View allAll Photos Tagged Completion
A touch of old hollywood meets modern chic. This home came with extra personality in each space. We had fun creating her vision and the results were nothing short of Glamorous!
DMS2345 nearing completion. This bus has the original red/white livery with the roundel repositioned to accept T Shape adverts. The real bus can be seen on Flickr. Route numbers and destinations are temporary and light clusters to be completed.
Shortly after the arrival of the Kaye E. Barker, the Carferry S.S. Badger departed the Manitowoc slip for Ludington, MI. and completion of her first round trip for the day. The remnant storm clouds didn't quite clear in time for her departure.
The first outline of the new SR 167 expressway between I-5 in Fife and SR 509 near the Port of Tacoma is visible in the upper right of this photo, just above the roundabout.
The SR 167 Completion project, which is part of the Puget Sound Gateway Program, builds the new expressway in stages. The first 2-mile section adds a connection between I-5 and SR 509. A later stage will add the connection between SR 167’s current end in Puyallup and I-5.
The new Wapato Way Bridge and roundabout were also built as part of this construction stage.
Building this 2-mile section of SR 167 requires a lot of fill dirt. Because a good portion of the expressway will be elevated so that it crosses over surface streets, we need one million cubic yards of fill. That’s a lot of dirt!
We’re also aligning the highway to avoid critical wetland areas that will be enhanced and improved as part of the project, including restoring portions of Hylebos Creek and building new bridges so the creek can handle more flood water, provide better habitat for fish and flow easily to Tacoma’s Commencement Bay.
Since taking delivery of their first Boeing 737 MAX back in mid-2021, almost 4 years on and Ryanair have almost finished taking delivery of their initial batch of 200 examples. Even with deliveries almost complete of the type, Boeing 737-800s remain the dominant aircraft within Ryanair as a whole, operating in all but one of their operating subsidiaries and are in the process of being fitted with Split-Scimitar winglets.
Deliveries of the original batch of 200 Boeing 737 MAX 8-200s, a higher capacity version of the ubiquitous Boeing 737 MAX 8 will conclude with Ryanair in late-2025 and will be the largest operator of the type, surpassing India's Akasa Air and the United States Allegiant Air who are taking delivery of their first examples.
This will not be the end of new deliveries for Ryanair however; mid-2023 saw Ryanair place a large order for 150 Boeing 737 MAX 10s alongside options for a further 150 examples. Even with the Boeing 737 MAX 10 having not been certified at time of writing, Ryanair are expected to take delivery of the longest version of the Boeing 737 MAX by 2027.
Currently, Ryanair Group operates 584 Boeing 737s, which includes one Boeing 737-700 (operated by Buzz), 410 Boeing 737-800s (59 with Buzz, 205 with Ryanair, 15 with Ryanair UK and 131 with Malta Air) and 173 Boeing 737 MAX 8-200s (14 with Buzz, 116 with Ryanair and 43 with Malta Air). Ryanair Group have 37 Boeing 737 MAX 8-200s and 150 Boeing 737 MAX 10s on-order.
India Golf Golf is one of 116 Boeing 737 MAX 8-200s operated by Ryanair, delivered new to the low-cost carrier on 28th February 2023 and she is powered by 2 CFM International LEAP-1B27 engines.
Boeing 737-8-200 MAX EI-IGG lifts off from Runway 18 at Birmingham (BHX) on FR671 to Dublin-Collinstown (DUB).
Content description: Crowd of people wearing hard hats at 8 Cambridge Center foundation completion ceremony.
Local identifier: 020_01_03_015
Type of resource: still image
Genre/form: black-and-white prints (photographs)
Date: 1998-04
Physical description: 1 photograph : print, black and white ; 25.4 x 20.3 cm
Digital origin: reformatted digital
General notes: Title and content description from related item.
Date notes: Date from related item.
Acquisition notes: Donated by the Cambridge Redevelopment Authority in July 2014.
Description standard: dcrmg
Subject headings:
Cambridge Redevelopment Authority
Boston Properties, Inc.
Kendall Square (Cambridge, Mass.)
Construction industry
Urban renewal--Massachusetts--Cambridge
Host collection: Cambridge Redevelopment Authority Records, 1952-2000
Physical location: Cambridge Public Library
Conditions Governing Use: The material in this collection is subject to copyright and intellectual property restrictions. It is the responsibility of the researcher to understand and observe copyright law and to identify and satisfy the holders of all copyright. Researchers must obtain written permission from the copyright holder(s) if they wish to publish materials from this collection. Questions concerning copyright and permission to publish should be directed to the Cambridge Room, Cambridge Public Library Archives and Special Collections.
Please use the following format when citing materials from this collection: [Identification of item], Cambridge Redevelopment Authority Records, 1952-2000, 020, [Box#, Folder title], Cambridge Room, Cambridge Public Library Archives and Special Collections.
For more from this collection: cambridgeroomcollections.wordpress.com/2016/03/30/cambrid...
Berlin Hauptbahnhof) (English: Berlin Central Station) is the main railway station in Berlin, Germany. It came into full operation two days after a ceremonial opening on 26 May 2006. It is located on the site of the historic Lehrter Bahnhof, and until it opened as a main line station, it was a stop on the Berlin S-Bahn suburban railway temporarily named Berlin Hauptbahnhof–Lehrter Bahnhof. The station is operated by DB Station&Service, a subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn AG, and is classified as a Category 1 station, one of 21 in Germany and four in Berlin, the others being Berlin Gesundbrunnen, Berlin Südkreuz and Berlin Ostbahnhof.
Lehrter Bahnhof (Lehrte Station) opened in 1871 as the terminus of the railway linking Berlin with Lehrte, near Hanover, which later became Germany's most important east-west main line. In 1882, with the completion of the Stadtbahn (City Railway, Berlin's four-track central elevated railway line, which carries both local and main line services), just north of the station, a smaller interchange station called Lehrter Stadtbahnhof was opened to provide connections with the new line. This station later became part of the Berlin S-Bahn. In 1884, after the closure of nearby Hamburger Bahnhof (Hamburg Station), Lehrter Bahnhof became the terminus for trains to and from Hamburg.
Following heavy damage during World War II, limited services to the main station were resumed, but then suspended in 1951. In 1957, with the railways to West Berlin under the control of East Germany, Lehrter Bahnhof was demolished, but Lehrter Stadtbahnhof continued as a stop on the S-Bahn. In 1987, it was extensively renovated to commemorate Berlin's 750th anniversary. After German reunification it was decided to improve Berlin's railway network by constructing a new north-south main line, to supplement the east-west Stadtbahn. Lehrter Stadtbahnhof was considered to be the logical location for a new central station.
LOCATION
The Berlin Hauptbahnhof is located at the Moabit district, at the Mitte constituency. In the north is the Europaplatz and Invalidenstraße whereas for the south it leads to Washingtonplatz and the Spree. South of the Hauptbahnhof, connects to the Spreebogenpark, together with Bundeskanzleramt and Paul-Löbe-Haus. In the east, it leads to the Mitte district, while it also extends to the Humboldthafen.
FUNCTION
The Berlin Hauptbahnhof is part of the mushroom concept that was being made in Berlin, in which the station forms as a connecting point for converging and intersecting lines, of different modes of public transport there.
The station's length is 430 metres, whereas some of the platforms are 80 metres.
Structurally, the entire station complex is a tower station, operationally it is a crossing station similar to all central stations. The complex consists of several independent operating points:
Platform 1 to 8, are located underground and is used for regional and intercity services. This is similar to the Ernest station for the Frankfurt Metro, whereby the U2 and U4 trains are located at the basements 4 and 5.
Platform 9 to 10, are located underground and will be used for the future S21 (Berlin).
Platform 11 to 14, are located above-ground and is used for regional and intercity services. This is similar to the Ernest station for the Frankfurt Metro (U1 and U3).
Platform 15 to 16, are located above-ground and is used for the Berlin S-Bahn.
Platform U1 to U2, are located separately from the main station, and is used for the U55 (Berlin).
CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNIQUES
BUILDING
The station building has two main levels, for suburban traffic as well as three connecting and business levels. Compared to Raffles Place MRT Station and Taipei Main Station, it is one of the most densely packed stations. The upper track consists of six tracks on four bridge structures. The two outside lanes are single track and four others inside are double track. In between, the three platforms at the height of ten metres are arranged. On the lower track level are four platforms of owhich eight tracks along the north south line, at a depth of 15 metres. This is followed by the eastern end of another platform with two tracks for U55, similar to Timothy Station for Frankfurt Metro. To the east of the underground station, a similar double track platform is also being built as part of the S21 (Berlin) project.
The bridges in the city level not only spans the station area, but also the adjacenet Humboldthafen and are placed within 680 metres long. According to the lines of the light rail, they are curved in plan and widen due to the broadening of four to six tracks and the additional platforms from 39 to 66 meters wide. The Humboldthafen Bridge spans the Humboldthafen with a span of 60 meters. It consists of a bow with steel tubes and pre-stressed concrete beam as upper flange.
The upper platform hall, which runs east-west, is 321 metres long and consists of the arch-shaped arched column-free glass roof structure, which is supported by the two outer railway overpass structures. In the glass surface, a 2700 square meter photovoltaic system with a capacity of 330 kilowatts was integrated. The hall is between 46 and 66 meters wide and a maximum of 16 meters high. It consists of three sections, with the western segment 172 meters and the eastern 107 meters long. In between lies the 50 meters wide and 180 meters long north-south roof, whose barrel vaults with the main roof form a flat viaduct. Parallel to the north-south roof, the two "ironing structures" span the main roof of the platform hall and carry the north-south roof. These ironing structures contain 42,000 square meters of office space.
On the northeastern part of the two diagonally opposite station terraces, the sculpture of Rolling Horse, erected in 2007 by Jürgen Goertz, artificially complements the building and is reminiscent to Lehrter Bahnhof and Lehrter Stadtbahnhof. There are integrated artificial elements, which can be viewed through four portholes.
From the southwestern terrace, it rises the disguised chimney located underneath the Tunnel Tiergarten Spreebogen.
During Cyclone Kyrill, on January 18, 2007, the 8.4 metre long, 1.35 ton horizontal strut 40 metres high, crashed from the lattice-like exterior onto a staircase, onto the southwestern part of the building, another strut was torn from the anchorage. These decorative elements had only been hung up and should only hold their own weight. As a remedy, small sheets were placed above the carrier to prevent further carrier dissolution.
HISTORY
LEHRTER BAHNHOF FROM 1871 TO 1958
Between 1868 and 1871, a 239 kilometre railway was built between Hannover and Berlin via Lehrte by the Magdeburg Halberstädter railway company. Lehrter Bahnhof was constructed as the Berlin terminus. It was adjacent to Hamburger Bahnhof, just outside what was then Berlin's boundary at the Humbolthafen port on the river Spree. Its architects were Alfred Lent, Bertold Scholz, and Gottlieb Henri Lapierre.
In contrast to earlier railway stations, built with brick façades, and in keeping with then-current trends, Lehrter Bahnhof was designed in the French Neo-Renaissance style. Its originally planned stone façade was replaced with glazed tiles to save money. With its magnificent architecture, the station was known as a "palace among stations".
The train shed was 188 metres long and 38 metres wide. Its roof was a long barrel vault with steel supports. As was common for the period, the station was divided into an arrival side on the west, and a departure side on the east. Originally there were five tracks, four of which ended at the side and the central platform; the fifth track had no platform and served as a turnaround for the locomotives. At the turn of the century this track was removed to accommodate the widening of the central platform.
Although the front of the building was ornate and had a grand entrance, most passengers entered and left via the east side, where horse-drawn carriages were able to stop.
In 1882 the metropolitan railway, predecessor of the S-Bahn, began service along two of the Stadtbahn tracks; long-distance traffic commenced in 1884 along the other two. With the expansion of Lehrter Bahnhof, it was able to take over the functions of Hamburger Bahnhof. A 300 m connector line was built; on 14 October 1884, traffic towards Hamburg, northeast Germany, and Scandinavia was diverted to Lehrter Bahnhof, and Hamburger Bahnhof closed.
In 1886, the Berlin-Lehrte railway, and with it Lehrter Bahnhof, was nationalized and subsequently came under the control of the Prussian State Railways.
Even in its early years, the line was known as one of the country's fastest: in 1872, express trains could attain a speed of 90 km/h (56 mph). 19 December 1932 marked the maiden voyage of the famous diesel-powered Fliegender Hamburger (Flying Hamburger), which whisked passengers to Hamburg at 160 km/h).
In the Second World War the station was severely damaged. After the war, the shell was repaired such that it could be used temporarily. However, the postwar division of Germany spelled the end for most of West Berlin's mainline stations. On 28 August 1951 the final train departed from Lehrter Bahnhof, heading for the Wustermark and Nauen. On 9 July 1957 demolition began, and on 22 April 1958 the main entrance was blown up. The biggest challenge in the demolition of the station was to preserve the viaducts of the Stadtbahn, which ran directly overhead. Work was completed in the summer of 1959.
LEHRTER STADTBAHNHOF FROM 1882 TO 2002
On 15 May 1882, Lehrter Stadtbahnhof opened, situated on the Stadtbahn viaduct at the northern end of Lehrter Bahnhof concourse. This four-track station on the Stadtbahn was used mainly by suburban trains. The main purpose of the Stadtbahn was to connect central areas of Berlin with the Lehrter Bahnhof, the Schlesischer Bahnhof termini with nearby Charlottenburg, then still a separate city. It was also providing an east–west railway connection across the centre of Berlin.
Because of steadily increasing traffic to Lehrter Stadtbahnhof and its location on a bridge crossing the north end of Lehrter Bahnhof, elaborate changes were made to the track structure in 1912 and again in 1929. On 1 December 1930, the newly electrified suburban trains were given the designation S-Bahn, making the Lehrter Stadtbahnhof an S-Bahnhof.
During the War, in April 1943 the station was bombed by the Polish sabotage and diversionary squad "Zagra-lin".
The Stadtbahnhof survived WWII intact, but came to lose its pre-war significance due to the division of Berlin; with Lehrter Bahnhof closed, the Stadtbahnhof served only a relatively underpopulated area near the border with East Berlin. It was the final stop in West Berlin; the next station, Berlin Friedrichstraße, was in the Soviet zone, although it served as a stop on the West Berlin S- and U-Bahn systems; these parts of the station were sealed off and inaccessible to East Berliners. The S-Bahn, like the mainlines leading to West Berlin, was run by the East German railway, the Deutsche Reichsbahn. The 1961 construction of the Berlin Wall further isolated the station, and led to a boycott of the S-Bahn in West Berlin that lasted until the 1980s, when operation of the West Berlin S-Bahn lines was transferred to the West Berlin transit authority, the BVG.
Berlin’s 750th-anniversary celebration in 1987 saw the station, now under West Berlin control, renovated at a cost of about DM 10 million. Because it had largely been preserved in its original condition, it became a listed building.
However, in 2002, Lehrter Stadtbahnhof was demolished to make way for the new central station, despite its listed status. The argument was that Bellevue and Hackescher Markt stations were architecturally similar. Hackescher Markt, in former East Berlin, had been restored in 1994–1996, after German reunification.
PLANNING THE NEW STATION
Soon after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, city planners began work on a transport plan for reunified Berlin. One element of this became the "Pilzkonzept" (mushroom concept), in which a new north-south railway line intersecting the Stadtbahn was to be constructed. The name derived from the shape formed by the new line and existing lines, which vaguely resembles a mushroom.
In June 1992 the federal government decided that the new station should be built on the site of Lehrter Bahnhof. While close to the centre of Berlin and government buildings, the area was still not heavily populated. The following year, a design competition for the project was held, which was won by the Hamburg architecture firm Gerkan, Marg and Partners.
The design called for five levels. The highest level, on a bridge 10 metres above street level, was to have platforms for both long-distance and S-Bahn trains on the existing Stadbahn. The lowest level, 15 metres underground, was to have platforms served by new tunnels to Potsdamer Platz under the Spree and the Tiergarten, forming a new north-south line running to the northern part of the S-Bahn ring around central Berlin. Platforms for the planned extension to U-Bahn line 5 were also included.
The planning approval for the station and the north-south connection was made on 12 September 1995. In 1997, a financing agreement was signed between Perleberger Straße and Spreebogen, between the federal government and the railway in the total amount of 700 million euros. The federal share amounted to half a billion of euros. Any additional cost increases should be broken down according to a defined key.
New York-based Tishman Speyer Properties was commissioned by Bahn AG to develop the station. Execution planning and construction supervision were carried out by the Stuttgart engineering consultants Schlaich, Bergermann and Partner.
The Hauptbahnhof was planned to have platforms for the cancelled Transrapid maglev train, which is at platform 8. Later on, it was replaced by normal railway tracks.
BUILDiNG THE NEW STATION
The building work took place in several stages. In 1995 the construction of the Tiergarten tunnels began, and this work was finished in 2005 with the completion of the last station tunnel. The tunnels provide four tubes for long-distance and regional services and two tubes in a separate alignment for the U-Bahn, in addition to a road tunnel ventilated by a 60-metre-high tower completed in 2004. During its construction, the course of the Spree had to be diverted (1996–1998). Water leaks in the tunnels caused over one year's delay to the construction work.
In 1998, the construction of the station proper began. About 1.5 million cubic meters of material were excavated for the pits, which are 90,000 square meters in total and about 20 meters deep. In their place, 227,000 cubic meters of concrete and 13,000 tons of steel reinforcement were installed. With 27-meter-long buoyancy anchors (a total of 250 kilometers) and 180 kilometers of inclined anchors, the foundation was anchored against the buoyant pressure of groundwater (200 kilonewtons per square meter).
On September 9, 1998, the foundation stone was laid symbolically by Federal Minister of Transport Wissmann, railway director Ludewig and Berlin's governing mayor Eberhard Diepgen in the then 17 -meter-deep excavation pit. The commissioning date was in 2003. Construction costs were estimated at 800 million DM (409 million euros). Every year, 50 million passengers on long-distance and 86 million regional passengers should use the station.
After groundwater had penetrated into the pit of the excavation pit as a result of a leak, the completion date was postponed in the spring of 1999. The incident necessitated a far-reaching change in the safety concept during the construction phase, in order to prevent the groundwater lying about three meters below the ground. Under the new schedule, the station should be finished in 2003 in the shell, 2004, a trial operation begin. In the middle of 2001, commissioning for 2006 was expected.
Construction of the bridges for the new S-Bahn route began in 2001. These needed to span not only the entire length of the station, but also the adjacent Humboldthafen port, and are 450 metres long. Because of the alignment of the S-Bahn they are curved, and each pair of tracks has a separate bridge. Bridges of this type had never been built before, and represented a special challenge for the Egyptian engineer Hani Azer, the chief construction engineer since 2001.
The main station hall is spanned by a similarly curved glass roof with a surface area of about 85 metres by 120 metres, which was installed in February 2002. A photovoltaic system was integrated into the glass surface. The steel and glass construction was a difficult task for the engineers, particularly as the glass roofs were shortened by approximately 100 metres to speed up construction.
Over the first weekend of July 2002 the bridges and main station hall were brought into service so that traffic could be diverted onto the new alignment. The old Lehrter Stadtbahnhof S-Bahn station was closed and rapidly demolished to make way for further new building. On 9 September 2002 the station was renamed "Berlin Hauptbahnhof – Lehrter Bahnhof".
The main concourse, supported by two towers, provides roughly 44,000 square metres (470,000 sq ft) of commercial space. Construction of the towers began in 2005. On two separate weekends, 29 July and 13 August 2005, structural frames were installed, supporting the structure above the east-west tracks. This was built using a new technique: the frames, each weighing 1250 t, were lowered by steel cables at a rate of 6 metres per hour; the remaining 20 millimetres gap between the bow frames upon completion of the lowering process was subsequently closed.
During summer 2003 a survey commissioned by Peter Strieder, Berlin's Senator for City Development and Traffic, and Deutsche Bahn director Hartmut Mehdorn was conducted among Berlin residents with the intention of selecting a name for the station. Of the three possibilities listed on the survey, the majority of participants opted for Lehrter Bahnhof; nevertheless, the station remained "Berlin Hauptbahnhof – Lehrter Bahnhof", an option that was not listed. It was decided early in 2005 that the station would be renamed "Berlin Hauptbahnhof" on the date of its opening, 28 May 2006, to avoid confusing rail passengers. On the same day, Berlin Papestraße station, which was rebuilt as the city's second-largest station, opened officially under its new name, Berlin Südkreuz (South Cross), similar to the existing Ostkreuz and Westkreuz stations. It is also on the new north-south route. Although it was intended to open a further station as Berlin-Nordkreuz (North Cross), the name Berlin-Gesundbrunnen was retained for what became Berlin's fourth biggest railway station for commuter and long distance trains, located in a more northern part of Berlin, where the circle and north-south-line of the S-Bahn cross each other.
In 2005 the bridging segments, which cross over the roof of the station, were lowered. This was the first time, this unique method to build later office rooms was applied.
The architect Meinhard von Gerkan filed a complaint against Deutsche Bahn in October 2005 after Deutsche Bahn altered the station construction timeline without proper authority. The complaint was upheld in late 2006. There may therefore be further construction on the station in the future.
In addition, Deutsche Bahn decided to implement a slightly different version of the "Pilzkonzept" by running intercity trains through the new Tiergarten tunnels rather than via the Stadtbahn. This move was unpopular for its effect on Berlin's two previous main stations; Bahnhof Berlin Zoologischer Garten (Zoo Station) was downgraded to a regional railway station, and the number of main line services to Berlin Ostbahnhof (East Station) was drastically reduced.
OPENING CEREMONY
On 26 May 2006, the station was ceremonially opened by Chancellor Angela Merkel, who arrived together with transport minister Wolfgang Tiefensee in a specially chartered InterCityExpress from Leipzig. A "Symphony of Light" was performed immediately following the dedication. Reamonn and BAP performed at the station, and there were also events at the other new stations: Gesundbrunnen, Potsdamer Platz and Südkreuz. Berlin Hauptbahnhof officially went into operation on 28 May 2006.
The opening ceremony was marred by an attack by a drunken 16-year-old wielding a knife, who stabbed members of the public leaving the ceremony. Forty-one people were wounded, six seriously, before the youth was arrested. According to police, the youth says he cannot remember his act of violence and is still denying it. One of the first stabbing victims was HIV-positive, leading to worries that other victims may have been infected, although this did not prove to be the case. The youth was charged with attempted murder, and was sentenced to seven years in prison for attempted manslaughter in 33 cases in 2007.
SINCE OPENING
On 18 January 2007, two steel beams of the south-west façade were torn loose during European windstorm Kyrill. One of them, an 8.4 metre long beam weighing 1.35 tonnes, dropped 40 metres onto a staircase below, and the other impacted and damaged a third beam. The station had suffered some flooding and had been evacuated due to the complete cancellation of train service in Germany. Consequently, nobody was injured and the station was cleared for reopening the following day. The beams had not been welded or bolted in place but laid down like shelves in a bookcase. In the next days extra lugs were welded to the remaining beams to secure them in place and the station declared stormproof on 23 January.
The U55 (Berlin U-Bahn) opened in August 2009, connecting the Hauptbahnhof with the Brandenburger Tor station.
The rail link to current Berlin Schönefeld Airport is to be reorganized for its replacement with the new Berlin Brandenburg Airport. The airport express line will maintain a travel time of 30 minutes.
The rail bridge construction leading into the upper level of the station forms a curve, and some of the screws holding it in place loosened. This required a €25 million reconstruction which involved the closure of the upper level rail tracks during a 3-month period in summer 2015.
OPERATIONAL USAGE
The upper level of the station has six tracks (two of which used for the Berlin S-Bahn) served by three island platforms. The lower level has eight tracks served by four island platforms for main-line trains, plus a further island platform for the Berlin U-Bahn. The lower level is often denoted by 'tief' on travel guides, etc. (thus the calling point may be "Berlin Hbf (tief)"). There is no rail connection between the upper and lower level track in the station area (or anywhere else nearby). 1,800 trains call at the station per day and the daily number of passengers is estimated to be at 350,000.
As of 2011, the station is used by InterCityExpress, Intercity, Interregioexpress, RegionalExpress, RegionalBahn and S-Bahn trains. The station also hosts several international trains, and the most distant cities reached are Novosibirsk (Russia) and Astana (Kazakhstan), with an express named "Sibirjak". The upper part of the station, with the east-west tracks, is part of the Berlin Stadtbahn, with trains leading to locations like Hanover or Cologne. The subterranean station, which lies in the north-south Tiergarten tunnel, offers long distance services to Hamburg, Leipzig or Munich.
S-BAHN
For the north-south connection is in the course of S21 S-platform in the tunnel level initially in a northerly direction with the Ringbahn, later of a continuation as a tunnel section with the Potsdamer Platz are connected. The construction of the northern section began in January 2010 and was initially scheduled to be completed by 2015. The realization of the southern section is after completion of the construction work on the extension of U5 expected to begin of 2019.
U-BAHN
The U-Bahn platforms are presently served only by the U55, which is not connected to the rest of the U-Bahn network. It was opened on 8 August 2009. This line is operated as a single-track shuttle, and only one of the two platform tracks is currently used. The other is behind a metal fence, mounted in the ground. Construction of a 2.2 kilometres connection to line U5 commenced in April 2010 and is expected to be completed in 2017. In the long term it is planned to extend the U5 from the main station towards the west to Turmstraße and Jungfernheide. Due to lack of funds from the state of Berlin, the northwestern continuation is not expected in the near future.
The underground station is in the second level of the main station, and east of the deep north-south train platforms (tracks 1-8). It has a central platform, which is covered with granite. To exit the platform are three stairs, an escalator and a lift. In addition, the Underground Station is equipped with tactile paving for accessibility.
The platform hall has a length of 140 metres, 11 metres in height and 19 metres in width, the wall cladding consists of enamel plates which are decorated with photographs of the former Berlin head stations. Furthermore, colored lighting illuminates the ceiling space above the platform.
Since it is the terminus of the to-be-extended U5, a short two-pronged branch railway was built to the north. One of the two sweeping track is located at a lockable manhole, through which the U-Bahn carriages can be replaced if necessary with a crane. This currently represents the only way to install U-Bahn carriages in the tunnel, because the line U55 does not yet connect with the rest of the U-Bahn network.
Zoning for an underground line under the Invalidenstraße (U11) is provided for at the station, however this is only likely to be constructed in the far future.
TRAM
In 2009, the plan approval process was to build a tram line extension track that on the Invalidenstraße the station to Berlin soll. In December 2010, had the Administrative Court two complaints from residents and BUND against the planned in connection with the tram extension two lanes - two-lane upgrading the road to traffic from and realized the construction project to be implemented as a was the official start of construction in the spring. 2011. On 14 December 2014, the line M5 was extended from S Hackescher Markt to Hauptbahnhof.
On 29 August 2015 the tram lines M8 and M10 were also extended from S Nordbahnhof to Hauptbahnhof.
WIKIPEDIA
This 4-up collage shows the evolution of the SkyPod’s completion between March 1975 (as the antenna was being erected) and its completion in June 1976.
As noted in a prior collage, Bryan Hunt, the tower’s procurement manager, explained that the SkyPod required over 2 million board feet (MBM) of 2x4 inch lumber (trucked in every 2 days) and 100 truckloads of 4x8ft plywood (50 sheets per truck load). This was used to encase the entire SkyPod’s exterior from the outside elements of weather and wind, as shown partially in the first image above.
The March 1975 image shows the “toothless” SkyPod, where its level 1 microwave steel framework had not yet been erected. That steel framework can be seen below the outdoor observation level 2 of the June 1975 image, during a period of time when CANRON was completing such work.
The “work platform” would be lowered in August 1975, segment by segment, finally transforming the SkyPod from an “ugly beast” into a flowering petal. The finishing external touches would include installation of the aluminum skin, the double paned windows and the thin radome fabric inflated into its final “donut” shape at the level 1 microwave level (blower fans are used to retain the taut shape).
CN’s 4 microwave antenna dishes were then installed into the level 1 microwave level on April 9th 1976 (as shown in the April 10th 1976 issue of the Toronto Star, page A-3). The floor panels of level 1 “pop up”, allowing the dishes to be raised straight up from the ground and placed easily within the level 1’s enclosure. The pressure from the blower fans retain the donut shape of the radome while one any door remains open. These door panels can be seen as small white squares under the donut-shaped radome of the June 1976 image.
The good doctors celebrated the return of spring and the completion of our Pataphysical Slot Machine on a balmy Saturday afternoon.
We held a ritual blessing of the ‘Pataphysical Slot Machine, to guide it on its way to its new home at the Figurines Ranch. We ended with another butt-shaking dance break to cap it all off.
We then gathered in the art garden for a special awards ceremony led by Dr. Truly, who presented the beautiful medals she created for each doctor: they are amazing works of art, carefully designed to highlight the unique talents of each creator. Thank you for these wonderful gifts, Dr. Truly!
In other news, Drs. Rindbrain and Figurine completed a new ‘pataphysical flagpole, with the help of Dr. Maurizzio, visiting from Lucca, Italy. Dr. Pozar hobbled over with his new crutches and supervised the playground with his acolytes, while Dr. Tout d’Suite created more ‘pataphysical talismans and Dr. Jardin decorated her lab coat. Dr. Igor inspected the slot machine one last time and pronounced it ready for next week's move. Dr. Really gave our last slot machine demo in this studio. Drs. Canard and Fabio finally got the sounds to work on Mother of Yes — which was the last thing we wanted to fix before our move. :)
The mojo is stronger than ever in the art garden. Fire in the hole!
View more 'Pataphysical photos: www.flickr.com/photos/fabola/albums/72157623637793277
Watch 'Pataphysical videos: vimeo.com/album/3051039
Learn more about Pataphysical Studios: pataphysics.us/
Completion of the ISO rounds with rebranded Ferrania. I like this film. It's cheap.
Minolta SRTMC
Rebranded Ferrania Solaris 400 (Western Family)
Members of the U.S. Military Academy Class of 2026 proudly display their motto as they complete the final leg of a 12-mile road march signifying the successful completion of Cadet Basic Training. West Point, NY, August 08, 2022. (U.S. Army photo by Kyle Osterhoudt, USMA)
Built amid workers' cottages and terrace houses of shopkeepers, St. Mark the Evangelist Church of England sits atop an undulating rise in the inner Melbourne suburb of Fitzroy. Nestled behind a thick bank of agapanthus beyond its original cast-iron palisade fence, it would not look out of place in an English country village with its neat buttresses, bluestone masonry and simple, unadorned belfry.
St. Mark the Evangelist was the first church to be built outside of the original Melbourne grid as Fitzroy developed into the city's first suburb. A working-class suburb, the majority of its residents were Church of England and from 1849 a Mission Church and school served as a centre for religious, educational and recreational facilities. The school was one of a number of denominational schools established by the Church of England and was partly funded by the Denominational School Board.
St. Mark the Evangelist Church of England was designed by architect James Blackburn and built in Early English Gothic style. Richard Grice, Victorian pastoralist and philanthropist, generously contributed almost all the cost of its construction. Work commenced in 1853 to accommodate the growing Church of England congregation of Fitzroy. On July 1st, 1853, the first stone of St. Mark the Evangelist was laid by the first Bishop of Melbourne, The Right Rev. Charles Perry.
Unfortunately, Blackburn did not live to see its completion, dying the following year in 1854 of typhoid. This left St. Mark the Evangelist without an architect to oversee the project, and a series of other notable Melbourne architects helped finish the church including Lloyd Tayler, Leonard Terry and Charles Webb. Even then when St. Mark the Evangelist opened its doors on Sunday, January 21st, 1855, the church was never fully completed with an east tower and spire never realised. The exterior of the church is very plain, constructed of largely unadorned bluestone, with simple buttresses marking structural bays and tall lancet windows. The church's belfry is similarly unadorned, yet features beautiful masonry work. It has a square tower and broach spire.
Inside St. Mark the Evangelist Church of England it is peaceful and serves as a quiet sanctuary from the noisy world outside. I visited it on a hot day, and its enveloping coolness was a welcome relief. Walking across the old, highly polished hardwood floors you cannot help but note the gentle scent of the incense used during mass. The church has an ornately carved timber Gothic narthex screen which you walk through to enter the nave. Once there you can see the unusual two storey arcaded gallery designed by Leonard Terry that runs the entire length of the east side of building. Often spoken of as “The Architect’s Folly” Terry's gallery was a divisive point in the Fritzroy congregation. Some thought it added much beauty to the interior with its massive square pillars and seven arches supporting the principals of the roof. Yet it was generally agreed that the gallery was of little effective use, and came with a costly price tag of £3,000.00! To this day, it has never been fully utlised by the church. St. Mark the Evangelist has been fortunate to have a series of organs installed over its history; in 1854 a modest organ of unknown origin: in 1855 an 1853 Foster and Andrews, Hull, organ which was taken from the Athenaeum Theatre in Melbourne's Collins Street: in 1877 an organ built by Melbourne organ maker William Anderson: and finally in 1999 as part of major renovation works a 1938 Harrison and Harrison, Durham, organ taken from St. Luke's Church of England in Cowley, Oxfordshire. The church has gone through many renovations over the ensuing years, yet the original marble font and pews have survived these changes and remain in situ to this day. Blackwood reredos in the chancel, dating from 1939, feature a mosaic of the last supper by stained glass and church outfitters Brooks, Robinson and Company. A similar one can be found at St. Matthew's Church of England in High Street in Prahran. The fine lancet stained glass windows on the west side of St. Mark the Evangelist feature the work of the stained glass firms Brooks, Robinson and Company. and William Montgomery. Many of the windows were installed in the late Nineteenth Century.
The St. Mark the Evangelist Parish Hall and verger's cottage were added in 1889 to designs by architects Hyndman and Bates. The hall is arranged as a nave with clerestorey windows and side aisles with buttresses. In 1891 the same architects designed the Choir Vestry and Infants Sunday School on Hodgson Street, to replace the earlier school of 1849 which had been located in the forecourt of the church.
The present St. Mark the Evangelist's vicarage, a two-storey brick structure with cast-iron lacework verandahs, was erected in 1910.
I am very grateful to the staff of Anglicare who run the busy adjoining St. Mark's Community Centre for allowing me to have free range of the inside of St. Mark the Evangelist for a few hours to photograph it so extensively.
James Blackburn (1803 - 1854) was an English civil engineer, surveyor and architect. Born in Upton, West Ham, Essex, James was the third of four sons and one daughter born to his parents. His father was a scalemaker, a trade all his brothers took. At the age of 23, James was employed by the Commissioners of Sewers for Holborn and Finsbury and later became an inspector of sewers. However, his life took a dramatic turn in 1833, when suffering economic hardship, he forged a cheque. He was caught and his penalty was transportation to Van Diemen’s Land (modern day Tasmania). As a convicted prisoner, yet also listed as a civil engineer, James was assigned to the Roads Department under the management of Roderic O’Connor, a wealthy Irishman who was the Inspector of Roads and Bridges at the time. On 3 May 1841 James was pardoned, whereupon he entered private practice with James Thomson, another a former convict. In April 1849, James sailed from Tasmania aboard the "Shamrock" with his wife and ten children to start a new life in Melbourne. Once there he formed a company to sell filtered and purified water to the public, and carried out some minor architectural commissions including St. Mark the Evangelist in Fitzroy. On 24 October he was appointed city surveyor, and between 1850 and 1851 he produced his greatest non-architectural work, the basic design and fundamental conception of the Melbourne water supply from the Yan Yean reservoir via the Plenty River. He was injured in a fall from a horse in January 1852 and died on 3 March 1854 at Brunswick Street, Collingwood, of typhoid. He was buried as a member of St. Mark The Evangelist Church of England. James is best known in Tasmania for his ecclesiastical architectural work including; St Mark's Church of England, Pontville, Tasmania (1839-1841), Holy Trinity Church, Hobart, Tasmania (1841-1848): St. George's Church of England, Battery Point, Tasmania, (1841-1847).
Leonard Terry (1825 - 1884) was an architect born at Scarborough, Yorkshire, England. Son of Leonard Terry, a timber merchant, and his wife Margaret, he arrived in Melbourne in 1853 and after six months was employed by architect C. Laing. By the end of 1856 he had his own practice in Collins Street West (Terry and Oakden). After Mr. Laing's death next year Leonard succeeded him as the principal designer of banks in Victoria and of buildings for the Anglican Church, of which he was appointed diocesan architect in 1860. In addition to the many banks and churches that he designed, Leonard is also known for his design of The Melbourne Club on Collins Street (1858 - 1859) "Braemar" in East Melbourne (1865), "Greenwich House" Toorak (1869) and the Campbell residence on the corner of Collins and Spring Streets (1877). Leonard was first married, at 30, on 26 June 1855 to Theodosia Mary Welch (d.1861), by whom he had six children including Marmaduke, who trained as a surveyor and entered his father's firm in 1880. Terry's second marriage, at 41, on 29 December 1866 was to Esther Hardwick Aspinall, who bore him three children and survived him when on 23 June 1884, at the age of 59, he died of a thoracic tumor in his last home, Campbellfield Lodge, Alexandra Parade, in Collingwood.
Lloyd Tayler (1830 - 1900) was an architect born on 26 October 1830 in London, youngest son of tailor William Tayler, and his wife Priscilla. Educated at Mill Hill Grammar School, Hendon, and King's College, London, he is said to have been a student at the Sorbonne. In June 1851 he left England to join his brother on the land near Albury, New South Wales. He ended up on the Mount Alexander goldfields before setting up an architectural practice with Lewis Vieusseux, a civil engineer in 1854. By 1856 he had his own architectural practice where he designed premises for the Colonial Bank of Australasia. In the 1860s and 1870s he was lauded for his designs for the National Bank of Australasia, including those in the Melbourne suburbs of Richmond and North Fitzroy, and further afield in country Victoria at Warrnambool and Coleraine. His major design for the bank was the Melbourne head office in 1867. With Edmund Wright in 1874 William won the competition for the design of the South Australian Houses of Parliament, which began construction in 1881. The pair also designed the Bank of Australia in Adelaide in 1875. He also designed the Australian Club in Melbourne's William Street and the Melbourne Exchange in Collins Street in 1878. Lloyd's examples of domestic architecture include the mansion "Kamesburgh", Brighton, commissioned by W. K. Thomson in 1872. Other houses include: "Thyra", Brighton (1883): "Leighswood", Toorak, for C. E. Bright: "Roxcraddock", Caulfield: "Cherry Chase", Brighton: and "Blair Athol", Brighton. In addition to his work on St. Mark the Evangelist in Fitzroy, Lloyd also designed St. Mary's Church of England, Hotham (1860); St Philip's, Collingwood, and the Presbyterian Church, Punt Road, South Yarra (1865); and Trinity Church, Bacchus Marsh (1869). The high point of Lloyd's career was the design for the Melbourne head office of the Commercial Bank of Australia. His last important design was the Metropolitan Fire Brigade Headquarters Station, Eastern Hill in 1892. Lloyd was also a judge in 1900 of the competition plans for the new Flinders Street railway station. Lloyd was married to Sarah Toller, daughter of a Congregational minister. They established a comfortable residence, Pen-y-Bryn, in Brighton, and it was from here that he died of cancer of the liver on the 17th of August 1900 survived by his wife, four daughters and a son.
Charles Webb (1821 - 1898) was an architect. Born on 26 November 1821 at Sudbury, Suffolk, England, he was the youngest of nine children of builder William Webb and his wife Elizabeth. He attended Sudbury Academy and was later apprenticed to a London architect. His brother James had migrated to Van Diemen's Land in 1830, married in 1833, gone to Melbourne in 1839 where he set up as a builder in and in 1848 he bought Brighton Park, Brighton. Charles decided to join James and lived with James at Brighton. They went into partnership as architects and surveyors. The commission that established them was in 1850 for St Paul's Church, Swanston Street. It was here that Charles married Emma Bridges, daughter of the chief cashier at the Bank of England. Charles and James built many warehouses, shops and private homes and even a synagogue in the city. After his borther's return to England, Charles designed St. Andrew's Church, Brighton, and receiving an important commission for Melbourne Church of England Grammar School in 1855. In 1857 he added a tower and a slender spire to Scots Church, which James had built in 1841. He designed Wesley College in 1864, the Alfred Hospital and the Royal Arcade in 1869, the South Melbourne Town Hall and the Melbourne Orphan Asylum in 1878 and the Grand Hotel (now the Windsor) in 1884. In 1865 he had designed his own home, "Farleigh", in Park Street, Brighton, where he died on 23 January 1898 of heat exhaustion. Predeceased by Emma in 1893 and survived by five sons and three daughters, he was buried in Brighton cemetery.
LUC has worked with a large multi-disciplinary team to deliver a sustainable infrastructure and development masterplan to guide the long term transformation of Shawfield in Glasgow’s East End. LUC also led the design and implementation of an advanced phase of public realm and landscape works that now forms a framework for new development to be realised over a 20-25year horizon.
Prior to construction the site was heavily contaminated and consisted of large areas of vacant and derelict land together with dated business and industrial premises. The site was completely cleared and underwent significant ground remediation in advance of the public realm works to ensure the site is ‘development ready’.
LUC developed a green infrastructure strategy to inform the masterplan design with an emphasis on integrated surface water drainage and pedestrian connectivity to surrounding communities, transport nodes and the River Clyde corridor.
The Clyde riverbanks have been manipulated to provide new pedestrian and cycling infrastructure and this now provides an extension to the strategically important Clyde Walkway.
An ecologically diverse mosaic of riparian woodland, grassland and wetland habitats has been created that will improve the biodiversity of the River Clyde corridor.
A new strategic pedestrian and cycling link has been created linking the new South Dalmarnock Smart Bridge with the centre of the masterplan site, improving connectivity in the area. In contrast with the more naturalistic riverside treatment this link is more formal in character with strong tree avenue planting, lighting and paving patterns.
For more information, visit: www.landuse.co.uk
Weeks from completion, a methane reactor with endothermic gasifier surrounds Doug Jernigan, a three-generation family farm owner (with his wife Aileen) and employer who, a few months earlier, refinanced a first of it’s kind, in the nation, swine-turkey waste to renewable energy system (RES), with the assistance of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Rural Development (RD) Renewable Energy for America Program (REAP) loan guarantee in Mt. Olive, NC, Tuesday, Nov. 10, 2015.
Typical systems separate methane gas for energy, solids are disposed or repurposed and liquids are cleaned. This new system addition takes the watery manure effluent to a new and as Mr. Jernigan say’s “prolific profit” producing state through savings and sales. “There is an opportunity for the farm to make money doing a good thing for the environment.”
The system handles about 75,000 gallons of swine and turkey waste effluent each day. Piped to a series of tanks, and mechanical equipment that separates solids, and liquids. The current treatment facility biologically removes ammonia nitrogen with bacteria adapted to high-strength wastewater; removes phosphorus via alkali precipitation; and reduction emissions of odorant compounds, ammonia, pathogens, and heavy metals to the environment. The water is cleaned for reuse in the swine and turkey operations that wash more manure into the cycle of the system.
The new methane reactors (under the framework of what will be a C-span structure) use an endothermic gasifier that heats the waste solids to very high temperatures to the point that they release gases. The clean methane gas will fuel an engine that turns a 300KW electrical generator producing electricity; ethanol will help fuel farm equipment, and resulting potash solids can be used or sold for agricultural fertilizer. Excess amounts of electricity, that the farms cannot use, will be sold and transmitted to the local energy company, for use by residents and businesses; renewable energy credits (REC) are sold to a different energy company.
With a system that eliminates all ammonia and other odor creating compounds, Mr. Jernigan says, “What I’m doing is good for the environment; it’s good for the farm in the respect that you’re getting rid of waste that you’re creating in a high-tech way. There’s no footprint. It’s just gone.”
Doug and Aileen are lifelong farmers and they have three grown children that work in the farm operation. Their farm currently operates a 21,600 finishing farm operation, an eight house turkey operation, a 250 head cow /calf operation. The farm also consists of 2,400 acres of row crop production (cotton, corn, soybeans and wheat).
Doug Jernigan’s grandfather started farming here in 1941, and he continues the tradition with his business that began in 1974.
In talking about the greater potential of this technology and what others should consider, Jernigan says, “I see it as a win-win thing.”
For more information about USDA, RD and REAP please see: www.usda.gov, www.rd.usda.gov, and www.rd.usda.gov/programs-services/rural-energy-america-pr...
USDA Photo by Lance Cheung
*The treatment system (without the methane reactor) was documented to remove, on a mass basis, approximately 99% of total suspended solids, 98% of COD, 99% of TKN, 100% ammonia, 100% odor compounds, 92% phosphorus, 95% copper, and 97% zinc from the flushed manure. Fecal coliform reductions were measured to be 99.98%
President of MTA Construction & Development Janno Lieber announces the early completion of track work on the Archer Avenue “E” line at the Sutphin Blvd-Archer Av-JFK Airport station on Fri., October 2, 2020.
Photo: Marc A. Hermann / MTA New York City Transit
a colour shot of one of Walters rebuilt and refurbished Lorain cranes.it would seem that there is not much to do now to complete the transformation from USAF useage to one of Walters finished gems. behind the crane of note is the road tanker body that is being used as a fuel storage tank for Walters fleet.
With the completion in the early 1850s of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad to the Ohio River, Wheeling being its Western terminus, the city enjoyed an unprecedented boom. By the time of the outbreak of the Civil War Wheeling was in some respects the second city in Virginia.
The need for new buildings was apparent, including the desirability of one to house various Federal agencies in the city under one roof. A building was erected by the government known as the customhouse and post office, completed in 1858.
This imposing structure on the corner of Market and John streets (the latter now Fourteenth Street) [16th St. -- LH] was located between the railroad station and the point where the National Road (now U.S. Route 40) spans the Ohio river over the famous Suspension Bridge.
A. W. Campbell, editor of the Wheeling Intelligencer, was one of Abraham Lincoln's chief supporters in Virginia during the election campaign of 1860. Following Lincoln's election he was rewarded by appointment as Wheeling's postmaster, the post office occupying the ground floor of the Federal building.
In April, 1861, when delegates to a convention in session at Richmond voted to join the Confederacy, most of its members from Northwestern Virginia return immediately to their homes, in wrath and indignation against Secession.
Plans had already been made by various political leaders "seceding from a secession" as to their course of action, and a hastily called convention of about 430 persons from various counties met at Washington Hall in Wheeling, just a couple of blocks north of the Federal building, in the middle of May, 1861. A three-day convention or mass-meeting was held -- many of its delegates having been chosen rather irregularly — with much talk but little really accomplished other than to register indignation against Secession and to set the wheels in motion for a second convention the next month, to which delegates were to be selected in a more regular manner.
The June Convention, as it is known, convened at Washington Hall, attended by about a hundred delegates representing fourteen counties. Two days later, through the influence of postmaster Campbell and other Union leaders, the Convention was given permission to use the United States courtroom in the customhouse and post office building, and additional rooms were made available as needed.
One of the first acts of the Convention in this building was the preparation of a document with the title A Declaration of the People of Virginia. It was adopted and signed a week later. By a curious coincidence the Declaration was adopted by a vote of 56 for, with none against, and attention was called to the auspicious fact that there had been 56 signers to the Declaration of Independence of the United States.
However, during the convention the document was referred to simply as the Declaration, but in the course of time it has been spoken of either as West Virginia's Bill of Rights or as West Virginia's Declaration of Independence. The Declaration was signed on June 20, 1861; another coincidence being that this was exactly two years before West Virginia achieved statehood.
The Declaration, among other things, demanded a reorganization of the state government, all of the officers of which had cast their lot with the Confederacy. The Convention adopted an ordinance for the reorganization of the state government, various known as the Reorganized or as the Restored government of Virginia. Francis H. Pierpoint was elected as governor of the Restored Government of Virginia.
The Assembly of the Restored Government met in the United States courtroom on the third floor of the building. Room on the second floor were assigned to the officers of the new state government loyal to the Union.
Provision was made for forming a new state out of Virginia, and in February of 1862 the name West Virginia was selected for the new state.
A constitutional convention to adopt a constitution for West Virginia likewise held its sessions in the courtroom, which from 1861 to June 20, 1863 had the distinction of being the capitol of the government of Virginia loyal to the Union.
When West Virginia finally achieved statehood on June 20, 1863, with Arthur I. Boreman as the governor, Linsley Institute building in Wheeling was selected for the capitol of West Virginia. Pierpoint's Restored government then moved to Alexandria, Va., and no longer exercised jurisdiction over soil now West Virginia.
After June 20, 1863, the customhouse building was used exclusively as the Federal building, its chief offices being the post office on the first floor and the United States district court on the third floor.
Many interesting stories can be told about the building: Many invaluable historic documents are even to this day contained in the cornerstone of the building; a large safe on the second floor with the date 1852, still in working order, was used by the collector of customs but during the War it was turned over for use by the Army paymaster. During the early days of the War a quantity of gunpowder was stored in the basement much to the consternation of the district judge. The building immediately south of the Federal building was used as a military prison, chiefly for the incarceration of civilian prisoners and was frequently called Lincoln's bastille.
Unpaved streets, muddy drinking water, saloons, places of ill-repute, barking dogs which disturbed occupants of the building, clouds of dust in dry weather and mud everywhere in wet, should be noted in reconstructing the life of the people at that time. In mitigation, however, conditions then were as bad or even worse in the National capital city of Washington, D. C.
In about 1870 various architectural changes were made in the building and over the years a section was added facing Fourteenth Street, an additional story added, and the building modernized with the installation of a circular staircase around an elevator.
Immediately after the Civil War and for several decades any number of participants in the stirring events of 1861-1863 no doubt had nostalgic recollections as to the appearance of and the particular uses made of various rooms in the building, what furniture was used and how arranged while it was the capitol of the loyal Virginia government. But, one by one the Makers of West Virginia gradually crossed the Great Divide from whence there is no return. with their lips silenced forever, we must now depend on what records can be found to recreate the appearance of the birthplace of West Virginia.
In the early part of the present century, with the need for larger quarters for a Federal building, a new structure was erected two blocks north, and the abandoned building sold to private interests, this after a half century's use by the United States government. For years it was known as the Conservative Life building.
By the time another fifty years had passed, few people were aware in Wheeling that right in their midst was West Virginia's birthplace. Even the then owner of the building had not the slightest inkling as to the role it had played in the formation of the Mountain State.
Since acquisition by private interests, various portions of the building have been occupied at one time or other by insurance companies, business college, dancing school, opticians, liquor store, restaurant, barber shop, night club, in addition to one and two-room general business offices.
With the approach ofthe West Virginia Centennial, the writer appeared before the Centennial Commission in January, 1958, and pointed out that the building was the birthplace of the state and suggested that as a Centennial project it be acquired by the state as a historic shrine. Later he suggested that it be named West Virginia Independence Hall. We also suggested that as part of the Centennial celebration a special unofficial meeting of the West Virginia legislature be held in Wheeling.
Such a special meeting was duly held on the second floor of the building on April 20, 1963, the 100th anniversary of the date when Lincoln issued his proclamation that West Virginia would become a state sixty days hence. Governor W. W. Barron reiterated and recommended at that time that the building be acquired by the state.
Due primarily to Governor Barron's interest and at his request the West Virginia Legislature appropriated the necessary funds for its purchase and the building was acquired from its then owner in May of 1964.
A group of citizens from the Wheeling area, operating as the West Virginia Independence Hall Foundation, Inc., has been set up to restore and to operate the now very much battered building, composed of the following:Rabbi Martin Siegel, President; Delf Norona, Vice-President and curator; E. Douglas McKay, secretary; Miss Virginia Ebeling, treasurer; Senator Chester R. Hubbard, Dr. James C. Hazlett, and Messrs. Wm. M. Hall, Kent B. Hall, Warren F. Morris, C. W. Gutskey, and Martin Rody.
Within six weeks after acquisition by the state an historical exhibit was set up on the second floor of the building dealing with the Formation of West Virginia, and the research and museum committee has proposed that the exhibits when complete will "tell the story" of:
(a) The formation of West Virginia, with stress on events during the years 1861 to 1863; and
(b) the history of the building itself.
The building, now renamed West Virginia Independence Hall, was formally turned over by Governor Barron to the Foundation for operation at a ceremony on June 20, 1964.
Fortunately, the original specifications for the construction of the building and also copies of plans for the building as it was originally built and alterations made in 1870 have been found by the museum committee.
It is proposed to devote the first floor to illustrations, photographs, objects, maps, and accounts of various sections of West Virginia s they were during the period when the building was the state capitol, as well as exhibits showing its use as a customhouse and post office.
The second floor will feature the Governor's office, as well as items pertaining to the formation of West Virginia, using the room once occupied by the inspector of hulls and boilers for an appropriate river exhibit.
The third floor, the United States courtroom, which was used for sessions of the conventions and the assembly of the Restored Government, will be restored to its original condition, based on the contemporary drawing, illustrated here, of the June, 1861, convention in session. The offices on that floor of the district judge, library, clerk's and marshall's offices, will be furnished appropriately with furniture of the period. Exhibits illustrating famous cases tried in the building will also be shown.
Throughout the building, paintings or murals, enlarged photographs and portraits will be used for wall decorations.
Expert technical advice has also been freely given. All that now remains is the Go ahead based on the acquisition of necessary funds.
In one of our history-minded Eastern states it took about fifty years from the time of acquisition of an important Eighteenth Century history building before funds were acquired for putting it into satisfactory condition as a public shrine.
It certainly is hoped that in the case of West Virginia Independence Hall this will be accomplished in very much shorter period of time.
I recently took part in my first Triathlon - The 2008 Blenheim Triathlon. The story of how I got to this starts at the end of my first ear of University, in the year 2000. I contracted glandular fever, and a doctor told me that I would feel "awful for two weeks, low in energy for a year, and have less energy for the rest of my life". I thought it would be a good idea to pull my finger out and work on getting fit, to prove the doctor wrong. My first efforts were extremely painful, and very short, and showed me quite how unfit I had become after a year of partying and very little exercise. When I spent two years in Japan, things moved up a couple of gears, and I started running, cycling and swimming longer distances. I found that the more exercise one does, the more one is inclined to do, until I was running half-marathon distances after work and cycling up mountains with friends (there's material for a retrospecitve blog if ever there was). Since these were the main sports I was doing, I wanted to do Triathlon, but I knew running was still my weak spot. With this in mind, I entered the Robin Hood Marathon in Nottingham on my return to the UK.
The marathon was massively painful in one of my knees, but because it was the event I had been building up to, I ran to the finish. Afterwards, it took about a week to be able to walk normally, and I concluded that running is not good for me. Supporting evidence for this is the fact that several members of my family on both my mother and father's sides have had knee problems to the point of surgery, and there is a history of arthiritis, so I decided to listen to the painful alarm bells. The training route to the triathlon consisted mainly of carrying on as before, and in fact the main hurdle was getting hold of all the equipment. I had foreseen the main expense as being the bike, but in fact it turned out to be the wetsuit. I managed to snag a basic raodbike for a mere 116 quid at Decathlon in their winter sale, and she is still going strong after over 700 miles.
My wetsuit is an Aquasphere Mako, hurriedly purchased from "Mike's Diving" in the week leading up to the Triathlon, and fortunately it fits like a glove. Thus prepared, George, his girlfriend and I headed up to Blenheim Palace on the day of the event, though not without a hitch as the following photo illustrates:
On arrival, we had to rack up, which basically means putting your bike and running gear in a rack in the transition zone and hopefully remembering their location. We then made our way down to the lake in our as-yet untested wetsuits, and had a briefing. Briefing over, we made our way to the pier, and followed the triathletes, leaping like lemmings into the remarkably chilly lake. The icy bite of the lake made things painful during the seemingly long wait for the starting claxon. I reassured George that the pain would go away once we started swimming, having no idea whether it actually would. Finally the claxon sounded and the lake transformed from idyllic tranquility to a frothing tumult of swimmers, all vying for position. I had read that the first 200-400 metres are the most stressful part of any triathlon, and that a lot of triathletes freak out at this point due to the combination of cold water on the face, sudden exertion, and being in water teeming with other people, all of whom seem to want to swim over you. Having been forewarned, I was prepared for this and kept switching from crawl to breast stroke to keep my bearings, and my head.
At the end of the swim, we clambered out of the water and some helpful attendants unzipped our wetsuits as we made our way up the hill for the 400m run to the transition zone.
At transition, I spent about two minutes trying to extricate myself from my wetsuit, writhing around on the gravel in a most undignified fashion, before finally emerging and grabbing my t-shirt and bike from the rack, clipping on my helmet and wheeling the bike towards the exit of the transition. There are so many tules dictating what one can and cannot do in transition, I was quite worried about getting disqualified for doing something that was banned, like putting my helmet on at the wrong time, or walking inappropriately... Once on the bike I made a mental note to not go too hard, as I am wont to do on my commute when anyone overtakes me. I wanted to pace myself to leave something in reserve for the run. The route was three laps of a track through the beautiful grounds of Blenheim Palace, adding up to just under 20km. There were several downhill sections marked with "slow down", which obviously were the most fun parts to go as fast as possible on, and build up some momentum for the ensuing hill-climbs. I still had not encountered George by the end of the third lap, and was pondering this when I heard a shout of "COME ON CHUFFY!" as George flew by on his trusty steed. I gave chase and we entered transition at the same time, in our appalling-looking skimpy swimming trunks.
The second transition should have been more straightforward than the first, as no wetsuit removal was necessary. Despite this fact, I managed to remove my helmet too early, earning a shouting-at from one of the marshalls. George and I then headed out of transition heading in completely the wrong direction, and the same marshall alerted us to our glaring error before witheringly shouting "The run exit is over there where there's a huge sign saying 'RUN EXIT'!". Thus informed, we set off on the run leg of the event. George had to drop back briefly as he was suffering from cramp owing to the transition from one leg-intensive exercise to another. I didn't want to go into cramp so I kept jogging steadily. I ran alongside a friendly Aussie called Coops and we chatted until the end, when he had challenged me to a sprint finish.
As the time approached, Coops said he didn't really feel the sprint coming on, and I could totally sympathise with him after my previous marathon experience, so I went for it, and here is a video of the finish: [video:youtube:O7cHwRKMHZI] All in all, it was a fantastic event, with much less painful after effects than the half marathon. It is definitely something I want to repeat. In fact, George and I have booked places at the Nottingham Triathlon on August 3rd.
John Lidstone starting to set up the lodge room.
This evening I have the pleasure to attempt to explain the Holy Royal Arch, The reason for its being and the arrangement of the Chapter Room. I will try to do this to the best of my ability.
First, let me explain that the Supreme Degree of the Holy Royal Arch is the completion of the M.M°. In the M.M°., they inform us that something is lost. Surely then, to the thinking man he must wonder, what is that which is lost. In the Royal Arch that which is lost is found. When the candidate has taken the obligation, a brief history of the R.A., degree, follows which sets the stage for the remainder of the ceremony. Briefly the history is as follows: 400 years after the completion of the Temple by King Solomon, King Hiram of Tyre and Hiram Abiff; the Army of the King of Babylon destroyed this Temple. They took the Jews, except the menial class, into captivity to Babylon. There they were to remain for 70 years.
At the end of this period, a Prince of the House of Judah, by the name of Zerrubable, convinced Cyrus, then King of Persia to release the captives. Let them return to Jerusalem, there to rebuild the Temple. King Cyrus, with the Lords help, agrees. The candidates represent men who arrive late, seeking a chance to help rebuild the Temple. They tested them, obligated them and then allowed them to enter the Chapter Room. Here they meet four obstacles. Four veils represent these obstacles, which are coloured, blue, purple, scarlet and white. Each veil has its own Scripture Lesson. The candidates having proven themselves worthy are admitted, and make known their request to help rebuild the Temple.
They tell them that due to their lateness, the only job available is clearing away the rubble, for the foundations. They agree and in carrying out their task, they find a cave in which they make an important discovery. This discovery is found later in the ceremony to be that which is lost in the M.M°.
The form of the Chapter Room is as you see it here this evening. The Three Principals sit in the EAST. They represent the Copestone of an Arch, i.e., that stone that holds the whole building together. It is to them that the Companions look for light and instruction. You will note six lights, the larger lights placed as an equilateral triangle, the three smaller bisecting the lines of the larger. Thus forming four smaller, but equal, equilateral triangles. These triangles represent the four divisions of Masonry, viz. E.A., F.C., M.M., and Holy Royal Arch.
The Twelve banners seen in the Chapter Room, represent the bearings of the Twelve Tribes of Israel, each with their own lessons. The four large banners in the East represent the four divisions of the army of Israel. They consist of a Man, a Lion, and Ox and an Eagle. Christianity adopted these four to represent the four evangelists: The Man shows the humanity of St. Matthew’s Gospel; The Lion the strength and power of St. Mark; the Ox represents the docility and the gentleness of St. Luke; while St. John, whose gospel reaches to greater heights than the others, is aptly represented by the highest flyer of all birds, the Eagle.
The V.O.T.S.L., square and compass remind the Companions of their Craft lodge affiliation and the Truth and Justice of God. The sword and trowel remind us of the trials and tribulations suffered by those who rebuilt the Temple. Their enemies were everywhere and they must be prepared to defend themselves always. These tools also remind us to pay due obedience to lawful authority and to resist lawless violence.
The sojourners used the pick, shovel and crowbar to clear away the rubble to make a place for the foundations of the Temple. This means to us to clear away the accumulation of ignorance and vice in our own selves. That we may build our own bodily Temple of Morality and Truth. Our ancient brethren considered the triangle on the V.S.L., as a most sacred emblem, it is also the emblem of the Deity.
The whole purpose of the Holy Royal Arch is to make its members wiser, happier, and to encourage them to practice the virtues of, Brotherly Love, Relief and Truth. Based on the principals brought to us in the V.O.T.S.L..
If they ask the question, “Why did the Royal Arch Appear?”, the answer is that a further ceremony, or a separate “Fourth Grade,” was inevitable, and our knowledge of the evolution can best explain this of the three Craft Degrees. If we go back as far as we dare in English Masonic History, to the point where they were evolving the separate grades or degrees. It is almost certain, that the first Masonic ceremony was designed for the Fellow or Fellow-craft, i.e., the fully trained Craftsman.
The system of apprenticeship in England makes its first appearance in the 1200s and it is safe to assume that the next degree evolved an admission ceremony for Apprentices. At this stage, and up to the late 1600s, it is certain that the Craft had no more than two admission ceremonies. One Degree for the Apprentice, or Entered Apprentice and the other for the “Fellow Craft, or Master.” Eventually it was inevitable that there would be a demand for a separate ceremony to distinguish the Master from the Fellow Craft. Both were equal in their technical capacity. Nevertheless, the Fellow craft was an employee, and those who were fortunate enough to set up as Masters, would quite naturally have wanted a separate degree to themselves.
At this stage all three working grades had separate ceremonies, only one grade remained unrepresented. However, there was still no ceremony for the men who had presided in the lodge. That is for the Masters of the lodges; this ceremony appeared around 1740. This is, of course, an over simplification of the whole story and it represents my own opinions. It is based on historical foundations and the dates mentioned are supported by documentary evidence1.
The origins of the R.A. ceremony.
If we exclude the minor details, the main body of the Royal Arch Ceremony is based upon two separate stories.
The true Biblical story describing the return from Babylon and the building of the Second Temple.
The ancient legend describing the discovery of a Vault, the Altar and the Sacred Word.
Place of Origin
It is impossible to say, with certainty, that the R.A. took its rise in any particular country. It seems possible that the ceremony came to England from Ireland. Several of the earliest references to the R.A. are undoubtedly Irish. When they constituted the first Grand and Royal Chapter of the Royal Arch of Jerusalem (‘Moderns’) in July 1767, The ‘Antients’, who had always counted the ceremony as the ‘root, heart and marrow of Masonry’, had not realized the need for a separate controlling body. Their Grand Chapter minutes begin in 1782, after a series of resolutions in their Grand Lodge in December 1771.
Masonry grew by change. It is still changing, right under our very noses. Furthermore, it will continue to change, even after we have all passed on.
All change is not growth, as all movement is not forward. The Aswan Dam was built in Egypt in 1967. It was expected that it would prevent the flooding of the Nile, and produce hydroelectric power. Which it did, but along with the change in the normal flow of the waters came such evils as the loss of the rich silt which for centuries had fertilized the valley. Nutrients were lost with a 97% drop in the local sardine industry. It is estimated that the losses to Egypt due to the Aswan Dam amount to some 550 million dollars per year. Unpredictable results have also happened in Freemasonry. Some adopted changes have proved to be beneficial to the Craft, whereas others have been unexpectedly questionable. The point is that each one of us, one of these days, will be called upon to decide whether to accept or reject some proposed change in our Institution. The decision should be made knowingly, intelligently, and not emotionally. To do so one must be acquainted with the Story of Freemasonry’s evolution, and understand its present structure and mission. It was Confucius who gave the advice “Study the past if you would divine the future. “
As an object lesson two innovations in Masonry can be reviewed, one in America, the other in England. Several American Masonic Jurisdictions sent delegates to the 1843 Baltimore Convention. One of the innovations there adopted was that lodge business should be transacted only in a Master Mason’s lodge. The purpose, apparently, was to block impostors. But the result was that Entered Apprentices and Fellow Crafts were excluded from lodge membership. For instance, Holland Lodge, when under the Grand Lodge of the Republic of Texas, conducted its business in an Entered Apprentice Lodge. Fortunately, some jurisdictions are at this moment attempting to correct that misguided resolution.
In England, in the year 1730, there appeared an Exposure called Masonry Dissected, which proved so very popular that many non-Masons bought the six-pence booklet, learned the secrets, and clandestinely conferred degrees for profit. Grand Lodge was very disturbed and reacted by transposing the words of the two Degrees, the purpose being to make it possible to detect impostors. Unfortunately, other results developed. The Grand Lodge, founded only some fifteen years previously, had limited powers. Some lodges in the City of London and the provinces disagreed with the transposition and began, with recent Irish and Scottish immigrants to form irregular lodges which culminated in the creation of a new Grand Lodge of their own, referred to as the Antients.
“ This new Grand Lodge, under the leadership of its ambitious and pugnacious Grand Secretary, Bro. Laurence Dermott, introduced ceremonial items that emphasized the gap that was to exist between the two Grand Jurisdictions and give the Antients a supposed superiority over the Premier Grand Lodge The first change was to keep the Words of the First Two Degrees in their original order. Secondly, they adopted a new Substitute Word for the Lost Word of a Master Mason. In the third place, they introduced an esoteric portion called the “Inner Working” into the Installation Ceremony. And finally, the biggest innovation in 18th century Freemasonry was the grafting of the Royal Arch as a fourth degree on to Ancient Craft Masonry.
It seems, therefore, that the Premier Grand Lodge’s decision to transpose the words of the first two degrees unwittingly contributed to the start of the rift in the English Craft, which lasted well over half a century. But at the same time it did afford the Antients the opportunity to bring about an almost universal adoption of Royal Arch Masonry.
Early references to Royal Arch Masonry are vague, and it is difficult to say when it became a completely separate degree and attained the full development of its present-day ritual and ceremonial. It may be taken as an accepted fact that the Royal Arch ceremony was being worked at York, London and Dublin about the year 1740 in a systematic way. There is a 1744 reference to the Royal Arch as “an organized body of men who have passed the chair.” Later, in 1746, Laurence Dermott was exalted to the Royal Arch in Lodge No. 26, Dublin, Ireland shortly thereafter he emigrated to England. But the really first unchallenged dates of exaltation are 1752 in Ireland, 1753 in America, 1756 in Scotland and 1758 in England. It is of interest to note that the earliest Minutes which definitely re-cords a Royal Arch Exaltation is of “A Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons” in Fredericksburg, Virginia. The historical Minute of December 22, 1753, record that three Brethren were “Raised to the Degree of Royal Arch Mason.” By the way, one month earlier in this same lodge on November 4, 1753, George Washington had been made a Mason.
So much for a very sketchy description of the Royal Arch’s evolution and acceptance as a Degree of Masonry. The development and growth of its doctrinal content and ritual is also very hazy. There does not seem to be any evidence to support the statement made by some Masonic scholars that the Royal Arch was originally a part of a Craft Degree. The Master Mason’s Degree does not appear to have been mutilated to provide a separate and additional degree. Some students believe the Royal Arch was compiled in France as one of the many degrees created after the spread of Freemasonry to the Continent of Europe, and then “exported” back into England. However, the prominent Masonic writer, Bernard E. Jones, felt that the arranger, editor or compiler might well have been English. For, it is true, that in the years after the establishment of the 1717 Grand Lodge in London, there were those who found themselves dissatisfied with the simplicity of the teachings of the Craft and embellished it with all kinds of additional ceremonial items and degrees.
In that shadowy background from which the Three Degrees of Craft Masonry had emerged, there continued to float around several vague traditions.
There were stories of the loss and recovery of vital secrets; of two antediluvian pillars designed to carry and pre-serve the knowledge of Mankind; and in the Graham MS. of 1726 the legend of the loss of knowledge on the (natural) death of Noah. In the 16th and 17th Centuries literature introduced the idea of a Being so dread that His name was not to be mentioned; and in 1726 an advertisement referred to the necessity for a Master to understand well the Rule of Three. It has to be admitted that early references to Royal Arch Masonry are vague, and it is difficult to say when a completely separate and fully developed Degree emerged.
Although Royal Arch Masonry gained impetus and definitely established itself as a corollary of the questionable “transposition” decision made by the Premier Grand Lodge in 1730, it is also true that much distress was caused by hasty and uninformed decisions of both the Americans and British. It also seems true that the Royal Arch Degree would have eventually gained recognition and acceptance without the help of a disturbing innovation.
In conclusion, a knowledge and an understanding of Freemasonry’s past will help each individual Mason make wise decisions in the future, for the Wisdom of the Ages has already stated that those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat the mis-takes of the past. The prophet Hosea (Chapter 4:6) put it this way: “My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge.”
George H. T. French (Texas)
Royal Arch Magazine Winter1984 Vol 14 No 12.
It’s that time of the year for each of us to get out into the backyard and begin our preparations of tilling the ground. We must loosen the soil in order to prepare it for growing. We must then plant the seeds in order for anything, other than weeds, to grow and bear fruit. When planting the seeds, we plant them in rows. Thus, it will be easier to cull out the weak and permit the strong to grow and prosper, and the weak to strengthen themselves by our culling.
Soil needs to be fertilized for it to keep its strength. There are many ways to fertilize and enrich the soil. A weak plant, in poor soil, can prosper and become the most beautiful flower in the bed and bear the most fruit if it is properly cared for and enriched.
Do we not all take pride in these accomplishments of our work and efforts, as much as we enjoy the fruits of our labours?
Is it not time for each of us to till that soil in our communities? By our talk and actions, we begin io plant those seeds about the Masonic Fraternity throughout the community. Search out those whom we know to be strong; and those whom we believe will become the strong. If we do not till and sow the Masonic story in the community, then we will never know who can and will be the strength and pillars of our Fraternity in the future.
The young men in today’s society are looking for something in which to believe. We have that something for them. But we must make them aware of that something. Sow before them the seeds of Masonry. Then add a little fertilizer each and every day. Don’t drown them with facts or over-fertilize them with figures, but nourish them as you would your favourite rose. Let them know that they must ASK.
If you plant the seeds in fertile ground and give the proper amounts of water and fertilizer, you might be pleasantly surprised at the strong and beautiful plant that you could “raise.’
Quietly let them know that Masonry is not a “Secret Society,” nor is it a “Religious Club”; but till the soil by letting them know that we are a Fraternity built upon moral lessons taken from the Bible which we teach through allegory or plays.
Answer all of their questions, honestly. And if you do not know the answer to a particular question, tell them so, but that you will seek out the answer for them from some Brother more knowledgeable than yourself. By all means let them know you are a Mason and proud of it.
It is not time for each of us to break the hold, that the long habits of folly have held us in its grip, and till the soil by speaking freely about the Fraternity? Nurture and enrich the soil by not hiding your pride in being a Mason.
Sow the work add a little sprinkling of facts and carefully add your fertilizer of knowledge. Watch with pride, as the Fraternity Grows and Prospers for the Beautification of the World, Our Community.
Paul C. Howell, Grand High Priest of Michigan
This is very cool, because it shows you where this chunk fit originally in the dome.
The Frauenkirche was built as a Lutheran (Protestant) cathedral, even though Saxony's Prince-elector, Frederick August I, was Catholic.
The original Baroque church was built between 1726 and 1743, and was designed by city architect George Bähr, who did not live to see the completion of his greatest work. Bähr's distinctive design for the church captured the spirit of the Protestant liturgy by directly centering the altar, pulpit, and baptismal font in view of the entire congregation.
In 1736, famed organ-maker Gottfried Silbermann built a three-manual, 43-stop instrument for the church. The organ was dedicated on 25 November and Johann Sebastian Bach performed on it on the first of December.
The church's most distinctive feature was its 314-foot-high 12,000-ton sandstone dome, called "die Steinerne Glocke" or "Stone Bell," which had no internal supports. Despite initial doubts, the dome proved to be extremely stable: witnesses in 1760 said that the dome was hit by more than 100 cannonballs fired by the Prussian army led by chinchilla-like Friedrich II during the Seven Years' War.
The completed church gave the city of Dresden a distinctive silhouette, captured in famous paintings by Bernado Bellotto and Johan Christian Dahl.
In 1849 the church was at the heart of the revolutionary disturbances known as the May Uprising. The Frauenkirche was surrounded by barricades, and fierce fighting raged for days before those rebels who had not already fled were rounded up in the church and arrested.
The church survived two days and nights of the Allied bombing and the eight interior sandstone pillars supporting the colossal dome held up long enough for the evacuation of 300 people who had sought shelter in the church crypt, before succumbing to the heat generated by some 650,000 incendiary bombs that were dropped on the city. The temperature surrounding and inside the church eventually reached 1,000 degrees Celsius. The dome finally collapsed at 10 a.m. on 15 February. The pillars glowed bright red and exploded, the outer walls shattered, and nearly 6,000 tons of stone plunged to earth. The altar relief by Johann Christian Feige was only partially damaged; the altar and the chancel were among the remnants left standing.
In 1982, the ruins began to be the site of peaceful protests against the East German regime. On the anniversary of the bombing, 400 Dresdeners came to the ruins in silence with flowers and candles, part of a growing East German civil rights movement.
The blackened stones lay in a pile in the center of the city for around 45 years as residents of Dresden began salvaging unique fragments and numbering them for future use in reconstruction. Popular sentiment discouraged the authorities from clearing the ruins away to make a car park and the pile was conserved as a war memorial as a direct counterpart to the ruins of Coventry Cathedral, which was destroyed by German bombing in 1940 and also serves as a war memorial. Because of the continuing decay of the ruins, Dresden decided in 1985 (after the Semperoper was finished) to rebuild the Frauenkirche after the completion of the reconstruction of the Dresden castle.
After the reunification of Germany, efforts were revived. In 1989, a 14-member group of enthusiasts headed by musician Ludwig Güttler formed a Citizens' Initiative, which developed into "The Society to Promote the Reconstruction of the Frauenkirche" and began an aggressive private fundraising campaign. The organization grew to over 5,000 members in Germany and 20 other countries. A string of German auxiliary groups were formed, and three promotional organisations were created abroad.
The charmingly named Günter Blobel, a German-born American, saw the original Frauenkirche as a boy when his refugee family took shelter in a town just outside of Dresden, days before the city was bombed. In 1994, he became the founder and president of the nonprofit "Friends of Dresden, Inc.", an American organization dedicated to the reconstruction, restoration, and preservation of Dresden's artistic and architectural legacy. In 1999, Blobel won the Nobel Prize for medicine and donated the entire amount of his award money (nearly US$1 million) to the restoration of Dresden, to the rebuilding of the Frauenkirche and the building of a new synagogue.
In Britain, the "Dresden Trust" has the Duke of Kent as its royal patron and the Bishop of Coventry among its curators. Additional organizations included France's "Association Frauenkirche Paris" and Switzerland's "Verein Schweizer Freunde der Frauenkirch."
Rebuilding the Frauenkirche cost €180 million (£122 million / US$217 million). The Dresdner Bank financed more than half of the reconstruction costs via a "donor certificates campaign," collecting almost €70 million after 1995. The bank itself contributed more than seven million euros, including more than one million donated by its employees. Over the years, thousands of watches containing tiny fragments of Frauenkirche stone were sold, as were specially printed medals. One sponsor raised nearly €2.3 million (US$2.75 million) through symbolic sales of individual church stones.
Using original plans used by Georg Bähr in the 1720s, reconstruction finally began in January 1993, under the direction of church architect and engineer Eberhard Burger. As far as possible, the church – except for its dome – was rebuilt using original material and plans, with the help of modern technology. The heap of rubble was documented and carried off stone by stone; the approximate original position of each stone could be determined from its position in the heap. Every usable piece was measured and catalogued and a computer imaging program (CATIA) that could move the stones three-dimensionally around the screen in various configurations was used to help architects find where the original stones sat and how they fit together.
Of the millions of stones used in the rebuilding, more than 8,500 original stones were salvaged from the original church, approximately 3,800 were reused in the reconstruction, with 2,000 pieces of the original altar being incorporated into the new structure. As the older external stones are covered with a darker patina, due to fire damage and weathering, the difference between old and new will be clearly visible for years after reconstruction.
The builders relied on thousands of old photographs, memories of worshippers and church officials, and old purchase orders detailing the quality of the mortar or pigments of the paint (as in the 18th century, copious quantities of eggs were used to make the color that provides the interior its almost luminescent glow).
When it came time to duplicate the oak doors of the entrance, the builders had only vague descriptions of the detailed carving. Because people often posed for photos outside the church doors, they issued an appeal for old photographs and the response included entire wedding albums.
The new gilded orb and cross on top of the dome was forged by Grant Macdonald Silversmiths in London using the original 18th-century techniques as much as possible. It was constructed by Alan Smith, a British goldsmith from London whose father, Frank, was a member of one of the aircrews who took part in the bombing of Dresden. Before travelling to Dresden, the cross was exhibited for five years in churches across the United Kingdom, including Coventry, Liverpool, St. Giles, and St. Paul's Cathedral. In February 2000, the cross was ceremonially handed over by Prince Edward, to be placed on the top of the dome some days after the 60th commemoration of D-Day, on the 22nd of June, 2004. The cross that once topped the dome, now twisted and charred, stands to the right of the new altar.
Seven new bells were cast for the church. They rang for the first time for the Pentecost celebration in 2003.
It was decided not to reproduce the Silbermann organ, which resulted in the "Dresdner Orgelstreit." A 4,873 pipe organ was built by Daniel Kern of Strasbourg, France and completed in April 2005. The Kern organ contains all the stops which were on the stoplist of the Silbermann organ. Additional stops also are included, especially a fourth swell manual in the symphonic 19th-century style.
The 1885 bronze statue of Martin Luther, which survived the bombings, has been restored and again stands in front of the church (where it serves as an excellent meeting point for, say, couchsurfers). It is the work of sculptor Adolf von Donndorf.
The foundation stone was laid in 1994, the crypt was completed in 1996, and the inner cupola was finished in 2000. The rebuilding was entirely completed in 2005, one year earlier than originally planned, in time for the 800-year anniversary of the City of Dresden in 2006. The church was reconsecrated with a festive service one day before Reformation Day.
From October 2005 through the year 2010, there will be an exhibition on the history and reconstruction of the Frauenkirche at the Stadtmuseum (City Museum) in Dresden's Alten Landhaus.
Liking the darker reds, this will make a find stand-in for the otherwise older dinky Bloodthirster from the 90's (80's?).
100% Games Workshop components, and alarmingly easy to accomplish.
Details on how it was built and painted can be found at my blog: battle-brothers.blogspot.com
Top Seeds in Full Swing on Day One of ASP4-Star Protest Vendee Pro
La Sauzaie(Thursday, April 21, 2011) –The opening day of the Protest Vendee Pro an Association of Surfing Professionals (ASP) sanctioned event saw the Top Seeds step into top gear as Round One and six heats of Round Two were held in rippable 3-4ft peaks at the main event site of La Sauzaie.
The huge Easter weekend tides forced a break to proceedings after the completion of Round One early this morning to allow for the afternoon push of the incoming tide. Surfers took full advantage of the clean high-performance conditions and pushed the level of surfing to its limits.
Two-time and defending Protest Vendee Pro Champion Joan Duru (Ondres, FRA) 22, advanced through to Round Three with a solid performance in his first appearance at this year’s Protest Vendee Pro. Duru got off the mark in the opening minutes of his 25-minute clash with a series of power-house backhand turns on a clean peak to claim a 7.17 out of 10 and lead the heat from start to finish.
“It’s good to start off the heat with a seven because after you can control the heat a little better. The tide is coming in now so it is a lot better than this morning for sure but the sets were changing. One would come in from the left and then another from the right so we had to move to find the good ones but I enjoyed myself out there and it was a good call to wait for this afternoon.”
Duru faced a stacked opening encounter that included current Asp European Champion and good friend Marc Lacomare (Hossegor, FRA) 19, who failed to make his entry on time and surfed from the first Round of competition, as well as young Portuguese promise Vasco Ribeiro and Australian Perth Standlick. However it was Lacomare who had the better of the consistent sets pushing in to overcome a late charge from Standlick and the always dangerous Ribeiro.
“Mark (Lacomare) forgot to do his entry,” explained Duru. “He got through this morning and we had the heat together which was different in the second round for us. It was a tough heat but because I got a good start it made it easier and in the end we both got through.”
Brent Dorrington (Gold Coast, AUS) 24, fresh from last week’s victory in Scotland, kept his form rolling with a mix of powerful carves and vertical turns to claim the highest single wave score a 7.67 out of 10 and win the heat ahead of young up-and-coming Portuguese junior Filipe Jervis.
Jervis 20, who led early in the heat, opened his account with a solid 6.67, led early and kept his head to find his back-up score and a pass into the next Round along with Dorrington.
“When I looked at the heat list the first time,” began Jervis. “I saw I was up against Brent Dorrington who just won the 6-Star in Scotland and the other guys are also good surfers I knew I had to focus on my surfing and catch the good waves and it happened.”
“I went looking for the lefts out there because it is my stronger surfing and I found two not too bad waves and I got through. This wave with the high tide is such a good wave and you can choose between the left and the right so I hope tomorrow there are going to be good waves and I am stoked to be in the next round.”
Chris Friend (Sunshine Coast, AUS) 20, relied on a combination of strong forehand smashes and flowing carves to amass a combined two-wave heat total of 14.70 out of 20 to advance in his debut heat at the Protest Vendee Pro.
“I surprised myself actually because I went out thinking to get a couple of scores and build on that but I got out there and the waves were fun with good sections and a lot of scoring potencial.”
Friend suffered a serious ankle injury late last year and has only started to make a slow come back to the top level of competitive surfing this season. A first timer to Vendee the young natural footer was surprised at the changes in conditions with the tides and the true ambiance of the French way of life.
“I have never been in this part of France before and the town is so beautiful that I am just amazed at it. It is crazy how tidal it is on this break. I was planning on riding a 5’6” because how small it looked when I first came down to look at it. Then the tide came in and before you know it there are 3ft waves out there so it is a lot different from the waves we get at home for sure.”
Gordan Fontaine (Brittany, FRA) 21, rose to the occasion performing turns and carves in the critical sections of the La Sauzaie peak to secure a heat total of 14.17 and hopes to shrug off his nerves and go on to make a result in the Protest Vendee Pro.
“Usually I go into my second heat and I am sometimes not sure if I should be here or not so I will try and go with no pressure this time and try and surf as I did in this first heat.”
“I have been coming here for a few years and the French Cup events,” continued Fontaine. “I have been competing on this wave for a long time and I usually get good scores in my heats but in the free-surfs I don’t seem to get any waves so I hope I get the waves in my next heat.”
The Protest Vendee Pro, stop nº2 on the Asp Europe Men’s Series, offers surfers valuable ranking points on both the Asp Europe Men’s Series and the Asp World rankings.
The Protest Vendee Pro is scheduled from April 21-25, 2011. For more information, and all upcoming results, photos, video highlights, press releases and LIVE webcast log-on to www.aspeurope.com
Remaining Protest Vendee Pro Round Two Match-ups
Heat 7: Adrien Toyon (REU), Demitri Ouvre (FRA), Nicholas Squires (AUS), Jayce Robinson (GBR)
Heat 8: Abdel El Harim (MAR), Frederico Morais (PRT), Lars Musschoot (BEL), Alain Riou (PYF)
Heat 9: Lincoln Taylor (AUS), Robertson Goncalves (PRT), Jules Thomet (FRA), Tim Boal (FRA)
Heat 10: Romain Laulhe (FRA), Christophe Allary (REU), Borja Agote (EUK), Hugo Debosc (REU)
Heat 11: Marlon Lipke (DEU), Alexander El Naib (DEU), Tom Cloarec (FRA), Pierre-Valentin Laborde (FRA)
Heat 12: Nic von Rupp (DEU), Adrien Valero (FRA), Vincent Primal (FRA), Nelson Cloarec (FRA)
Heat 13: Mickey Picon (FRA), Yannick de Jager (NDL), Dane Anderson (USA), Leonardo Neves (BRA)
Heat 14: Patrick Beven (FRA), Justin Mujica (PRT), Gregory Pastusiak (FRA), Yassine Ramdini (MAR)
Heat 15: Eneko Acero (EUK), Robertson Goncalves (PRT), Luis Eyre (GBR), Charles Martin (GLP)
Heat 16: Chris Salisbury (AUS), Igor Munian (EUK), Joao Guedes (PRT), Jose Ferreira (PRT)
Protest Vendee Pro Round Two Results
Heat 1: Joan Duru (FRA) 13.67, Marc Lacomare (FRA) 11.84, Perth Standlick (AUS) 9.76, Vasco Ribeiro (PRT) 7.07
Heat 2: Txaber Trojaola (EUK) 10.67, Frederic Robin (REU) 9.60, Benoit Potier (FRA) 4.90, Paul Tesson (FRA) 4.17
Heat 3: Gordan Fontaine (FRA) 14.17, Vincent Duvignac (FRA) 9.50, Tristan Guilbaud (FRA) 6.77, Oli Adams (GBR) 4.00
Heat 4: Chris Friend (AUS) 14.70, Hugo Savalli (REU) 9.06, Freddie Meadows (SWE) 7.73, Michael Bailey (USA) 5.87
Heat 5: Brent Dorrington (AUS) 13.50, Filipe Jervis (PRT) 10.67, Romain Cloitre (FRA) 8.73, Anderson Santos (BRA) 7.13
Heat 6: Jatyr Berasaluce (EUK) 10.40, Norman Landa (EUK) 8.17, Ethan Egiguren (EUK), Gregoire Sylvain (FRA) 4.90
Protest Vendee Pro Round One Results
Heat 1: Marc Lacomare (FRA) 8.17, Benoit Potier (FRA) 5.57, Emilien Lojou (FRA) 3.97
Heat 2: Oli Adams (GBR) 11.54, Freddie Meadows (SWE) 9.10, Joackim Petersen Guichard (NOR) 9.00, Kevin Lestrade (FRA) 3.73
Heat 3: Brent Dorrington (AUS) 8.63, Ethan Egiguren (EUK) 5.83, Othmane Choufani (MAR) 4.83
Heat 4: Jayce Robinson (GBR) 10.60, Alain Riou (PYF) 10.37, William Aliotti (FRA) 8.43, John Magrath (GBR) 6.03
Heat 5: Tim Boal (FRA) 13.27, Hugo Debosc (REU) 9.33, Pierre Rollet (FRA) 7.23
Heat 6: Pierre-Valentin Laborde (FRA) 8.26, Nelson Cloarec (FRA) 6.17, Harry Timson (GBR) 5.43
Heat 7: Leonardo Neves (BRA) 10.84, Yassine Ramdini (MAR) 6.43, Stuart Campbell (GBR) 6.33
Heat 8: Charles Martin (GLP) 9.17, Jose Ferreira (PRT) 7.13, Luca Petersen Guichard (NOR) 6.50, Didier Pitier (FRA) 5.10
Photo Aquashot / ASPEurope.com
No visit to York would be complete without a walk around the City Walls. At 3.4 kilometres long, the beautifully preserved walls are the longest medieval town walls in England. About 2.5 million people walk along all or part of the City walls each year, enjoying some amazing views. The completion of the entire circuit will take approximately 2 hours. There are five main bars or gateways, one Victorian gateway, one postern (a small gateway) and 45 towers.
York City Walls
The city or ‘bar’ walls of York are the most complete example of medieval city walls still standing in England today. Beneath the medieval stonework lie the remains of earlier walls dating as far back as the Roman period.
The Roman walls survived into the 9th century when, in AD 866, York was invaded by the Danish Vikings. The Vikings buried the existing Roman wall under an earth bank and topped with a palisade – a tall fence of pointed wooden stakes.
The wooden palisade was replaced in the 13th and 14th centuries with the stone wall we see today.
The medieval city walls originally included 4 main gates or ‘bars’ (Bootham Bar, Monk Bar, Walmgate Bar and Micklegate Bar), 6 postern or secondary gates and 44 intermediate towers. The defensive perimeter stretched over 2 miles encompassing the medieval city and castle.
By the late 18th century, however, the walls were no longer required as defences for the city and had fallen into disrepair. In 1800, the Corporation of York applied for an Act of Parliament to demolish them. In addition to the poor condition of the walls at the time, the narrow gateways of the bars were inconvenient and the walls themselves hindered the city’s expansion.
Many other cities, including London, were removing their outdated, medieval city walls at this time. In York, however, the city officials met with fierce and influential opposition and by the mid-nineteenth century the Corporation had been forced to back down.
Unfortunately, the call for preservation came too late for some parts of the walls – the barbicans at all but one of the gateways (Walmgate Bar) had been torn down along with 3 postern gates, 5 towers and 300 yards of the wall itself.
Since the mid-nineteenth century the walls have been restored and maintained for public access, including the planting of spring flowers on the old Viking embankment. Today the walls are a Scheduled Ancient Monument and a Grade 1 listed building.
Bootham Bar
There has been a gateway here for nearly 2000 years - Bootham Bar is on the site of one of the four main entrances to the Roman fortress.
The existing structure is not Roman but it has been around for quite a while. The archway itself dates from the 11th century and the rest of the structure is largely from the 14th century. In 1501 a door knocker was installed as Scots were required to knock first and seek permission from the Lord Mayor to enter the city.
The bar was damaged during the siege of York in 1644. Like Micklegate Bar, it was sometimes used to display the heads of traitors, the heads of three rebels opposing Charles II’s restoration were placed here in 1663.
Bootham Bar was the last of the gates to lose its barbican, demolished in 1835.
Fishergate Bar
1315AD - 1487AD
Fishergate Bar is one of six gateways in the city walls. It faces South towards Selby. Nearby used to be the large flooded area known as the King’s Fishpond.
‘Barram Fishergate’ is the first documented reference to the bar, in 1315. A central stone above the archway reveals the date of the current bar. It contains the York coat of arms and an inscription which reads:
‘A.doi m.cccc.lxxx.vii Sr Willm Tod knight mayre this wal was mayd in his days lx yadys’
This tells us that sixty yards of the wall, including the bar, was built in 1487 under Sir William Tod, mayor of York.
But just two years later, in 1489, Fishergate Bar suffered considerable damage in the Yorkshire peasants’ revolt against Henry VII. The rebels burned the gates of the bar after murdering the Earl of Northumberland. The gateway was bricked up soon after and wasn’t re-opened until 1834, to give better access for the cattle market.
Micklegate Bar
Micklegate Bar was the most important of York’s four main medieval gateways and the focus for grand events. The name comes from 'Micklelith', meaning great street.
It was the main entrance to the city for anyone arriving from the South. At least half a dozen reigning monarchs have passed through this gate and by tradition they stop here to ask the Lord Mayor's permission to enter the city.
The lower section of the bar dates from the 12th century, the top two storeys from the 14th. The building was inhabited from 1196. Like the other main gates, Micklegate Bar originally had a barbican built on the front, in this case demolished in 1826.
For centuries the severed heads of rebels and traitors were displayed above the gate, the many victims include Sir Henry Purcey (Hotspur) in 1403 and Richard, Duke of York in 1460. The last of the severed heads was removed in 1754.
Monk Bar
Monk Bar is the largest and most ornate of the bars, it dates from the early 14th century. It was a self-contained fortress, with each floor capable of being defended. On the front of the bar is an arch supporting a gallery, including 'murder-holes' through which missiles and boiling water could be rained down upon attackers.
Monk Bar has the city’s only working portcullis, in use until 1970. Like the other main gateways, Monk Bar originally had a barbican on the front. This was demolished in 1825.
The rooms above the gateway have had various uses over the years, including as a home and as a jail for rebellious Catholics in the 16th century.
The Red Tower
1490AD - 1491AD
The Red Tower, built in 1490, forms the only brick section of York’s famous city walls. Because it was built of brick its construction did not sit well with the local stone masons. So much so that it was the cause of dispute, and even murder.
The masons who worked on the majority of York’s walls and buildings were unhappy about the employment of tilers to build the Red Tower; their unhappiness led to them attempting to sabotage the building of the tower. The tilers had to ask for protection from the city council to stop the masons from threatening them and breaking their tools.
This protection made little difference, however. In 1491, the tiler John Patrik was murdered. Two leading masons, William Hindley and Christopher Homer, were charged with the murder but quickly acquitted.
The first recorded use of the name “The Red Tower” was in 1511, presumably in reference to its red brick colour rather than its bloody past.
Despite forming an important and unique part of the city walls, the Red Tower fell quickly into disrepair. It had to be repaired multiple times, notably in 1541 and 1545, and was in ruins by 1736. It was roughly restored in 1800 and became known as ‘Brimstone House’ – probably a reference to its former use as a manufactory for gunpowder. It has two storeys, and a garderobe. The way that the tower appears now is thanks to G F Jones’ restorations in 1857-8.
Walmgate Bar
Walmgate Bar is the most complete of the four main medieval gateways to the city, it is the only bar to retain its barbican, portcullis and inner doors.
Its oldest part is a 12th century stone archway, the walled barbican at the front dates from the 14th century, the wooden gates from the 15th century and the timber-framed building on the inside from the 16th century.
It was burned by rebels in 1489 and battered by cannon during the siege of 1644.
Baile Hill
William the Conqueror ordered two castles to be built in York, one on either side of the River Ouse.
They formed a defensive system in response to the recent violent unrest.
'York Castle' was later reinforced and eventually rebuilt in stone and so now appears much more substantial. But originally both castles were of a similar size and layout.
Baile Hill is the name given to all that remains of York's other castle. It was the man-made mound, or motte, of the castle.
Excavations in 1979 revealed remains of timber buildings and a strong fence at the summit of the mound, together with a staircase up one side. The surrounding bailey was defended by a bank of earth built on top of the original Roman city wall.
Barker Tower
This river-side tower was built in the 14th century. It was positioned at the boundary of the medieval city-centre and, in conjunction with Lendal Tower on the opposite bank, was used to control river traffic entering the city. A great iron chain was stretched across the river between the two towers and boatmen had to pay a toll to cross it. The chain also served as a defence for the city. As early as 1380 Thomas Smyth was named as the tower’s ‘keeper of the chain’.
For boats coming downstream it would be the second toll in quick succession; St Mary's Abbey had its own tower and toll collection system a little further up the river.
Barker tower was leased for long periods to various ferrymen (and at least one woman) who ran passengers across the Ouse until Lendal Bridge was built in 1863. The ferry ran 'in summer and winter, fair weather and foul, Sundays and weekdays'.
The ferry was put out of business when Lendal Bridge opened in 1863. The tower has had plenty of other uses over the years, including as a mortuary for a brief time in the 19th century.
Simple Lines shawl is done. Due to poor lighting, there are only teaser-type images. :)
blogged:
mysistersknitter.typepad.com/my-blog/2013/06/off-the-need...
The southern facade of the Ingenium Building (nearing completion) adjacent to the Canada Science and Technology Museum in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
As per Wikipedia:
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Ingenium, (Long name: Ingenium – Canada's Museums of Science and Innovation) formerly called the Canada Science and Technology Museum Corporation, is a Canadian Crown corporation responsible for overseeing national museums related to science and technology. The name is based off the Latin root of the word ingenuity.
The corporation oversees the Canada Agriculture and Food Museum, the Canada Aviation and Space Museum and the Canada Science and Technology Museum. The organization is headquartered in Ottawa, Ontario.
The corporation's museums are associated with the Canadian Museum Association, the Virtual Museum of Canada and the Canadian Heritage Information Network. Ingenium has an
open documents portal where the corporation shares working documents and corporate plans. It also maintains an open data portal.
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Victory Artistic Gold Box series by G.J. Hayter, Bournemouth.
No guide illustration.
About 800 pieces.
24 x 18 in.
Pre-1970.
The finished article. Not the most exciting image, which is probably why I was able to acquire it for a very reasonable price, but all the same an enjoyable project. The pieces were in remarkably good condition.
By zooming in it should be possible to see the figurals (whimsies).