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To the Glory of God
and in
ever grateful memory
of the following men
who gave their lives
for Freedom and Justice
in the Great War
1914 - 1918.
A/40009 Private Sidney John Cook, 5th. Battalion, Canadian Infantry.
Born on 2nd.March 1892 at East Harling, Norfolk, the third of eleven children of Harry, foreman at Overa Farm at Eccles, and Mary Crook.
Sidney spelt his name Sydney.
On 7th. April 1910 Sydney sailed on the SS Canada from Liverpool to Portland, Maine, to take advantage of the Dominions Lands Act. He arrived on 16th. April.
His occupation was given as a farm labourer and on 26th. January 1914, he was issued 160 acres at Mancroft, Humboldt Saskatchewan in Canada.
On 21st. December 1914, Sydney enlisted at Saskatoon where it was recorded that he was 5’10” with dark hair, a fresh complexion and blue eyes. He weighed 175 lb. with a 38″ chest and a scar between his eyes.
He did his basic training with 32nd Battalion, and later sailed aboard the SS Scandinavian for Shorncliffe, Kent arriving on 27th. June 1915.
On 3rd. August 1915, he was on his way to France with the Canadian Expeditionary Force, and by 14th. August he was posted to 5th. Battalion Canadian Infantry.
Sydney's service record states that attended sniper school for a week in April 1916.
War diary entries show that on 6th. June 1916 the 5th. Battalion were in position directly in front of Hill 60 when a trench mortar bombardment opened up at 09.00 hrs, lasting until 12.30 hrs, when artillery joined in until 16.30 hrs. A further bombardment occurred from 17.30 hrs. until 18.15 hrs. Trenches 40 to 43 are described as being 'practically destroyed.' Sydney was injured and was evacuated to 10 Casualty Clearing Station at Remy Sidings, Lijssenthoek, where he died, aged 24, of multiple shrapnel wounds on Wednesday 7th. June 1916. He is buried in Grave: VII. C. 5. at Lijssenthoek Military Cemetery, West-Vlaanderen, Belgium.
20551 Private Samuel Davison, 1st. Battalion, Essex Regiment, formally with the Norfolk Regment.
Born in East Harling in 1892.
The 1911 census records Samuel employed as a gardener and domesti and living in with his family at Railway Cottage in Eccles.
He married Beatrice Purse in October 1913, and they had a son, Ernest Leonard, born in 1914.
On 28th. July 1915 the 11,117 ton HMT Royal Edward, formally RMS Cairo, embarked 1,367, including members of the Royal Army Medical Corps at Avonmouth. The majority were reinforcements for the British 29th. Infantry Division, and were destined for Gallipoli.
Royal Edward arrived at Alexandria on 10th. August, then sailed for Moudros on the island of Lemnos, a staging point for the Dardanelles.
On the morning of Friday 13th. August 1915, Royal Edward passed the British hospital ship Soudan, heading in the opposite direction. Oberleutnant zur See Heino von Heimburg, commander of the German submarine UB-14, was off the island of Kandeloussa and saw both ships. He allowed Soudan to pass unmolested, and focused his attention on the unescorted Royal Edward some 6 nautical miles (6.8 miles - 11 km) off Kandelioussa. He launched a torpedoes from about 1 mile (1.6 km) away and hit the ship in the stern. She sank by the stern within six minutes.
Royal Edward was able to get off an SOS before losing power, and Soudan arrived on the scene at 10:00 after making a 180° turn. She rescued 440 men in six hours, and two French destroyers and some trawlers rescued another 221.
An Admiralty casualty list, published in The Times in September 1915, named 13 officers and 851 troops as missing believed drowned. It is believed the Royal Edward's death toll was actually 935 and was high because the ship had just completed a boat drill and the majority of the men were below decks re-stowing their equipment.
Samuel has no known grave and is commemorated on Panel 146 to 151 or 229 to 233 of the Helles Memorial, Eceabat İlçesi, Çanakkale, Turkey and on the Kenninghall, Norfolk Roll of Honour.
20713 Private Phill Williams, 1st. Battalion, Essex Regiment, formally with the Norfolk Regiment.
The son of William Alfred and Anna Williams of The Brickyard Cottages, Shipdham, Norfolk.
Phill died, aged 19, on Friday 13th. August 1915 in the sinking of HMT Royal Albert, described above.
He has no known grave and is commemorated on Panel 146 to 151 or 229 to 233 of the Helles Memorial, Eceabat İlçesi, Çanakkale, Turkey.
77261 Bombardier Frederick Thomas Matthews, 'K' Battery, Royal Horse Artillery.
The eldest son of Joseph Henry and Louisa Mathews.
Frederick died, aged 21, on Friday 30th. November 1917. He is buried in Grave: II. E. 7. at Ribecourt British Cemetery, Nord, France.
Frederick is remembered on his parent's headstone in St. Mary the Virgin churchyard, Eccles.
29563 Private Frederick Robert Ward, 1st. Battalion, Norfolk Regiment.
Born on 22nd. January 1886 at Wretham, Norfolk, the son of Frederick and Ann Ward, nee Saunders, of Hall Cottage, Wilby, Norfolk.
Brother of James, below.
Enlisted on 4th April 1916 where Fredericks occupation was recorded as a goods porter.
Frederick died, aged 31, on Wednesday 30th May 1917 at No. 4 General Hospital, Camiers, near Étaples of gunshot wounds to the legs received on 8th. May during the Battle of Arras. He is buried in Grave; XXV. F. 12A at Étaples Military Cemetery, Pas de Calais, France with the personal inscription
'REST IN THE LORD'
Frederick is remembered on his brother's headstone in St. Mary the Virgin churchyard, Eccles.
12459 Private James John Ward, 7th. Battalion, Norfolk Regiment.
Born on 30th. January 1891 at Eccles, the son of Frederick and Ann Ward, nee Saunders, of Hall Cottage, Wilby, Norfolk.
Brother of Frederick, above.
The 1911 census records James employed as a farm labourer.
Enlisted on 27th. August 1914 at Norwich, Norfolk.
On 6th. September 1915 James was hospitalised with a head wound. Between 8th. October 1915 and April 1916 he was hospitalised again with leg wounds.
On 12th. October 1916, John received shrapnel wounds to both temples while in action in the attack on Bayonet Trench and Scabbard Trench on the Somme. He was evacuated back to Britain and died, aged 25, from septic pneumonia at the Reading War Hospital, Berkshire on Monday 30th. October 1916. He is buried to the north of St. Mary the Virgin church in Eccles.
14488 Private Frederick Nunn, 9th. Battalion, Norfolk Regiment.
Born in 1896, the son of Alfred Nunn of Overa Farm, Eccles
Frederick was killed in action, aged 20, during the attack on The Quadrilateral (Ginchy) on the Somme on Friday 15th. September 1916. He was buried at map reference 57c.T.14.D.1.6. and was reburied, possibly in December 1918, in Grave: VII. G. 10. at Guillemont Road Cemertery, Guillemont, Somme, France.
Frederick is also commemorated on the Roll of Honour in the church of St. Ethelbert at Larling, Norfolk.
33021 Private Henry William Mowle, 106th. Labour Company, 36th. Labour Battalion, Royal Fusiliers.
Henry died on Sunday 20th. May 1917. He is buried in Grave:III. A. 10. at Abbeville Communal Cemetery Extension, Somme, France
"Their name liveth for Evermore."
The Postcard
A postcard bearing no publisher's name that was posted in Shrewsbury on Thursday the 17th. September 1903 to:
Mr. N. Bailey,
2, Lumley Road,
Chester.
Although the card has a divided back, the message was written on the front of the card:
"17 Sep 1903
Hope this will reach you.
I am giving it a boy to
post @ Shrewsbury
Station.
Kind regards to all.
Hurry up to get well".
There is also an unreadable signature.
Welsh National Dress
The popular image of Welsh national dress, i.e. that of a woman wearing a tall black hat with a red cloak over a decorative checked apron, is one which largely developed in the 19th. century as part of a conscious revival of Welsh culture during a period when traditional Welsh values were under threat.
Dolores Costello
So what else happened on the day that the card was posted?
Well, the 17th. September 1903 marked the birth in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania of Dolores Costello
Dolores Costello was an American film actress who achieved her greatest success during the era of silent movies. She was nicknamed "The Goddess of the Silent Screen" by her first husband, the actor John Barrymore.
She was the mother of John Drew Barrymore and the grandmother of Drew Barrymore.
Dolores Costello - The Early Years
Dolores Costello was the daughter of actors Maurice Costello and Mae Costello (née Altschuk). She was of Irish and German descent.
Dolores had a younger sister, Helene, and the two made their first film appearances in the years 1909–1915 as child actresses for the Vitagraph Film Company.
They played supporting roles in several films starring their father, who was a popular matinee idol at the time. Dolores Costello's earliest listed credit is in the role of a fairy in a 1909 adaptation of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream.
Dolores Costello's Acting Career
The two sisters appeared on Broadway together as chorines, and their success resulted in contracts with Warner Bros. Pictures.
In 1926, following small parts in feature films, Dolores Costello was selected by John Barrymore to star opposite him in The Sea Beast, a loose adaptation of Herman Melville's Moby-Dick, after which Warner soon began starring her in her own vehicles. Meanwhile, she and Barrymore became romantically involved, and married in 1928.
Within a few years of achieving stardom, Costello had become a film personality in her own right. As a young adult her career developed to the degree that in 1926, she was named a WAMPAS (Western Association of Motion Picture Advertisers) Baby Star, and had acquired the nickname "The Goddess of the Silver Screen".
Warners alternated Costello between films with contemporary settings and elaborate costume dramas. In 1927, she was re-teamed with John Barrymore in When a Man Loves, an adaptation of Manon Lescaut. In 1928, she co-starred with George O'Brien in Noah's Ark, a part-talkie epic directed by Michael Curtiz.
Costello spoke with a lisp, and found it difficult to make the transition to talking pictures, but after two years of voice coaching she was happy to speak before a microphone. One of her early sound film appearances was with her sister Helene in Warner Bros. all-star extravaganza, The Show of Shows (1929).
Dolores Costello as a Mother
Dolores' acting career became less a priority for her following the birth of her first child, Dolores Ethel Mae "DeeDee" Barrymore, on the 8th. April 1930, and she retired from the screen in 1931 to devote time to her family.
Her second child, John Drew Barrymore, was born on the 4th. June 1932, but the marriage proved difficult due to her husband's increasing alcoholism, and they divorced in 1935.
Dolores Costello - The Later Years
Dolores resumed her career a year later and achieved some successes, most notably in Little Lord Fauntleroy (1936), and The Magnificent Ambersons (1942). She retired permanently from acting following her appearance in This is the Army (1943), again under the direction of Michael Curtiz.
Making a rare radio appearance, Costello appeared as the Danish Countess Elsa on the radio program Suspense with an air date of the 28th. August 1943. The title of the episode is The King's Birthday, written by Corporal Leonard Pellitier of the US Army.
In 1939, Dolores married Dr. John Vruwink, an obstetrician who was her physician during her pregnancies, but they divorced in 1950. Costello spent the remaining years of her life in semi-seclusion, managing an avocado farm.
Her film career was largely ruined by the destructive effects of early film makeup, which ravaged her complexion too severely to camouflage.
In the 1970's her house was inundated in a flash flood which caused a good deal of damage to her property and memorabilia from her movie career and life with John Barrymore.
The Death of Dolores Costello
Shortly before her death, Dolores was interviewed for the documentary series Hollywood discussing her film career.
Dolores died at the age of 75 from emphysema in Fallbrook, California, on the 1st. March 1979, and was laid to rest in Calvary Cemetery, East Los Angeles.
Dolores Costello has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contributions to Motion Pictures, at 1645 Vine Street.
File name: 10_03_001264a
Binder label: Medical
Title: Carter's Iron Pills for the blood, nerves and complexion. I declare! I do feel so strong and well since I've been taking Carter's Iron Pills and you know I used to be weak and nervous. (front)
Date issued: 1870-1900 (approximate)
Physical description: 1 print : lithograph ; 11 x 8 cm.
Subject: Women; Patent medicines
Notes: Title from item.
Statement of responsibility: Carter Medicine Co.
Collection: 19th Century American Trade Cards
Location: Boston Public Library, Print Department
Rights: No known restrictions.
1ST N.Z.E.F.
23/2540 Sergeant
A[xel] ASKENBECK
Rifle Brigade
Died 16 September 1939
Aged 59 year [sic]
Block 3B RSA Plot 23
Born: 14 July 1880, Totara flat*
Occupation at death: Lawyer [suspect this is possibly 'sawyer' and is error on cemetery database].
Occupation at enlistment: Timber yardman for Butler Bros., Ruatapu
Next of Kin: Mrs Minnie ASKENBECK [wife], Ahaura P.O., Greymouth.
5ft 8 ¼ inches; 157 pds; Brown hair; hazel eyes; healthy complexion
“Linear scar about 3 inches long situated ion right side of chest. This is the result of an operation for empysemia[sic] five years ago.” [attack of pleurisy followed by Empysemia [sic].
No teeth: “Recruit is quite willing to be supplied with dentures at his own expense.”
Embarkation date: 1 April 1916
15 July 1916 charged with drunkenness and fined.
Foreign service: 3 yrs 176 days
Total service: 3 yrs 347 days
Discharged: 21 October 1919 discharged no longer medically fit for war service
Decorations:
British War Medal
[Victory medal crossed out with “deleted” written beside]
Awarded the MSM [Meritorious Service Medal] in 1919:
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=s...
“in recognition of valuable services rendered in connection with the war”
Axel passed the Junior Civil Service Examination in 1893
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=s...
Appointed deputy registrar of Grey district [West Coast] in 1911 [1]
Grey River Argus , 3 April 1913, Page 4
At the Magistrate's Court yesterday before Mr. Felix Campbell, Justice of the Peace, Axel Askenbeck was charged that on or about the 10th day of October, 1912, at Greymouth, then being second clerk in the Magistrate's and Warden's Court at Greymouth aforesaid, then having in his possession as an officer of the New Zealand Government, the sum of £5 1 s in money received from Stratford, Blair and Company Ltd., did unlawfully steal the same contrary to the form of the Statute in such case made and proved Mr. F. Kitchingham appeared for accused. Detective Sergeant Campbell applied for a remand till Wednesday, the 9th inst. Which was granted. Accused was allowed bail himself in one surety of £100 and two others of £SO each.[2]
On the application of Inspector Phair, a remand was granted to 10.30 a.m. tomorrow (Friday) by which time, it is anticipated, the Government Auditor will be in Greymouth should his evidence be required. Dr. J. McBrearty, Senr., was the presiding justice.[3]
Grey River Argus , 12 April 1913, Page 3
Court official charged
Various sums stolen
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=s...
It appears he got 9 months imprisonment:
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=s...
* birth registration 1875/4325 so age discrepancy on headstone. Parents John and Sarah ASKENBECK. John died 17 July 1918 at the Grey River Hospital, native of Sweden and late of Orwell Creek. Aged 81 years.[4]
John and Sarah had other issue:
Gustaf Charles born 28 Jan 1872, also served in WW1
ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/delivery/DeliveryManagerServle...
Samuel Henry Coates born c1892
Lucretia [Lucy] born c1887 who married in September 1912 to John MCCAULEY, Storekeeper of Orwell Creek
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=GR...
Axel married Minnie JAMES on 29th April 1901 at Ahaura by Rev, A. W. C. STACE
Minnie was the “daughter of Henry John JAMES and Sarah BERKETT, born in 1878 in Invercargill, Southland, New Zealand. and died in 1927 in Ahaura”[unverified 5]. She died c1926 aged 49.
3 Children on enlistment papers:
Pearl Sarah Gwendoline born 13 December 1901, Reefton
Eric John Coates born 17 June 1903, Reefton
Ettie Edith Coral born 20 August 1914, Ahaura
SOURCES:
Cemetery database
Military records
ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/delivery/DeliveryManagerServle...
[1]
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=s...
[2]
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=s...
[3]
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=s...
[4]
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=s...
[5]
freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~kiwiadams/2/43...
Shall i compare thee to a summer's day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of may,
And summer's lease hath all too short a date:
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade
Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest;
Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou growest:
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18 by W. Shakespeare
© Use without permission is illegal
Hassas Cilt Bakımı Nasıl Yapılır ?
[caption id="attachment_24318" align="aligncenter" width="700"] Hassas Cilt Kaynak
1ST N.Z.E.F.
23/2540 Sergeant
A[xel] ASKENBECK
Rifle Brigade
Died 16 September 1939
Aged 59 year [sic]
Block 3B RSA Plot 23
Born: 14 July 1880, Totara flat*
Occupation at death: Lawyer [suspect this is possibly 'sawyer' and is error on cemetery database].
Occupation at enlistment: Timber yardman for Butler Bros., Ruatapu
Next of Kin: Mrs Minnie ASKENBECK [wife], Ahaura P.O., Greymouth.
5ft 8 ¼ inches; 157 pds; Brown hair; hazel eyes; healthy complexion
“Linear scar about 3 inches long situated ion right side of chest. This is the result of an operation for empysemia[sic] five years ago.” [attack of pleurisy followed by Empysemia [sic].
No teeth: “Recruit is quite willing to be supplied with dentures at his own expense.”
Embarkation date: 1 April 1916
15 July 1916 charged with drunkenness and fined.
Foreign service: 3 yrs 176 days
Total service: 3 yrs 347 days
Discharged: 21 October 1919 discharged no longer medically fit for war service
Decorations:
British War Medal
[Victory medal crossed out with “deleted” written beside]
Awarded the MSM [Meritorious Service Medal] in 1919:
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=s...
“in recognition of valuable services rendered in connection with the war”
Axel passed the Junior Civil Service Examination in 1893
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=s...
Appointed deputy registrar of Grey district [West Coast] in 1911 [1]
Grey River Argus , 3 April 1913, Page 4
At the Magistrate's Court yesterday before Mr. Felix Campbell, Justice of the Peace, Axel Askenbeck was charged that on or about the 10th day of October, 1912, at Greymouth, then being second clerk in the Magistrate's and Warden's Court at Greymouth aforesaid, then having in his possession as an officer of the New Zealand Government, the sum of £5 1 s in money received from Stratford, Blair and Company Ltd., did unlawfully steal the same contrary to the form of the Statute in such case made and proved Mr. F. Kitchingham appeared for accused. Detective Sergeant Campbell applied for a remand till Wednesday, the 9th inst. Which was granted. Accused was allowed bail himself in one surety of £100 and two others of £SO each.[2]
On the application of Inspector Phair, a remand was granted to 10.30 a.m. tomorrow (Friday) by which time, it is anticipated, the Government Auditor will be in Greymouth should his evidence be required. Dr. J. McBrearty, Senr., was the presiding justice.[3]
Grey River Argus , 12 April 1913, Page 3
Court official charged
Various sums stolen
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=s...
It appears he got 9 months imprisonment:
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=s...
* birth registration 1875/4325 so age discrepancy on headstone. Parents John and Sarah ASKENBECK. John died 17 July 1918 at the Grey River Hospital, native of Sweden and late of Orwell Creek. Aged 81 years.[4]
John and Sarah had other issue:
Gustaf Charles born 28 Jan 1872, also served in WW1
ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/delivery/DeliveryManagerServle...
Samuel Henry Coates born c1892
Lucretia [Lucy] born c1887 who married in September 1912 to John MCCAULEY, Storekeeper of Orwell Creek
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=GR...
Axel married Minnie JAMES on 29th April 1901 at Ahaura by Rev, A. W. C. STACE
Minnie was the “daughter of Henry John JAMES and Sarah BERKETT, born in 1878 in Invercargill, Southland, New Zealand. and died in 1927 in Ahaura”[unverified 5]. She died c1926 aged 49.
3 Children on enlistment papers:
Pearl Sarah Gwendoline born 13 December 1901, Reefton
Eric John Coates born 17 June 1903, Reefton
Ettie Edith Coral born 20 August 1914, Ahaura
SOURCES:
Cemetery database
Military records
ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/delivery/DeliveryManagerServle...
[1]
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=s...
[2]
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=s...
[3]
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=s...
[4]
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=s...
[5]
freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~kiwiadams/2/43...
on the left:
Head from a marble statue of Vespasian
Roman, AD 70-80
From Carthage, northern Africa (modern Tunisia)
This naturalistic portrait of the emperor Vespasian (reigned AD 69-79) clearly shows the lined complexion of this battle-hardened emperor, and also the curious 'strained expression' which the Roman writer Suetonius said he had at all times. The loss of the nose is characteristic of the damage often suffered by ancient statues, either through deliberate mutilation or through falling or being toppled from their base.
Vespasian was born in the Roman town of Reate (Rieti), about forty miles (sixty-five kilometres) north-west of Rome in the Sabine Hills. Vespasian distinguished himself in military campaigns in Britain and later became a trusted aide of the emperor Nero. Together with one of his sons, Titus, Vespasian conquered Judaea in AD 75 and celebrated with a magnificent triumphal procession through Rome. Part of the event, in particular the displaying of the seven-branched candlestick or 'Menorah' from the Temple at Jerusalem, is shown on the Arch of Titus, in Rome. The proceeds from the conquest of Judaea provided funds for the building of the Colosseum and other famous buildings in Rome.
Vespasian was known for his wit as well as his military skills. When, during one of his attempts to boost the treasury, Vespasian raised a tax on public urinals. Titus complained that this was below imperial dignity. Vespasian is said to have held out a handful of coins from the new tax and said 'Now, do these smell any different?'. Even on his death bed Vespasian's wit did not desert him. He was perhaps parodying the idea of the deification of emperors, when he said 'Oh dear, I think I'm becoming a god'.
Height: 45.5 cm
Excavated by Sir Thomas Reade
***
These statues are part of the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities (GR) of the British Museum, which covers the Greek world from the beginning of the Bronze Age in about 3200 BC, with material from the Greek mainland and islands, from Cyprus, from Asia Minor (including particularly material from Lykia and Caria), from Egypt and from the Italian peninsula. The collection of material from the native cultures of Italy, including the Etruscans, begins in the Bronze Age (around 2500 BC). Later the whole of the Roman Empire (except Britain) is covered until the Edict of Milan in AD 313, with later pagan survivals.
The edition of the Norwich Mercury dated Saturday October 6 1917 included this picture along with the caption Lance-Corpl H. Snelling, of Tivetshall, killed in action.
Lance Corporal SNELLING, HENRY
Service Number:……….16160
Died:…………………………. 11/08/1917
Unit:……………………………8th Bn.,Norfolk Regiment
Remembered……………Ypres (Menin Gate) Memorial.
CWGC: www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/914254/snelling,-henry/
Soldiers Died in the Great War records that Lance Corporal Henry Snelling was Killed in Action on the 11th August 1917 whilst serving in France & Flanders with the 8th Battalion, Norfolk Regiment. He was born Tivetshall, Norfolk, and enlisted Norwich. No place of residence is shown.
The Medal Index Card for Private 16160 Henry Snelling, Norfolk Regiment, is held at the National Archive under reference WO 372/18/191857
discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D5310491
Some of his Service Records appear to have survived the incendiary attack during the Blitz on the Warehouse where all the Army Service Records were stored.
Henry Snelling, single, and a labourer was born on the 8th August 1891 at Tivetshall Norwich. He was 23 years and four months old when he attested at Norwich on the 4th November 1914 for three years with the colours. Henry was 5 feet 4 and a quarter inches tall and weighed 130lbs. He had a fresh complexion, with blue eyes and brown hair. His religion is given as Wesleyan. His next of kin was:-
Father…Colin Snelling….Tivetshall, Norfolk
Mother…Mary Snelling….Tivetshall, Norfolk
Sister….Florence(?) Snelling..Waybourne(? – poss Weybourne, Norfolk)
Brothers..Herbert Snelling
………….Colin Snelling
………….Joe Snelling
He was posted on the 7th November to the 8th (Service) Battalion of the Norfolk Regiment at Colchester and given service number 16160.In April 1915 the unit moved to Codford. From the 1st July 1915 to the 7th July 1915 he was in the military hospital at Codford with rheumatism.
He landed in France on the 25th July 1915. There is a note that reads something like G H Cl 11 Prof. Pay @ 3d per diem which was awarded from the 4th November 1916, so looks like he had some kind of skill or proficiency – I’m just not sure what it was.
On the 24th July 1917 he was appointed unpaid Lance Corporal with the 8th. On the 11th August 1917 he would be killed in action – place unknown. The next of kin notified on the 24th August 1917 was his father. At the time of his death there were no allocations being made from his pay, so most likely he never married.
He qualified for the 1914/15 Star, the British War Medal and the Victory Medal. His Medals and effects were to be sent to Mr. Colin Snelling of Tivetshall St Mary, Norfolk.
Post-war, when the government was looking to issue medals and pay war gratuities for those men who had died, the Army issued form W.5080 to the last notified next of kin. These forms asks for the details of the relatives who were still alive and follow the hierarchy for dealing with estates as the law then stood.
Widow of the Soldier: None
Children of the Soldier: None
Father of the Soldier: Colin Snelling. Tivetshall St Mary, Norwich.
Mother of the Soldier: Mary Snelling. Tivetshall St Mary, Norwich.
Brothers of the Soldier – Full Blood:
Colin Snelling. South Repps.
Elijah Snelling. In the army.
Joseph Snelling. In the army.
Hebert E Snelling. Tivetshall St Mary, Norwich.
Brothers of the Soldier – Half Blood: None.
Sisters of the Soldier – Full Blood:
Annie Maria Beales, aged 26, Weybourne, Holt.
Sisters of the Soldier – Half Blood: None.
Mary Snelling completed the form on the 3rd June 1919, and had it witnessed by the Rector of Tivetshall.
No missing person enquiry appears to have been received by the International Red Cross.
No match on Picture Norfolk, the County image Archive.
There is no obvious Soldiers Will or Civil Probate for this man.
Henry is remembered on the War Memorials at both Tivetshall St Mary and Tivetshall St Margaret.
www.roll-of-honour.com/Norfolk/TivetshallStMary.html
www.roll-of-honour.com/Norfolk/TivetshallStMargaret.html
The same memorials also list a Reginald Guy Snelling who died serving with the Royal Sussex Regiment in France in 1916.
8th August 1891 – birth?……………
Date from his Army service record. The birth of a Henry Snelling was registered with the Civil Authorities in the District of Depwade in Norfolk in the July to September quarter, (Q3), of 1891. Depwade Registration District included the civil parishes of Tivetshall St Mary and Tivetshall St. Margaret.
1901 Census of England and Wales
The 9 year old Henry Snelling, born Tivetshall St Mary, Norfolk, was recorded living at a dwelling on Rectory Road, Tivetshall, St Mary. This was the household of his parents, Colin, (aged 55, a Thatcher, born Tivetshall St. Margaret), and Mary, (aged 48, born Shelfanger, Norfolk). As well as Henry their other children still single and living at home were:-
Herbert “Edwd”…aged 17…born Tiveteshall St.Mary…Thatcher
Joseph Ernest……aged 14…born Tivetshall St Mary….Shop Boy
Maria…………….aged 13…born Tivetshall St Mary
Reginald…………aged 11…born Tivetshall St Mary
Elijah Harvey……aged 7. …born Tivetshall St Mary
1911 Census of England and Wales
The Snelling family were still living in Tivetshall St Mary, although the exact address is not recorded. Parents Colin, (65, Thatcher) and Mary, (57), have been married 29 years and have had 7 children, all then still alive. Still single and living at home were Herbert, (28, Thatcher), Annie M., (23, Post Office Assistant), Reginald G., (21, Boot Maker), Henry, (19, Farm Labourer), and Elijah H.
On the 1912 Norfolk Register of Electors, a Colin Snelling is recorded as entitled to vote in Parliamentary, County Council and Parish Council elections as he is a (male) householder of a dwelling house “Near Rectory”, Tivetshall St Mary.
www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:2HB4-6HH
On the day……………………..
Saturday 11th August 1917 - Day 12 Third Ypres
Westhoek
18th Div
During the relief of 7th Bedfords by 8th Norfolks at 4.30am the Germans attacked and captured a pillbox. The Norfolks recaptured it at 6am.
forum.irishmilitaryonline.com/showthread.php?t=11535
The 8th Norfolks were at Canal Reserve Camp for a week, still under heavy enemy shelling and gas attacks. On 10th August with the weather still appalling and the ground a morass, they returned with the rest of the 53rd Brigade to Inverness Copse to relive the 54th Brigade.
"Barely had the 8th Norfolks relieved the Fusiliers and Bedfords at 4.15 a.m. on the 11th, the enemy penetrated our line and carried a strongpoint. The Norfolks had come up from Canal Reserve Camp and had been on their legs for twelve hours. The reverse stung them into fresh feats of endurance. Without a barrage they pressed forward and by 6 o'clock (a.m.), under Captain Morgan's leadership, had retaken the post and released several of their comrades and two of our machine guns."
richarddace.website/pdf/SADs War.pdf
One of the appendices to the Battalion War Diary for August is “A Short Narrative describing the part played by the 8th (Service) Battalion of the Norfolk Regiment in the Ypres Operations between the 10th and 17th August 1917.”
At about 7.30 am on the 10th August, a warning message was received from the Brigade to the effect that the Battalion was to be ready to proceed to the CHATEAU SEGARD area and possibly up to the trenches in front of INVERNESS COPSE, to take part in an attack at about 7pm in order to capture the N.W corner of this wood, which objective, the 55th Infantry Brigade had been unable to take in their attack that morning. At about 8.30am orders were received for the Battalion to move at once to the CHATEAU SEGARD area. This move was completed by 11.30am. The Battalion remained in this area until 2pm with the Commanding Officer and Adjutant at Divisional Headquarters. We were then ordered to move to the Ritz Street area, were we would come under the orders of G.O.C 54th Infantry Brigade. This move was completed by 3.30pm, the Commanding Officer and Adjutant joining the Battalion at about 6pm, at 54th Inf. Bde. HQ.
Orders were then received from the G.O.C 54th Inf. Bde., that the Battalion, together with the 6th Royal Berkshire Regiment, was to take over the front of the 54th Inf.Bde., with as little delay as possible. Company commanders were therefore sent off at once to reconnoitre the line. On their return, the G.O.C 54th Inf. Bde., owing to a report that the enemy were concentrating for a counter attack, ordered two Companies to move at once to the line. This move was carried out by one Company of the 6th Royal Berkshire Regiment and one Company of the 8th Norfolk Regt. Owing to the difficulty of the 54th Inf. Bde. , in supplying guides, the remainder of the Battalion did not move up until 7.30pm. Orders were then issued to the Commanding Officer to the following effect:-
1) That on arrival at the front line, he was to take command of all units then in the line,
11) In the event of the situation becoming critical and the enemy developing an attack or capturing part of the line then held, he was to counter attack with the 6th Royal Berkshire Regiment, holding the 8th Norfolk Regiment in reserve.
111) That the JARGON TRENCH line as far as J.14.a.5.6 - the strong point J.14.a.3.2 - and thence to J.13.d.9.9 (The YPRES - MENIN ROAD exclusive), was to held at all costs.
1V) That he was to remain in Command until the completion of the relief, when he would come under orders of the G.O.C 53rd Infantry Brigade.
On receipt of these orders, the Commanding Officer at once moved up to the forward Battalion Headquarters, situated in the TUNNEL at the bend in the YPRES - MENIN Road. On arrival he found that the O.C of the 6th Royal Berkshire Regiment had been brought up in short time previously by a guide of the 54th Infantry Brigade, had commenced to take over the JARGON TRENCH Line as far South as J.14.a.5.6 and had sent on “A” Company of the 8th Norfolk Regt., to endeavour to take over the strongpoint at J.14.a.3.2 and the switch trench between this strong point and JARGON Trench at J.14.a.5.6. The Commanding Officer had previously decided that the dispositions of the Battalion were to be as follows:-
“A” Company in the front line from J.14.a.5.6 to the strong point (inclusive) J.14.a.3.2.
“D” Company in the front line from the strong point (exclusive) to J.13.d.9.9 (The YPRES - MENIN Road exclusive), “B” Company in support and “C” Company in reserve in the trench system around SURBITON VILLAS.
The remaining Companies, therefore, followed after “A” Company, but owing to the darkness, the lack of guides, and the confusion in the trenches held by the 54th Infantry Brigade, due to the heavy fighting which had taken place that day, the relief was carried out under very trying conditions, and although the relief was reported complete at about 3 am, it would appear that elements of the 11th Royal Fusiliers, 7th Bedford Regiment, 5th Northants Regiment and 2 Machine Gun teams were still holding a line approximately from J.14.a.35.20 to J.35.a.35.16, and there were also a few of the 11th Royal Fusiliers between “A” and “D” Companies at approximately J.14.a.30.18.
At about 4.15 am on the 11th August, the enemy commenced a light barrage on the front line. At 4.30 am this barrage became intense, and under cover of this the enemy launched an attack in strength on the strong point and the line held by the Battalion. Within a short time, the officer commanding 11th Royal Fusiliers who had still remained at Battalion Headquarters until all his men were out of the front line, reported that the enemy had penetrated that portion of the strong point held by the men of his Battalion. As soon as the S.O.S Signal, which had been sent up from the front line at 4.35am was reported to the Commanding Officer, orders were issued to “B” Company to hold themselves in readiness to counter-attack immediately. A message then being received from the platoon Sergeant of the right platoon of “A” Company, stating that the right flank of this Company had been driven back, but the left was still holding on, the Commanding Officer ordered “C” Company to counter attack at once and re-capture the strong point and any portion of the switch trench N.E. of the Strong Point that had been occupied by the enemy. On going forward and finding that the enemy who were in occupation of the strong point had brought 4 Machine Guns into action and appeared to be in considerable strength, the Commanding Officer decided to strike with his reserve Company, (“B” Company), simultaneously with “C” Company who were striking from the immediate front. Under covering fire of Lewis guns and snipers, with assistance from one platoon of the 6th Royal Berkshires, this attack was carried out by sectional rushes and the strong point recaptured and consolidated. The counter attack had been launched at 5.25am and the position was again in our hands by 6 am, together with 9 prisoners, our own two machine guns and elements of the garrison which had been captured by the enemy. This attack was carried out over the open over a distance of 600 yards through very difficult country under direct observation from the strong point, and owing to the fact that the enemy was then in possession of the high ground, he was able to sweep the whole line of advance of the attack with machine gun and rifle fire. After our counter attack had been launched, the enemy’s artillery and machine gun fire slackened considerably on the front of the right Company and this Company was able to give excellent covering fire for the troops carrying out the counter attack, thus inflicting by enfilade fire very heavy losses on the enemy who were running about in the open and endeavouring to form up between the Strong Point and INVERNESS COPSE.
At about 8.30 am, on receiving definite information about the situation, the Commanding Officer decided to re-organise the Companies in the line. Accordingly “A” Company took over that portion of the line from the strong point (exclusive) to J.14.a.5.6, “C” Company, (who were considerably weakened by casualties), the strong point, “B” Company from the strong point (exclusive) to J.13.d.9.9 (The YPRES-MENIN Road exclusive): “D” Company were withdrawn from the line into reserve in the area around SURBITON VILLAS.
During the evening of the 11th and the night of the 11th/12th, the enemy made several attempts to recapture this strong point but was easily driven off on each occasion, the position having been wired and consolidated in the meantime.
During the morning of the 12th August the situation remained unchanged. In the afternoon, information was received that the 9th London Regiment (Q.V.R.) would relieve the Battalion in the line from J.14.a.5.6 as far South as the Strong Point at J.14.a.3.2 (inclusive), and that the 8th Suffolk Regiment would take over the remainder of the Battalion front. The relief was completed by 10.30 p.m. and the Battalion moved to Railway dug-outs.
The night of the 12/13th August and the day of the 13th August were spent in resting at Railway Dug-outs.
(There are more pages to be transcribed, time permitting).
Casualties from Noon 10th to Noon 11th
Officers: 1 killed , 7 wounded. Other ranks: 42 killed, 3 died of wounds, 87 wounded
Casualties from Noon 11th to Noon 12th
Other ranks: 2 killed, 12 wounded.
Mildly photoshopped to minimise impact of damage present on the original image.
83 Corporal
P.W. FOSTER
36th Bn. Australian Inf.
22nd October 1917
Corporal PERCY WILLIAM FOSTER
Service Number:………………….. 83
Regiment & Unit:………………….Australian Infantry, A.I.F.
……………………………………..36th Bn.
Date of Death:……………………...Died 22 October 1917
Buried or commemorated at IPSWICH OLD CEMETERY
Grave:………………………………BA. IA. 12.
Additional Info Son of Arthur and Isabella Foster, of Mallanganee, New South Wales, Australia.
Sourced: www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/...
According to his Australian service record, Percy William Foster, an unmarried Labourer born Harwood Island, New South Wales, was aged 28 years and four months when he enlisted in A Company, 36th Battalion on the 1st January 1916. He took the oath at Liverpool, New South Wales, on the 6th January 1916. His service number was 83.
His next of kin was his father, Arthur Foster, of Mallanganee, New South Wales.
Percy gave as his previous military experience, 4 months with the Mallanganee Rifle Club.
He was 5 feet 11 inches tall, weighed 175lbs, had brown hair, dark eyes and a sallow complexion. His distinctive marks was two scars right forearm.
On the 9th February 1916 he wrote out a will, leaving eveything to his mother Isabella Foster of Wallanganee. She would also be his legal executrix.
He went absent without leave for three days in early April 1916.
He sailed from Sydney on the 13th May 1916 aboard the HMAT Beltana, reaching Devonport on the 9th July 1916.
On the 14th November 1916 he re-joined his unit, having spent time in hospital at first Fargo Military Hospital and then Bulford Manor in England as a resulture of the Tibia and Fibula.
On the 22nd November 1916 the Battalion deployed to France.
On the 29th January 1917 he was wounded in action – according to his C.O. slightly, according to 9th Australian Field Ambulance and No.2 Australian Casualty Clearing Station it was severely. He was put aboard 24 Ambulance Train on the 30th with Gun Shot Wounds to the “lower extremities”. Received at 3rd Canadian General Hospital on the 1st February 1917, he was moved on back to England the same day aboard the Aberdonian.
Admitted to the Royal Victoria Hospital, Netley on the 4th February 1917, he would recover well enough to be moved to the 3rd Auxiliary Hospital on the 11th April. From the 4th May to the 19th May he had a discharge furlough, before reporting back to a Training Depot. On the 27th May he sailed from Southampton, bound for France. He caught up with his unit in the field on the 14th June 1917.
Percy was appointed Lance Corporal on the 12th June 1917.
He was wounded in action again for the second time on the 21st July 1917, receiving a GSW to the forearm. His evacuation route this time took him through 11th Australian Field Ambulance, No.2 Australian Casualty Clearing Station, Ambulance Train and then 6 General Hospital at Rouen. After a short stay he moved first to No.2 Convalsent Depot and then No.6 Convalescent Depot. By the 21st August 1917 he was transferred to the Base Depot, and being assessed still fit for frontline service he rejoined his unit in the field on the 1st September 1917.
Percy was promoted Corporal on the 14th September 1917. On the 16th September 1917 he proceeded to Divisional School.
On the 12th October 1917 he was wounded in action for the 3rd time. Medically evacuated via the 11th Australian Field Ambulance, 44 Casualty Clearing Station and Ambulance Train, he reached the 2nd Australian General Hospital on the 14th October. His condition was given as shot wound right buttock. On the 18th October 1917 he was put aboard the Hospital Ship St Denis and moved to England, reaching the East Suffolk and Ipswich Hospital on the 19th October 1917. On admission is was recorded that the wound was dirty, had preforated the body, and the patient was restless and had pain in both knees. By the next day pain was severe in knees and his hip was painful and swollen. On the 21st hip had swollen further, and gas was now detected in muscles.
He died of his wounds on the 22nd, at 2.15 a.m., causes being being as the GSW to Right Buttock and Thigh, combined with gas gangrene. He was buried on the 25th October 1917 at 2 pm. He is stated to have no relatives in England.
“The deceased soldier was accorded a full Military Funeral, Firing Party, Buglers, Bearers and Gun Carriage being supplied by the Northumberland Fusiliers. The coffin was draped with the ‘Union Jack’ and surmounted by several lovely floral tributes. The ‘Last Post’ was sounded at the graveside. The service was conducted by the Rev. Kerr, Chaplain to the Hospital.”
A receipt for his memorial scroll was signed in June 1922 by an Isabella Foster. Isabella also signed for his Memorial Plaque in November 1922 and his Victory Medal in March 1923.
recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/Details...
War Diary excepts.
29th January 1917 received his first wound – a Gun Shot Wound to the “lower extremities”.
On the 24th January the 36th Battalion was relieved in the frontline trenches near Armentieres by the 34th Battalion. Small groups were detailed off for work parties over the next few nights, but by the 29th the Battalion was preapring and arranging relief of the 34th. It would seem unlikely in the circumstances that the 36th Battalion would have needed to send men forward to familiarise themselves with the area, having been there so recently, although officer groups may well have gone forward to arrange local handovers and be brought up to speed with local intelligence. Only the 36th Battalion specialists went into the line on the 30th, the rest on the Battalion exchanging with the 34th in the early hours of the 31st January.
In the appendices for the February 1917 Percy appears on a list of casualties outside the Divisional area and who were in hospital, and so were there struck off the strength of the Battalion. In Percys’ case this was effective 5th February 1917.
Second wounding – 21st July 1917, Gun Shot Wound to the forearm.
Ever since taking over the front line near Messines from the 34th Battalion on the 17th July, the 36th Battalion had been subject to heavy shelling. The 21st was no different.
“Enemy violently bombarding the whole of Area with Gas Shell commencing about 2.30 a.m., easing off at dawn; at 1.30p.m. heavily shelling right Company “D” and left Coy “C”. Our heavies bombarded KIWI Farm and the Windmill. Enemy aircraft very active.
At 12.30 a.m. we attacked enemy strong points near WARNETON ROAD; report attached.
(Neither the Report on the attack nor the last two weekly reports, which should have been dated 22nd & 29th respectively, appear to be with the war diary).
There appears to be a catch up in the August diary with the “Struck Off Minute” including Julys’ casualties, but there is no reference to Foster nor is anyone shown as promoted to Lance Corporal to replace him.
Third wounding – 12th October 1917, GSW to Right Buttock and Thigh.
The September 1917 War Diary shows Lance Corporal Foster rejoining the 36th Battalion on the 1st September and being posted to ‘A’ Company. He was promoted Corporal in ‘A’ Company on the 14th to take the place of a man who had been commissioned. The attack on the 12th October 1917 is covered by a separate appendix in the Battalion War Diary.
APPROACH MARCH.
The 36th. Battalion left CAVALRY CAMP at 7 p.m. on 11-10 1917. The Battalion marched in single file and the going up to the vicinity of POTSDAM was fair, at this point the enemy commenced shelling the route (Railway Line) from direction of BROOCKENBROODHOEK with whiz-bang 4.2 and Gas Shell. At point D.26.b.901/240 this Battalion met with its first casualties of the battle. Going then became slower, but as we had a lot of time in hand it caused no anxiety. Owing to Gas, Respirators had to be frequently used causing occasional breaks in the line, as the route was badly cut up by shell, positions being very boggy – so much so that many men had to pulled out who could not get out unaided. The tapes had all been blown away or mostly so, making caution as to direction necessary. From ZONNEBEKE Railway Station the shelling became heavier and at point D.16.d.60.25 it became a regular barrage aimed at route, and continued right up to tape. During the Approach March this Battalion had sustained over 100 casualtis including One Officer,
THE ASSEMBLY.
The Assembly was slow owing to the fact that the ground on left of Railway, and in rear of tape, was impassable even in daylight, causing the whole Brigade to move in single file; this added to the Boche barrage, which was particularly heavy about point D.17.c.23.86 was no doubt accountable for slowness. At 4-48 my leading Company commenced to file in. At this time a portion of 43rd Battalion (11th Brigade) together with some troops of the 4th Division began to move back along Railway line, making matters very difficult. I remained at Road Crossing D.17.c.23-86 keeping the men closed up and the other troops clear of them – this resulted in getting “B” “C” & “D” Companies in quickly. “A” Company, which was in reserve, got badly entangled with troops moving back, and at ZERO hour half of them only being in position – this portion I sent in rear of frontage. The remainder got up and into position during the wait at the RED line.
THE BATTLE.
At ZERO the assaulting troops were quickly off the tapes at fits lift of barrage; at ZERO plus 8 minutes the boche 5.9 barrage fell across the Cemetery and center of AUGUSTUS WOOD, his lighter stuff remaining on a line D.17.c.23.86 and the “T” in DAB TRENCH, falling back over SEINE and along the Railway line very heavily. The Boche 5.9 barrage was very heavy, the soft ground however limiting very much the effective zone of the burst, but even then casualties were very heavy, and the number of direct hits from shells was remarkable. The 34th Battalion moved on with the barrage, but the 35th and 36th Battalions had their hands full mopping up the dugouts which in all cases coming under my own personal observation were undamaged by our barrage. The first stick-up we had and the most serious was at a dug-out (Pill-box) at poing D.17.b.12.83 which held up portion of the 35th and 36th Battalions for an hour, and which resulted in many casualties. The portion of both Battalions engaged, doing excellent work, worked around the objective, which was proof against grenades; the stronghold surrendered on being surrounded resulting in capture of 6 machine Guns and 80 Boche, beside a good number killed in the fight. The RED line was reached to time, no other serious stick-up being experienced. On barrage lifting the 35th Battalion pressed on towards the BLUE line but had not gone far before they encountered a very heavy machine Gun barrage from direction of CREST FARM AND PASSCHENDAELE. The left Company of 35th Battalion was practically wiped out and my left Company filled the breach. There was no sign of 10th Brigade on our left.
The BLUE line was reached on our extreme left only, and by the time that point had been reached my Left Company had been very much reduced in numbers. I sent all available men forward from RED line together with what remained of Reserve Company to attempt capture of Green Line. Casualties were so heavy and our Reserve Companies all used up so that a further advance was impossible. I ordered the line then held to be consolidated and to be held pending reinforcements. Major Carr, the Senior Officer in the line decided that this was impossible in the face of the terrific Machine Gun fire and the heavy barrage which the Boche put down on the line from points just beyond the Green Line. After capture of RED line a few snipers gave trouble from AUGUSTUS WOOD until a party was detailed to go over and mop them up. They shot several of our stretcher-bearers. Major BUCHANAN was killed soon after leaving the RED Line during the fighting round TIBER COPSE where remnants of my Battalion had to assist 35th Battalion. Very little of “D” Company escaped the Machine Gun and Artillery Barrage at this point where iy was particularly heavy. Captain GOLDRICK reported at 9.30 that he was on BLUE Line at left of Brigade Sector, and in a very tight corner and unable to proceed further, the Reserve Company having by this time been absorbed in attack on Blue Line; soon after writing above GOLDRICK was wounded and handed over to Captain GADD. Reports continued to come in from front line troops that consolidation in face of heavy machine Gun fire Snipers and 5.9 barrage was impossible and that casualties were piling up at an alarming rate. During the afternoon Boche were seen in force on PASSCHENDAELE Road advancing on our flank and from the front ENLIST FARM & ECHO COPSE. At dusk Major CARR decided that it was impossible to hold on and a new line was formed from AUGUSTUS WOOD to intersection of PASSCHENDAELE ROAD and Railway in D.17.b. At dawn I ordered re-organization of the three Battalions in line which was done and 33rd Battalion moved back to reserve position. Consolidation was carried on with all despatch until relief.
Casualties.
Officers. 3 Killed, 1 Missing, 10 Wounded.
Other Ranks.
Killed & Missing 110 Approx. Wounded 290.
Lieutenant-Colonel J.A. Milne.
There is a picture of Percy and of the funeral on the Ipswich War Memorial website. www.ipswichwarmemorial.co.uk/percy-william-foster/
23/817 Rfm
A. MAHAN
Rifle Brigade
Died 21 July 1923
Aged 34[sic]
Old plaque states:
“beloved husband of Nellie MAHAN”[5]
Arthur MAHAN
Block 37 Plot 298
Aged 33 years
Born: NZ
Occupation at death: Photographer
Complexion: fair; hair: brown; height: 5ft 5.5 in; eyes: blue.
Cause of death: Atrophic Cirrhosis of Liver – death due to war service
Service number: 23/817
First known rank: Bugler
Previously served in Oamaru Rifles for 4 years
Occupation at enlist: Photographer, Mahan and Sons, Oamaru
Next of Kin: Robert MAHAN, father, Wansbeck Road, Oamaru
C Company , 1st Battalion, Trentham Regiment
Total service: 3 years 288 days
Theatres of Operation: Egyptian 1915-16; Egyptian E.F. 1916; Western Euro 1916
Address at enlistment: Wansbeck Street, Oamaru
15 Sep 1916: Wounded in France – gun shot wound right arm, face and mouth
27 Sep 1916: Admitted to NZ General Hospital, Brockenhurst
15 Nov 1916: Admitted to Convalescent Camp, Hornchurch
6 Jan 1917: Admitted to No. 2 General Hospital, Walton
16 Jan 1917: Admitted to Convalescent Camp, Hornchurch
10 March 1917: Marched into Codford
26 April 1917: Admitted to No. 2 General Hospital, Walton
4 Sept 1917: Admitted to NZ General Hospital, Hornchurch
6 Nov 1917: Marched into Camp, Brocton
3 Dec 1918: Embarked for NZ per Tahiti, Liverpool.
9 Feb 1919: Discharged no longer fit for war service – gunshot wound to upper jaw
His Cenotaph database record:
muse.aucklandmuseum.com/databases/Cenotaph/32520.detail?O...
FAMILY INFORMATION:
Robert MAHAN – Arthur’s father, also had military connections
“Major Robert Mahan, who is on the staff of No. 3 Battalion, Otago Rifles, has had a long experience as a volunteer. He served five years in the Timaru Artillery Cadets, and joined the Oamaru Rifles as a private in 1882, on his arrival in the district. Shortly afterwards he gained the rank of sergeant. At the time of the Russian scare Mr. Mahan transferred to the Naval Artillery, and was soon afterwards elected sublieutenant. Two years later he became lieutenant-commanding, and afterwards had charge of the corps. He is a son of Mr. A. Mahan, schoolmaster, Geraldine, and was born in 1862, in County Longford, Ireland. After completing his elementary education he learned the business of a photographer, and has been well-known in Oamaru since 1886. He is referred to in another article in connection with the firm of Mahan and Muir, photographers.”[1]
Councillor Robert Mahan , of the Oamaru Borough Council, has been in business for some years as a photographer, and is senior partner of the firm of Mahan and Muir. He is further referred to in connection with his firm, and as a volunteer officer.[2]
Photographers.
Mahan And Muir (Robert Mahan and Frederick Bailey Muir), Photographers, Thames Street, Oamaru, There is a branch at Timaru, where Mr. Muir, who joined the firm in 1903, is in charge, Mr. Mahan, who founded the business, still has the active management in Oamaru, where he established himself a good many years ago. He is referred to elsewhere in this volume in connection with the volunteers and the Oamaru Borough Council, of which he is a member.[3]
Archibald MAHAN – father of Robert and grandfather of Arthur
Mr. Archibald Mahan, Old Colonist, was born in Carigallan, County Leitrim, Ireland, in 1834. He was educated in Dublin, and brought up in the teaching profession. After his college course he went to County Longford, where he taught for fifteen years. While there he married Miss Cody. Mr. and Mrs Mahan arrived at Lyttelton, by the first trip of the “Duke of Edinburgh,” in 1874. After teaching for a short time in the Main School, in Timaru, Mr. Mahan went to Waitohi Flat, where he opened the local public school. He was teaching in South Canterbury for twenty-five years, within a radius of twenty-five miles from Timaru. Mr. and Mrs Mahan had fourteen children, eight sons and six daughters, eleven of whom are living. Mr. Mahan retired from the teaching profession in 1899 and started farming on the Rangitata, where he remained until his death in April, 1901.[4]
SOURCES:
Christchurch City Council cemeteries database
heritage.christchurchcitylibraries.com/Cemeteries/interme...
Military records:
ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/delivery/DeliveryManagerServle...
[1]
nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc04Cycl-t1-body1-...
[2]
nzetc.victoria.ac.nz//tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc04Cycl-t1-body1...
[3]
nzetc.victoria.ac.nz//tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc04Cycl-t1-body1...
[4]
nzetc.victoria.ac.nz//tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc03Cycl-t1-body1...
with portraits of Archibald and his wife.
[5]
NZ Dept Internal Affairs Historic BDM Indexes. Nellie Edna nee TREASURE marriage registration 1922/8104
~ Basics ~
Name: Mydrinn Tark
Age: 38
Gender: Male
Class/Profession: Totemist 7/Spinemeld Warrior 10
Race: Skarn
Alignment: Lawful Evil
Level: 15
~Attributes~
Strength: 20 Mod (+5)
Dexterity: 13 Mod (+1)
Constitution: 20 Mod (+5)
Intelligence: 12 Mod (+1)
Wisdom: 13 Mod (+1)
Charisma: 14 Mod (+2)
Saving Throws:
Reflex: 16
Fortitude: 9
Will: 6
~ Appearance ~
Height: 5’11”
Eyes: Solid Black
Weight: 209
Hair Color: Black
Hair Style: Short
Complexion: tanned
Build: Muscular
Scars: covering his arms and a few on his chest
Distinguishing Features: Running along his back, forearms and the back of his legs are a series of hardened and sharpened spines.
~ Personal ~
Weapons: Arm spines and his soulmelds
Armor: Chain of the unending hunt
Clothing: Blink dog shirt
Important Items: Bag of holding, Daern’s Instant Fortress, Ring of Regeneration and Ring of protection
Dialects Spoken: Common, Draconic, Skarn, and Elven
~ Self ~
Fear: Becoming frail and losing the perfection of his form even if it means the strengthening of his mind.
Dislike: those that only strive for perfection of form or mind, only those that perfect both can be called masters.
Likes: The thrill of battle but also the song of a bard, or verse of poetry.
Quirks: When emotionally worked up, his speech slips into the other languages that he knows.
Flaws:
~Powers/Skills~
Skills:
Climb: 12
Concentration: 12
Craft Calligraphy 8
Diplomacy: 7
Handle Animal: 9
Intimidate: 9
Jump: 7
Knowledge Arcana: 8
Knowledge Religion: 8
Knowledge planes: 8
Listen: 8
Ride: 8
Spellcraft 5
Survival 13
Swim 12
Soul melds
Blink shirt- dimension door 10ft+10ft/essitan invested
Bloodtalon claws (Hand Bound)- act normal while -0 HP & +4 crit confirm
Phase cloak- +4 to climb, +2 per essentia
Girallon Arms (totem bound)- 4 arms, deal 1d4 +str mod, +1 attack and dmg per essential point
Phoenix Bel) Able to live comfortable in 90-140 degree temps and gains fire resistance per point of essential.
Threefold Mask of the Chimera (Crown Bound) Character cannot be flanked, +1 on search per essential and 1 extra attack but at -5 ac for next round.
Landshark boots (Feet Bound): +4 to jump +2 per essential and tremor sense 10+5ft per essential.
Racial Abilities:
If hands are bound, spines become lawful aligned
Feats:
Power Attack
Cleave
Great Cleave
Improved Critical Arm Spines
Power Critcal
Two weapon fighting
Improved two weapon fighting
Improved sunder
~ Family ~
Mother: Aci Dal
Father: Imre Tark
Brothers: Drott and Vorlance
Sisters: Dyssilka, Mishlyrren, Myrivist and Shallimtan
Soul Siblings: None
Love: None
Recognized: Perfect of the South Wind
Children: None
Other Relatives: None in Ulharnoach
~ History ~
Personality: Well mannered but fierce. He adheres to his peoples belief of perfection of mind and body.
Character’s History:
Mydrinn was born in the Skarn Capital city of Dolcianne. His mother was noble born and a moderately powerful Incarnate and his father was a normal soldier who rose to prosperity a skilled Spinemeld Warrior within the arena. Once he was old enough for formal training, his mother taught him how to distill the power of incarnum and shape them into effect forms and abilities. She cultivated his mind, teaching him the pleasures of calligraphy. His father raised him as a warrior, conditioned his body and taught him how to fight with the hardened spines on his arm.
In early adolescence, Mydrrin was sent to his grand father’s for a few years to be taught by the wise old man. It was during this time that Mydrrin was exposed to a new way of shaping soulmelds. His grandfather who lived in Ulharnoach was an eccentric and had battled along side ‘savages’ for so long he began to admire their simplistic ways and became a totemtist. The powers held within the form of magical beasts rivaled that of normal soulmelds. The young lad took a shinning to the new form of training and realized that it meshed with the perfection of form that his parents stressed to him. And so, his grandfather trained him until he was of age to join the Ulharnoach military.
Using his pull with the city, his grandfather arranged it so that young Mydrinn would be accepted into the Azure cloister. During the training away from his Grandfather’s instruction, Mydrinn couldn’t advance in the ways of the totemist but the strict and harsh training of the Cloister trained him as a disciplined warrior. Though the rugged discipline and his own determination he was able to merge the two types of fighting into a wholly new style.
Years later, he fought and worked hard to earn advancement through the ranks of the Azure Cloister until becoming the grand master and head of the cloister. Now all those who seek admittance into the elite city guard must show a connection to Incarnum before undergoing his strict training.
~Additional information~
~ Basics ~
Name: Mydrinn Tark
Age: 38
Gender:Male
Race: Skarn
~ Appearance ~
Height: 5'11"
Eyes: Solid Black
Weight: 209
Hair Color: Black
Hair Style: Short
Complexion: Tanned
Build: Muscular
Scars: Covering his arms and chest.
Distinguishing Features: Sprouting from his forearms, back of his calves, and his backbone are a series of glittering spines that are harder than steel that can shatter swords and rend flesh.
Visibly carried weapons: Spines, a shirt made out of a Blink dog's fur, gauntlets of
Clothing worn:
Blink shirt: Draped over his mithril is made of course brown fur but appears to shift and move on its own. Occasionally small sections of it would become transparent.
Bloodtalons: Over his hands, rest a pair of ghostly eagle talons which curl gently between his fingers.
Phase Spider cloak: A cloak of gray and white with mottled blue markings that seem to shift over his back like liquid
Girallon arms: two additional, powerful arms spring from his rips. These spirit arms mirror the movements of his real arms. All four of his arms are tipped with long sharp claws that no longer seem ghostly but quite real- and quite sharp.
Phoenix belt: made out of feathers the color of flame- various reds, oranges, and yellows. The feathers seem to shift in color, pulsing softly, like the embers of a dying fire.
Threefold mask of the chimera: the mask is composed of the three faces of a monstrous lion, goat and snake. The faces move in perfect unison with his own.
Dialects Spoke: Common, Draconic, Skarn, and Elven
File name: 10_03_000812b
Binder label: Soap
Title: Laird's bloom of youth and white lilac soap. Beautify the complexion. [back]
Date issued: 1870-1900 (approximate)
Physical description: 1 print : chromolithograph ; 12 x 8 cm.
Genre: Advertising cards
Subject: Women; Flowers; Soaps
Notes: Title from item. Retailer: Kelley & Durkee, Boylston & Berkeley Sts., Boston, Mass.
Collection: 19th Century American Trade Cards
Location: Boston Public Library, Print Department
Rights: No known restrictions.
File name: 10_03_001103a
Binder label: Medical
Title: Ayer's Sarsaparilla makes the weak strong. Purifies the blood, improves the complexion. 'How fair she grows from day to day.' She uses Ayer's Sarsaparilla. (front)
Date issued: 1870-1900 (approximate)
Physical description: 1 print : chromolithograph ; 13 x 8 cm.
Subject: Girls; Sarsaparilla
Notes: Title from item.
Statement of responsibility: Dr. J. C. Ayers & Co.
Collection: 19th Century American Trade Cards
Location: Boston Public Library, Print Department
Rights: No known restrictions.
This picture is #40 in my 100 Strangers project.
Moments before snapping this photo, I was feeling a bit burned out on the project. Combine a few unsuccessful stranger outings with a botched photo and all of a sudden it was clear to me why so few members of the group have hit 100. Perhaps I had focused too intently on it. Or perhaps I was just having an off day. Whatever it was, it all changed when Stranger 40 crossed my path.
On my way out of Pitt St mall, she passed right in front of me. Drawn to the contrast between her lipstick and complexion, I sized up the whether I thought she would say "yes" in a split second. The odds were against me: she was with a friend, they were engaged in conversation and seemed to be in a hurry. Nevertheless, I felt compelled to ask.
I approached her from behind and quickly introduced myself as a street photographer and asked if I could take her portrait. She was quite hesitant, looking to her friend for guidance and sheepishly said, "okay." As I was asking her to swap positions with me, she said she was in a hurry and began to turn. I could see my window of opportunity closing.
In a desperate attempt to get the shot, I told her it would only take 2 seconds as I brought my camera up, adjusted the shutter speed, focused, recomposed and snapped the photo. The light turned green, I thanked her for her time and off she went. I didn't even pull out a card or ask for her name.
Thank you, mysterious stranger, for putting me back on course! I hope I didn't delay you too long.
--
To find out more about the project, visit:
100 Strangers website, or the
You can also see the rest of my set here. Constructive criticism is welcome and appreciated!
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Wednesday October 1st 2008
Get on at the airport, 5.26pm.
Before: a MISSING poster for a man with A RUDDY COMPLEXION...WELL SPOKEN WITH AN ENGLISH ACCENT. A man sweeps dirty water from the edge of the kerb. The bus is littered, a fancy chocolate wrapper with a ribbon, and a Puma carrier bag on the front seat. A sign saying DRIVE ON THE LEFT in various languages, and all the cars with headlights on through the rain, but towards the city it looks brighter. An aeroplane comes down, its wheels almost appearing to scrape the treetops. The building site for the tram depot is an expansive muddy crater, forty foot deep, and water collected in the hollows. In the office of a packaging warehouse a man sits in orange lights, and bars on the window. And then Maybury Casino, with a line of purple neon piping marking the roofs edge. The CCTV shows empty seats and empty luggage racks. Dark clouds on both sides now. A bungalow converted into a dental practice and the front door standing open, but inside it is dim and only the edge of a fire extinguisher stands out. Past the zoo advertising something for Christmas, and then brake hard and a jogger goes by on the pavement, her ponytail swinging from side to side frantically. At a Kwik-Fit garage a man bends over a tyre, his face up close to the tread. Diversions at Haymarket. The rain comes down and sounds on the roof. And the light on a crane up ahead shimmers through the streaked window. From above people's umbrellas like a collection of many-sided shapes.
And then at the end of Princes Street, a couple step onto a pedestrian crossing, but change their minds and hesitate, before turning back.
Hair Color Blonde
Body Art Piercing
Body Type Athletic
Ass Type Big Ass
Tits Type Enhanced
Tits Size Big Tits
Pussy Type Bald , Outie
Date of Birth May 05, 1981
Birth Location Dhaka
Ethnicity Dhaka
Skin Complexion Medium Skin
Weight 68 Kg
Height 5'4"
Measurements 38DB-33B-36A
Call 01911993660
Vishnu (/ˈvɪʃnuː/; Sanskrit: Viṣṇu) is a popular Hindu deity, the Supreme God of Vaishnavism (one of the three principal denominations of Hinduism) and one of the three supreme deities (Trimurti) of Hinduism. He is also known as Lord Narayana and Lord Hari. As one of the five primary forms of God in the Smarta tradition, He is conceived as "the Preserver or the Protector" within the Trimurti, the Hindu Trinity of the divinity.
In Hindu sacred texts, Vishnu is usually described as having dark complexion of water-filled clouds and as having four arms. He is depicted as a blue being, holding a padma (lotus flower) in the lower left hand, the Kaumodaki gada (mace) in the lower right hand, the Panchajanya shankha (conch) in the upper left hand and the discus weapon Sudarshana Chakra in the upper right hand.
Adherents of Hinduism believe Vishnu's eternal and supreme abode beyond the material universe is called Vaikuntha, which is also known as Paramdhama, the realm of eternal bliss and happiness and the final or highest place for liberated souls who have attained Moksha. Vaikuntha is situated beyond the material universe and hence, cannot be perceived or measured by material science or logic. Vishnu's other abode within the material universe is Ksheera Sagara (the ocean of milk), where he reclines and rests on Ananta Shesha, (the king of the serpent deities, commonly shown with a thousand heads). In almost all Hindu denominations, Vishnu is either worshipped directly or in the form of his ten avatars, the most famous of whom are Rama and Krishna.
The Puranabharati, an ancient text, describes these as the dashavatara, or the ten avatars of Vishnu. Among the ten described, nine have occurred in the past and one will take place in the future as Lord Kalki, at the end of Kali Yuga, (the fourth and final stage in the cycle of yugas that the world goes through). These incarnations take place in all Yugas in cosmic scales; the avatars and their stories show that gods are indeed unimaginable, unthinkable and inconceivable. The Bhagavad Gita mentions their purpose as being to rejuvenate Dharma, to vanquish those negative forces of evil that threaten dharma, and also to display His divine nature in front of all souls.
The Trimurti (three forms) is a concept in Hinduism "in which the cosmic functions of creation, maintenance, and destruction are personified by the forms of Brahma the creator, Vishnu the maintainer, preserver or protector and Shiva the destroyer or transformer." These three deities have also been called "the Hindu triad" or the "Great Trinity", all having the same meaning of three in One. They are the different forms or manifestation of One person the Supreme Being or Narayana/Svayam Bhagavan.
Vishnu is also venerated as Mukunda, which means God who is the giver of mukti or moksha (liberation from the cycle of rebirths) to his devotees or the worthy ones who deserve salvation from the material world.
ETYMOLOGY
The traditional explanation of the name Vishnu involves the root viś, meaning "to settle" (cognate with Latin vicus, English -wich "village," Slavic: vas -ves), or also (in the Rigveda) "to enter into, to pervade," glossing the name as "the All-Pervading One". Yaska, an early commentator on the Vedas, in his Nirukta, (etymological interpretation), defines Vishnu as viṣṇur viṣvater vā vyaśnoter vā, "one who enters everywhere". He also writes, atha yad viṣito bhavati tad viṣnurbhavati, "that which is free from fetters and bondages is Vishnu".
Adi Shankara in his commentary on the Sahasranama states derivation from viś, with a meaning "presence everywhere" ("As he pervades everything, vevesti, he is called Vishnu"). Adi Shankara states (regarding Vishnu Purana, 3.1.45): "The Power of the Supreme Being has entered within the universe. The root viś means 'enter into'." Swami Chinmayananda, in his translation of Vishnu Sahasranama further elaborates on that verse: "The root vis means to enter. The entire world of things and beings is pervaded by Him and the Upanishad emphatically insists in its mantra 'whatever that is there is the world of change.' Hence, it means that He is not limited by space, time or substance. Chinmayananda states that, that which pervades everything is Vishnu."
SACRET TEXTS - SHRUTI & SMRITI
Shruti is considered to be solely of divine origin. It is preserved as a whole, instead of verse by verse. It includes the four Vedas (Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharvaveda) the Brahmanas, the Aranyakas and the Upanishads with commentaries on them.
Smṛti refers to all the knowledge derived and inculcated after Shruti had been received. Smrti is not 'divine' in origin, but was 'remembered' by later Rishis (sages by insight, who were the scribes) by transcendental means and passed down through their followers. It includes the Bhagavata Purana and the Vishnu Purana which are Sattva Puranas. These both declare Vishnu as Para Brahman Supreme Lord who creates unlimited universes and enters each one of them as Lord of Universe.
SHRUTI
VAISHNAVA CANON
The Vaishnava canon presents Vishnu as the supreme being, rather than another name for the Sun God, who also bore the name Suryanarayana and is considered only as a form of Vishnu.
VEDAS
In the Yajur Veda, Taittiriya Aranyaka (10-13-1), Narayana suktam, Lord Narayana is mentioned as the supreme being. The first verse of Narayana Suktam mentions the words "paramam padam", which literally mean "highest post" and may be understood as the "supreme abode for all souls". This is also known as Param Dhama, Paramapadam, or Vaikuntha. Rig Veda 1:22:20a also mentions the same "paramam padam". This special status is not given to any deity in the Vedas apart from Lord Vishnu/Narayana.[citation needed] Narayana is one of the thousand names of Vishnu as mentioned in the Vishnu Sahasranama. It describes Vishnu as the All-Pervading essence of all beings, the master of - and beyond - the past, present and future, one who supports, sustains and governs the Universe and originates and develops all elements within. This illustrates the omnipresent characteristic of Vishnu. Vishnu governs the aspect of preservation and sustenance of the universe, so he is called "Preserver of the universe".
Vishnu is the Supreme God who takes manifest forms or avatars across various ages or periods to save humanity from evil beings, demons or Asuras. According to the extant Hindu texts and traditions, Lord Vishnu is considered to be resident in the direction of the "Makara Rashi" (the "Shravana Nakshatra"), which is about coincident with the Capricorn constellation. In some of the extant Puranas, and Vaishnava traditions, Vishnu's eye is considered to be situated at the infinitely distant Southern Celestial Pole.
Following the defeat of Indra and his displacement as the Lord of Heaven or Swarga, Indra asks Lord Vishnu for help and thus Lord Vishnu takes his incarnations or avatars to Earth to save mankind, thus showing his position as Supreme God to all of creation.
In the Puranas, Indra frequently appears proud and haughty. These bad qualities are temporarily removed when Brahma and/or Shiva give boons to Asuras or Rakshasas such as Hiranyaksha, Hiranyakashipu and Ravana, who are then able to defeat Indra in wars between Devas and Asuras. The received boons often made Asuras virtually indestructible.
Indra has no option but to seek help from Vishnu. Indra prays before Vishnu for protection and the Supreme Lord obliges him by taking avatars and generating himself on Earth in various forms, first as a water-dweller (Matsya, fish), then as an amphibious creature (Kurma avatar or Tortoise), then as a half-man-half-animal (Varaha the pig-faced, human-bodied Lord, and Narasimha the Lord with lion's face and claws and a human body). Later, Vishnu appears as human beings (Vamana the short-heighted person), Parashurama, Rama, Krishna, Buddha and finally as Kalki for performing his task of protecting his devotees from demons and anti-religious entities.
Vishnu's supremacy is attested by his victories over those very powerful entities. It is further attested by the accepted iconography and sculptures of Vishnu in reclining position as producing Brahma emerging from his navel. Brahma the creator is thus created in turn by Vishnu out of his own person. Instead Vishnu takes various avatars to slay or defeat those demons. But it is to be noted that Vishnu also provided boons to Akupresura, a bear faced demon who was destroyed by Lord Shiva.
Vishnu's actions lowered Indra's ranking among Hindu deities and led to the ascendancy of Vishnu.
Few temples are dedicated to the Sun or Suryanarayana, nor indeed Indra, nor does Indra figure largely in the Hindu religion.
Indra is almost completely absent from the deities considered as the chief or most important deity.
RIGVEDA
In the Rigveda, Vishnu is mentioned 93 times. He is frequently invoked alongside other deities, especially Indra, whom he helps in killing Vritra and with whom he drinks Soma. His distinguishing characteristic in the Vedas is his association with light. Two Rigvedic hymns in Mandala 7 are dedicated to Vishnu. In 7.99, Vishnu is addressed as the god who separates heaven and earth, a characteristic he shares with Indra.
The Rig Veda describes Vishnu as younger brother to Indra as Vamana. In Vaishnava canon the 'Vishnu' who is younger brother to Indra is identified as Vamana, Avatar of Vishnu, hence referred to as Vishnu by Vaishnavites. Vishnu is the Supreme God who lives in the highest celestial region, contrasted against those who live in the atmospheric or terrestrial regions. Vishnu is content with mere prayer, unlike almost all of the other gods who receive sacrificial offerings such as Havis, which is given using clarified butter, or Soma. Later foreign translators have view that Vedas place Indra in a superior position to Vishnu's Avatar of Vamana but in fact Vamana helps Indra by restoring his Kingdom.
An alternate translation is provided by Wilson according to Sayana:
When Thy (younger brother) Viṣṇu (Vamana) by (his) strength stepped his three paces, then verily thy beloved horses bore thee. (Rigveda 8:12:27)
Wilson mentions Griffith's possible translation as a footnote. However the following verse from Rigveda renders the above translation by Wilson more probable.
Him whose three places that are filled with sweetness, imperishable, joy as it may list them, Who verily alone upholds the threefold, the earth, the heaven, and all living creatures. (Rig veda 1:154:4)
Wilson offers an alternate translation for Rigveda 10:113:2:
Viṣṇu offering the portion of Soma, glorifies by his own vigor that greatness of his. Indra, the lord of heaven, with the associated gods having slain Vritra, became deserving of honour. (Rigveda 10:113:2)
This verse sees Vishnu as one who is glorified by his own strength, while Indra became deserving of honor after having slain Vritra only in association with other gods.
However Vishnu's praise for other gods does not imply worship. Wilson translates:
Viṣṇu, the mighty giver of dwellings praises thee, and Mitra and Varuna; the company of Maruts imitates thee in exhilaration. (Rigveda 8:15:9) (page 280)
The following verses show categorically Vishnu as distinguished from other gods in Rigveda.
He who presents (offering) to Viṣṇu, the ancient, the creator, the recent, the self-born; he who celebrates the great birth of that mighty one; he verily possessed of abundance, attains (the station) that is to be sought (by all). (Rigveda 1:156:2) (page 98)
No being that is or that has been born, divine Viṣṇu, has attained the utmost limit of thy magnitude, by which thou hast upheld the vast and beautiful heaven, and sustained the eastern horizon of Earth.(Rigveda 7:99:2) (page 196)
The divine Viṣṇu, the best of the doers of good deeds, who came to the pious instituter of rite (Indra), to assist (at its celebration), knowing (the desires of the worshiper), and present at the three connected period (of worship), shows favor to the Arya, and admits the author of the ceremony to a share of the sacrifice. (Rigveda 1:156:5) (page 99)
Jan Gonda, the late Indologist, states that Vishnu, although remaining in the background of Indra's exploits, contributes by his presence, or is key to Indra's success. Vishnu is more than a mere companion, equal in rank or power to Indra, or sometime the one who made Indra's success possible.
Descriptions of Vishnu as younger to Indra are found in only the hymns to Indra, but in a kathenotheism religion like that of the Rigveda, each god, for a time, is supreme in the mind of the devotee.
In the Rig Vedic texts, the deity or god referred to as Vishnu is the Sun God, who also bears the name 'Suryanarayana'. By contrast, the 'Vishnu' referred to in 'Vishnu Purana', 'Vishnu Sahasranamam' and 'Purusha Sooktham' is Lord Narayana, the Consort of Lakshmi. Vaishnavites make a further distinction by extolling the qualities of Vishnu by highlighting his differences from other deities such as Shiva,[citation needed] Brahma or Surya.
THREE STEPS
Hymn 7.100 refers to the celebrated 'three steps' of Vishnu (as Trivikrama) by which he strode over the universe and in three places planted his step. The 'Vishnu Suktam' (RV 1.154) says that the first and second of Vishnu's strides (those encompassing the earth and air) are visible to men and the third is in the heights of heaven (sky). This last place is described as Vishnu's supreme abode in RV 1.22.20:
The princes evermore behold / that loftiest place where Vishnu is / Laid as it were an eye in heaven.(trans. Griffith)
Griffith's "princes" are the sūri, either "inciters" or lords of a sacrifice, or priests charged with pressing the Soma. The verse is quoted as expressing Vishnu's supremacy by Vaishnavites.
Though such solar aspects have been associated with Vishnu by tradition as well as modern-scholarship, he was not just the representation of the sun, as he moves both vertically and horizontally.
In hymns 1.22.17, 1.154.3, 1.154.4 he strides across the earth with three steps, in 6.49.13, 7.100.3 strides across the earth three times and in 1.154.1, 1.155.5,7.29.7 he strides vertically, with the final step in the heavens. The same Veda also says he strode wide and created space in the cosmos for Indra to fight Vritra. By his stride he made dwelling for men possible, the three forming a symbolic representation of the dwelling's all-encompassing nature. This nature and benevolence to men were Vishnu's enduring attributes. As the triple-strider he is known as Trivikrama and as Urukrama, for the strides were wide.
BRAHMANAS
The Brahmanas are commentaries on the Vedas and form part of the Shruti literature. They are concerned with the detail of the proper performance of rituals. In the Rigveda, Shakala Shakha: Aitareya Brahmana Verse 1 declares: agnir vai devānām ava mo viṣṇuḥ paramus, tadantareṇa sarvā anyā devatā - Agni is the lowest or youngest god and Vishnu is the greatest and the highest God.
The Brahmanas assert the supremacy of Lord Vishnu, addressing him as "Gajapati", the one whom all sacrifices are meant to please. Lord Vishnu accepts all sacrifices to the demigods and allots the respective fruits to the performer In one incident, a demonic person performs a sacrifice by abducting the Rishis (sages), who meditate by constantly chanting God's name. The sacrifice is meant to destroy Indra. But the rishis, who worship Indra as a demigod, alter one pronunciation of the Veda Mantra, reversing the purpose of the sacrifice. When the fruit of the sacrifice is given and the demon is on the verge of dying, he calls to Vishnu, whom he addresses as Supreme Godhead and "the father of all living entities including himself".
Aitareya Brahmana 1:1:1 mentions Vishnu as the Supreme God. But in the Vaishnava canon, in different ages, with Vishnu in different avatars, his relationship with the asuras or demons, was always adversarial. The asuras always caused harm, while the sages and devas or celestial beings, did penance and called to Vishnu for protection. Vishnu always obliged by taking an avatar to vanquish the asuras. In the Vaishnava canon, Vishnu never gave or granted any boons to the asuras, distinguishing him from the gods Shiva and Brahma, who did. He is the only God called upon to save good beings by defeating or killing the asuras.
Sayana writes that in Aitareya Brahmana 1:1:1 the declaration agnir vai devānām ava mo viṣṇuḥ paramus,tadantareṇa sarvā anyā devatā does not indicate any hierarchy among gods. Even in Rigveda Samhita, avama and parama are not applied to denote rank and dignity, but only to mark place and locality.
In Rigveda 1:108:9,: yadindrāghnī avamasyāṃ pṛthivyāṃ madhyamasyāṃ paramasyāmuta sthaḥ | i.e., in the lowest place, the middle (place), and the highest (place). Agni, the fire, has, among the gods, the lowest place; for he resides with man on the earth; while the other gods are either in the air, or in the sky. Vishnu occupies the highest place. The words avama and parama are understood as 'First' and 'Last' respectively. To support this claim, Sayana adduces the mantra (1,4. As'val. Sr. S. 4, 2), agnir mukham prathamo devathanam samathanam uttamo vishnur asit, i.e., Agni was the first of the deities assembled, (and) Vishnu the last.
In the Kausitaki Brahmana (7.1) Agni is called Aaradhya (instead of avama), and Visnu parardha(instead of parama),i.e., belonging to the lower and higher halves (or forming the lower and higher halves). The Vishnu Purana gives tremendous importance to the worship of Vishnu and mentions that sacrifices are to begin only with both the lighting of fire or 'Agni', pouring of sacrificial offerings to Vishnu in 'Agni' so that those offerings reach and are accepted by Vishnu. Worship of Vishnu through Yajnas (or Homams) and other rituals, will not achieve the desired result if Agni's role is neglected.
Muller says "Although the gods are sometimes distinctly invoked as the great and the small, the young and the old (Rig veda 1:27:13), this is only an attempt to find the most comprehensive expression for the divine powers, and nowhere is any of the gods represented as the subordinate to others. It would be easy to find, in the numerous hymns of the Veda, passages in which almost every single god is represented as supreme and absolute."
However this notion is not completely correct as per the following verses, which shows Rigveda describe one or more gods as subject to other god(s).
Him whose high law not Varuna nor Indra, not Mitra, Aryaman, nor Rudra breaketh, Nor evil-hearted fiends, here for my welfare him I invoke, God Savitar, with worship. (Rigveda 2.038.09)
I invite to this place, with reverential salutations, for my good, that divine Savita, whose functions neither Indra, nor Varun.a, nor Mitra nor Aryaman nor Rudra nor the enemies (of the gods), impede. (Rigveda 2.038.09)
SMRITI
VISHNU SMRITI
The Vishnu Smṛti, is one of the later books of the Dharmashastra tradition of Hinduism and the only one that focuses on the bhakti tradition and the required daily puja to Vishnu, rather than the means of knowing dharma. It is also known for its handling of the controversial subject of the practice of sati (self-immolation of a widow on her husband's funeral pyre). The text was composed by an individual or group. The author(s) created a collection of the commonly known legal maxims that were attributed to Vishnu into one book, as Indian oral culture began to be recorded more formally.
BHAGAVATA PURANA
Vishnu is the only Bhagavan as declared in the Bhagavata 1:2:11 in the verse: vadanti tat tattva-vidas tattvam yaj jnanam advayam brahmeti paramatmeti bhagavan iti sabdyate, translated as "Learned transcendentalists who know the Absolute Truth call this non-dual substance as Brahman, Paramātma and Bhagavan."
VISHNU PURANA
In the Vishnu Purana (6:5:79) the personality named Parashara Rishi defines six bhagas:
aiśvaryasya samagrasya vīryasya yaśasaḥ śriyaḥ
jñāna-vairāgyayoś caiva ṣannāḥ bhaga itīṇganā
Jiva Gosvami explains the verse in Gopala Champu (Pūrva 15:73) and Bhagavata Sandarbha 46:10:
jñāna-śakti-balaiśvarya-vīrya-tejām.sy aśeṣataḥ
bhagavac-chabda-vācyāni vinā heyair guṇādibhiḥ
"The substantives of the word bhagavat (bhagavat-śabda-vācyāni) are unlimited (aśeṣataḥ) knowledge (jñāna), energies (śakti), strength (bala), opulence (aiśvarya), heroism (vīrya), splendor (tejas), without (vinā) objectionable (heyair) qualities (guṇādibhiḥ)."
SANGAM LITERATURE
Tamil Sangam literature (300BCE to 500CE) mentions mAyOn, or the dark one, as the supreme deity who creates, sustains and destroys the universe. Paripadal 3 describes the glory of Thirumal in the most superlative terms.
Paripadal by kaduvan iLaveyinanAr:
"thIyinuL theRal nI poovinuL naaRRa nI kallinuL maNiyu nI sollinuL vaaymai aRaththinuL anbu nI maRaththinuL mainthu nI vEthaththu maRai nI boothaththu madhalu nI vencudar oLiyu nI thingaLuL aLiyu nI anaiththu nI anaiththinut poruLu nI"
The last line states that Lord Vishnu is the supreme deity who is the inner controller (Antaryamin) of the entire universe. This is one of the Lord's glories, which is first mentioned in Vedas and later propounded by Alwars in Prabhandams and Sri Vaishnavaite Acharyas in various commentaries
The Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple and Vishnu, Lakshmi is mentioned in Tamil works of literature of the Sangam era, including the epic Silapadikaram (book 11, lines 35–40):
āyiram viritteḻu talaiyuṭai aruntiṟaṟ
pāyaṟ paḷḷip palartoḻu tētta viritiraik kāviri viyaṉperu turuttit tiruvamar mārpaṉ kiṭanta vaṇṇamum
On a magnificent cot having a thousand heads spread out, worshipped and praised by many, in an islet surrounded by Kaveri with bellowing waves, is the lying posture of the one who has Lakshmi sitting in his chest.
THEOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES
The actual number of Vishnu's auspicious qualities is countless, although his six most-important "divine glories" are:
Jnana (Omniscience); defined as the power to know about all beings simultaneously;
Aishvarya (Sovereignty), derived from the word Ishvara which means unchallenged rule over all;
Shakti (Power or Energy), the capacity to make the impossible possible;
Bala (Strength), the capacity to support everything by will and without any fatigue;
Virya (Vigour), the power to retain immateriality as the Supreme Spirit or Being in spite of being the material cause of mutable creations;
Tejas (Splendor), which expresses self-sufficiency and the capacity to overpower everything by spiritual effulgence.
Other important qualities attributed to Vishnu are Gambhirya (inestimatable grandeur), Audarya (generosity), and Karunya (compassion). Natya Shastra lists Vishnu as the presiding deity of the Sṛngara rasa.
The Rigveda says: Vishnu can travel in three strides. The first stride is the Earth. The second stride is the visible sky. The third stride cannot be seen by men and is the heaven where the gods and the righteous dead live. (This feature of three strides also appears in the story of his avatar Vamana/Trivikrama.) The Sanskrit for "to stride" is the root kram; its reduplicated perfect is chakram (guņa grade) or chakra (zero-grade), and in the Rigveda he is called by epithets such as vi-chakra-māņas = "he who has made 3 strides". The Sanskrit word chakra also means "wheel". That may have suggested the idea of Vishnu carrying a chakra.
FIVE FORMS
In Shree Vaishnavism, another school dating from around the 10th century AD, Vishnu assumes five forms:
In the Para Form, Para is the highest form of Vishnu found only in Sri Vaikunta also called Moksha, along with his consort Lakshmi, (and Bhumi Devi and Nila devi, avatars of Lakshmi) and surrounded by liberated souls like Ananta, Garuda, and a host of Muktas (liberated souls).
In the Vyuha form, Vishnu assumes four forms, which exercise different cosmic functions and controls activities of living beings.
In the Vibhava form, Vishnu assumes various manifestations, called Vibhavas, more popularly known as Avataras from time to time, to protect the virtuous, punish evil-doers and re-establish righteousness.
In the Antaryami; "Dwelling within" or "Suksma Vasudeva" form, Vishnu exists within the souls of all living beings and in every substance.
In the Arcavatara or Image manifestation, Vishnu is visible and therefore easily approachable by devotees since Para, Vyuha, Vibhava and Antaryami forms can only be imagined or meditated upon because they are beyond our reach. Such images can be
Revealed by Vishnu, for example, a self-manifested (Swayambhu) icon (murti), e.g. The Mahavishnu Temple at Tirunelli, The Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple at Srirangam, The Tirumala Venkateshwara Temple, etc.; or
Installed by Devas or celestial beings such as such as Guruvayur Temple installed by Vayu; or
Installed by humans, and consecrated according to Vaishnava Agama shastras or scriptures such as Lord Jagannatha of Jagannath Temple (Puri) at Puri.
RELATIONS WITH OTHER DEITIES
SHIVA
The three gods of the Trimurti clan are inseparable and in harmony in view of their common vision and universal good. They are perfectly ideal in all respects.
Both Asuras and Devas played supportive roles in this story by keeping company with Vishnu in his incarnated forms. Hanuman is a vanara who is completely dedicated to Rama. He gives Vishnu company and obeys his command, while playing an important part in Rama's life. He is regarded in Vaishnava canon because it is through blessings that Hanuman is born. Thus, Hanuman, Vishnu's constant companion, with his idol appearing temples of Rama, Krishna and Narasimha, i.e. all of Vishnu's avatars, is considered by Vaishnavas.
Syncretic forces produced stories in which the two deities were shown in cooperative relationships and combined forms. Harihara is the name of a combined deity form of both Vishnu (Hari) and Shiva (Hara). This dual form, which is also called Harirudra, is mentioned in the Mahabharata.
LAKSHMI
Vishnu's consort is Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth (also known as Maya). The Samvit (the primary intelligence/dark matter) of the universe is Vishnu, while the other five attributes emerge from this samvit and hence Maya or dark energy of the universe is Lakshmee is his ahamata, activity, or Vishnu's Power. This power of God, Maya or Shakti, is personified and has multiple names: Shree, Lakshmi, Maya, Vishnumaya or Mahamaya. She is said to manifest as Kriyashakti, (Creative Activity) and Bhutishakti (Creation). This world requires Vishnu's creativity. He therefore needs Lakshmi to always be with Him. Her various avatars as Lord Vishnu's consorts are Varahavatar (Bhoodevi) or Bhoomi, Ramavatar Seeta, Krishnavatar Rukmini)
SARASWATI & GANGA
According to Brahma Vaivarta Purana, Lord Vishnu had three wives Lakshmi, Saraswati and Ganga. Due to their constant quarrelsome nature among them. Once Ganga tried to be close with Vishnu, this rebuked Saraswati but Lakshmi tried to pacify them but faced a curse rather. As per the curse, Lakshmi to appear as Tulasi. Sarawati cursed Ganga to run as a river in the world and Saraswati was cursed to run as a river in the netherworld. After this, Lord Vishnu transformed and became Brahma and Shiva to pacify Saraswati and Ganga.
GARUDA
Vishnu's mount (Vahana) is Garuda, the eagle. Vishnu is commonly depicted as riding on his shoulders.
ICONOGRAPHY
According to various Puranas, Vishnu is the ultimate omnipresent reality and is shapeless and omnipresent. However, a strict iconography governs his representation, whether in pictures, icons, or idols:
He has four arms and is male: The four arms indicate his all-powerful and all-pervasive nature. His physical existence is represented by the two arms in the front, while the two arms at the back represent his presence in the spiritual world. The Upanishad Gopal Uttartapani describes the four arms.
The Shreevatsa mark is on his chest, symbolizing his consort Lakshmi.
He wears the auspicious "Kaustubha" jewel around his neck and a garland of vaijayanti flowers (Vanamala). Lakshmi dwells in this jewel, on Vishnu's chest.
A crown adorns his head: The crown symbolizes his supreme authority. This crown sometimes includes a peacock feather, borrowing from his Krishna-avatar.
He wears two earrings: The earrings represent inherent opposites in creation — knowledge and ignorance; happiness and unhappiness; pleasure and pain.
He rests on Ananta, the immortal and infinite snake.
Vishnu is always to be depicted holding four attributes:
A conch shell or Shankha, named Panchajanya, is held by the upper left hand. It represents Vishnu's power to create and maintain the universe. Panchajanya represents the five elements or Panchabhoota – water, fire, air, earth and sky or space. It also represents the five airs or Pranas that are within the body and mind. The conch symbolizes that Vishnu is the primeval Divine sound of creation and continuity. It also represented as Om. In the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna avatara states that of sound vibrations, 'He is Om'.
The Chakra, a sharp, spinning, discus-like weapon, named "Sudarshana", is held by the upper right hand. It symbolizes the purified spiritualized mind. The name Sudarshana is derived from two words – Su, which means good, superior, and Darshana, which means vision or sight; together. The Chakra represents destruction of ego in the awakening and realization of the soul's original nature and god, burning away spiritual ignorance and illusion, and developing higher spiritual vision and insight to realize god.
A mace or Gada, named "Kaumodaki", is held by the lower right hand. It symbolizes that Vishnu's divine power is the source of all spiritual, mental and physical strength. It also signifies Vishnu's power to destroy materialistic or demonic tendencies (Anarthas) that prevent people from reaching god. Vishnu's mace is the power of the Divine within us to spiritually purify and uplift us from our materialistic bonds.
A lotus flower or Padma is held by the lower left hand. It represents spiritual liberation, Divine perfection, purity and the unfolding of Spiritual consciousness within the individual. The lotus opening its petals in the light of the Sun is indicative of the expansion and awakening of our long dormant, original spiritual consciousness in the light of god. The lotus symbolizes that god is the power and source from which the universe and the individual soul emerges. It also represents Divine Truth or Satya, the originator of the rules of conduct or Dharma, and Divine Vedic knowledge or Jnana. The lotus also symbolizes that Vishnu is the embodiment of spiritual perfection and purity and that He is the wellspring of these qualities and that the individual soul must seek to awaken these intrinsic Divine qualities from Vishnu by surrendering to and linking with Him.
To this may be added, conventionally, the vanamaala flower garland, Vishnu's bow (Shaarnga/Kodand) and his sword Nandaka. A verse of the Vishnu Sahasranama stotram states;vanamālī gadhī shārngī shanki chakri cha nandaki / shrīmān nārāyaņo vişņo vāsudevo abhirakşatu//; translation: Protect us Oh Lord Narayana who wears the forest garland,who has the mace, conch, sword and the wheel. And who is called Vishnu and the Vasudeva.
In general, Vishnu's body is depicted in one of the following three ways:
Standing on a lotus flower, often with Lakshmi, his consort, beside him on a similar pedestal.
Reclining on the coiled-up thousand-hooded Shesha Naga, with Lakshmi seated at his feet; the assemblage rests on the "Kshira Sagar" (ocean of milk). In this representation, Brahma is depicted as sitting on a lotus that grows out of Vishnu's navel.
Riding on the back of his eagle mount, known as Garuda. Another name for Garuda is "Veda atma"; Soul of the Vedas. The flapping of his wings symbolizes the power of the Divine Truth of Vedic wisdom. Also the eagle represents the soul. Garuda carrying Vishnu symbolizes the soul or jiva atma carrying the Super soul or Param atma within it.
AVATARS
Ten avatars (dashavatara) of Vishnu are the most prominent: Apart from the most prominent incarnations there are believed to more.
The most commonly believed incarnations of Vishnu are:
Matsya, the fish that kills Damanaka to save the vedas and also saves Manu from a great flood that submerges the entire Earth.
Kurma, the turtle that helps the Devas and Asuras churn the ocean for the nectar of immortality.
Varaha, the boar that rescues the Earth and kills Hiranyaksha.
Narasimha, the half-lion half human, who defeats the demon Hiranyakashipu.
Vamana, the dwarf that grows into a giant to save the world from King Bali.
Parashurama, "Rama of the battle axe", a sage who appeared in the Treta Yuga. He killed Kartavirya Arjuna's army and clan and then killed all the kshatriyas 21 times.
Rama, the prince and king of Ayodhya who killed the Demon King Raavan.
Krishna, the eighth avatar of Vishnu, who takes part in the Mahabharata epic. Krishna is worshipped as the Supreme Avatar of Vishnu (Supreme Personality of Godhead) in Gaudiya-Vaishnava philosophy.
Buddha, the ninth avatar of Vishnu.
Kalki, the tenth Avatar of Vishnu and said to be the harbinger of the end Kali Yuga. This avatar of Vishnu is yet to come.
Some versions of the above list include Hayagreeva among the Dashavataras while some include Buddha as ninth avatar of Vishnu. Another 22 avatars are given in Chapter 3, Canto 1 of the Bhagavata Purana, although it states that "the incarnations of the Lord are innumerable, like rivulets flowing from inexhaustible sources of water".
BEYOND HINDUISM
SIKHISM
Guru Granth Sahib of Sikhism mentions Vishnu, one verse goes:
The true Vaishnaav, the devotee of Vishnu, is the one with whom God is thoroughly pleased. He dwells apart from Maya. Performing good deeds, he does not seek rewards. Spotlessly pure is the religion of such a Vaishnaav; he has no desire for the fruits of his labors. He is absorbed in devotional worship and the singing of Kirtan, the songs of the Lords Glory. Within his mind and body, he meditates in remembrance on the Lord of the Universe. He is kind to all creatures. He holds fast to the Naam, and inspires others to chant it. O Nanak, such a Vaishnaav obtains the supreme status.
BUDDHISM
While some Hindus consider Buddha as an incarnation of Vishnu, Buddhists in Sri Lanka venerate Vishnu as the custodian deity of Sri Lanka and protector of Buddhism. Lord Vishnu is also known as upulvan, or uthpala varna, meaning "Blue Lotus coloured". Some postulates that Uthpala varna was a local deity who later merged with Vishnu while another belief is that Uthpala Varna was an early form of Vishnu before he became a supreme deity in Puranic Hinduism. According to Chronicles "Mahawamsa", "Chulawamsa" and folklore in Sri Lanka, Buddha himself handed over the custodianship to Vishnu. Others believe that Buddha entrusted this task to Sakra(Indra) and Sakra delegated this task of custodianship to god Vishnu. In contrary to vedic Hinduism, in assimilation of Hindu god Vishnu into Sinhalese Buddhism, Vishnu becomes a mortal being and a Bodhisattva aspiring Buddhahood. Additionally, Vishnu is considered as the god of home and hearth representing mercy, goodness, order and stability. Many Buddhist and Hindu shrines are dedicated to Vishnu in Sri Lanka. In addition to specific Vishnu "Kovils" or "devalayas", all Buddhist temples necessarily house shrine rooms (Devalayas) closer to the main Buddhist shrine dedicated to Vishnu. John Holt in his groundbreaking study examines the assimilation, transformation, and subordination of the Hindu deity Vishnu within the contexts of Sri Lankan history and Sinhala Buddhist religious culture. He then explores the role and rationale of medieval Sinhala kings in assimilating Visnu into Sinhala Buddhism. According to Holt the veneration of Vishnu in Sri Lanka is evidence of a remarkable ability, over many centuries, to reiterate and reinvent culture as other ethnicities have been absorbed into their own. Though the Vishnu cult in Ceylon was formally endorsed by Kandyan kings in early 1700s, Holt states that vishnu images and shrines are among conspicuous ruins in the medieval capital Polonnaruwa. In Buddhist mythology, when Vishnu failed to traverse the universe in three steps, he was given the title "Ardha Vishnu (Half-Vishnu)" and when Vishnu banished demons from the Vaishali (Vishala)in India, he became "Mulu Vishnu or Whole Vishnu". The extreme significance of god Vishnu in Sinhala society is reflected in recitals of the traditional "Offerings to dwarfs and crossing the door frame (bahirwayanta dola pideem saha uluwahu peneema)" that starts with Sri Vishnu invocation.In the recitals,mentioning of the aspiring Buddhahood of Vishnu which is of prime importance to Buddhists and wishes for him to live five thousand and more years highlight the central role of Vishnu in the psyche of Sri Lankan Buddhists.
OTHERS
James Freeman Clarke, Richard Leviton, James Cowles Prichard, and others have noted the similarities between Vishnu and Ancient Egyptian God Horus.
During an excavation in an abandoned village of Russia in the Volga region, archaeologist Alexander Kozhevin excavated an ancient idol of Vishnu. The idol dates from between the 7th and 10th centuries. In the interview Kozhevin, stated that, "We may consider it incredible, but we have ground to assert that Middle-Volga region was the original land of Ancient Rus. This is a hypothesis, but a hypothesis, which requires thorough research"
THOUSAND NAMES OF VISHNU
Vishnu's many names and followers are collected in the Vishnu Sahasranama, (Vishnu's thousand names) from within the larger work Mahabharata. The character Bheeshma recites the names before Krishna on the battlefield of Kurukshetra, praising him (Vishnu) as the supreme god. These Sahasranama are regarded as the essence of all Vedas by followers of Vaishnavism, who believe sincere chanting of Vishnu Sahasranama results in spiritual well-being and a greater awareness of God.
The names are generally derived from the Anantakalyanagunas (meaning: infinite auspicious attributes).
According to the Siddhartha-samhita there are twenty-four forms of Lord Vishnu. The twenty-four forms are
Vasudeva
Sankarshana
Pradyumna
Anirudha
Keshava
Narayana
Madhava
Govinda
Vishnu
Madhusudana
Trivikrama
Vamana
Sridhara
Hrishikesha
Padmanabha
Damodara
Purushottama
Achyuta
Narasimha
Janardana
Hari
Krishna
Adhokshaja
Upulvan, Uthpala Varna - In Sri Lanka, Vishnu is also referred to as Upulvan ( Blue Lotus Coloured)
WIKIPEDIA
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On the seventh night we celebrate Kalaratri Devi. This form of Durga has a complexion dark as night which symbolises infinity. Goddess Kalaratri is the Devi that accepts everything from the Devotee, not only the good, but all the negative qualities. She just absorbs them.
On this night we offered rose water and oil to the feet of the Divine Mother. Gurudev spoke about Kalaratri Devi as the destroyer of our egoistic qualities.
"Permanent Cure of all Diseases arising from an Impure state of the Blood, or habit of the System, Vix: Scrofula or King's Evil, Rheumatism, Obstinate Cutaneous Eruptions, Pimples or Pustules on the Face, Blotches, Biles, Chronic Sore Eyes, Ring Worm, or Tetter; Scald Head, Enlargement and Pain of the Bones and Joints, Stubborn Ulcers, Syphilitic Disorders, Lumbago, Spinal Complaints, and all Diseases arising from an injudicious use of Mercury; Ascites or Dropsy, Exposure or Imprudence inn Life. It invariably cures Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Neurolagia, General and Nervous Debility, Palpitation of the Heart, Liver Complaint, and Inflammation in the Kidneys. Ladies of pale complexion and Consumptive habits, and such as are debilitated by those obstructions which females are liable to, are restored by the use of a bottle or two, to bloom and vigor."
Found in a UIUC Library book by Scott Mann
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1ST N.Z.E.F.
23/2540 Sergeant
A[xel] ASKENBECK
Rifle Brigade
Died 16 September 1939
Aged 59 year [sic]
Block 3B RSA Plot 23
Born: 14 July 1880, Totara flat*
Occupation at death: Lawyer [suspect this is possibly 'sawyer' and is error on cemetery database].
Occupation at enlistment: Timber yardman for Butler Bros., Ruatapu
Next of Kin: Mrs Minnie ASKENBECK [wife], Ahaura P.O., Greymouth.
5ft 8 ¼ inches; 157 pds; Brown hair; hazel eyes; healthy complexion
“Linear scar about 3 inches long situated ion right side of chest. This is the result of an operation for empysemia[sic] five years ago.” [attack of pleurisy followed by Empysemia [sic].
No teeth: “Recruit is quite willing to be supplied with dentures at his own expense.”
Embarkation date: 1 April 1916
15 July 1916 charged with drunkenness and fined.
Foreign service: 3 yrs 176 days
Total service: 3 yrs 347 days
Discharged: 21 October 1919 discharged no longer medically fit for war service
Decorations:
British War Medal
[Victory medal crossed out with “deleted” written beside]
Awarded the MSM [Meritorious Service Medal] in 1919:
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=s...
“in recognition of valuable services rendered in connection with the war”
Axel passed the Junior Civil Service Examination in 1893
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=s...
Appointed deputy registrar of Grey district [West Coast] in 1911 [1]
Grey River Argus , 3 April 1913, Page 4
At the Magistrate's Court yesterday before Mr. Felix Campbell, Justice of the Peace, Axel Askenbeck was charged that on or about the 10th day of October, 1912, at Greymouth, then being second clerk in the Magistrate's and Warden's Court at Greymouth aforesaid, then having in his possession as an officer of the New Zealand Government, the sum of £5 1 s in money received from Stratford, Blair and Company Ltd., did unlawfully steal the same contrary to the form of the Statute in such case made and proved Mr. F. Kitchingham appeared for accused. Detective Sergeant Campbell applied for a remand till Wednesday, the 9th inst. Which was granted. Accused was allowed bail himself in one surety of £100 and two others of £SO each.[2]
On the application of Inspector Phair, a remand was granted to 10.30 a.m. tomorrow (Friday) by which time, it is anticipated, the Government Auditor will be in Greymouth should his evidence be required. Dr. J. McBrearty, Senr., was the presiding justice.[3]
Grey River Argus , 12 April 1913, Page 3
Court official charged
Various sums stolen
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=s...
It appears he got 9 months imprisonment:
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=s...
* birth registration 1875/4325 so age discrepancy on headstone. Parents John and Sarah ASKENBECK. John died 17 July 1918 at the Grey River Hospital, native of Sweden and late of Orwell Creek. Aged 81 years.[4]
John and Sarah had other issue:
Gustaf Charles born 28 Jan 1872, also served in WW1
ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/delivery/DeliveryManagerServle...
Samuel Henry Coates born c1892
Lucretia [Lucy] born c1887 who married in September 1912 to John MCCAULEY, Storekeeper of Orwell Creek
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=GR...
Axel married Minnie JAMES on 29th April 1901 at Ahaura by Rev, A. W. C. STACE
Minnie was the “daughter of Henry John JAMES and Sarah BERKETT, born in 1878 in Invercargill, Southland, New Zealand. and died in 1927 in Ahaura”[unverified 5]. She died c1926 aged 49.
3 Children on enlistment papers:
Pearl Sarah Gwendoline born 13 December 1901, Reefton
Eric John Coates born 17 June 1903, Reefton
Ettie Edith Coral born 20 August 1914, Ahaura
SOURCES:
Cemetery database
Military records
ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/delivery/DeliveryManagerServle...
[1]
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=s...
[2]
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=s...
[3]
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=s...
[4]
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=s...
[5]
freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~kiwiadams/2/43...
Tightening, firming, and nourishing this rich cream gives a perfect complexion. Revitalizing Facial Cream is a full-coverage face cream that will keep your skin hydrated and healthy looking. This high potency formula contains a powerful antioxidant complex that offers an age-defying effect to help fight free radicals and prevent premature aging, so you can have the perfect skin you've always wanted.
www.moonette.es/tienda/Revitalizing-Facial-Cream-for-Matu...
~ Basics ~
Name: Godfrey
Virtue: Hope
Vice: Pride
Profession: Librarian
Compact / Conspiracy: Lucifuge
Concept: occultist and informant
~ Appearance ~
Apparent Age: 24
Gender: Male
Height: 5’8
Weight: 124
Eyes: Blue
Hair Color: Red
Hair Style: down to his neck
Complexion: pale from lack of time spent in the sun
Build: scrawny
Scars: none
Distinguishing Features: tarot card deck that’s always nearby
~ Attributes ~
Intelligence * **
Wits * **
Resolve * *
Strength *
Dexterity **
Stamina ***
Presence * *
Manipulation * **
Composure * *
~ Skills ~
Academics * (research)
Computer
Crafts
Investigation*** (research)
Medicine
Occult *** (Werewolves)
Politics
Science
Athletics
Brawl
Drive
Firearms
Larceny
Stealth **
Survival **
Weaponry
Animal Ken
Empathy ****
Expression ****
Intimidation
Persuasion *
Socialize *
Streetwise
Subterfuge *
~ Aptitudes ~
Endowments:
➢Gaze of the Penitent (wits+empathy)
➢Hellfire (dex+int- target defense)
➢Shackles of Pandemonium (wits+ expression)
➢Tongue of Babel
Merits:
> Status (Lucifuge: The Truth) *
> Resources *
>Divining tools *
Flaws:
➢Multiple personalities- express itself through the tarot cards that he holds in his pocket. Upon drawing a card, the card speaks the meaning tied to the drawn major arcane
➢Compulsion- upon meeting new people and before acknowledging them, he draws a card from the deck and then assigns to his preconceptions tied to the card.
➢Combat paralysis- he can’t fight head to head with something. The image of his first attack by a supernatural being still haunts him. But if another is fighting it and he is in the background, he can offer support
➢Phobia: dogs and werewolves
~ Possessions ~
Weapons: None
Armor: None
Equipment: Tarot cards,
Havens: Library and small apartment
Vehicles: 10 speed bicycle
~ Self ~
Personality: Soft-spoken, quiet but also a very spiritual man.
History: For the majority of Godfrey’s life, he lived quite happily. He belonged to a very spiritual family. Though they weren’t religious people, their entire family had a natural aversion to an organized religion, saying that such things were corrupt. Instead, each member of the family practiced their beliefs in their own way. Godfrey, even as a small child took after his Nana.
Nana always relied upon divination and sincerely believed that the cards were a means for humans to see what was just below the surface of people and things. It wasn’t so much as to tell the future but a means to clear the human sight. Most people would consider the card mumbo jumbo. However, Godfrey had reason to sincerely believe what his Nana told him about the cards.
For on the day he was born, she had drawn a single card from her tarot deck to share with the family what the child’s very nature would be. She drew the Chariot, signaling that this child would have a struggle to overcome sometime in his life. While troubling, they also drew comfort in the fact that the signaled motion, despite what he may go through, he will keep moving onward.
Following in Nana’s footsteps, Godfrey began working at her small little divining shop that did tarot card and palm readings, séances, and tea reading. Though when Nana’s hands became nearly crippled with arthritis, she allowed her grandson to handle the card readings. For a few years, the boy was happy working at the shop. That was until his 18th birthday. Each year, his grandmother would draw a card from the deck to see if the past year, Godfrey had overcome the challenge that was predicted on the day he was born. For all the other years, the chariot had come up. But on his 18th, two cards were stuck together as she drew it, the Chariot and the Devil. Confused. Nana reshuffled the deck and tried to draw a card. Once more, Chariot and Devil came up.
The next day, Godfrey was cornered on the streets and given a very plain ultimatum, “Come with us or pass on to the next world.” The threat was emphasized by the handguns that were trained on him. Having no other choice, he followed these people and was taken on a flight to Milan. While terrified, something told him to relax. Over the next two months, he was told about his lineage…about many things that didn’t make sense and he didn’t believe it all. Him? Being a descendant of the devil? It was laughable. Key word there…WAS.
For one night he was enjoying the sights of the city when he come upon something he shouldn’t have seen. In an alley, he stared down at a bloodied monstrous form. Golden eyes and white fangs. His body seized up in fear. Every cell of his body screamed for him to run. Fumbling for something, his hands came across a bulge in his pocket. Pulling out what he prayed was a weapon, turned out to be a tarot card. His mind snapped as he looked upon the card. In a voice that chilled his blood he head from the card, “I am Death…the great equalizer, the instrument of change and transition. Cast off your flesh and transcend.”
In that one moment, the beast charged him. As Godfrey experienced the first crisis of life ever, another thing within him snapped. Standing his ground, he allowed the beast to cut into his shoulder with its laws. Instinctively using that willful sacrifice, a darkness from deep within Godfrey that had laid dormant rushed to the surface. From beneath the feet of the werewolf erupted flames of black and purple. The flames launched the beast off its feet and hurled it several yards away.
In that one moment, he understood what the people were trying to tell him. Calling home the next day, he told his folks that he was accepted to a university in Milan and that he would visit when possible. For the next few years, he spent all his time in the Libraries of his new friends. The more he studied and learned the happier they seemed. They soon revelaed their true nature and purpose to him soon after. Accepting their charge, Godfrey became a Lucifuge.
Returning home, he decided to offer his services to any hunter he could find. The fear of his first attack is still carried within him. He would do all in his power to arm the true hunters with knowledge about what they were going up against. He just couldn’t fight.
~ Additional Information ~
Health: 8
Willpower: [][][][]
Morality: 7
Size: 5
Defense: 2
Initiative: 4
Speed:8
Un caballero de complexión fuerte y su sombrero y gabardina negra, pasea por una de las calles de una gran ciudad. Camina pasito a pasito parándose de vez en cuando mirando a su alrededor. En ese momento me percato que es diferente al resto, tiene personalidad y me trasmite intriga. El señor ajeno a mi, continúa su paseo de un sábado como otro.
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File name: 10_03_001264b
Binder label: Medical
Title: Carter's Iron Pills for the blood, nerves and complexion. I declare! I do feel so strong and well since I've been taking Carter's Iron Pills and you know I used to be weak and nervous. (back)
Date issued: 1870-1900 (approximate)
Physical description: 1 print : lithograph ; 11 x 8 cm.
Subject: Women; Patent medicines
Notes: Title from item.
Statement of responsibility: Carter Medicine Co.
Collection: 19th Century American Trade Cards
Location: Boston Public Library, Print Department
Rights: No known restrictions.