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The news of the passing of the Dutch engineer who invented the audio Compact Cassette, Lou Ottens, got me to thinking how useful and handy these were back in the day and efficient - even a provision to prevent accidental ereasure. The quality of the audio wasn't up there with reel-to-reel, but they paved they way for portable music. Even after portable compact disc (which Mr. Ottens was involved in the development of) players came out, portable cassette players were the best way to go - easier to fit into a pocket and slower battery drain - though it took many years to get the player down to the size of the cassette itself. Until at least MP3 players came out, which like everything else digital revolutionized everything.
A compact experiment aimed at enhancing cybersecurity for future space missions is operational in Europe’s Columbus module of the International Space Station, running in part on a Raspberry Pi Zero computer costing just a few euros.
“Our CryptIC experiment is testing technological solutions to make encryption-based secure communication feasible for even the smallest of space missions,” explains ESA software product assurance engineer Emmanuel Lesser. “This is commonplace on Earth, using for example symmetric encryption where both sides of the communication link share the same encryption key.
“In orbit the problem has been that space radiation effects can compromise the key within computer memory causing ‘bit-flips’. This disrupts the communication, as the key on ground and the one in space no longer match. Up to now this had been a problem that requires dedicated – and expensive – rad-hardened devices to overcome.”
Satellites in Earth orbit might be physically remote, but still potentially vulnerable to hacking. Up until recently most satellite signals went unencrypted, and this remains true for many of the smallest, cheapest mission types, such as miniature CubeSats
But as services delivered by satellites of all sizes form an increasing element of everyday life, interest in assured satellite cybersecurity is growing, and a focus of ESA’s new Technology Strategy for this November’s Space19+ Ministerial Council
.
CryptIC, or Cryptography ICE Cube, - the beige box towards the top of the image, has been a low-cost development, developed in-house by ESA’s Software Product Assurance section and flown on the ISS as part of the International Commercial Experiments service – ICE Cubes for short. ICE Cubes offer fast, simple and affordable access for research and technology experiments in microgravity using compact cubes. CryptIC measures just 10x10x10 cm.
“A major part of the experiment relies on a standard Raspberry Pi Zero computer,” adds Emmanuel. “This cheap hardware is more or less flying exactly as we bought it; the only difference is it has had to be covered with a plastic ‘conformal’ coating, to fulfil standard ISS safety requirements.”
The orbital experiment is operated simply via a laptop at ESA’s ESTEC
technical centre in the Netherlands, routed via the ICE Cubes operator, Space Applications Services in Brussels.
“We’re testing two related approaches to the encryption problem for non rad-hardened systems,” explains ESA Young Graduate Trainee Lukas Armborst. “The first is a method of re-exchanging the encryption key if it gets corrupted. This needs to be done in a secure and reliable way, to restore the secure link very quickly. This relies on a secondary fall-back base key, which is wired into the hardware so it cannot be compromised. However, this hardware solution can only be done for a limited number of keys, reducing flexibility.
“The second is an experimental hardware reconfiguration approach which can recover rapidly if the encryption key is compromised by radiation-triggered memory ‘bit flips’. A number of microprocessor cores are inside CryptIC as customisable, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), rather than fixed computer chips. These cores are redundant copies of the same functionality. Accordingly, if one core fails then another can step in, while the faulty core reloads its configuration, thereby repairing itself.”
In addition the payload carries a compact ‘floating gate’ dosimeter to measure radiation levels co-developed by CERN, the European Organisation for Nuclear Research, as part of a broader cooperation agreement
.
And as a guest payload, a number of computer flash memories are being evaluated for their orbital performance, a follow-on version of ESA’s ‘Chimera’ experiment which flew on last year’s GomX-4B CubeSat
.
The experiment had its ISS-mandated electromagnetic compatibility testing carried out in ESTEC’s EMC Laboratory
.
“CryptIC has now completed commissioning and is already returning radiation data, being shared with our CERN colleagues,” adds Emmanuel. “Our encryption testing is set to begin in a few weeks, once we’ve automated the operating process, and is expected to run continuously for at least a year.”
Credits: ESA; CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
My first pass at the building was only three stories, then I added an additional three. If I had to fit the building in a more compact space or if looked out of place in a layout, I could go back to three.
Car: BMW 316i Compact.
Date of first registration: 20th May 1999.
Registration region: Chelmsford.
Latest recorded mileage: 126,397 (MOT 10th June 2019).
Last V5 issued: 20th June 2020.
Date taken: 8th July 2020.
Album: Carspotting
Fujica Compact 35. Objectif Fujinon 38mm f/2.8 Vitesses 1/30 1/250.
Posemètre au sélénium qui contrôle les conditions d'éclairage correctes, en plus du mode automatique, la possibilité de régler manuellement. Synchro X sur la face avant du boîtier. Année 1967.
Compact is a neat little studs up font. Basic, but gets the job done. Perfect for signing mosaics.
Try writing with the font or check the details on Swooshable.
This 1 3/8 inch figure is the DC Comics character The Flash as seen in the game HeroClix. The red and yellow streaks behind him are actually tissue paper.
I believe this is the first toy photo I've posted to Flickr that was lit by my camera's flash. I typically use lamps, flashlights, LEDs, etc.
This image is straight out of the camera: no tweaking, no color processing, no cropping, no nothing.
Submitted to the Flickr group 7 Days of Shooting.
I will be using this camera in week 325 of my 52 film cameras in 52 weeks project:
www.flickr.com/photos/tony_kemplen/collections/72157623113584240
The best words to describe HK's cityscape.
Recently fall in love with the skyscrapers and cityscape, I spent few weekends on wandering around Central to Wan Chai. Look up and look for sth fun!! :)
Here's a nice way to create a compact 2x2 brick with studs on both sides. Pointed out by the awesome o0ger - thanks man!
Parts, details and a short video: swooshable.com/snot/compact-inverted-bracket-brick
Instructions available here: rebrickable.com/mocs/MOC-69024
This moc was made a few years ago and I was very happy with the result of the mechanism both in its function and in its compact appearance. Originally the upper part was steampunk-themed as you can see in the video, for this digital version I made a model of a space vehicle with the colors of Mars Mission.
Technically it consists of two left and right parts each controlled by an M engine, each part has 4 legs in a total of 8 legs that give the vehicle a good balance and good maneuverability.
New constructions for the wall - Compact St Jude's Dungeness - Wood, nails, 13 years of gloss paint, lichen, stabilizer and varnish
Ford compact models cutting laps in the historic events at the Muscle Car Masters at Sydney Motorsport Park.
(1/4) #72 BOB HOLDEN MOTOR's former Laurie Nelson Group A FOX Mustang with Gregory Keam piloting.
(2/4) Quentin & Alexander Bland in the #33 Capri
(3/4) #14 BOB HOLDEN MOTOR's Group C Ford Escort RS 2000 with Russell Keam.
(4/4) #77 the "dog-bone" Mk1 Ford Escort RS 1600 of David Noakes.
Eastern Creek, New South Wales, Australia
If there’s one company in Australia with heaps of dino compactors, that company will be Suez, or SITA as I wish they were still known. Maybe in the past the company had more dino work on a national scale, but the high majority is now subject to their Sydney operations, with most of their bulk bin trucks indeed dino roll-offs. I’m sure the company has a good couple hundred open top containers, compactor containers and integrated units in Sydney, a lot of which appear to be young or freshened up. However, a few years ago I came across one of their older pieces of equipment outside their Wetherill Park transfer station, just sitting on the road unattended while its transporter was somewhere else. I love seeing a compactor just sitting on the road out from a dock, especially at night in the Sydney CBD haha It’s not often you would find a compactor of this capacity being used for garbage, so I think it’s safe to say this is a dry waste container or more likely one for paper and cardboard. You can tell this one is an oldie, with very faded paint and signage, plenty of scratches and a decent amount of rust. You can see the front of the container has been punched inwards... a result of the many times this steel box has been pushed into its resting position by the bail hook and frame. I reckon the “No Parking Day Or Night” signs should feature an additional “Offending Vehicles Will Be Towed” - not hard to do with the truck!
An old photo, shot in december 2013. I shot it by my old compact camera Canon SX150IS. It was very cool camera. I very like this photo :)
One of my early colour slide efforts using the cheap non SLR Hanimex Compact“point and shoot” camera which was badly under-exposed. However after a number of attempts I have just about managed an image that passes muster and therefore here is 40103 on shed at its home depot of Haymarket, 11th July 1975.
Locomotive History
40103 was built by English Electric at the Vulcan Foundry works as D303 and entered traffic in November 1960, allocated to Crewe North MPD. It remained a London Midland Region engine for the next fourteen years until transferred to Haymarket in May 1974. After almost seven years allocated to Haymarket 40103 returned to the London midland Region in February 1981 when transferred to Wigan Springs Branch. Its final transfer was three months later in May 1981 when it moved to Longsight from where it was withdrawn in February 1982. It was broken up at Crewe works during April 1983.