lady wanted to spend some quality time with her elderly parents and with her brothers and sisters living in Southern Minnesota, and therefore you were left free to come here to Sin City. Your only mission here was to do a guided tour of T-Mobile Arena. But you didn't expect to end up purchasing VIP Penthouse seats in the T-Mobile HYDE Lounge for the George Strait Show this coming August!
Wow!!!
So go ahead and sleep well -- You've Earned It!
Conclusion: Fasting and chemotherapy can work miracles. If you are on chemotherapy, fast three days before chemotherapy and one day after. I am not a doctor.
I recently wrote about one possible reason for the evolution of cancer, as a way to euthanase old-age palaeolithic persons who do not undergo periods of starvation, and are likely therefore to have been free-loading on the charity of their peers. In short I hypothesised that cancer may be a natural granny dumping mechanism.
But that got me to thinking about an even more puzzling evolutionary phenomena: why are there old people at all?
The average lifespan of palaeolithic peoples was about 33 years, which is just as it should be from a straightforward evolutionary perspective. If they started breeding at puberty then your average palaeolith would have had time to raise a few children and then die.
The strange thing is however that then, as till quite modern times, it was the high childhood death rate that suppressed average longevity. If a palaeolithic person reached puberty they lived on average into their mid fifties, way past the menopause and optimal male breeding potential. Further, with the agricultural revolution only a few thousand years ago, biblical and modern humans have palaeolithic bodies -- we have had time to evolve lactose tolerance and little else -- with the potential to live at least three score years and ten and four score if strong (Psalm 90).
Even if older palaeolithic persons were undergoing periods of near starvation and were not free-loading, they would have been consuming food which otherwise may have been gathered by their reproducing peers. So, why did evolution allow such grannies and grandfathers to exist at all? We could easily have evolved to self-destruct at 40. To a palaeolithic society living at the calorific brink of annihilation, the existence of post-breeding-age individuals would seem to be a tremendous calorific waste.
One can think of various 'nice' evolutionary-favoured tasks that post-reproduction-aged palaeolithic people could have performed, such as child minding or as a source of wisdom. I propose a task more tragic: older persons evolved as to function as in vivo experiments, commonly called 'guinea pigs'.
In any hunter gather society -- go out into the woods and try it today -- there would have been a lot of lean times. There would be very few apples, but a vast number of species of berries, bark, and beetles (and that is just the b's) with varying degrees of food value, nutrients, calories and toxicity. When (hunter) gatherers were lucky they found known fruits and roots to fulfil their dietary needs, but they were continually on the brink, regularly going without food, and faced with risky choices of culinary behaviour. "I have not eaten in a week. Do I try these berries or not? Do I give them to my children?"
Herein lies the great evolutionary value of the existence or granny and grandfather aged people like me. "Wait a minute son. Don't eat that. Don't give it to the little one. Let me try it. I will tell you in a day!" (When I think of all my ancestors that surely must have done this it makes me cry.) Societies which contained such individuals would continually increase the variety of gathered food sources and only lose the occasional non-breeding human guinea pig.
I reach this conclusion bearing in mind the miraculous research being carried out NOW on the synergy between chemotherapy and short term starvation in the treatment of cancer. The graph above left (Shi et al., 2012) shows tumour size in mice xenografted with human skin cancer. Cisplatin (CDDP), the most common chemotherapeutic drug, shows negligible effect in reducing tumour size. Short Term Starvation (STS) has a significant but small effect. Short term starvation combined with Cisplatin chemotherapy creates a synergy which seems nothing short of miraculous. 60% percent of the cancerous mice went into remission whereas no or negligible mice went into remission in the other two conditions. The same paper (ibid) also shows similar results, in vitro, with lung cancers.
Dr Valter Longo, the pioneer whose research on fasting lead to the discovery of this chemo-fasting synergy (e.g. Raffaghello, Safdie, Bianchi, Dorff, Fontana, & Longo 2010; Lee, & Longo, 2011), argues that fasting causes ordinary cells to go into hibernation mode, whereas cancer cells keep demanding more food. If in that period of starvation one consumes, or is injected with a toxin, then it is only cancerous cells that are killed. If one keeps fasting for about a day after the consumption or injection of the toxin, until the toxin has left ones system, then the toxin hardly effects normal cells at all.
This synergy between chemotherapy and no-calorie consumption suggests an explanation for both the existence of cancer, and the existence of old people. Old people get cancer. But many of them may be able to cure their own cancer if they undergo regular periods of fasting combined with the consumption of toxins. In modern society this experience is one that perhaps only cancer patients will undergo in the form of chemotherapy but in a (hunter) gathering palaeolithic society it would have experience that would regularly and necessarily have been faced. Going through that starvation plus toxin experience and coming out the other side, or not ("no, don't eat that...urk"), would have been evolutionarily favoured. So evolution worked out a way to create such individuals with that propensity: it created individuals that have a self destruct mechanism that is cured by starvation and toxin consumption. Palaeolithic societies that evolved to have older non-breeding individuals
-- Guinea Pig People (GPPs) -- to do the toxin tasting would have been able to gather and consume more food, breed more and continue the species. And here we are, thanks to all our GPPs.
In conclusion, it seems to me, a non-doctor, from limited research, fasting and chemotherapy can work miracles. If you are on chemotherapy, consult with your oncologist and consider fasting three days before chemotherapy and one day after, because it may cure your cancer, and makes perfect evolutionary sense.
Graph above: Figure 3A and 3B from Shi et al., 2012
Bibliography
Shi, Y., Felley-Bosco, E., Marti, T. M., Orlowski, K., Pruschy, M., & Stahel, R. A. (2012). Starvation-induced activation of ATM/Chk2/p53 signaling sensitizes cancer cells to cisplatin. BMC cancer, 12(1), 1.
bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2407-12...
Lee, C., & Longo, V. D. (2011). Fasting vs dietary restriction in cellular protection and cancer treatment: from model organisms to patients. Oncogene, 30(30), 3305-3316.
Nowell, P. C. (1976). The Clonal Evolution of Tumor Cell Populations. Science, 194(4260), 23-28.
Raffaghello, L., Safdie, F., Bianchi, G., Dorff, T., Fontana, L., & Longo, V. D. (2010). Fasting and differential chemotherapy protection in patients. Cell Cycle, 9(22), 4474-4476.
The theory above - post breeding age persons are guinea pigs - is a little similar to the 'disposable soma' theory of the evolution of ageing at a societal rather than cellular level.
rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/205/1161/531.short
"Organisms that do not age are essentially in a steady state in which chronologically young and old individuals are physiologically the same. In this situation the synthesis of macromolecules must be sufficiently accurate to prevent error feedback and the development of lethal 'error catastrophes'. This involves the expenditure of energy, which is required for both kinetic proof-reading and other accuracy promoting devices. It may be selectively advantageous for higher organisms to adopt an energy saving strategy of reduced accuracy in somatic cells." (Kirkwood, Holliday, 1979)
Somatic cells are non-reproductive cells.
These non reproducing cells are argued to be disposable to facilitate greater "proof reading" and prevent "error catastrophes" in the reproducing cells. I am suggesting above that somatic people (non reproducing people) are there, and yet disposable, there to be disposed of, to facilitate "proof reading" (toxin tasting - "reduced accuracy" in diet) and prevent error catastrophes in the non-somatic, reproductive population.
Relatedly
Peto's paradox (there is no correlation between animal size and cancer rate)
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3060950/
The assumption that there should be a correlation seems to be based on the assumption that cancer is a random occurrence in cells, so the more of them the greater the chance of cancer, as opposed to a more deliberate, non-random self destruct mechanism proposed here. Cancer is not random. It is a deliberate way of killing old people who do not fast be guinea pigs.
SNMCMG2-TCG ERDEMIT (M261) off coast of Montenegro- 21 MAR 2016 - Photo by WO C.ARTIGUES (HQ MARCOM). BAR, Montenegro , NATO ships assigned to Standing NATO Mine Counter-Measures Group TWO (SNMCMG2) arrived in Bar for a scheduled port visit, during the Group’s deployment to the Mediterranean to enhance maritime security and readiness. This visit aims to strengthen the cooperation and partnership with Montenegro.
Led by Captain Ramazan Kesgin, (TUR N), SNMCMG2 is currently composed of the flagship Turkish tender TCG CEZAYIRLI GAZI HASAN PASA and the mine hunters TCG EDREMIT (Turkey) and ESPS TAMBRE (Spain).
During the port visit, the Group will share its experiences in mine warfare operations with Montenegro Navy officers and cadets and participate in activities designed to enhance understanding and friendship between the Montenegro Navy and NATO Sailors.
Upon conclusion of the port visit, SNMCMG2 will participate in tactical maneuvering exercises with Montenegro Navy, while embarking Sailors to observe procedures and interact in activities aboard the NATO ships. These activities at sea are designed to enhance high level of interoperability and familiarization between naval partners.
"Helen Humes with Bill Doggett Octet","He May Be Your Man.","Blue Prelude.","Philo","PV105A","PV105B"
"Helen Humes with Bill Doggett Octet","Every Now and Then.", "Be-Baba-Leba.","Philo","PV106A","PV106B" (1945)
"Pee Wee Hunt and his Orchestra","Oh!","San.","Capitol","2442"
""Ivory" Joe Hunter with Johnny Moore's 3 Blazes","Blues at Sunrise.","You Taught Me to Love.","Exclusive","209 A","209 B"
"Red Ingle and The Natural Seven","Nowhere.","Pagan Ninny's Keep 'er Goin' Stomp.","Capitol","476"
"Ink Spots","If I Cared a Little Bit Less.","Mine All Mine My My.", "Decca","18528 A","18528 B"
"Ink Spots","It's Funny to Everyone but Me.","Just for a Thrill.", "Decca","2507 A","2507 B"
"Ink Spots","Street of Dreams.","Don't Get Around Much Anymore.", "Decca","18503 A","18503 B"
"Bull Moose Jackson","Don't Ask Me Why.","Oh John.", "King","4280-A","4280-B"
"Illinois Jacquet and his Orchestra","Lean Baby.","The Cool Rage.", "Mercury Records","89021"
"Harry James and his Orchestra","Ain't misbehavin'.","9:20 special.", "Columbia","36887"
"Harry James and his Orchestra","B-19.","I don't want to walk without you.","Columbia","36478"
"Harry James and his Orchestra","Cross country jump.","Every day of my life.","Columbia","35531"
"Harry James and his Orchestra","Easter Parade","Crazy Rhythm", "Columbia","36545"
"Harry James and his Orchestra","Flash.","All or nothing at all.", "Columbia","35587"
"Harry James and his Orchestra","It's been a long long time.", "Autumn serenade.","Columbia","36838"
"Harry James and his Orchestra","Keb-lah.","You'll never know.", "Columbia","37264"
"Harry James and his Orchestra","Let me up.","I cried for you.", "Columbia","36623"
"Harry James and his Orchestra","Moten swing.","Moten swing (conclusion)", "Columbia","37351"
"Harry James and his Orchestra","Night special.","Back beat boogie.", "Columbia","35456"
"Harry James and his Orchestra","One o'clock jump.","Two o'clock jump.","Columbia","36232"
"Harry James and his Orchestra","Prince Charming.","Velvet moon.", "Columbia","36673"
"Harry James and his Orchestra","Strictly instrumental.","When you're a long long way from home.","Columbia","36579"
"Harry James and his Orchestra","You made me love you.","A sinner kissed an angel.","Columbia","36296"
"Herb Jeffries","If I could be with you.","My blue heaven.", "Exclusive","26x"
"Herb Jeffries - Buddy Baker and his Orchestra","Basin Street blues.","These foolish things.","Exclusive","MO-702-A","MO-702-B"
"Herb Jeffries","A Woman Is a Worrisome Thing.","Beyond the Stars.", "Exclusive","44x"
"Gordon Jenkins and his Orchestra","Again.","Skip to my Lou.", "Decca","24602 A","24602 B"
"Gordon Jenkins and his Orchestra","Don't do something to someone else.","My foolish heart","Decca","24830"
"Lonnie Johnson","Fly Right Baby.","Ramblers Blues", "Bluebird","34-0708-A","34-0708-B"
"Pete Johnson","Blues on the Down Beat.","Kaycee on My Mind.", "Decca","3384 A","3384 B","Originally part of 6 disc Decca Album No. 137, title unknown."
"Johnnie Johnston","Ain'tcha Ever Comin' Back.","You're Not So Easy to Forget.","MGM","10036-A","10036-B"
"Al Jolson","You made me love you.","Ma blushin' Rosie.", "Decca","23613 A","23613 B"
"The Jones Brothers","Ain't She Pretty.","A Hundred Years From Today.","Majestic","1038 A","1038 B"
"The Jones Brothers","I Wanna Be Loved Like a Baby.","Them There Eyes.","Majestic","1039 A","1039 B"
"Etta Jones with Barney Bigard and his Orchestra","Blow Top Blues", "Salty Papa Blues.","Black & White","9A","9B"
"Etta Jones with Barney Bigard and his Orchestra","Long Long Journey.","Evil Gal Blues.","Black & White","10 A","10 B"
"Etta Jones with J. C. Heard and his Orchestra","Among My Souvenirs.", "Blues to End All Blues.", "RCA Victor", "20-1998-A","20-1998-B"
"Spike Jones and his City Slickers","Happy New Year.","Two Front Teeth.","RCA Victor","20-3177-A","20-3177-B"
"Spike Jones and his City Slickers","Cocktails for two.","Holiday for strings.","RCA Victor","20-2092-A","20-2092-B"
"Spike Jones and his City Slickers","I kiss your hand madame.","I'm getting sentimental over you.","RCA Victor","20-2949-A","20-2949-B"
"Spike Jones and his City Slickers","Our hour (The puppy love song).","Pop corn sack","RCA Victor","20-2375-A","20-2375-B"
"Spike Jones and his City Slickers","That old black magic.","Liebestraum.","RCA Victor","20-1895-A","20-1895-B"
"Spike Jones and his City Slickers","The blue Danube.","You always hurt the one you love.","RCA Victor","20-1762-A","20-1762-B"
"Spike Jones and his City Slickers","William Tell Overture.","The man on the flying trapeze.","RCA Victor","20-2861-A","20-2861-B"
"Louis Jordan and His Tympany Five","Ain't that just like a woman (They'll do it every time).","If it's love you want baby that's me.","Decca","23669 A","23669 B"
"Louis Jordan and His Tympany Five","Blue light boogie - Part 1", "Blue light boogie - Part 2","Decca Personality Series","27114"
"Louis Jordan and his Tympany Five","Caldonia.","Somebody Changed the Lock on My Door.","Decca","8670 A","8670 B"
"Louis Jordan and His Tympany Five","Let the Good Times Roll.", "Ain't Nobody Here but Us Chickens","Decca","23741 A","23741 B"
"Louis Jordan and his Tympany Five","Saint Vitus Dance.","Boogie Woogie Came to Town.","Decca","8581 A","8581 B"
"Louis Jordan and his Tympany Five","Texas and Pacific.","I Like 'Em Fat Like That.","Decca","23810 A","23810 B"
"Louis Jordan and his Tympany Five","That Just About Knocks Me Out.","Five Guys Named Moe.","Decca","8653B",,"Both sides have "Five Guys Named Moe" label."
"Louis Jordan And His Tympany Five","Cole Slaw.","Every Man to His Own Profession.","Decca","24633 A","24633 B"
"Louis Jordan And His Tympany Five","Don't Worry 'Bout That Mule.", "Buzz Me.","Decca","18734 A","18734 B"
"Louis Jordan And His Tympany Five","Knock Me a Kiss.","I'm Gonna Move to the Outskirts of Town.","Decca","8593 A","8593 B"
"Anton Karas",""The third man" Theme.","The Cafe Mozart waltz.", "London","536"
"Swing and Sway with Sammy Kaye","South wind.","I left my heart at the stage door canteen.","Victor","27932-A","27932-B"
"Linda Keene with Joe Marsala & his Orchestra","Unlucky Woman.", "Blues in the Storm.","Black & White","1203A","1203B","12 inch 78rpm"
"Stan Kenton and his Orchestra","Across the alley from the Alamo.", "There is no greater love.","Capitol","387"
"Stan Kenton and his Orchestra","Shoo fly pie (and apple pan dowdy).", "I been down in Texas.","Capitol","235"
"Stan Kenton and his Orchestra","Do Nothin' 'Till You Hear from Me.", "Harlem Folk Dance.","Capitol","145"
"Stan Kenton and his Orchestra","Tampico (June Christy vocal)", "Southern Scandal.","Capitol","202"
"Stan Kenton and his Orchestra","The Peanut Vendor.","Thermopolae.", "Capitol","15052"
"Saunders King","S.K. Blues - Part I.","S.K. Blues - Part II.", "Rhythm Recordings","APS 386 3-A","APS 387 3-B"
"Wayne King and his Orch.","Maria Elena.","You are my sunshine.", "Victor","26767-A","26767-B"
"Wayne King and his Orchestra (Franklyn MacCormack vocal)","Melody of Love.","None But the Lonely Heart.","Victor","27713-A","27713-B"
"Andre Kostelanetz and his Orchestra","Falling in love with love.", "Tea for two.","Columbia Masterworks","M 430-3","M 430-4","In original Columbia Masterworks jacket."
"Gene Krupa and his Orchestra","Blues Krieg.","Yes My Darling Daughter.", "OKeh","5909"
"Gene Krupa and his Orchestra","Boogie Blues.","Lover.", "Columbia","36986"
"Gene Krupa and his Orchestra","Let Me Off Uptown.","Drummin' Man.", "Columbia","37532"
"Gene Krupa and his Orchestra","That Drummer's Band.","What's This?", "Columbia","36819"
"Brunon Kryger and his International Dance Orchestra","Caucasian polka.","Ojra ojra polka.","Harmonia Records Corp.","H-1108A", "H-1108B"
"Kay Kyser and his Orchestra","He wears a pair of silver wings.", "Jingle jangle jingle.","Columbia","36604",,"2nd copy"
"Kay Kyser and his Orchestra","Jingle jangle jingle.","He wears a pair of silver wings.","Columbia","36604"
"Kay Kyser and his Orchestra","Thats the beginning of the end.", "Managua, Nicaragua.","Columbia","37214"
"Kaye Kyser and his Orchestra","How Do I Know It's Real.","Who Wouldn't Love You.","Columbia","36526"
"Frankie Laine","Baby just for me.","Satan wears a satin gown", "Mercury","5358"
"Frankie Laine","Don't Do Something to Someone Else.","Waiting at the End of the Road.","Mercury","5332"
"Frankie Laine","I get sentimental over nothing.","That lucky old sun.", "Mercury","5316"
"Frankie Laine","I May Be Wrong.","Stay As Sweet As You Are.", "Mercury","5028-A","5028-B"
"Frankie Laine","Mam'selle.","All of Me.", "Mercury","5048-A","5048-B"
"Frankie Laine","Thanks for You.","Singin' the Blues.", "Mercury","5174"
"Frankie Laine","Jezebel.","Rose, Rose, I Love You.", "Columbia","39367"
"Beverly Lane","Exactly like you. The very thought of you. Stardust.", "Begin the beguine. September song. Stumbling.", "Tops","L104",,"33rpm"
"Julia Lee and her Boy Friends","Living Back Street for You.", "Cold-Hearted Daddy.","Capitol","15300"
"Julia Lee and her Boy Friends","My Sin.","Doubtful Blues.", "Capitol Americana","40056"
"Julia Lee and her Boy Friends","Snatch and Grab It.","I Was Wrong.", "Capitol Americana","40028"
"Julia Lee and Her Boy Friends","The glory of love.", "Take it or leave it.","Capitol","57-70006"
* "Julia Lee and her Boy Friends","You aint got it no more.","Oh chuck it (in a bucket).","Capitol","57-70031",,"Disc broken - first fifth not playable."
"Peggy Lee","Caramba! It's the Samba.","Baby Don't Be Mad at Me.", "Capitol","15090"
"Peggy Lee","What More Can a Woman Do?","You Was Right Baby", "Capitol","197"
"Peggy Lee","Ain'tcha ever comin' back.","Chi-baba chi-baba", "Capitol","419"
"Harlan Leonard and his Rockets","Mistreated.","Too Much.", "Bluebird","B-11544-A","B-11544-B"
"Meade Lux Lewis","Bear Cat Crawl.","b/w Albert Ammons - Shout for Joy.","Columbia","c 44-8"
"Joe Liggins and His Honeydrippers","Got a Right to Cry","Blue Moods", "Exclusive","210-A","210-B"
"Joe Liggins and his Honeydrippers","He knows how to knock me out.", "End of a kiss.","Exclusive","79x"
"Joe Liggins and his Honeydrippers","The Honeydripper - Part 1", "The Honeydripper - Part 2","Exclusive","207 A","207 B" (1945)
"Guy Lombardo And His Royal Canadians","The 3rd Man Theme.", "Cafe Mozart Waltz.","Decca","24839"
"Jimmie Lunceford and his Orchestra","Annie Laurie","'Frisco Fog.","Decca","1569 A","1569 B"
"Jimmie Lunceford and his Orchestra","Blues in the Night. - Part 1", "Blues in the Night. - Part 2","Decca","4125 A","4125 B"
"Jimmie Lunceford and his Orchestra","Hi Spook.","Yard Dog Mazurka.", "Decca","4032 A","4032 B"
"Jimmie Lunceford and his Orchestra","I Got It.","What's Your Story Morning Glory.","Columbia","35510"
"Jimmie Lunceford and his Orchestra","I'm Gonna Move to the Outskirts of Town. - Part 1","I'm Gonna Move to the Outskirts of Town. - Part 2","Decca","18324 A","18324 B"
"Jimmie Lunceford and his Orchestra","I'm Gonna See My Baby.", "That Someone Must Be You.","Decca","18655 A","18655 B"
"Jimmie Lunceford and his Orchestra","Organ Grinder's Swing.","Sleepy Time Gal.","Decca","908 A","908 B"
"Jimmie Lunceford and his Orchestra","Put It Away. (vocal by Willie Smith)","Uptown Blues.","OKeh","5362"
"Jimmie Lunceford and his Orchestra","Twenty Four Robbers.","I Had a Premonition.","Decca","3718 A","3718 B"
"Jimmie Lunceford and his Orchestra and Delta Rhythm Boys","The Honeydripper.","Baby Are You Kiddin'?","Decca","23451 A","23451 B"
"Nellie Lutcher and her Rhythm","He's a Real Gone Guy.","Let Me Love You Tonight.","Capitol Americana","40017"
"Nellie Lutcher and her Rhythm","Hurry on Down.","The Lady's in Love with You.","Capitol Americana","40002"
"Freddy Martin and his Orchestra","All the things you are.", "Intermezzo.","Victor","20-1559-A","20-1559-B"
"Freddy Martin and his Orchestra","Here you are.","Oh, the pity of it all.","Bluebird","B-11509-A","B-11509-B"
"Freddy Martin and his Orchestra","April in Portugal.","Penny Whistle Blues.","RCA Victor","20-5052"
"Tony Martin","Passing By.","Oh! My Achin' Heart.","RCA Victor", "20-2252-A","20-2252-B"
"Tony Martin","Roulette.","It's Easy for You to Say.","RCA Victor", "20-3695-A","20-3695-B"
"Tony Martin","Sonata.","Years and years ago.", "Mercury","5029-A","5029-B"
"Tony Martin","Without you.","I don't know why.", "Mercury","3019-A","3019-B","In original Mercury jacket."
"Que Martyn / Linda Hayes","Sister Anne (Que Martyn).", "Yes I Know (Linda Hayes).","Hollywood","244 A","244 AA"
"Ray McKinley and his Orchestra","Manhattan serenade.","Without a song.","Capitol","117"
"Ray McKinley and his Orchestra","Your Red Wagon.","A Man's Best Friend Is a Bed.","Majestic","7275"
"Ray McKinley and his Orchestra","All the Way from San Jose.","Bahama Mama.","RCA Victor","20-2993-A","20-2993-B"
"Johnny McNeil with Johnny Moore's Three Blazers","Axis Doom Blues.","You Taught Me to Love.","Exclusive","204 A","204 B"
"Jay McShann and his Orchestra","Confessin' the Blues.","Hootie Blues.","Decca","8559 A"
"Jay McShann and his Orchestra","New confessin' the Blues.","Red River Blues.","Decca","8595 A","8595 B"
"Jack McVea and his All Stars","Open the Door Richard!","Lonesome Blues.","Black & White","792 A","792 B" (1946)
"Jack McVea, Orchestra","Rainy Day Blues (Betty Roche vocal).","I'll Be True.","Rhythm Recordings","RM 502","RM 509"
"Memphis Minnie","Me and My Chauffeur Blues.","Can't Afford to Lose My Man.","OKeh","06288"
"Memphis Minnie b/w Little Son Joe","Looking the World Over (Memphis Minnie).","Black Rat Swing (Little Son Joe).","OKeh","6707"
"Johnny Mercer","Duration Blues.","Sam's Got Him.","Capitol","164"
"Johnny Mercer","Sugar Blues.","Why Should I Cry over You?", "Capitol","B448"
"Johnny Mercer","The Air-Minded Executive.","Strip Polka.", "Capitol","103"
"Johnny Mercer","The Wreck of the Old '97.","I Lost My Sugar in Salt Lake City.","Capitol","122"
"Johnny Mercer","Ugly chile (you're some pretty doll).","My sugar is so refined.","Capitol","268",,"In original Capitol Records jacket."
"Johnny Mercer and Jo Stafford","Conversation while dancing.","On the Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe.","Capitol","195"
"Johnny Mercer and the King Cole Trio","Save the Bones for Henry Jones.","Harmony.","Capitol","15000"
"Metronome All Star Band","Bugle Call Rag.","One O'clock Jump.", "Victor","27314-A","27314-B"
"Metronome All Stars","Sweet Lorraine. (with Frank Sinatra)","Nat Meets June. (with June Christy and Nat Cole)","Columbia","37293"
"Glenn Miller and his Orchestra","Boulder Buff.","The Booglie Wooglie Piggy.","Bluebird","B-11163-A","B-11163-B"
"Glenn Miller and his Orchestra","Day Dreaming.","A String of Pearls.", "Bluebird","B-11382-A","B-11382-B"
"Glenn Miller and his Orchestra","In the Mood.","I Want to Be Happy.", "Bluebird","B-10416-A","B-10416-B"
"Glenn Miller and his Orchestra","It Couldn't Be True! (vocal by Tex Beneke)","One More Tomorrow. (vocal by Artie Malvin)","RCA Victor", "20-1835-A","20-1835-B"
"Glenn Miller and his Orchestra","Juke Box Saturday Night. (vocal by Marion Hutton)","Sleepy Town Train.","Victor","20-1509-A","20-1509-B"
"Glenn Miller and his Orchestra","Let's Have Another Cup of Coffee. (vocal by Marion Hutton)","Chip Of the Old Block.", "Bluebird","B-11450-A","B-11450-B"
"Glenn Miller and his Orchestra","Little Brown Jug.","Pavanne.", "Bluebird","B-10286-A","B-10286-B"
"Glenn Miller and his Orchestra","Star dust.","My melancholy baby.", "Bluebird","B-10665-A","B-10665-B"
"Glenn Miller and his Orchestra","Sunrise Serenade.","Moonlight Serenade.","Bluebird","B-10214-A","B-10214-B"
"Glen Miller and his Orchestra / Alvino Rey and his Orchestra", "Jingle Bells (Glen Miller).","Santa Claus is Comin' to Town (Alvino Rey)","Bluebird","B-11353-A","B-11353-B"
"Lucky Millinder and his Orchestra","Big Fat Mama.","Trouble in Mind.", "Decca","4041 A","4041 B"
"Lucky Millinder and his Orchestra","Don't Cry Baby.","Sweet Slumber.", "Decca","18569 A","18569 B"
"Lucky Millinder and his Orchestra","Hurry Hurry.","I Can't See for Lookin'.","Decca","18609 A","18609 B"
"Lucky Millinder and his Orchestra","I Want a Tall Skinny Papa.", "Shout Sister Shout.","Decca","18386 A","18386 B"
"Lucky Millinder and his Orchestra","When the Lights Go On Again.", "That's All.","Decca","4041 A","4041 B"
"Roy Milton","I'll Always Be in Love with You.","Sunny Side of the Street.","Roy Milton Record Co.","104","104 B"
"Roy Milton and his Solid Senders","It Never Should Have Been This Way..","Red Light.","Roy Milton Record Co.","101","102"
"Roy Milton and his Solid Senders","Milton's Boogie.","Groovy Blues.", "Specialty","SP 503 A","sp 503 B"
"Vaughn Monroe and his Orchestra","Hawaiian Sunset.","Take It Jackson.","Victor","20-1591-A","20-1591-B"
"Dwight "Gatemouth" Moore","I Ain't Mad at You Pretty Baby.","Did You Ever Love a Woman?","Gilmore's Chez Paree","D-853-A","D-854-B"
"Johnny Moore's Three Blazers","So Long.","You Left Me Forsaken.", "Modern Records Hollywood","143A","143B"
"Johnny Moore's Three Blazers (Charles Brown vocal)","Lonesome Blues.","Walkin' in Circles.","Exclusive","53x"
"Oscar Moore with the Three Blazers","Fugue in C major.","Melancholy Madeline.","Atlas","OM-107"
"Benny Moten's Kansas City Orch.","South.","She's No Trouble.", "Victor","24893-A","24893-B"
"multiple artists","(Tops covers) I need you. Hold my hand.","Papa loves mambo. Oop-shoop.","Tops","R245-49"
"multiple artists","("Tops" covers) Peggy Sue. Great balls of fire.","Jo-Ann. The Stroll.","Tops","R415",,"In original Tops jacket."
"multiple artists","(Tops covers) The naughty lady of shady lane. It's a woman's world.","Mr. Sandman. Haji Baba.","Tops","R248-49"
"Rose Murphy","I Can't Give You Anything But Love.","When I Grow Too Old to Dream.","Majestic","1204"
"Ray Noble and his Orchestra","While My Lady Sleeps.","By the Light of the Silv'ry Moon.","Columbia","36479"
* "Sy Oliver and his Orchestra","But she's my buddy's chick.","Castle Rock.","Decca","27718",,"Disc broken; first third unplayable."
"The Orchestra of Stars Conducted by Cliff Lange (Teddy Walter vocal)","Old Shoe Blues.","Rogerini.","Pan-American","PAN 020A","PAN 020B"
"The Orchestra of Stars Conducted by Cliff Lange (Teddy Walter vocal)","Yum Yum Blues.","Pom Pom","Pan-American","PAN 019A","PAN 019B"
"Johnny Otis his Drums & his Orchestra","Jimmy's 'Round the Clock Blues. (Jimmy Rushing vocalist)","Harlem Nocturne.","Excelsior","JR 142A","JO 142B"
"Patti Page","Piddily patter patter.","Every day.","Mercury","70657"
"Patti Page","The Tennessee Waltz.","Boogie Woogie Santa Claus", "Mercury","5534"
"Jewel Paige and Her Brown Brownies","I Ain't Gonna Give Nobody None O' This Jelly Roll.","Give It Up.","Decca","7863 A","7863 B"
"Tony Pastor and his Orchestra","The bells of San Raquel.","A pretty co-ed has gone to my head.","Bluebird","B-11307-A","B-11307-B"
"Tony Pastor and his Orchestra","The lady from twenty-nine palms.", "I'm sorry I didn't say I'm sorry.","Columbia","37562"
* "Tony Pastor and his Orchestra","Brother Bill.","Ain't Misbehavin'.", "RCA Victor","20-2544-A","20-2544-B","Record is broken. First 1/5 not playable."
"Les Paul","Chicken Reel.","Mockin' Bird Hill. (with Mary Ford)", "Capitol","1373"
"Les Paul with Mary Ford","I wish I had never seen sunshine.", "Josephine. (Les Paul only)","Capitol","1592"
"Les Paul and Mary Ford","How High the Moon.","Walkin' and Whistlin' Blues.","Capitol","1451" (1951)
"Ben Pollack and his Pick-A-Rib Boys","Tin Roof Blues.","San Antonio Shout.","Discovery","132"
"Mel Powell","You Go to My Head.","There's a Small Hotel.", "Capitol","10136"
"Mel Powell and his Orchestra","Mood at Twilight.","The World is Waiting for the Sunrise.","Commodore","76989A","76989B"
"Jessie Price with his Orchestra","I'm The Drummer Man.","I Ain't Mad at You.","Capitol","348"
"Johnny Ray and The Four Lads","Cry.","The little white cloud that cried.","OKeh","6840" (1951)
"Johnnie Ray","Somebody Stole My Gal.","Glad Rag Doll.", "Columbia","39961"
"Alvino Rey and his Orchestra","I said no!","Deep in the heart of Texas,","Bluebird","B-11391-A","B-11391-B"
"Robert Rheims Production","O Come All Ye Faithful.","Silent Night.", "FM Record Co.","101 A","101 B"
"The Robins","Loop de loop mambo.","Framed.","Spark Record Co.", "107"
"Betty Roche with Earl Hines and Sextet","Blues on My Weary Mind.", "I'll Get By.","Apollo","358"
"Betty Roche with Earl Hines Sextet","My Lovin' Lover.","Life with Fatha. (Earl Hines Sextet)","Apollo","356"
"Timmie Rogers with Al "Stomp" Russell Trio","Fla-Ga-La-Pa.","Drop Another Nickel in the Juke Box.","Excelsior","TR-136A","TR-136B"
"Timmie Rogers / Herb Jeffries","Bring Enough Clothes for Three Days (Timmie Rogers and Excelsior Hep Cats).","At Least You Could Save Me a Dream (Herb "Flamingo" Jeffries).","Excelsior","TR-107","HJ-100"
"David Rose and his Orchestra","Bewitched (Bothered and Bewildered).", "Moon of Manakoora.","M-G-M","30120-A","30120-B"
* "David Rose and his Orchestra","Gay Spirits.","How High the Moon.", "M-G-M","30012-A","30012-B","Record is Broken. First 1/3 not playable."
* "David Rose and his Orchestra","Our Waltz.","Holiday for Strings.", "Victor","27853-A","27853-B","Record is cracked and Broken. First 1/6 not playable."
"David Rose and his Orchestra","Waukegan Concerto - Part One.", "Waukegan Concerto - Part Two.","M-G-M","30013-A","30013-B"
"Tito Schipa","Valencia.","Amapola.","Victor","1177-A","1177-B"
"Leslie Scott","Stars Fell on Alabama.","Baby Get Lost.","RCA Victor","20-2141-A","20-2141-B"
"The Serenaders","Thru' the night.","Red moon.", "Victor","18996-A","18996-B"
"Arie Shaw and his Gramercy 5","Summit Ridge Drive.","Cross Your Heart.","RCA Victor","26763-A","26763-B"
"Artie Shaw and his Orchestra","Any Old Time. (vocal by Billy Holiday)", "Back Bay Shuffle.","Bluebird","B-7759-A","B-7759-B"
"Artie Shaw and his Orchestra","Indian Love Call. (vocal by Tony Pastor)","Begin the Beguine","Bluebird","B-7746-A","B-7746-B"
"Artie Shaw and his Orchestra","September Song.","Little Jazz.", "Victor","20-1668-A","20-1668-B"
"Artie Shaw and his Orchestra","Sobbin'Blues.","Copenhagen.", "Harmony","1016"
"Artie Shaw and his Orchestra","Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child. (vocal by "Hot Lips" Page)","Just Kiddin' Around.", "Victor","27806-A","27806-B"
"Artie Shaw and His Gramercy Five","Crumbum.","The Shekomeko Shuffle.", "Decca","27196"
"Artie Shaw and his Gramercy Five","The Grabtown Grapple.","The Sad Sack.","Victor","20-1647-A","20-1647-B"
"Dorothy Shay (The Park Avenue Hillbilly)","Uncle Fud.","I'm in Love with a Married Man.","Columbia","37192"
"Earl Sheldon and his Hits A Poppin' Orchestra","A Girl, a Girl / Young at Heart / Anema E Core.","Cross Over the Bridge / Melancholy Me / Wanted.","Parade","7801"
"Bobby Sherwood and his Orchestra","Sherwood's forest.","'Least that's my opinion.","Capitol","286",,"In original Capitol sleeve."
"Bobby Sherwood and his Orchestra","I Don't Know Why.","The Elk's Parade.","Capitol","107-A","107-B"
"Bobby Sherwood and his Orchestra","Moonlight Becomes You.","Harlem Butterfly.","Capitol","123"
"Bobby Sherwood and his Orchestra","Swingin' at the Semloh.", "Arkansas.","Capitol","161"
"Dinah Shore","Come rain or come shine.","All that glitters is not gold.","Columbia","36971"
"Dinah Shore",""Jim".","I'm through with love.", "Bluebird","B-11204-A","B-11204-B"
"Dinah Shore and Buddy Clark","My one and only highland fling.","Baby it's cold outside.","Columbia","38463"
"Dinah Shore","I'll Walk Alone.","It Could Happen to You.", "Victor","20-1586-A","20-1586-B"
* "David Silverman and his Orchestra","Mama Goes Where Papa Goes.", "Mean Blues.","Victor","19195-A","19195-B","Record is broken. First 1/3 not playable."
"Frank Sinatra","One love.","Somewhere in the night.", "Columbia","37054",,"In original Columbia jacket."
"Frank Sinatra","There but for you go I.","Almost like being in love.", "Columbia","37382"
"Frank Sinatra","I'm a Fool to Want You.","Mama Will Bark. (Frank Sinatra & Dagmar)","Columbia","39425"
"Sir Lancelot - Gerald Clark's Caribbean Serenaders","A night in Central Park.","Ugly woman.","Keynote Recordings","K-544A","K-544B"
"Bob Skyles and His Skyrockets","I like it here where I am.","Eskimo Nell.","Decca","5841 A","5841 B"
"Freddie Slack and His Eight Beats","Pig Foot Pete.","Strange Cargo.", "Decca","4130 A","4130 B"
"Freddie Slack and his Orchestra","Cow Cow Boogie.","Here You Are.", "Capitol","102-A","102-B"
"Freddie Slack and his Orchestra","He's My Guy.","Doll Dance.", "Capitol","113"
"Freddie Slack and his Orchestra","Here you are.","Cow-cow boogie.", "Capitol","102","102-B"
"Freddie Slack and his Orchestra","Mr. Five by Five.","The Thrill Is Gone.","Capitol","115"
"Freddie Slack and his Orchestra","Riffette","They Didn't Believe Me", "Capitol","129"
"Freddie Slack and his Orchestra","That Old Black Magic.","Hit the Road to Dreamland","Capitol","126"
"Jack Smith with the Clark Sisters","Oh! my achin' heart.", "Cu-tu-gu-ru.","Capitol","403"
"Jack Smith and the Clark Sisters","Cuckoo waltz","You call everybody darling","Capitol","15156",,"In original Capitol jacket."
"Kate Smith","One dozen roses.","A Soldier dreams.", "Columbia","36577"
"The Song Spinners","Stalin Wasn't Stallin'","Love Is Goin' to Be Rationed.","Decca","18554 A","18554 B"
"The Southern Sons","Praise the lord and pass the ammunition.","Lift every voice and sing.","Bluebird","30-0806-A","30-0806-B"
"Charlie Spivak and his Orchestra","Yesterday's gardenias.","White Christmas.","Columbia","36649"
"Jo Stafford","Cindy.","I've Never Forgotten.","Capitol","259"
* "Kay Starr","Hoop-Dee-Doo.","A Woman Likes to Be Told.", "Capitol","980",,"Record is broken. First third unplayable."
"Kay Starr","I'm Oh So Lonesome Tonight.","It's the First Time.", "Capitol","57-639"
"Kay Starr","I'm the Lonesomest Gal in Town.","Share Croppin'Blues.", "Capitol Americana","40051"
"Kay Starr","Mamma Goes Where Papa Goes.","Many Happy Returns of the Day.","Capitol","15137"
"Kay Starr","Them There Eyes.","What Is This Thing Called Love.", "Modern Records Hollywood","20-712A","20-712B"
"Kay Starr","Wabash Cannonball.","How It Lies, How it Lies, How it Lies.","Capitol","15419"
"Kay Starr","Was That the Human Thing to Do?","Then I'll Be Tired of You.","Capitol Americana","40066"
"Kay Starr","Who's Foolin' Who?","All of Me.","Crystalette", "CR-618-A","CR-618-B"
"Kay Starr and Tennessee Ernie","I'll Never Be Free.","Ain't Nobody's Business but My Own.","Capitol","1124"
"Harvey Stone","G. I. Lament - Part 1","G. I. Lament - Part 2", "M-G-M","10470-A","10470-B"
"Joe Sullivan","24 Hours at "Booths".","The Bass Romps Away.", "Sunset","SRC 100","SRC 101"
"Roosevelt Sykes","Training Camp Blues.","Sugar Babe Blues.", "OKeh","6709"
"The Honey Dripper (Roosevelt Sykes)","I Wonder.","Tender Hearted Woman.","Cincinnati","3500A","3500B"
"Art Tatum Trio","The Man I Love.","Dark Eyes.","Comet","T 1-A","T 1-B","12 inch 78rpm"
"Russell Taylor","Sally Goodin'","Wagon Wheel","Capitol","57-40267"
"Sister Rosetta Tharpe","Two Little Fishes and Five Loaves of Bread.","Strange Things Happening Every Day.","Decca","8669A","8669B"
""Frantic" Fay Thomas","I'm On My Own. (?) (label torn)","Lover Man.", "Exclusive","126x"
"Skeets Tolbert and His Gentlemen of Swing","Uncle Eph's Dream.","Big Fat Butterfly.","Decca","8579 A","8579 B"
"Mel Torme'","Gone with the wind.","Little white lies.", "Musicraft","558"
"Merle Travis with Cowboy Band","Three Times Seven.","Steel Guitar Rag","Capitol","384"
"Tommy Tucker Time","The man don't come to our house anymore.", "Bartender polka.","OKeh","5717"
"Art Tatum And His Band (Joe Turner vocals)","Rock Me Mama.", "Lucille.","Decca","8577 A","8577 B"
"Big Joe Turner","Somebody's Got to Go.","Ice Man.", "Decca","7856A","7856B"
"Big Joe Turner with Willie "The Lion" Smith","Careless Love.", "Jumpin' Down Blues.","Decca","7827 A","7827 B"
"Joe Turner","Blues in the Night.","Cry Baby Blues", "Decca","7885A","7885 B"
"Joe Turner And His Fly Cats / Pete Johnson's Band","Piney Brown Blues (Joe Turner).","627 Stomp (Pete Johnson)", "Decca","18121A","18121B"
"Joe Turner and Pete Johnson / Count Basie's Blue Five","Roll 'Em Pete (Joe Turner).","Boogie Woogie (Count Basie).","Columbia","35959"
"Joe Turner and Pete Johnson Trio","It's the Same Old Story.", "Rebecca.","Decca","11001 A","11001 B"
"Joe Turner with Freddie Slack Trio","Rocks in My Bed.","Goin' to Chicago Blues.","Decca","4093 A","4093 B"
"Joe Turner with Pete Johnson's All Stars","S. K. Blues - Part I.", "S. K. Blues - Part II.","National Records","9010-A","9010-B"
"Joe Turner with Pete Johnson's All Stars","Watch That Jive.","Johnson & Turner Blues.","National Records","9011-A","9011-B"
"Rudy Vallee b/w Artie Shaw and his Orchestra","As Time Goes By. (Rudy Vallee)","Two in One Blues. (Artie Shaw)", "Victor","20-1526-A","20-1526-B"
"The Variety Boys","Uptown Jive.","The Chant.", "Decca","8564A","8564B"
"Sarah Vaughan","As you desire me.","Black Coffee", "Columbia","38462"
"Sarah Vaughan","Corner to Corner.","If Someone Had Told Me.", "Columbia","39719"
"Sarah Vaughan","I Love the Guy.","Thinking of You.", "Columbia","38925"
"Sarah Vaughan / Lorenzo Fuller","Bianca (Sarah Vaughan).","Too Darn Hot (Lorenzo Fuller).","Columbia","38461"
"Charlie Venturo Sextette","Ghost of a Chance.","Tea for Two.", "Sunset","SRC 10051"
"T-Bone Walker","I'm Still in Love with You.","Sail On Boogie.", "Rhumboogie","M-33-2","4000B"
"Teddy Walters","Adventure.","Which way did my heart go.", "Musicraft","15075-T","15075-L"
"Washboard Sam & his Washboard Band","Good Old Cabbage Greens.","Stop and Fix It.","Bluebird","34-0705-A","34-0705-B"
"Josh White","Outskirts of Town.","One Meat Ball.", "Asch","348-2A","348-2B"
"Lew White","A kiss in the dark.","Gypsy love song.", "Victor","26249-A","26249-B"
"Paul Whiteman","Trav'lin' Light.","You Were Never Lovelier.", "Capitol","116"
"Paul Whiteman and his Ambassador Orchestra","Whispering.","The Japanese sandman.","Victor","18690-A","18690-B"
"Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra","I've got a gal in Kalamazoo.", "Serenade in blue.","Capitol","108"
"Cootie Williams and his Orchestra","House of Joy.","Everything but You.","Capitol","215"
"Cootie Williams and his Orchestra","When My Baby Left Me (Eddie Vinson vocal).","Echoes of Harlem.","Capitol","266"
"Cootie Williams and his Orchestra (Eddie Vinson vocal)","Red Blues.", "Things Ain't What They Used to Be.","Hit","7084"
"Cootie Williams and his Orchestra (Pearl Bailey vocal)","Now I Know.","Tess's Torch Song.","Hit","7075"
"Cootie Williams and his Orchestra (Tony Warren vocal)","Saturday Night.","I'm Beginning to See the Light.","Majestic","7131"
"Mary Lou and her Chosen Five / Mary Lou Williams","Roll'Em.","Mary's Boogie.","Asch","1003-A","1003-B","12 inch 78rpm"
"Mary Lou Williams / Andy Kirk And His Clouds of Joy featurig Mary Lou Williams","Overhand (New Froggie Bottom).","Little Joe from Chicago.","Decca","3385 A","3385 B","Originally part of 6 disc Decca Album No. 137, title unknown."
"Mary Lou Williams' Girl Stars","It Must Be True (Mary Osborne vocal).","Harmony Grits.","RCA Victor","20-2174-A","20-2174-B"
"Gerald Wilson & Orchestra","Just One of Those Things (Dick Gray vocal).","Just Give Me a Man (Bette Roche vocal).", "Excelsior","GW-126","GW-128"
"Teddy Wilson and his Orchestra","Out of Nowhere (Lena Horne vocal).","You're My Favorite Memory (Helen Ward vocal)", "Columbia","36737"
"Teddy Wilson Sextet","I Can't Get Started.","Stompin' at the Savoy.","Musicraft","332-A","332-B"
"Hugs Winterhalter and his Orchestra","Blue tango.","The gypsy trail.","RCA Victor","20-4518",,"In original RCA Victor jacket."
"Jimmy Yancey","Yancey's Bugle Call.","35th and Dearborn.", "Victor","27238-A","27239-B"
I came to a conclusion today: It has to get worse, before it can get better.
Which is entirely true. As I spent my day with tears and mixed emotions, I realized this will be okay. There is worse in this place. There is so much more that needs to be done. I can't wait for the day where we step away from our comfort zone, and step into another. Where there is more than one place or there is more than one person that we can open up to. I can't wait for the future and what there may be in place for me. I'm so thankful for ALL of you. ALL of your are a gift from Him and you each have a special place in my heart. In all honesty, I'm kind of light headed and completely tired from the long day. I love you all, and hope you feel the same.
Gents — Where is your very lovely lady right now? She’s back home holed up in her house, swearing not to come out to Play until a perfect vaccine for COVID-19 has been invented! 🤔
She handled Las Vegas three months after 911 when people were afraid to fly!
She handled Las Vegas last year when all of her older brothers and sisters from Southern Minnesota decided they wanted to see the George Strait Show at T-Mobile Arena too — so they totally commandeered your vacation!! 🤔
So now in 2020, she’s terrified by the COVID-19 Global Pandemic! And so now just before you turn away from your last gaze out the window and down upon the Strip and just before tucking yourself into bed, think long and hard about what you’re going to tell your woman when she wants to know why all the Vegas Strip showrooms have gone dark. What will you say when she wants to know why the Governor shut down all bars and nightclubs? How are you going to convince your woman that it’s safe to be in an airplane with a hundred or more people? How are you going to convince your very lovely lady that in spite of COVID-19, the Las Vegas Strip is not dead yet? And that Life Is Still Sweet Here!! 😏🤔
Crimean War Cannons in Adelaide.
At the conclusion of the Crimean War the Treaty of Paris specially mentioned war trophies as they were considered of great importance. 1,165 Russian cannons and guns were taken with the fall of Sebastopol and Britain kept these. They distributed them to towns and cities throughout Britain and the colonies. The cannons were to be distributed
to the Australian colonies (and elsewhere) according to their contribution to the Patriotic Fund which helped the British government fund the War. Each colony, except WA was awarded two Russian Cannons. SA’s two cannons arrived in 1859 and were placed in the Botanic Gardens. They had some ceremonial use including a welcome to the Duke of Edinburgh in 1867. They were then moved to the Armoury on North Terrace and one was fired daily at noon to mark the time in the 19th century. In 1901 one of the cannons was moved to the Torrens Parade Ground and the second joined it around 1931. These cannons remain in good condition as they were mounted on a cast iron base instead of the usual wood carriage base. Both were cast under the direction of Alexander Foullon at the Alexandrovski foundry and they both carry the double eagle symbol of the Russian Tsar.
Fort Glanville.
The construction of Fort Glanville in 1878 and its completion in 1880 was a direct consequence of the Crimean War. Australian colonies saw a possible Russian invasion as a threat. In 1871 Russia established its Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok near Japan. Russia had imperial hopes. In that same year all British troops were withdrawn from all Australian colonies. Defence was seen as a major issue. Russia had not accepted its defeat in the Crimean War easily and it sought to get control of the Black Sea from the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire and to regain lost territories or gain new ones. In the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 the Russians defeated the Ottomans and drove them out of Eastern Europe (Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania etc.) after 500 years of Ottoman occupation. Europe felt threatened by this war and although Britain was not directly involved in the war Britain sent a fleet to protect Constantinople and intimidate the Russians and to make them accept a truce from the Ottoman Empire. That same year – 1878 – SA passed a defensive act to establish three coastal forts in case of Russian sea attack at Glenelg, Semaphore and Largs Bay. In 1878 SA also passed the Military Forces Act to establish the first permanent armed forces. The governor of the day Sir William Jervois designed Fort Glanville with another British officer. A road was planned to link the three forts and was named appropriately Military Road. Glenelg fort was never built; the first completed fort was Glanville in 1880; and Largs Bay fort was completed in 1884. Much later Fort Largs became the SA Police training Academy and the fort remains at that site. Not one shot was ever fired from forts Glanville or Largs Bay in defence. Fort Glanville was built in a crescent shaped with 220 cms concrete and brick walls and huge cannons with a firing range of 6,000 metres. The guns were pointed to the ocean. After it closed it was used for military detention, depression housing, scout accommodation etc. More recently Fort Glanville was declared a state park. Fort Glanville was designed to protect the jetty at Semaphore which was the main disembarking point for passengers and mail from Britain; Glenelg was designed to be an early warning fort; and Fort Largs was designed to protect the entry to the colony’s major port at Port Adelaide. Largs and Glanville closed in 1901 when the Commonwealth took over all responsibility for defence.
At the conclusion of the November, 2021 Historic Transport Preservation (HTP) photo shoot at Pennsylvania's Strasburg Rail Road, we had an opportunity to re-create a historic photo from Time / Life Magazine, which depicted a female employee of the Pennsylvania Railroad, carrying a large group of lanterns to PRR crewmen at the beginning of an evening shift. A series of scenes was staged beside the Strasburg Rail Road's J-Tower, itself a PRR relic, depicting this young woman in various stages of preparing and distributing lanterns to the crew of N&W #475. In this image, our "Lantern Girl", Ginny, departs the J-Tower stairs carrying her lanterns. This image is the re-creation of the actual Time / Life historic photo.
Graham Ross, garden expert in Network 7's Better Homes and Gardens, made a brief appearance.
Daffodil Day 2010, Martin Place, Sydney, Australia (Friday 27 August 2010)
The Biddulph Gate in Famagusta, Turkish Republic of North Cyprus, is a ruined structure named after General Sir Robert Biddulph. It is situated within the walled city of Famagusta but is not part of the defensive wall. The gate's current state is that of a ruin.
The history of the Biddulph Gate is closely tied to General Sir Robert Biddulph, a British military officer who served in Cyprus during the late 19th century. It is believed that the gate was named in his honor, possibly due to his contributions or association with the region.
The exact origins and architectural details of the Biddulph Gate are unclear due to its ruined state. It is possible that the gate had historical significance and functioned as an entry point or passage within the walled city of Famagusta. However, the lack of available information makes it challenging to provide an in-depth account of its original purpose or design.
Over time, the Biddulph Gate fell into disrepair and is now in a ruined state. The specific reasons for its deterioration or the events that led to its current condition remain unclear. The gate's ruinous state adds to its historical intrigue and provides a sense of mystery surrounding its past.
Despite its ruined state, the Biddulph Gate holds cultural and historical importance as a tangible reminder of Famagusta's past. It serves as a poignant symbol of the city's history and the passage of time.
Preservation and restoration efforts may be necessary to protect the Biddulph Gate and prevent further deterioration. These initiatives could focus on stabilizing the structure, conducting archaeological research, and potentially opening it up to visitors as a cultural and historical attraction.
In conclusion, the Biddulph Gate in Famagusta, Turkish Republic of North Cyprus, is a ruined structure named after General Sir Robert Biddulph. While its exact origins and original purpose are unclear due to its current state, the gate's association with General Biddulph and its location within the walled city of Famagusta contribute to its historical significance. Efforts to preserve and understand this cultural heritage site may be necessary to ensure its continued appreciation and exploration.
General Sir Robert Biddulph, (26 August 1835 – 18 November 1918) was a senior British Army officer. He served as Quartermaster-General to the Forces in 1893, and was then Governor of Gibraltar until 1900.
Military career
Educated at Twyford School and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, Biddulph was commissioned into the Royal Artillery in 1853. He served in the Crimean War and was present at the Siege of Sevastopol in 1854. He then served in the Indian Mutiny, and was Brigade Major during the Siege of Lucknow in 1857.
In 1871 he was selected to be Assistant Adjutant-General at the War Office and then in 1879 he succeeded Sir Garnet Wolseley as High Commissioner and Commander-in-Chief of Cyprus. In 1886, he returned to London to be Inspector-General of Recruiting and two years later became Director-General of Military Education. In 1893 he was briefly Quartermaster-General to the Forces. Later that year he became Governor of Gibraltar, serving as such until 1900. He was Colonel Commandant of Royal Artillery, and was placed on retired pay on 26 August 1902.
His final appointment, in 1904, was as Army Purchase Commissioner: in that capacity he abolished the purchase of commissions.
He was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the 1899 Birthday Honours. Biddulph's Gate in Famagusta in Cyprus is named after him.
Famagusta is a city on the east coast of the de facto state Northern Cyprus. It is located east of Nicosia and possesses the deepest harbour of the island. During the Middle Ages (especially under the maritime republics of Genoa and Venice), Famagusta was the island's most important port city and a gateway to trade with the ports of the Levant, from where the Silk Road merchants carried their goods to Western Europe. The old walled city and parts of the modern city are de facto part of Northern Cyprus as the capital of the Gazimağusa District.
The city was known as Arsinoe or Arsinoë (Greek: Ἀρσινόη, Arsinóē) in antiquity, after Ptolemy II of Egypt's sister and wife Arsinoe II.
By the 3rd century, the city appears as Ammochostos (Greek: Ἀμμόχωστος or Αμμόχωστος, Ammókhōstos, "Hidden in Sand") in the Stadiasmus Maris Magni.[5] This name is still used in modern Greek with the pronunciation [aˈmːoxostos], while it developed into Latin Fama Augusta, French Famagouste, Italian Famagosta, and English Famagusta during the medieval period. Its informal modern Turkish name Mağusa (Turkish pronunciation: [maˈusa]) came from the same source. Since 1974, it has formally been known to Turkey and Northern Cyprus as Gazimağusa ([ɡaːzimaˈusa]), from the addition of the title gazi, meaning "veteran" or "one who has faught in a holy war".
In the early medieval period, the city was also known as New Justiniana (Greek: Νέα Ἰουστινιανία, Néa Ioustinianía) in appreciation for the patronage of the Byzantine emperor Justinian, whose wife Theodora was born there.
The old town of Famagusta has also been nicknamed "the City of 365 Churches" from the legend that, at its peak, it boasted a church for every day of the year.
The city was founded around 274 BC, after the serious damage to Salamis by an earthquake, by Ptolemy II Philadelphus and named "Arsinoe" after his sister.[6] Arsinoe was described as a "fishing town" by Strabo in his Geographica in the first century BC. In essence, Famagusta was the successor of the most famous and most important ancient city of Cyprus, Salamis. According to Greek mythology, Salamis was founded after the end of the Trojan War by Teucros, the son of Telamon and brother of Aedes, from the Greek island of Salamis.
The city experienced great prosperity much later, during the time of the Byzantine emperor Justinian. To honor the city, from which his wife Theodora came, Justinian enriched it with many buildings, while the inhabitants named it New Justiniania to express their gratitude. In AD 647, when the neighboring cities were destroyed by Arab raiding, the inhabitants of these cities moved to Famagusta, as a result of which the city's population increased significantly and the city experienced another boom.
Later, when Jerusalem was occupied by the Arabs, the Christian population fled to Famagusta, as a result of which the city became an important Christian center, but also one of the most important commercial centers in the eastern Mediterranean.
The turning point for Famagusta was 1192 with the onset of Lusignan rule. It was during this period that Famagusta developed as a fully-fledged town. It increased in importance to the Eastern Mediterranean due to its natural harbour and the walls that protected its inner town. Its population began to increase. This development accelerated in the 13th century as the town became a centre of commerce for both the East and West. An influx of Christian refugees fleeing the downfall of Acre (1291) in Palestine transformed it from a tiny village into one of the richest cities in Christendom.
In 1372 the port was seized by Genoa and in 1489 by Venice. This commercial activity turned Famagusta into a place where merchants and ship owners led lives of luxury. By the mid-14th century, Famagusta was said to have the richest citizens in the world. The belief that people's wealth could be measured by the churches they built inspired these merchants to have churches built in varying styles. These churches, which still exist, were the reason Famagusta came to be known as "the district of churches". The development of the town focused on the social lives of the wealthy people and was centred upon the Lusignan palace, the cathedral, the Square and the harbour.
In 1570–1571, Famagusta was the last stronghold in Venetian Cyprus to hold out against the Turks under Mustafa Pasha. It resisted a siege of thirteen months and a terrible bombardment, until at last the garrison surrendered. The Ottoman forces had lost 50,000 men, including Mustafa Pasha's son. Although the surrender terms had stipulated that the Venetian forces be allowed to return home, the Venetian commander, Marco Antonio Bragadin, was flayed alive, his lieutenant Tiepolo was hanged, and many other Christians were killed.
With the advent of the Ottoman rule, Latins lost their privileged status in Famagusta and were expelled from the city. Greek Cypriots natives were at first allowed to own and buy property in the city, but were banished from the walled city in 1573–74 and had to settle outside in the area that later developed into Varosha. Turkish families from Anatolia were resettled in the walled city but could not fill the buildings that previously hosted a population of 10,000. This caused a drastic decrease in the population of Famagusta. Merchants from Famagusta, who mostly consisted of Latins that had been expelled, resettled in Larnaca and as Larnaca flourished, Famagusta lost its importance as a trade centre. Over time, Varosha developed into a prosperous agricultural town thanks to its location away from the marshes, whilst the walled city remained dilapidated.
In the walled city, some buildings were repurposed to serve the interests of the Muslim population: the Cathedral of St. Nicholas was converted to a mosque (now known as Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque), a bazaar was developed, public baths, fountains and a theological school were built to accommodate the inhabitants' needs. Dead end streets, an Ottoman urban characteristic, was imported to the city and a communal spirit developed in which a small number of two-storey houses inhabited by the small upper class co-existed with the widespread one-storey houses.
With the British takeover, Famagusta regained its significance as a port and an economic centre and its development was specifically targeted in British plans. As soon as the British took over the island, a Famagusta Development Act was passed that aimed at the reconstruction and redevelopment of the city's streets and dilapidated buildings as well as better hygiene. The port was developed and expanded between 1903 and 1906 and Cyprus Government Railway, with its terminus in Famagusta, started construction in 1904. Whilst Larnaca continued to be used as the main port of the island for some time, after Famagusta's use as a military base in World War I trade significantly shifted to Famagusta. The city outside the walls grew at an accelerated rate, with development being centred around Varosha. Varosha became the administrative centre as the British moved their headquarters and residences there and tourism grew significantly in the last years of the British rule. Pottery and production of citrus and potatoes also significantly grew in the city outside the walls, whilst agriculture within the walled city declined to non-existence.
New residential areas were built to accommodate the increasing population towards the end of the British rule,[11] and by 1960, Famagusta was a modern port city extending far beyond Varosha and the walled city.
The British period saw a significant demographic shift in the city. In 1881, Christians constituted 60% of the city's population while Muslims were at 40%. By 1960, the Turkish Cypriot population had dropped to 17.5% of the overall population, while the Greek Cypriot population had risen to 70%. The city was also the site for one of the British internment camps for nearly 50,000 Jewish survivors of the Holocaust trying to emigrate to Palestine.
From independence in 1960 to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus of 1974, Famagusta developed toward the south west of Varosha as a well-known entertainment and tourist centre. The contribution of Famagusta to the country's economic activity by 1974 far exceeded its proportional dimensions within the country. Whilst its population was only about 7% of the total of the country, Famagusta by 1974 accounted for over 10% of the total industrial employment and production of Cyprus, concentrating mainly on light industry compatible with its activity as a tourist resort and turning out high-quality products ranging from food, beverages and tobacco to clothing, footwear, plastics, light machinery and transport equipment. It contributed 19.3% of the business units and employed 21.3% of the total number of persons engaged in commerce on the island. It acted as the main tourist destination of Cyprus, hosting 31.5% of the hotels and 45% of Cyprus' total bed capacity. Varosha acted as the main touristic and business quarters.
In this period, the urbanisation of Famagusta slowed down and the development of the rural areas accelerated. Therefore, economic growth was shared between the city of Famagusta and the district, which had a balanced agricultural economy, with citrus, potatoes, tobacco and wheat as main products. Famagusta maintained good communications with this hinterland. The city's port remained the island's main seaport and in 1961, it was expanded to double its capacity in order to accommodate the growing volume of exports and imports. The port handled 42.7% of Cypriot exports, 48.6% of imports and 49% of passenger traffic.
There has not been an official census since 1960 but the population of the town in 1974 was estimated to be around 39,000 not counting about 12,000–15,000 persons commuting daily from the surrounding villages and suburbs to work in Famagusta. The number of people staying in the city would swell to about 90,000–100,000 during the peak summer tourist period, with the influx of tourists from numerous European countries, mainly Britain, France, Germany and the Scandinavian countries. The majority of the city population were Greek Cypriots (26,500), with 8,500 Turkish Cypriots and 4,000 people from other ethnic groups.
During the second phase of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus on 14 August 1974 the Mesaoria plain was overrun by Turkish tanks and Famagusta was bombed by Turkish aircraft. It took two days for the Turkish Army to occupy the city, prior to which Famagusta's entire Greek Cypriot population had fled into surrounding fields. As a result of Turkish airstrikes dozens of civilians died, including tourists.
Unlike other parts of the Turkish-controlled areas of Cyprus, the Varosha suburb of Famagusta was fenced off by the Turkish army immediately after being captured and remained fenced off until October 2020, when the TRNC reopened some streets to visitors. Some Greek Cypriots who had fled Varosha have been allowed to view the town and journalists have been allowed in.
UN Security Council resolution 550 (1984) considers any attempts to settle any part of Famagusta by people other than its inhabitants as inadmissible and calls for the transfer of this area to the administration of the UN. The UN's Security Council resolution 789 (1992) also urges that with a view to the implementation of resolution 550 (1984), the area at present under the control of the United Nations Peace-keeping Force in Cyprus be extended to include Varosha.
Famagusta's historic city centre is surrounded by the fortifications of Famagusta, which have a roughly rectangular shape, built mainly by the Venetians in the 15th and 16th centuries, though some sections of the walls have been dated earlier times, as far as 1211.
Some important landmarks and visitor attractions in the old city are:
The Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque
The Othello Castle
Palazzo del Provveditore - the Venetian palace of the governor, built on the site of the former Lusignan royal palace
St. Francis' Church
Sinan Pasha Mosque
Church of St. George of the Greeks
Church of St. George of the Latins
Twin Churches
Nestorian Church (of St George the Exiler)
Namık Kemal Dungeon
Agios Ioannis Church
Venetian House
Akkule Masjid
Mustafa Pasha Mosque
Ganchvor monastery
In an October 2010 report titled Saving Our Vanishing Heritage, Global Heritage Fund listed Famagusta, a "maritime ancient city of crusader kings", among the 12 sites most "On the Verge" of irreparable loss and destruction, citing insufficient management and development pressures.
Famagusta is an important commercial hub of Northern Cyprus. The main economic activities in the city are tourism, education, construction and industrial production. It has a 115-acre free port, which is the most important seaport of Northern Cyprus for travel and commerce. The port is an important source of income and employment for the city, though its volume of trade is restricted by the embargo against Northern Cyprus. Its historical sites, including the walled city, Salamis, the Othello Castle and the St Barnabas Church, as well as the sandy beaches surrounding it make it a tourist attraction; efforts are also underway to make the city more attractive for international congresses. The Eastern Mediterranean University is also an important employer and supplies significant income and activity, as well as opportunities for the construction sector. The university also raises a qualified workforce that stimulates the city's industry and makes communications industry viable. The city has two industrial zones: the Large Industrial Zone and the Little Industrial Zone. The city is also home to a fishing port, but inadequate infrastructure of the port restricts the growth of this sector. The industry in the city has traditionally been concentrated on processing agricultural products.
Historically, the port was the primary source of income and employment for the city, especially right after 1974. However, it gradually lost some of its importance to the economy as the share of its employees in the population of Famagusta diminished due to various reasons. However, it still is the primary port for commerce in Northern Cyprus, with more than half of ships that came to Northern Cyprus in 2013 coming to Famagusta. It is the second most popular seaport for passengers, after Kyrenia, with around 20,000 passengers using the port in 2013.
The mayor-in-exile of Famagusta is Simos Ioannou. Süleyman Uluçay heads the Turkish Cypriot municipal administration of Famagusta, which remains legal as a communal-based body under the constitutional system of the Republic of Cyprus.
Since 1974, Greek Cypriots submitted a number of proposals within the context of bicommunal discussions for the return of Varosha to UN administration, allowing the return of its previous inhabitants, requesting also the opening of Famagusta harbour for use by both communities. Varosha would have been returned to Greek Cypriot control as part of the 2004 Annan Plan but the plan had been rejected by a majority(3/4) of Greek Cypriot voters.
The walled city of Famagusta contains many unique buildings. Famagusta has a walled city popular with tourists.
Every year, the International Famagusta Art and Culture Festival is organized in Famagusta. Concerts, dance shows and theater plays take place during the festival.
A growth in tourism and the city's university have fueled the development of Famagusta's vibrant nightlife. Nightlife in the city is especially active on Wednesday, Friday and Saturday nights and in the hotter months of the year, starting from April. Larger hotels in the city have casinos that cater to their customers. Salamis Road is an area of Famagusta with a heavy concentration of bars frequented by students and locals.
Famagusta's Othello Castle is the setting for Shakespeare's play Othello. The city was also the setting for Victoria Hislop's 2015 novel The Sunrise, and Michael Paraskos's 2016 novel In Search of Sixpence. The city is the birthplace of the eponymous hero of the Renaissance proto-novel Fortunatus.
Famagusta was home to many Greek Cypriot sport teams that left the city because of the Turkish invasion and still bear their original names. Most notable football clubs originally from the city are Anorthosis Famagusta FC and Nea Salamis Famagusta FC, both of the Cypriot First Division, which are now based in Larnaca. Usually Anorthosis Famagusta fans are politically right wing where Nea Salamis fans are left wing.
Famagusta is represented by Mağusa Türk Gücü in the Turkish Cypriot First Division. Dr. Fazıl Küçük Stadium is the largest football stadium in Famagusta. Many Turkish Cypriot sport teams that left Southern Cyprus because of the Cypriot intercommunal violence are based in Famagusta.
Famagusta is represented by DAÜ Sports Club and Magem Sports Club in North Cyprus First Volleyball Division. Gazimağusa Türk Maarif Koleji represents Famagusta in the North Cyprus High School Volleyball League.
Famagusta has a modern volleyball stadium called the Mağusa Arena.
The Eastern Mediterranean University was founded in the city in 1979. The Istanbul Technical University founded a campus in the city in 2010.
The Cyprus College of Art was founded in Famagusta by the Cypriot artist Stass Paraskos in 1969, before moving to Paphos in 1972 after protests from local hoteliers that the presence of art students in the city was putting off holidaymakers.
Famagusta has three general hospitals. Gazimağusa Devlet Hastahanesi, a state hospital, is the biggest hospital in city. Gazimağusa Tıp Merkezi and Gazimağusa Yaşam Hastahanesi are private hospitals.
Personalities
Saint Barnabas, born and died in Salamis, Famagusta
Chris Achilleos, illustrator of the book versions on the BBC children's series Doctor Who
Beran Bertuğ, former Governor of Famagusta, first Cypriot woman to hold this position
Marios Constantinou, former international Cypriot football midfielder and current manager.
Eleftheria Eleftheriou, Cypriot singer.
Derviş Eroğlu, former President of Northern Cyprus
Alexis Galanos, 7th President of the House of Representatives and Famagusta mayor-in-exile (2006-2019) (Republic of Cyprus)
Xanthos Hadjisoteriou, Cypriot painter
Oz Karahan, political activist, President of the Union of Cypriots
Oktay Kayalp, former Turkish Cypriot Famagusta mayor (Northern Cyprus)
Harry Luke British diplomat
Angelos Misos, former international footballer
Costas Montis was an influential and prolific Greek Cypriot poet, novelist, and playwright born in Famagusta.
Hal Ozsan, actor (Dawson's Creek, Kyle XY)
Dimitris Papadakis, a Greek Cypriot politician, who served as a Member of the European Parliament.
Ṣubḥ-i-Azal, Persian religious leader, lived and died in exile in Famagusta
Touker Suleyman (born Türker Süleyman), British Turkish Cypriot fashion retail entrepreneur, investor and reality television personality.
Alexia Vassiliou, singer, left here as a refugee when the town was invaded.
George Vasiliou, former President of Cyprus
Vamik Volkan, Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry
Derviş Zaim, film director
Famagusta is twinned with:
İzmir, Turkey (since 1974)
Corfu, Greece (since 1994)
Patras, Greece (since 1994)
Antalya, Turkey (since 1997)
Salamina (city), Greece (since 1998)
Struga, North Macedonia
Athens, Greece (since 2005)
Mersin, Turkey
Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. It is recognised only by Turkey, and its territory is considered by all other states to be part of the Republic of Cyprus.
Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the northeast to Morphou Bay, Cape Kormakitis and its westernmost point, the Kokkina exclave in the west. Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina. A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both sides.
A coup d'état in 1974, performed as part of an attempt to annex the island to Greece, prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. This resulted in the eviction of much of the north's Greek Cypriot population, the flight of Turkish Cypriots from the south, and the partitioning of the island, leading to a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic, political and military support.
Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful. The Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus with the support and approval of the TRNC government, while the Republic of Cyprus, the European Union as a whole, and the international community regard it as an occupation force. This military presence has been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions.
Northern Cyprus is a semi-presidential, democratic republic with a cultural heritage incorporating various influences and an economy that is dominated by the services sector. The economy has seen growth through the 2000s and 2010s, with the GNP per capita more than tripling in the 2000s, but is held back by an international embargo due to the official closure of the ports in Northern Cyprus by the Republic of Cyprus. The official language is Turkish, with a distinct local dialect being spoken. The vast majority of the population consists of Sunni Muslims, while religious attitudes are mostly moderate and secular. Northern Cyprus is an observer state of ECO and OIC under the name "Turkish Cypriot State", PACE under the name "Turkish Cypriot Community", and Organization of Turkic States with its own name.
Several distinct periods of Cypriot intercommunal violence involving the two main ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, marked mid-20th century Cyprus. These included the Cyprus Emergency of 1955–59 during British rule, the post-independence Cyprus crisis of 1963–64, and the Cyprus crisis of 1967. Hostilities culminated in the 1974 de facto division of the island along the Green Line following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The region has been relatively peaceful since then, but the Cyprus dispute has continued, with various attempts to solve it diplomatically having been generally unsuccessful.
Cyprus, an island lying in the eastern Mediterranean, hosted a population of Greeks and Turks (four-fifths and one-fifth, respectively), who lived under British rule in the late nineteenth-century and the first half of the twentieth-century. Christian Orthodox Church of Cyprus played a prominent political role among the Greek Cypriot community, a privilege that it acquired during the Ottoman Empire with the employment of the millet system, which gave the archbishop an unofficial ethnarch status.
The repeated rejections by the British of Greek Cypriot demands for enosis, union with Greece, led to armed resistance, organised by the National Organization of Cypriot Struggle, or EOKA. EOKA, led by the Greek-Cypriot commander George Grivas, systematically targeted British colonial authorities. One of the effects of EOKA's campaign was to alter the Turkish position from demanding full reincorporation into Turkey to a demand for taksim (partition). EOKA's mission and activities caused a "Cretan syndrome" (see Turkish Resistance Organisation) within the Turkish Cypriot community, as its members feared that they would be forced to leave the island in such a case as had been the case with Cretan Turks. As such, they preferred the continuation of British colonial rule and then taksim, the division of the island. Due to the Turkish Cypriots' support for the British, EOKA's leader, Georgios Grivas, declared them to be enemies. The fact that the Turks were a minority was, according to Nihat Erim, to be addressed by the transfer of thousands of Turks from mainland Turkey so that Greek Cypriots would cease to be the majority. When Erim visited Cyprus as the Turkish representative, he was advised by Field Marshal Sir John Harding, the then Governor of Cyprus, that Turkey should send educated Turks to settle in Cyprus.
Turkey actively promoted the idea that on the island of Cyprus two distinctive communities existed, and sidestepped its former claim that "the people of Cyprus were all Turkish subjects". In doing so, Turkey's aim to have self-determination of two to-be equal communities in effect led to de jure partition of the island.[citation needed] This could be justified to the international community against the will of the majority Greek population of the island. Dr. Fazil Küçük in 1954 had already proposed Cyprus be divided in two at the 35° parallel.
Lindley Dan, from Notre Dame University, spotted the roots of intercommunal violence to different visions among the two communities of Cyprus (enosis for Greek Cypriots, taksim for Turkish Cypriots). Also, Lindlay wrote that "the merging of church, schools/education, and politics in divisive and nationalistic ways" had played a crucial role in creation of havoc in Cyprus' history. Attalides Michael also pointed to the opposing nationalisms as the cause of the Cyprus problem.
By the mid-1950's, the "Cyprus is Turkish" party, movement, and slogan gained force in both Cyprus and Turkey. In a 1954 editorial, Turkish Cypriot leader Dr. Fazil Kuchuk expressed the sentiment that the Turkish youth had grown up with the idea that "as soon as Great Britain leaves the island, it will be taken over by the Turks", and that "Turkey cannot tolerate otherwise". This perspective contributed to the willingness of Turkish Cypriots to align themselves with the British, who started recruiting Turkish Cypriots into the police force that patrolled Cyprus to fight EOKA, a Greek Cypriot nationalist organisation that sought to rid the island of British rule.
EOKA targeted colonial authorities, including police, but Georgios Grivas, the leader of EOKA, did not initially wish to open up a new front by fighting Turkish Cypriots and reassured them that EOKA would not harm their people. In 1956, some Turkish Cypriot policemen were killed by EOKA members and this provoked some intercommunal violence in the spring and summer, but these attacks on policemen were not motivated by the fact that they were Turkish Cypriots.
However, in January 1957, Grivas changed his policy as his forces in the mountains became increasingly pressured by the British Crown forces. In order to divert the attention of the Crown forces, EOKA members started to target Turkish Cypriot policemen intentionally in the towns, so that Turkish Cypriots would riot against the Greek Cypriots and the security forces would have to be diverted to the towns to restore order. The killing of a Turkish Cypriot policeman on 19 January, when a power station was bombed, and the injury of three others, provoked three days of intercommunal violence in Nicosia. The two communities targeted each other in reprisals, at least one Greek Cypriot was killed and the British Army was deployed in the streets. Greek Cypriot stores were burned and their neighbourhoods attacked. Following the events, the Greek Cypriot leadership spread the propaganda that the riots had merely been an act of Turkish Cypriot aggression. Such events created chaos and drove the communities apart both in Cyprus and in Turkey.
On 22 October 1957 Sir Hugh Mackintosh Foot replaced Sir John Harding as the British Governor of Cyprus. Foot suggested five to seven years of self-government before any final decision. His plan rejected both enosis and taksim. The Turkish Cypriot response to this plan was a series of anti-British demonstrations in Nicosia on 27 and 28 January 1958 rejecting the proposed plan because the plan did not include partition. The British then withdrew the plan.
In 1957, Black Gang, a Turkish Cypriot pro-taksim paramilitary organisation, was formed to patrol a Turkish Cypriot enclave, the Tahtakale district of Nicosia, against activities of EOKA. The organisation later attempted to grow into a national scale, but failed to gain public support.
By 1958, signs of dissatisfaction with the British increased on both sides, with a group of Turkish Cypriots forming Volkan (later renamed to the Turkish Resistance Organisation) paramilitary group to promote partition and the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as dictated by the Menderes plan. Volkan initially consisted of roughly 100 members, with the stated aim of raising awareness in Turkey of the Cyprus issue and courting military training and support for Turkish Cypriot fighters from the Turkish government.
In June 1958, the British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, was expected to propose a plan to resolve the Cyprus issue. In light of the new development, the Turks rioted in Nicosia to promote the idea that Greek and Turkish Cypriots could not live together and therefore any plan that did not include partition would not be viable. This violence was soon followed by bombing, Greek Cypriot deaths and looting of Greek Cypriot-owned shops and houses. Greek and Turkish Cypriots started to flee mixed population villages where they were a minority in search of safety. This was effectively the beginning of the segregation of the two communities. On 7 June 1958, a bomb exploded at the entrance of the Turkish Embassy in Cyprus. Following the bombing, Turkish Cypriots looted Greek Cypriot properties. On 26 June 1984, the Turkish Cypriot leader, Rauf Denktaş, admitted on British channel ITV that the bomb was placed by the Turks themselves in order to create tension. On 9 January 1995, Rauf Denktaş repeated his claim to the famous Turkish newspaper Milliyet in Turkey.
The crisis reached a climax on 12 June 1958, when eight Greeks, out of an armed group of thirty five arrested by soldiers of the Royal Horse Guards on suspicion of preparing an attack on the Turkish quarter of Skylloura, were killed in a suspected attack by Turkish Cypriot locals, near the village of Geunyeli, having been ordered to walk back to their village of Kondemenos.
After the EOKA campaign had begun, the British government successfully began to turn the Cyprus issue from a British colonial problem into a Greek-Turkish issue. British diplomacy exerted backstage influence on the Adnan Menderes government, with the aim of making Turkey active in Cyprus. For the British, the attempt had a twofold objective. The EOKA campaign would be silenced as quickly as possible, and Turkish Cypriots would not side with Greek Cypriots against the British colonial claims over the island, which would thus remain under the British. The Turkish Cypriot leadership visited Menderes to discuss the Cyprus issue. When asked how the Turkish Cypriots should respond to the Greek Cypriot claim of enosis, Menderes replied: "You should go to the British foreign minister and request the status quo be prolonged, Cyprus to remain as a British colony". When the Turkish Cypriots visited the British Foreign Secretary and requested for Cyprus to remain a colony, he replied: "You should not be asking for colonialism at this day and age, you should be asking for Cyprus be returned to Turkey, its former owner".
As Turkish Cypriots began to look to Turkey for protection, Greek Cypriots soon understood that enosis was extremely unlikely. The Greek Cypriot leader, Archbishop Makarios III, now set independence for the island as his objective.
Britain resolved to solve the dispute by creating an independent Cyprus. In 1959, all involved parties signed the Zurich Agreements: Britain, Turkey, Greece, and the Greek and Turkish Cypriot leaders, Makarios and Dr. Fazil Kucuk, respectively. The new constitution drew heavily on the ethnic composition of the island. The President would be a Greek Cypriot, and the Vice-President a Turkish Cypriot with an equal veto. The contribution to the public service would be set at a ratio of 70:30, and the Supreme Court would consist of an equal number of judges from both communities as well as an independent judge who was not Greek, Turkish or British. The Zurich Agreements were supplemented by a number of treaties. The Treaty of Guarantee stated that secession or union with any state was forbidden, and that Greece, Turkey and Britain would be given guarantor status to intervene if that was violated. The Treaty of Alliance allowed for two small Greek and Turkish military contingents to be stationed on the island, and the Treaty of Establishment gave Britain sovereignty over two bases in Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
On 15 August 1960, the Colony of Cyprus became fully independent as the Republic of Cyprus. The new republic remained within the Commonwealth of Nations.
The new constitution brought dissatisfaction to Greek Cypriots, who felt it to be highly unjust for them for historical, demographic and contributional reasons. Although 80% of the island's population were Greek Cypriots and these indigenous people had lived on the island for thousands of years and paid 94% of taxes, the new constitution was giving the 17% of the population that was Turkish Cypriots, who paid 6% of taxes, around 30% of government jobs and 40% of national security jobs.
Within three years tensions between the two communities in administrative affairs began to show. In particular disputes over separate municipalities and taxation created a deadlock in government. A constitutional court ruled in 1963 Makarios had failed to uphold article 173 of the constitution which called for the establishment of separate municipalities for Turkish Cypriots. Makarios subsequently declared his intention to ignore the judgement, resulting in the West German judge resigning from his position. Makarios proposed thirteen amendments to the constitution, which would have had the effect of resolving most of the issues in the Greek Cypriot favour. Under the proposals, the President and Vice-President would lose their veto, the separate municipalities as sought after by the Turkish Cypriots would be abandoned, the need for separate majorities by both communities in passing legislation would be discarded and the civil service contribution would be set at actual population ratios (82:18) instead of the slightly higher figure for Turkish Cypriots.
The intention behind the amendments has long been called into question. The Akritas plan, written in the height of the constitutional dispute by the Greek Cypriot interior minister Polycarpos Georkadjis, called for the removal of undesirable elements of the constitution so as to allow power-sharing to work. The plan envisaged a swift retaliatory attack on Turkish Cypriot strongholds should Turkish Cypriots resort to violence to resist the measures, stating "In the event of a planned or staged Turkish attack, it is imperative to overcome it by force in the shortest possible time, because if we succeed in gaining command of the situation (in one or two days), no outside, intervention would be either justified or possible." Whether Makarios's proposals were part of the Akritas plan is unclear, however it remains that sentiment towards enosis had not completely disappeared with independence. Makarios described independence as "a step on the road to enosis".[31] Preparations for conflict were not entirely absent from Turkish Cypriots either, with right wing elements still believing taksim (partition) the best safeguard against enosis.
Greek Cypriots however believe the amendments were a necessity stemming from a perceived attempt by Turkish Cypriots to frustrate the working of government. Turkish Cypriots saw it as a means to reduce their status within the state from one of co-founder to that of minority, seeing it as a first step towards enosis. The security situation deteriorated rapidly.
Main articles: Bloody Christmas (1963) and Battle of Tillyria
An armed conflict was triggered after December 21, 1963, a period remembered by Turkish Cypriots as Bloody Christmas, when a Greek Cypriot policemen that had been called to help deal with a taxi driver refusing officers already on the scene access to check the identification documents of his customers, took out his gun upon arrival and shot and killed the taxi driver and his partner. Eric Solsten summarised the events as follows: "a Greek Cypriot police patrol, ostensibly checking identification documents, stopped a Turkish Cypriot couple on the edge of the Turkish quarter. A hostile crowd gathered, shots were fired, and two Turkish Cypriots were killed."
In the morning after the shooting, crowds gathered in protest in Northern Nicosia, likely encouraged by the TMT, without incident. On the evening of the 22nd, gunfire broke out, communication lines to the Turkish neighbourhoods were cut, and the Greek Cypriot police occupied the nearby airport. On the 23rd, a ceasefire was negotiated, but did not hold. Fighting, including automatic weapons fire, between Greek and Turkish Cypriots and militias increased in Nicosia and Larnaca. A force of Greek Cypriot irregulars led by Nikos Sampson entered the Nicosia suburb of Omorphita and engaged in heavy firing on armed, as well as by some accounts unarmed, Turkish Cypriots. The Omorphita clash has been described by Turkish Cypriots as a massacre, while this view has generally not been acknowledged by Greek Cypriots.
Further ceasefires were arranged between the two sides, but also failed. By Christmas Eve, the 24th, Britain, Greece, and Turkey had joined talks, with all sides calling for a truce. On Christmas day, Turkish fighter jets overflew Nicosia in a show of support. Finally it was agreed to allow a force of 2,700 British soldiers to help enforce a ceasefire. In the next days, a "buffer zone" was created in Nicosia, and a British officer marked a line on a map with green ink, separating the two sides of the city, which was the beginning of the "Green Line". Fighting continued across the island for the next several weeks.
In total 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the violence. 25,000 Turkish Cypriots from 103-109 villages fled and were displaced into enclaves and thousands of Turkish Cypriot houses were ransacked or completely destroyed.
Contemporary newspapers also reported on the forceful exodus of the Turkish Cypriots from their homes. According to The Times in 1964, threats, shootings and attempts of arson were committed against the Turkish Cypriots to force them out of their homes. The Daily Express wrote that "25,000 Turks have already been forced to leave their homes". The Guardian reported a massacre of Turks at Limassol on 16 February 1964.
Turkey had by now readied its fleet and its fighter jets appeared over Nicosia. Turkey was dissuaded from direct involvement by the creation of a United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) in 1964. Despite the negotiated ceasefire in Nicosia, attacks on the Turkish Cypriot persisted, particularly in Limassol. Concerned about the possibility of a Turkish invasion, Makarios undertook the creation of a Greek Cypriot conscript-based army called the "National Guard". A general from Greece took charge of the army, whilst a further 20,000 well-equipped officers and men were smuggled from Greece into Cyprus. Turkey threatened to intervene once more, but was prevented by a strongly worded letter from the American President Lyndon B. Johnson, anxious to avoid a conflict between NATO allies Greece and Turkey at the height of the Cold War.
Turkish Cypriots had by now established an important bridgehead at Kokkina, provided with arms, volunteers and materials from Turkey and abroad. Seeing this incursion of foreign weapons and troops as a major threat, the Cypriot government invited George Grivas to return from Greece as commander of the Greek troops on the island and launch a major attack on the bridgehead. Turkey retaliated by dispatching its fighter jets to bomb Greek positions, causing Makarios to threaten an attack on every Turkish Cypriot village on the island if the bombings did not cease. The conflict had now drawn in Greece and Turkey, with both countries amassing troops on their Thracian borders. Efforts at mediation by Dean Acheson, a former U.S. Secretary of State, and UN-appointed mediator Galo Plaza had failed, all the while the division of the two communities becoming more apparent. Greek Cypriot forces were estimated at some 30,000, including the National Guard and the large contingent from Greece. Defending the Turkish Cypriot enclaves was a force of approximately 5,000 irregulars, led by a Turkish colonel, but lacking the equipment and organisation of the Greek forces.
The Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1964, U Thant, reported the damage during the conflicts:
UNFICYP carried out a detailed survey of all damage to properties throughout the island during the disturbances; it shows that in 109 villages, most of them Turkish-Cypriot or mixed villages, 527 houses have been destroyed while 2,000 others have suffered damage from looting.
The situation worsened in 1967, when a military junta overthrew the democratically elected government of Greece, and began applying pressure on Makarios to achieve enosis. Makarios, not wishing to become part of a military dictatorship or trigger a Turkish invasion, began to distance himself from the goal of enosis. This caused tensions with the junta in Greece as well as George Grivas in Cyprus. Grivas's control over the National Guard and Greek contingent was seen as a threat to Makarios's position, who now feared a possible coup.[citation needed] The National Guard and Cyprus Police began patrolling the Turkish Cypriot enclaves of Ayios Theodoros and Kophinou, and on November 15 engaged in heavy fighting with the Turkish Cypriots.
By the time of his withdrawal 26 Turkish Cypriots had been killed. Turkey replied with an ultimatum demanding that Grivas be removed from the island, that the troops smuggled from Greece in excess of the limits of the Treaty of Alliance be removed, and that the economic blockades on the Turkish Cypriot enclaves be lifted. Grivas was recalled by the Athens Junta and the 12,000 Greek troops were withdrawn. Makarios now attempted to consolidate his position by reducing the number of National Guard troops, and by creating a paramilitary force loyal to Cypriot independence. In 1968, acknowledging that enosis was now all but impossible, Makarios stated, "A solution by necessity must be sought within the limits of what is feasible which does not always coincide with the limits of what is desirable."
After 1967 tensions between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots subsided. Instead, the main source of tension on the island came from factions within the Greek Cypriot community. Although Makarios had effectively abandoned enosis in favour of an 'attainable solution', many others continued to believe that the only legitimate political aspiration for Greek Cypriots was union with Greece.
On his arrival, Grivas began by establishing a nationalist paramilitary group known as the National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston B or EOKA-B), drawing comparisons with the EOKA struggle for enosis under the British colonial administration of the 1950s.
The military junta in Athens saw Makarios as an obstacle. Makarios's failure to disband the National Guard, whose officer class was dominated by mainland Greeks, had meant the junta had practical control over the Cypriot military establishment, leaving Makarios isolated and a vulnerable target.
During the first Turkish invasion, Turkish troops invaded Cyprus territory on 20 July 1974, invoking its rights under the Treaty of Guarantee. This expansion of Turkish-occupied zone violated International Law as well as the Charter of the United Nations. Turkish troops managed to capture 3% of the island which was accompanied by the burning of the Turkish Cypriot quarter, as well as the raping and killing of women and children. A temporary cease-fire followed which was mitigated by the UN Security Council. Subsequently, the Greek military Junta collapsed on July 23, 1974, and peace talks commenced in which a democratic government was installed. The Resolution 353 was broken after Turkey attacked a second time and managed to get a hold of 37% of Cyprus territory. The Island of Cyprus was appointed a Buffer Zone by the United Nations, which divided the island into two zones through the 'Green Line' and put an end to the Turkish invasion. Although Turkey announced that the occupied areas of Cyprus to be called the Federated Turkish State in 1975, it is not legitimised on a worldwide political scale. The United Nations called for the international recognition of independence for the Republic of Cyprus in the Security Council Resolution 367.
In the years after the Turkish invasion of northern Cyprus one can observe a history of failed talks between the two parties. The 1983 declaration of the independent Turkish Republic of Cyprus resulted in a rise of inter-communal tensions and made it increasingly hard to find mutual understanding. With Cyprus' interest of a possible EU membership and a new UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 1997 new hopes arose for a fresh start. International involvement from sides of the US and UK, wanting a solution to the Cyprus dispute prior to the EU accession led to political pressures for new talks. The believe that an accession without a solution would threaten Greek-Turkish relations and acknowledge the partition of the island would direct the coming negotiations.
Over the course of two years a concrete plan, the Annan plan was formulated. In 2004 the fifth version agreed upon from both sides and with the endorsement of Turkey, US, UK and EU then was presented to the public and was given a referendum in both Cypriot communities to assure the legitimisation of the resolution. The Turkish Cypriots voted with 65% for the plan, however the Greek Cypriots voted with a 76% majority against. The Annan plan contained multiple important topics. Firstly it established a confederation of two separate states called the United Cyprus Republic. Both communities would have autonomous states combined under one unified government. The members of parliament would be chosen according to the percentage in population numbers to ensure a just involvement from both communities. The paper proposed a demilitarisation of the island over the next years. Furthermore it agreed upon a number of 45000 Turkish settlers that could remain on the island. These settlers became a very important issue concerning peace talks. Originally the Turkish government encouraged Turks to settle in Cyprus providing transfer and property, to establish a counterpart to the Greek Cypriot population due to their 1 to 5 minority. With the economic situation many Turkish-Cypriot decided to leave the island, however their departure is made up by incoming Turkish settlers leaving the population ratio between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots stable. However all these points where criticised and as seen in the vote rejected mainly by the Greek Cypriots. These name the dissolution of the „Republic of Cyprus", economic consequences of a reunion and the remaining Turkish settlers as reason. Many claim that the plan was indeed drawing more from Turkish-Cypriot demands then Greek-Cypriot interests. Taking in consideration that the US wanted to keep Turkey as a strategic partner in future Middle Eastern conflicts.
A week after the failed referendum the Republic of Cyprus joined the EU. In multiple instances the EU tried to promote trade with Northern Cyprus but without internationally recognised ports this spiked a grand debate. Both side endure their intention of negotiations, however without the prospect of any new compromises or agreements the UN is unwilling to start the process again. Since 2004 negotiations took place in numbers but without any results, both sides are strongly holding on to their position without an agreeable solution in sight that would suit both parties.
The Eiffel Tower is a wrought-iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France. It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower.
Locally nicknamed "La dame de fer" (French for "Iron Lady"), it was constructed from 1887 to 1889 as the centerpiece of the 1889 World's Fair and was initially criticised by some of France's leading artists and intellectuals for its design, but it has become a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world. The Eiffel Tower is the most visited monument with an entrance fee in the world; 6.91 million people ascended it in 2015. It was designated a monument historique in 1964, and was named part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site ("Paris, Banks of the Seine") in 1991.
The tower is 330 metres (1,083 ft) tall, about the same height as an 81-storey building, and the tallest structure in Paris. Its base is square, measuring 125 metres (410 ft) on each side. During its construction, the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to become the tallest man-made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years until the Chrysler Building in New York City was finished in 1930. It was the first structure in the world to surpass both the 200-metre and 300-metre mark in height. Due to the addition of a broadcasting aerial at the top of the tower in 1957, it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by 5.2 metres (17 ft). Excluding transmitters, the Eiffel Tower is the second tallest free-standing structure in France after the Millau Viaduct.
The tower has three levels for visitors, with restaurants on the first and second levels. The top level's upper platform is 276 m (906 ft) above the ground – the highest observation deck accessible to the public in the European Union. Tickets can be purchased to ascend by stairs or lift to the first and second levels. The climb from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the climb from the first level to the second, making the entire ascent a 600 step climb. Although there is a staircase to the top level, it is usually accessible only by lift.
The design of the Eiffel Tower is attributed to Maurice Koechlin and Émile Nouguier, two senior engineers working for the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel. It was envisioned after discussion about a suitable centerpiece for the proposed 1889 Exposition Universelle, a world's fair to celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution. Eiffel openly acknowledged that inspiration for a tower came from the Latting Observatory built in New York City in 1853. In May 1884, working at home, Koechlin made a sketch of their idea, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top, joined together by metal trusses at regular intervals". Eiffel initially showed little enthusiasm, but he did approve further study, and the two engineers then asked Stephen Sauvestre, the head of the company's architectural department, to contribute to the design. Sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower, a glass pavilion to the first level, and other embellishments.
The new version gained Eiffel's support: he bought the rights to the patent on the design which Koechlin, Nougier, and Sauvestre had taken out, and the design was put on display at the Exhibition of Decorative Arts in the autumn of 1884 under the company name. On 30 March 1885, Eiffel presented his plans to the Société des Ingénieurs Civils; after discussing the technical problems and emphasising the practical uses of the tower, he finished his talk by saying the tower would symbolise
[n]ot only the art of the modern engineer, but also the century of Industry and Science in which we are living, and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument will be built as an expression of France's gratitude.
Little progress was made until 1886, when Jules Grévy was re-elected as president of France and Édouard Lockroy was appointed as minister for trade. A budget for the exposition was passed and, on 1 May, Lockroy announced an alteration to the terms of the open competition being held for a centrepiece to the exposition, which effectively made the selection of Eiffel's design a foregone conclusion, as entries had to include a study for a 300 m (980 ft) four-sided metal tower on the Champ de Mars. (A 300-metre tower was then considered a herculean engineering effort). On 12 May, a commission was set up to examine Eiffel's scheme and its rivals, which, a month later, decided that all the proposals except Eiffel's were either impractical or lacking in details.
After some debate about the exact location of the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. Eiffel signed it acting in his own capacity rather than as the representative of his company, the contract granting him 1.5 million francs toward the construction costs: less than a quarter of the estimated 6.5 million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition and for the next 20 years. He later established a separate company to manage the tower, putting up half the necessary capital himself.
The Crédit Industriel et Commercial (C.I.C.) helped finance the construction of the Eiffel Tower. According to a New York Times investigation into France's colonial legacy in Haiti, at the time of the tower's construction, the bank was acquiring funds from predatory loans related to the Haiti indemnity controversy – a debt forced upon Haiti by France to pay for slaves lost following the Haitian Revolution – and transferring Haiti's wealth into France. The Times reported that the C.I.C. benefited from a loan that required the Haitian Government to pay the bank and its partner nearly half of all taxes the Haitian government collected on exports, writing that by "effectively choking off the nation’s primary source of income", the C.I.C. "left a crippling legacy of financial extraction and dashed hopes — even by the standards of a nation with a long history of both."
Work on the foundations started on 28 January 1887. Those for the east and south legs were straightforward, with each leg resting on four 2 m (6.6 ft) concrete slabs, one for each of the principal girders of each leg. The west and north legs, being closer to the river Seine, were more complicated: each slab needed two piles installed by using compressed-air caissons 15 m (49 ft) long and 6 m (20 ft) in diameter driven to a depth of 22 m (72 ft) to support the concrete slabs, which were 6 m (20 ft) thick. Each of these slabs supported a block of limestone with an inclined top to bear a supporting shoe for the ironwork.
Each shoe was anchored to the stonework by a pair of bolts 10 cm (4 in) in diameter and 7.5 m (25 ft) long. The foundations were completed on 30 June, and the erection of the ironwork began. The visible work on-site was complemented by the enormous amount of exacting preparatory work that took place behind the scenes: the drawing office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detailed drawings of the 18,038 different parts needed. The task of drawing the components was complicated by the complex angles involved in the design and the degree of precision required: the position of rivet holes was specified to within 1 mm (0.04 in) and angles worked out to one second of arc. The finished components, some already riveted together into sub-assemblies, arrived on horse-drawn carts from a factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois-Perret and were first bolted together, with the bolts being replaced with rivets as construction progressed. No drilling or shaping was done on site: if any part did not fit, it was sent back to the factory for alteration. In all, 18,038 pieces were joined together using 2.5 million rivets.
At first, the legs were constructed as cantilevers, but about halfway to the first level construction was paused to create a substantial timber scaffold. This renewed concerns about the structural integrity of the tower, and sensational headlines such as "Eiffel Suicide!" and "Gustave Eiffel Has Gone Mad: He Has Been Confined in an Asylum" appeared in the tabloid press. At this stage, a small "creeper" crane designed to move up the tower was installed in each leg. They made use of the guides for the lifts which were to be fitted in the four legs. The critical stage of joining the legs at the first level was completed by the end of March 1888. Although the metalwork had been prepared with the utmost attention to detail, provision had been made to carry out small adjustments to precisely align the legs; hydraulic jacks were fitted to the shoes at the base of each leg, capable of exerting a force of 800 tonnes, and the legs were intentionally constructed at a slightly steeper angle than necessary, being supported by sandboxes on the scaffold. Although construction involved 300 on-site employees, due to Eiffel's safety precautions and the use of movable gangways, guardrails and screens, only one person died.
The main structural work was completed at the end of March 1889 and, on 31 March, Eiffel celebrated by leading a group of government officials, accompanied by representatives of the press, to the top of the tower. Because the lifts were not yet in operation, the ascent was made by foot, and took over an hour, with Eiffel stopping frequently to explain various features. Most of the party chose to stop at the lower levels, but a few, including the structural engineer, Émile Nouguier, the head of construction, Jean Compagnon, the President of the City Council, and reporters from Le Figaro and Le Monde Illustré, completed the ascent. At 2:35 pm, Eiffel hoisted a large Tricolour to the accompaniment of a 25-gun salute fired at the first level.
There was still work to be done, particularly on the lifts and facilities, and the tower was not opened to the public until nine days after the opening of the exposition on 6 May; even then, the lifts had not been completed. The tower was an instant success with the public, and nearly 30,000 visitors made the 1,710-step climb to the top before the lifts entered service on 26 May. Tickets cost 2 francs for the first level, 3 for the second, and 5 for the top, with half-price admission on Sundays, and by the end of the exhibition there had been 1,896,987 visitors.
After dark, the tower was lit by hundreds of gas lamps, and a beacon sent out three beams of red, white and blue light. Two searchlights mounted on a circular rail were used to illuminate various buildings of the exposition. The daily opening and closing of the exposition were announced by a cannon at the top.
On the second level, the French newspaper Le Figaro had an office and a printing press, where a special souvenir edition, Le Figaro de la Tour, was made. There was also a pâtisserie.
At the top, there was a post office where visitors could send letters and postcards as a memento of their visit. Graffitists were also catered for: sheets of paper were mounted on the walls each day for visitors to record their impressions of the tower. Gustave Eiffel described some of the responses as vraiment curieuse ("truly curious").
Famous visitors to the tower included the Prince of Wales, Sarah Bernhardt, "Buffalo Bill" Cody (his Wild West show was an attraction at the exposition) and Thomas Edison. Eiffel invited Edison to his private apartment at the top of the tower, where Edison presented him with one of his phonographs, a new invention and one of the many highlights of the exposition. Edison signed the guestbook with this message:
To M Eiffel the Engineer the brave builder of so gigantic and original specimen of modern Engineering from one who has the greatest respect and admiration for all Engineers including the Great Engineer the Bon Dieu, Thomas Edison.
Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years. It was to be dismantled in 1909, when its ownership would revert to the City of Paris. The City had planned to tear it down (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it should be easy to dismantle) but as the tower proved to be valuable for radio telegraphy, it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit, and from 1910 it also became part of the International Time Service.
Eiffel made use of his apartment at the top of the tower to carry out meteorological observations, and also used the tower to perform experiments on the action of air resistance on falling bodies.
Subsequent events
Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years. It was to be dismantled in 1909, when its ownership would revert to the City of Paris. The city had planned to tear it down (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it should be easy to dismantle) but as the tower proved to be valuable for many innovations in the early 20th century, particularly radio telegraphy, it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit, and from 1910 it also became part of the International Time Service.
For the 1900 Exposition Universelle, the lifts in the east and west legs were replaced by lifts running as far as the second level constructed by the French firm Fives-Lille. These had a compensating mechanism to keep the floor level as the angle of ascent changed at the first level, and were driven by a similar hydraulic mechanism as the Otis lifts, although this was situated at the base of the tower. Hydraulic pressure was provided by pressurised accumulators located near this mechanism. At the same time the lift in the north pillar was removed and replaced by a staircase to the first level. The layout of both first and second levels was modified, with the space available for visitors on the second level. The original lift in the south pillar was removed 13 years later.
On 19 October 1901, Alberto Santos-Dumont, flying his No.6 airship, won a 100,000-franc prize offered by Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe for the first person to make a flight from St. Cloud to the Eiffel Tower and back in less than half an hour.
In 1910, Father Theodor Wulf measured radiant energy at the top and bottom of the tower. He found more at the top than expected, incidentally discovering what are known today as cosmic rays. Two years later, on 4 February 1912, Austrian tailor Franz Reichelt died after jumping from the first level of the tower (a height of 57 m) to demonstrate his parachute design. In 1914, at the outbreak of World War I, a radio transmitter located in the tower jammed German radio communications, seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne. From 1925 to 1934, illuminated signs for Citroën adorned three of the tower's sides, making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time. In April 1935, the tower was used to make experimental low-resolution television transmissions, using a shortwave transmitter of 200 watts power. On 17 November, an improved 180-line transmitter was installed.
On two separate but related occasions in 1925, the con artist Victor Lustig "sold" the tower for scrap metal. A year later, in February 1926, pilot Leon Collet was killed trying to fly under the tower. His aircraft became entangled in an aerial belonging to a wireless station. A bust of Gustave Eiffel by Antoine Bourdelle was unveiled at the base of the north leg on 2 May 1929. In 1930, the tower lost the title of the world's tallest structure when the Chrysler Building in New York City was completed. In 1938, the decorative arcade around the first level was removed.
Upon the German occupation of Paris in 1940, the lift cables were cut by the French. The tower was closed to the public during the occupation and the lifts were not repaired until 1946. In 1940, German soldiers had to climb the tower to hoist a swastika-centered Reichskriegsflagge, but the flag was so large it blew away just a few hours later, and was replaced by a smaller one. When visiting Paris, Hitler chose to stay on the ground. When the Allies were nearing Paris in August 1944, Hitler ordered General Dietrich von Choltitz, the military governor of Paris, to demolish the tower along with the rest of the city. Von Choltitz disobeyed the order. On 25 August, before the Germans had been driven out of Paris, the German flag was replaced with a Tricolour by two men from the French Naval Museum, who narrowly beat three men led by Lucien Sarniguet, who had lowered the Tricolour on 13 June 1940 when Paris fell to the Germans.
A fire started in the television transmitter on 3 January 1956, damaging the top of the tower. Repairs took a year, and in 1957, the present radio aerial was added to the top. In 1964, the Eiffel Tower was officially declared to be a historical monument by the Minister of Cultural Affairs, André Malraux. A year later, an additional lift system was installed in the north pillar.
According to interviews, in 1967, Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau negotiated a secret agreement with Charles de Gaulle for the tower to be dismantled and temporarily relocated to Montreal to serve as a landmark and tourist attraction during Expo 67. The plan was allegedly vetoed by the company operating the tower out of fear that the French government could refuse permission for the tower to be restored in its original location.
In 1982, the original lifts between the second and third levels were replaced after 97 years in service. These had been closed to the public between November and March because the water in the hydraulic drive tended to freeze. The new cars operate in pairs, with one counterbalancing the other, and perform the journey in one stage, reducing the journey time from eight minutes to less than two minutes. At the same time, two new emergency staircases were installed, replacing the original spiral staircases. In 1983, the south pillar was fitted with an electrically driven Otis lift to serve the Jules Verne restaurant.[citation needed] The Fives-Lille lifts in the east and west legs, fitted in 1899, were extensively refurbished in 1986. The cars were replaced, and a computer system was installed to completely automate the lifts. The motive power was moved from the water hydraulic system to a new electrically driven oil-filled hydraulic system, and the original water hydraulics were retained solely as a counterbalance system. A service lift was added to the south pillar for moving small loads and maintenance personnel three years later.
Robert Moriarty flew a Beechcraft Bonanza under the tower on 31 March 1984. In 1987, A. J. Hackett made one of his first bungee jumps from the top of the Eiffel Tower, using a special cord he had helped develop. Hackett was arrested by the police. On 27 October 1991, Thierry Devaux, along with mountain guide Hervé Calvayrac, performed a series of acrobatic figures while bungee jumping from the second floor of the tower. Facing the Champ de Mars, Devaux used an electric winch between figures to go back up to the second floor. When firemen arrived, he stopped after the sixth jump.
For its "Countdown to the Year 2000" celebration on 31 December 1999, flashing lights and high-powered searchlights were installed on the tower. During the last three minutes of the year, the lights were turned on starting from the base of the tower and continuing to the top to welcome 2000 with a huge fireworks show. An exhibition above a cafeteria on the first floor commemorates this event. The searchlights on top of the tower made it a beacon in Paris's night sky, and 20,000 flashing bulbs gave the tower a sparkly appearance for five minutes every hour on the hour.
The lights sparkled blue for several nights to herald the new millennium on 31 December 2000. The sparkly lighting continued for 18 months until July 2001. The sparkling lights were turned on again on 21 June 2003, and the display was planned to last for 10 years before they needed replacing.
The tower received its 200,000,000th guest on 28 November 2002.The tower has operated at its maximum capacity of about 7 million visitors per year since 2003. In 2004, the Eiffel Tower began hosting a seasonal ice rink on the first level. A glass floor was installed on the first level during the 2014 refurbishment.
Design
The puddle iron (wrought iron) of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tonnes, and the addition of lifts, shops and antennae have brought the total weight to approximately 10,100 tonnes. As a demonstration of the economy of design, if the 7,300 tonnes of metal in the structure were melted down, it would fill the square base, 125 metres (410 ft) on each side, to a depth of only 6.25 cm (2.46 in) assuming the density of the metal to be 7.8 tonnes per cubic metre. Additionally, a cubic box surrounding the tower (324 m × 125 m × 125 m) would contain 6,200 tonnes of air, weighing almost as much as the iron itself. Depending on the ambient temperature, the top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm (7 in) due to thermal expansion of the metal on the side facing the sun.
Wind and weather considerations
When it was built, many were shocked by the tower's daring form. Eiffel was accused of trying to create something artistic with no regard to the principles of engineering. However, Eiffel and his team – experienced bridge builders – understood the importance of wind forces, and knew that if they were going to build the tallest structure in the world, they had to be sure it could withstand them. In an interview with the newspaper Le Temps published on 14 February 1887, Eiffel said:
Is it not true that the very conditions which give strength also conform to the hidden rules of harmony? ... Now to what phenomenon did I have to give primary concern in designing the Tower? It was wind resistance. Well then! I hold that the curvature of the monument's four outer edges, which is as mathematical calculation dictated it should be ... will give a great impression of strength and beauty, for it will reveal to the eyes of the observer the boldness of the design as a whole.
He used graphical methods to determine the strength of the tower and empirical evidence to account for the effects of wind, rather than a mathematical formula. Close examination of the tower reveals a basically exponential shape.[69] All parts of the tower were overdesigned to ensure maximum resistance to wind forces. The top half was even assumed to have no gaps in the latticework. In the years since it was completed, engineers have put forward various mathematical hypotheses in an attempt to explain the success of the design. The most recent, devised in 2004 after letters sent by Eiffel to the French Society of Civil Engineers in 1885 were translated into English, is described as a non-linear integral equation based on counteracting the wind pressure on any point of the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that point.
The Eiffel Tower sways by up to 9 cm (3.5 in) in the wind.
Ground floor
The four columns of the tower each house access stairs and elevators to the first two floors, while at the south column only the elevator to the second floor restaurant is publicly accessible.
1st floor
The first floor is publicly accessible by elevator or stairs. When originally built, the first level contained three restaurants – one French, one Russian and one Flemish — and an "Anglo-American Bar". After the exposition closed, the Flemish restaurant was converted to a 250-seat theatre. Today there is the Le 58 Tour Eiffel restaurant and other facilities.
2nd floor
The second floor is publicly accessible by elevator or stairs and has a restaurant called Le Jules Verne, a gourmet restaurant with its own lift going up from the south column to the second level. This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide. It was run by the multi-Michelin star chef Alain Ducasse from 2007 to 2017. As of May 2019, it is managed by three-star chef Frédéric Anton. It owes its name to the famous science-fiction writer Jules Verne.
3rd floor
Originally there were laboratories for various experiments, and a small apartment reserved for Gustave Eiffel to entertain guests, which is now open to the public, complete with period decorations and lifelike mannequins of Eiffel and some of his notable guests.
From 1937 until 1981, there was a restaurant near the top of the tower. It was removed due to structural considerations; engineers had determined it was too heavy and was causing the tower to sag. This restaurant was sold to an American restaurateur and transported to New York and then New Orleans. It was rebuilt on the edge of New Orleans' Garden District as a restaurant and later event hall. Today there is a champagne bar.
Lifts
The arrangement of the lifts has been changed several times during the tower's history. Given the elasticity of the cables and the time taken to align the cars with the landings, each lift, in normal service, takes an average of 8 minutes and 50 seconds to do the round trip, spending an average of 1 minute and 15 seconds at each level. The average journey time between levels is 1 minute. The original hydraulic mechanism is on public display in a small museum at the base of the east and west legs. Because the mechanism requires frequent lubrication and maintenance, public access is often restricted. The rope mechanism of the north tower can be seen as visitors exit the lift.
Equipping the tower with adequate and safe passenger lifts was a major concern of the government commission overseeing the Exposition. Although some visitors could be expected to climb to the first level, or even the second, lifts clearly had to be the main means of ascent.
Constructing lifts to reach the first level was relatively straightforward: the legs were wide enough at the bottom and so nearly straight that they could contain a straight track, and a contract was given to the French company Roux, Combaluzier & Lepape for two lifts to be fitted in the east and west legs. Roux, Combaluzier & Lepape used a pair of endless chains with rigid, articulated links to which the car was attached. Lead weights on some links of the upper or return sections of the chains counterbalanced most of the car's weight. The car was pushed up from below, not pulled up from above: to prevent the chain buckling, it was enclosed in a conduit. At the bottom of the run, the chains passed around 3.9 m (12 ft 10 in) diameter sprockets. Smaller sprockets at the top guided the chains.
The Otis lifts originally fitted in the north and south legs
Installing lifts to the second level was more of a challenge because a straight track was impossible. No French company wanted to undertake the work. The European branch of Otis Brothers & Company submitted a proposal but this was rejected: the fair's charter ruled out the use of any foreign material in the construction of the tower. The deadline for bids was extended but still no French companies put themselves forward, and eventually the contract was given to Otis in July 1887. Otis were confident they would eventually be given the contract and had already started creating designs.
The car was divided into two superimposed compartments, each holding 25 passengers, with the lift operator occupying an exterior platform on the first level. Motive power was provided by an inclined hydraulic ram 12.67 m (41 ft 7 in) long and 96.5 cm (38.0 in) in diameter in the tower leg with a stroke of 10.83 m (35 ft 6 in): this moved a carriage carrying six sheaves. Five fixed sheaves were mounted higher up the leg, producing an arrangement similar to a block and tackle but acting in reverse, multiplying the stroke of the piston rather than the force generated. The hydraulic pressure in the driving cylinder was produced by a large open reservoir on the second level. After being exhausted from the cylinder, the water was pumped back up to the reservoir by two pumps in the machinery room at the base of the south leg. This reservoir also provided power to the lifts to the first level.
The original lifts for the journey between the second and third levels were supplied by Léon Edoux. A pair of 81 m (266 ft) hydraulic rams were mounted on the second level, reaching nearly halfway up to the third level. One lift car was mounted on top of these rams: cables ran from the top of this car up to sheaves on the third level and back down to a second car. Each car travelled only half the distance between the second and third levels and passengers were required to change lifts halfway by means of a short gangway. The 10-ton cars each held 65 passengers.
Engraved names
Gustave Eiffel engraved on the tower the names of 72 French scientists, engineers and mathematicians in recognition of their contributions to the building of the tower. Eiffel chose this "invocation of science" because of his concern over the artists' protest. At the beginning of the 20th century, the engravings were painted over, but they were restored in 1986–87 by the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel, a company operating the tower.
Aesthetics
The tower is painted in three shades: lighter at the top, getting progressively darker towards the bottom to complement the Parisian sky. It was originally reddish brown; this changed in 1968 to a bronze colour known as "Eiffel Tower Brown". In what is expected to be a temporary change, the tower is being painted gold in commemoration of the upcoming 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris.
The only non-structural elements are the four decorative grill-work arches, added in Sauvestre's sketches, which served to make the tower look more substantial and to make a more impressive entrance to the exposition.
A pop-culture movie cliché is that the view from a Parisian window always includes the tower. In reality, since zoning restrictions limit the height of most buildings in Paris to seven storeys, only a small number of tall buildings have a clear view of the tower.
Maintenance
Maintenance of the tower includes applying 60 tons of paint every seven years to prevent it from rusting. The tower has been completely repainted at least 19 times since it was built. Lead paint was still being used as recently as 2001 when the practice was stopped out of concern for the environment.
Communications
The tower has been used for making radio transmissions since the beginning of the 20th century. Until the 1950s, sets of aerial wires ran from the cupola to anchors on the Avenue de Suffren and Champ de Mars. These were connected to longwave transmitters in small bunkers. In 1909, a permanent underground radio centre was built near the south pillar, which still exists today. On 20 November 1913, the Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an aerial, exchanged wireless signals with the United States Naval Observatory, which used an aerial in Arlington County, Virginia. The object of the transmissions was to measure the difference in longitude between Paris and Washington, D.C. Today, radio and digital television signals are transmitted from the Eiffel Tower.
Digital television
A television antenna was first installed on the tower in 1957, increasing its height by 18.7 m (61 ft). Work carried out in 2000 added a further 5.3 m (17 ft), giving the current height of 324 m (1,063 ft).[59] Analogue television signals from the Eiffel Tower ceased on 8 March 2011.
Taller structures
The Eiffel Tower was the world's tallest structure when completed in 1889, a distinction it retained until 1929 when the Chrysler Building in New York City was topped out. The tower also lost its standing as the world's tallest tower to the Tokyo Tower in 1958 but retains its status as the tallest freestanding (non-guyed) structure in France.
Transport
The nearest Paris Métro station is Bir-Hakeim and the nearest RER station is Champ de Mars-Tour Eiffel. The tower itself is located at the intersection of the quai Branly and the Pont d'Iéna.
Popularity
Number of visitors per year between 1889 and 2004
More than 300 million people have visited the tower since it was completed in 1889. In 2015, there were 6.91 million visitors. The tower is the most-visited paid monument in the world. An average of 25,000 people ascend the tower every day (which can result in long queues).
Illumination copyright
The tower and its image have been in the public domain since 1993, 70 years after Eiffel's death. In June 1990 a French court ruled that a special lighting display on the tower in 1989 to mark the tower's 100th anniversary was an "original visual creation" protected by copyright. The Court of Cassation, France's judicial court of last resort, upheld the ruling in March 1992. The Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel (SETE) now considers any illumination of the tower to be a separate work of art that falls under copyright. As a result, the SNTE alleges that it is illegal to publish contemporary photographs of the lit tower at night without permission in France and some other countries for commercial use. For this reason, it is often rare to find images or videos of the lit tower at night on stock image sites, and media outlets rarely broadcast images or videos of it.
The imposition of copyright has been controversial. The Director of Documentation for what was then called the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel (SNTE), Stéphane Dieu, commented in 2005: "It is really just a way to manage commercial use of the image, so that it isn't used in ways [of which] we don't approve". SNTE made over €1 million from copyright fees in 2002. However, it could also be used to restrict the publication of tourist photographs of the tower at night, as well as hindering non-profit and semi-commercial publication of images of the illuminated tower.
The copyright claim itself has never been tested in courts to date, according to a 2014 article in the Art Law Journal, and there has never been an attempt to track down millions of people who have posted and shared their images of the illuminated tower on the Internet worldwide. It added, however, that permissive situation may arise on commercial use of such images, like in a magazine, on a film poster, or on product packaging.
French doctrine and jurisprudence allows pictures incorporating a copyrighted work as long as their presence is incidental or accessory to the subject being represented, a reasoning akin to the de minimis rule. Therefore, SETE may be unable to claim copyright on photographs of Paris which happen to include the lit tower.
Replicas
As one of the most famous landmarks in the world, the Eiffel Tower has been the inspiration for the creation of many replicas and similar towers. An early example is Blackpool Tower in England. The mayor of Blackpool, Sir John Bickerstaffe, was so impressed on seeing the Eiffel Tower at the 1889 exposition that he commissioned a similar tower to be built in his town. It opened in 1894 and is 158.1 m (519 ft) tall. Tokyo Tower in Japan, built as a communications tower in 1958, was also inspired by the Eiffel Tower.[111]
There are various scale models of the tower in the United States, including a half-scale version at the Paris Las Vegas, Nevada, one in Paris, Texas built in 1993, and two 1:3 scale models at Kings Island, located in Mason, Ohio, and Kings Dominion, Virginia, amusement parks opened in 1972 and 1975 respectively. Two 1:3 scale models can be found in China, one in Durango, Mexico that was donated by the local French community, and several across Europe.
In 2011, the TV show Pricing the Priceless on the National Geographic Channel speculated that a full-size replica of the tower would cost approximately US$480 million to build. This would be more than ten times the cost of the original (nearly 8 million in 1890 Francs; ~US$40 million in 2018 dollars).
Gateway Camp Verse
(Pin1) Ging1 Mahn4
Isaiah 62:10
What Dale instructed about going out of our way to treat the Mainland Chinese well resonated within me. To be sure, just as the Koreans have gone out of their way to bless me so I must step out to bless and to love my Mainland brethren.
After the first meeting, Ed and I wandered off campus and found inside a shopping mall a cha chaan teng where we had a late-night snack. And hardly had we tucked into our meals when in walked several dozen volunteers, all locals, who were overcome, it seemed, by the same munchies that infected Ed and me. It’s surprising how such a primal urge, at such a time, drives everyone to no less than the same, impossibly far location.
I thus far have met so many people that, had I not brought along my iPod, I would have already lost track of the multitudinous names flying around like fireflies at night, sparkling luminously one moment and then disappearing the next. And this is only the beginning: more and more people will arrive both today and tomorrow so I had better stay awake, alert, and writing.
I am working with a partner who really challenges me, and indeed that is why I chose to work with him. From the first words that came streaming out of his mouth, I knew he would be a special one, and as if to conifrm my conjecture, indeed, the more he spoke, the more confused I became. The challenge, I have realized after much ruminating, isn’t so much the pace of his speech as his choice of words, which fall outside a normal lexical range; that is, at least with me, when he talks, he doesn’t use familiar collocations to communicate; besides, he has an uncanny Tin Shui Wai accent; those, along with his amazing resistance to Chinglish, which impresses me, by the way, have made our communication tedious, since I am bombarded by peculiar lexical constructions that I generally never encounter in Cantonese conversation and must therefore stop our flow to clarify his speech. It’s too bad that he doesn’t speak English as I would love to hear how he structures ideas in my native language to determine whether or not this strange lexis has spilled over into his other modes of communication.
Regardless, in being with him, I have learned to be patient, and if I am truly to walk away from resentment, I must continue rather to engage him than to keep him at arm’s length. It helps us, then, that he is a congenial fellow, prone more to expressing love, much in the same way that I do by warmly grabbing a forearm or a shoulder, than to venting his frustration, which with me could certainly be great. He is verily a good guy, and so long as the Lord keeps him — I am sure Daddy will — Tin Shui Wai, that small patch of concrete moon colony, is in capable, faithful human hands.
Sau2 muhn6 je2
Mihng6 dihng6
Kyuhn4 lihk6
Lihk6 leuhng6
Chong3 yi3 adjective
Chong3 jouh6 verb
Romans 5:3-5
Not only so, but we rejoice in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance; perseverance, character; and character, hope. And hope does not disappoint us, because God has poured out his love into our hearts by the Holy Spirit, whom He has given us.
I cried this morning when I read these words, because they are true, and comfort my soul as water to a dry, parched land. However many times I’ve lamented this place and its people, I am still inextricably tied to this rock, per God’s will for my life; and God really is faithful in providing a way out not from this place but from these spiritual hindrances. These past few days, what with communication failures and fatigue setting in, I could have more easily give into my rationality, in defense of my weaknesses, than resisted this bait of satan. Thank God, hence, for the words which are like fuel for the refiner’s fire that burns up all my expectations, my pride and my flesh. I can survive, nay, rejoice, indeed, because of God, who, in me, day by day teaches me to suffer long with a smile.
This is what the gateway is all about, I believe: jumping head-first out of my comfort zone to confront the nations, for my brothers and sisters and I must face each other if we are to raise the banners together. Battling through enemy strongholds of mistrust ad resentment, we demolish carnal thoughts and dig deep in the Spirit for the unity that shall overcome as much language as culture; God, after all, is bigger, even, than the battlefield. In these ways can my brethren and I love each other as ourselves, as we shall be one in the Father, with audacious power and boldness laying hands on His kingdom which advances, in this kairos moment, over all of China, including, no doubt, Hong Kong. No longer will there be curses thrown upon the nations; but rather the river of life will flow through the city, and the leaves of the tree on each side of the river will be for the healing of the nations.
1) Welcoming the Father
2) Unifying the body
3) Partnering with the Chinese
4) Serving the city
5) Supporting the Chinese
Isaac and I have worked quite hard this morning, putting up signs all over campus, and as if to reward me for my assiduity, he offered to buy me a drink, an offer which I took up. Indeed, this man’s care and concern for others, genuine, doubtlessly, fills me with joy, for, to be sure, the joy of the lord is his strength. My friend is indefatigable, always encouraging and never slighting, no matter the circumstances, rain (that has happened a lot today) or shine. Praise God!
Much like my relationship with Isaac, my relationships with my other team members have improved considerably since, even, this morning’s briefing during which, the code-switching, happening too fast and too furiously for my comfort, vexed me so terribly that if Isaac had not put a generous arm around my shoulder immediately afterwards, I surely would have blown my top in frustration at the perplexing language option. Thankfully, my team and I settled our language arrangements: Isaac, Dorcas and I will intractably speak Cantonese to each other whereas my other group mates and I will use English with as little code-switching as possible; and I, along with Ed, no doubt, am satisfied. It’s best to avoid misunderstandings.
Lihng4 Mahn4 (soul)
Sihng4 jeung2
Muhng6 Seung2 (dreams)
The Lord’s mercies are new everyday. Just now, during the morning rally, by His Spirit, hundreds of brothers and sisters received a new anointing, to be spiritual mothers and fathers of a new generation so as to minister to the next. This outpouring of the Spirit was sudden, and so captivated me that when the call came to reap, I rushed to the front to ask my father for this anointing, and naturally, my life was transformed. In the same way, the pastor called up a new generation of spiritual children to receive the love, care and support of these new parents; and likewise, so many young men and women heeded this call that verily, the pit in front of the stage was soon awash in hugs and tears between generations that, once lost, were now found. Indeed, no sooner did these people embrace their father than Dad immediately swept them up in his strong arms and showered them with audacious encouragement and support. Praise God!
An Outburst
I was angry this morning during our team time. I temporarily lost my ability to be merciful and to live in God’s grace. When my team leader began to address me in English, yet again, I couldn’t help but berate him for doing so when Cantonese, I argued, would be a more economical medium of delivery. And then I compounded this already incendiary situation by ranting about the hypocrisy of Hong Kong being a gateway to China but not a gateway into its own neighborhoods teeming with Chinese people, 97% of whom, according to one of the pastors at this camp, do not know the Lord Jesus. Cantonese will matter, I posit, if anyone dares to take on the onerous mission in this vexing place.
To be sure, even my brother announced that language was a prohibitive barrier to closer relationships with these local people, and therefore, since he neither speaks Cantonese nor is going to give learning the language a go, he is relegated to the outer walls of the gates into Hong Kong.
In hindsight, I thought I cared enough about God’s purposes for me in Hong Kong, but I realize now that I still care a lot about myself, and resentment. Though I have prayed and declared boldly that God is bigger than language and culture, I know I don’t believe it; and that’s upsetting. For the time being, I don’t verily believe in my heart that I can have deeper, closer relationships with Chinese people without the benefit of language and culture, patterns of action.
OK. This is actually an opportune start for my spiritual parentship, for now I have an opportunity to put aside my very compelling arguments for the necessity of language and culture in deep and close relationships, these conclusions born out of my reason, and to step out in faith, to trust in the Lord who, I pray, will show me deep and close relationships sans language and culture, and with whom my deep and close relationship shall obviously be the key to this victory.
I’m thinking about events at this camp that heretofore demonstrated loving relationships without language and culture, and I recalled two acts: the first happened yesterday when I spontaneously joined a line of ushers to high-five and to cheer the audience as they flooded out of the auditorium, the morning rally having scarcely finished; and the second, this was my meeting Yao, a man from the Ivory Coast, whom I befriended in those first, fleeting, if not frantic moments before the opening rally on Friday evening. That encounter was immediate and sudden, neither words nor habits needed; Yao and I simply high-fived, hugged and sat beside each other; and wow, that was terrific companionship — praise God!
Finally, however hard my diatribe may have struck my team members’ hearts, my merciful group mates still forgave me, not only on an personal level, but also, as I had sought forgiveness on behalf of all foreigners who have ever cursed locals or stood passively outside the gateway, on a corporate level, thereby releasing countless non-Chinese people into the freedom of these Hong Kong people’s forgiveness; just as brothers and sisters had so recently been reconciled to each other in my church, so local and non-local people have received the others’ freedom of forgiveness; more than a homecoming, that, indeed, is a breakthrough.
In listening to this morning’s sermon, I hear such verses as I know God is speaking to me through His word. 2Corinthians 4:16-18, this scripture in particular carries a buoyant, hopeful currency in my heart. My spirit soaks in this divine revelation as a sponge soaks in water and thus becomes malleable, able to be formed and shaped according to its holder’s will: Therefore we do not lose heart. Though outwardly we are wasting away, yet inwardly we are being renewed day by day. For our light and momentary troubles are achieving for us an eternal glory that far outweighs them all. So we fix our eyes not on what is seen, but on what is unseen. For what is seen is temporary, but what is unseen is eternal.
Disagreeable
I don’t know why my brother and I undermine each others’ comments; why we no more know consensus than the deaf music. Our interactions have been especially abrasive recently since we have spent so much time together without the benefit of our other brother to act as a natural, vociferous buffer; and as a result we argue like pieces of sand paper being rubbed against flesh, which inevitably leads to significant soreness. I feel sore now.
I think back to my outburst this morning and can appreciate my role in this evening’s embarrassing outcome; I am certainly not without fault, for I choose these days not only to venture my opinions but to do so passionately, if not emotionally. People consequently who otherwise are phlegmatic at best are put in a discomfiting position by my impassioned pleas. Besides, I recall Interrupting my brother prolifically, which understandably would not make him a happy camper; just as a hyperactive child doesn’t know when to stop pestering his sibling, so I don’t know nowadays when to hold my tongue. Indeed, I would rather not respond at all to my brother, even after he has fired off his rejoinder, than to strike him down in mid-speech.
In view of this latest incident, I have resolved to take the former course of action. To be sure, I simply stopped our petty dispute about a stupid basketball game by, awkward as it was, taking out my book and perusing it as fixedly as my tattered mind would allow. I will try my best to stay away from my brother for a spell, to create physical and spiritual space between us, so hopefully, in this way at least one of us will be able to come to his senses about this matter; better yet, now would be an opportune time for our father in his mercy to reveal to us the fault lines in our flesh so that we could surrender these tremulous spots in our soul, crucifying them to the father for our healing and the redemption of our relationship. I will pray about this.
…Praise God. If I had not separated myself from my brother’s presence, I wouldn’t have been sitting at that bench at the exact moment when Isaac came over to me in a plaintive mood. Obviously upset, he had been so recently wronged, he lamented on the verge of tears. And at that, mercy swept over my countenance, for my brother felt as aggrieved as I did earlier; and this appointment, per God’s unfailing, obstinate love, had at last come for me, convicting me to be very, very agreeable, sympathetic and kind to my fellow long-suffering brother. In this instance, thank God, language did not matter so much as empathy, carrying each others’ burdens and thus fulfilling the rule of Christ. We prayed and blessed each other in Jesus’ name, and then boldly went forward into the rally.
I suspect the enemy has infiltrated our team what with my outbursts and Isaac’s failing out as evidence. My group mates and I must be more vigilant in prayer and in digging deep into the Father’s word if we are to overcome the spies in our camp that have planted incendiary devices in our mouths and in our hearts. We certainly need such encouragement as the Lord provides for the edification and encouragement of each other, even more so, in fact, in the face of adversity, despite our fatigue and other physical ills that befall us like a hail of arrows. In faith, I’m sure, faith will see us through; and per what the pastors exhorted at the rally, we will become as if the smooth stone in David’s sling, ready to fly into the air to crush the Goliath in this world.
Sihng4 jauh6 achievement
Ngwuih misunderstanding
Nggaai2 to misunderstand
Yuhn4 leuhng6 forgive
Gaan2syun2 chosen
The Security Guard
At the morning rally, a security guard left an indelible impression on my heart what with her showing of unconditional support and her proffering of words of encouragement, which like a waterfall fell in force and power over my friends and me. To my amazement, I first saw her out of the corner of my eye stepping out of her role as a security guard to pray as a spiritual parent to two spiritual children during the morning rally’s prayer time; there she was, clad in her blue uniform, laying hands on those weeping kids; finally, I had witnessed someone courageous enough to step out of that rule of law, her boundary in Hong Kong, to be bound to that which is ethereal, the rule of Christ to carry each others’ burdens. Later, as the audience passed through the exit, I had time to confirm her love for the Lord and at that, we broke into a torrent of encouragement and followed this with a flurry of picture-taking. Indeed, never have I stumbled upon such good will from a dragon security guard in HK so I am hopeful, therefore, that this is but the the start of a greater movement within that particular demon-worshipping core, that at this time, God is opening up the heavenly armory and placing his prayer warriors inside that particular stronghold in Hong Kong to demolish every pretension that sets itself up against the knowledge of God and placing in its stead a profusion of love, gentleness and kindness. I look forward to the day when wisdom, and not languid stares, shall emanate from all the people who man the facilities in these universities.
Reconciliation
This is special. No sooner had Isaac and I stepped into the auditorium than we heard the plaintive cry of the mainland Chinese on the stage forgiving the Hong Kong people for their trespasses against their brethren from the north. A flurry of hugs, replete with a few tears, ensued. That was, as Dale announced from the stage, a delicious moment. Jesus must have been breaking out the good champagne in heaven for a rousing celebration in view of this victory.
Sex Talk – Part One
The kids finally received the sex talk this morning; a fiery pastor delivered the message which was as much shocking as informative; and gasps and wincing abounded in the audience.
While I have recently heard the sex talk at the men’s retreat, and have furthermore by God’s grace been inoculated against this particular area of struggle, it was nonetheless refreshing to hear the news, as shocking and as sensational as it was. I am willing, in addition, to believe that some of the atrocious acts that the pastor referenced, such as gruesome abortions and bizarre sexual acts, are more prevalent than my reason will believe, because my scope is limited by experience, but as the Father witnesses everything, if the Spirit has convicted this man and has told him that the world is heading closer and closer into the mouth of Jezebel in this way, I accept this. In fact, believing this is important if I am to be a good spiritual parent who will not only protect but educate the new generation from the prowling enemy that lurks these days, even, in our computers.
Prayer
The Holy Spirit fell over me this morning during my group’s team time. He convicted me to pray in Cantonese for the first time, and so I did without fear, those Chinese words pouring out of me as if perfume from an alabaster jar. Praise God: he is good; and this was the moment I have been waiting for.
I think about what happened, and am amazed at the Father’s favor; despite my critiques against this culture, and in spite of my recent lamentations, the Lord, ever faithfully, provided a way out under which I could stand and by which I could be protected from the bait of Satan. Little did I know that the escape route would, in fact, ironically, direct me to the very thing that heretofore has stood as an obstruction, a spiritual roadblock, in my mind.
A missionary on the stage just spoke into my life when she said about her experience learning Putonghua in China: the difficult part was not learning the language but learning to love those people as Jesus loves them. This will always be my mission, no matter where I am.
Keuhng4 jong3
Lai1 hei2 (pull up)
In the afternoon, my team had a reconciliation meeting during which, in small groups, each team member at last was given an opportunity to share alternately their joys and struggles. At that time, though having staved off an open rebuke for several days, I could no longer hold back this challenge to my small group: to step out in faith to be a gateway to the nations; and second, per the morning’s message, to on their guard against the sexually explicit, insidious media. I laid out my argument with much cogency, and such a response as I saw fit knocked my group mates into a stupor, because they certainly didn’t have much to say afterwards.
Oscillate between…and…
Vacillate…
Equivocated
Prevaricate
Sex Talk – Part Two
1) Jesus came to show us the Father; John1:18
2) Grace First, Truth Second; John 1:24:25; 16-18
Pahn4 mohng6 (hope)
Do you believe that Jesus can heal you? Then lay hands.
Dale and I are men who have shared similar struggles. His testimony is riveting.
Suddenly, I realized that this rally is, in fact, a continuation of yesterday morning’s sex talk, because we ended the previous rally praying more against the shame of abortion than against personal sexual immorality. Notionally, what is being discussed will enable people to really experience the love of the Father such that to change permanently our behavior. So when we are tempted:
1) Call for help; Romans 10:13
2) Escape Plan; 1Corinthians 10:13
Remember not to stand and rebuke the enemy with your own strength; move physically from the situation.
3) Run Away; 2Timothy 2:22
4) Into the Father’s Arms; Hebrews 4:14
I like this talk. This might be the first time that these young people get straight sex talk from their leaders; and there is no better time than now for these young people to break through in this particular area of struggle, just as the young men of SP broke through these obstinate barriers during our men’s retreat.
5) Confess and be Healed; James 5:16
I hope these young people find faithful accountability brothers and sisters in this service.
6) Walk in Transparent Accountable Relationships; 1John 1:7
7) Resist the Enemy; James 4:7
what to do during a 12 hour layover? pick up the camera and roam through the airport was my conclusion.
My Images on Facebook
Here's the third and last one from the mini series of Seagulls in flight, at Gloucester Docks.
Final conclusion: I think my camera has passed the autofocus test! :)
As your first day on the Fabulous Las Vegas Strip is coming to a conclusion, how well do you think you’ve done? And what will your very lovely lady back home on her self-imposed 18 month Coronavirus Quarantine think when she whips out her handy Apple iPad and starts to review your day’s photo postings to Flickr, Facebook, and Twitter? 🤔
Which image and which phrase will most inspire your very lovely lady to shed her Coronavirus fears and join you on the Strip? 🤔
Wow! You've really had a very busy day! And so at the conclusion of your second day on the Fabulous Las Vegas Strip, how do you feel about things? How do you feel about the prospects of you and your very lovely lady coming back here in August to attend the George Strait Show at the T-Mobile Arena? It All seems unreal -- doesn't it! Perhaps after you've had a good night's sleep, things will seem less unreal to you? Perhaps...
But in the meantime, before you head on up to your hotel room, why don't you do an end-of-day Victory Lap of this wonderful New York-New York resort campus. You've earned it!
so what is the conclusion
the end
the beginning
somewhere in between
do the gods know the secret
is there a secret
are we allowed to know the secret
turning pages
random openings
closure
still as mice
listen
there are no secrets
we can hear everything
I conclude
there is no conclusion
Debating last week’s EU Summit with Presidents Michel and von der Leyen and EU Foreign Policy Chief Borrell, MEPs united in showing solidarity and giving more help to Ukraine.
On Wednesday morning, MEPs discussed the conclusions of the European Council meeting of 24-25 March 2022, including the latest developments in the war against Ukraine. They called for further sanctions against Russia, additional support for Ukraine and for reducing the EU’s energy dependency.
More to the session: www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en
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