View allAll Photos Tagged Celeron,
-- 57 Licensed arcade games*
-- Hardware supports over 3000 games
-- Perfect arcade look and feel: genuine arcade controls, colorful backlit marquee, T-molding, illuminated coin door
-- Huge 27" Arcade Monitor
-- ArcadeVGA video card perfectly reproduces original game graphics complete with authentic flicker
-- Embedded PC with 2.8 gigahertz Intel Celeron processor is completely hidden inside cabinet
-- Versatile control panel with two joysticks per player, dedicated four-way joystick, trackball, and spinner
-- Formica laminate finish for durability and easy cleanup
-- Coin door is functional and works in games*
-- External volume control knob allows easy volume adjustment
-- Speakers are built into the cabinet
Fort Ashby
Sunday Gazette-Mail, State Magazine
January 10, 1971
Fragment of the Old Frontier
By William C. Blizzard
French is not the native tongue fo most West Virginia hillbillies. But it might have been.
It might have been for several reasons. A major reason it is not was a chain of crude log forts built in the middle of the 18th century along the eastern edge of what is now West Virginia.
More than a score of these forts were built, yet only one, at the town of Fort Ashby in Mineral County, W. Va., is yet intact and supported by its original timbers. That, at least, is the concensus [sic] of those learned in such matters.
Others, more cautious, say Fort Ashby is the only such veteran of the old Indian wars extant in West Virginia. And others assert it is the only such fort yet standing south of the Potomac River.
I'll leave a final decision on this to investigators with more time and travel money. It's true that the Fort Pitt Blockhouse yet stands on Penn Avenue in Pittsburgh, a Daughters of the American Revolution museum. But this Fort Pitt structure was not completed until 1764, a blockhouse- come-lately made possible by the earlier protection of the area by lesser-known forts.
Fort Ohio was built in 1749 at Ridgely, on the West Virginia side of the Potomac, but was abandoned when Fort Cumberland was erected about 1754, directly across the river in Maryland. Fort Cumberland was, for its time and type, a large, elaborate fortification.
Nothing is left of Fort Cumberland today; it has been effaced by the Maryland town that bears its abbreviated name. Local accounts say that early settlers made good use of the cut timbers for firewood and construction.
When Gov. Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia ordered George Washington, in 1756, to supervise construction of a chain of forts on what was then the western frontier for English settlers, Washington was not impressed with the defense advantages of Fort Cumberland, despite its size.
Washington's attention to this sector of the Potomac drainage reflected his belief that it was the key to saving the Allegheny frontier, and perhaps the New World, from French domination. In addition to Fort Cumberland, he built Sellers Fort at the mouth of Pattersons Creek, a few miles away, to reinforce Fort Ashby on the same Potomac tributary.
He also built a large, strong fort at the mouth of the Little Cacapon River, another North Branch of the Potomac tributary between Cumberland and Berkeley Springs. This was Fort Cox, and it may have been that Washington here, as in other cases, simply enlarged and strengthened an earlier fort.
According to Otis K. Rice, in "The Allegheny Frontier," Fort Cox had a complement of 500 men, one-fourth the number assigned to the entire chain of more than 20 log defenses scattered along the eastern border of West Virginia.
What happened to Fort Cox? Some local historian must answer that question; all general references I've read are silent. It must be assumed, until contrary information is established, that it met the fate of Fort Cumberland.
Just why Fort Ashby yet stands when more magnificent contemporary structures are now dust is not known. But it's true that during a tornado a great stone mansion may be swept away, leaving intact a cardboard doll's house on the site of the former nursery. The great storms of history are just as capricious.
At present, Fort Ashby is one of 26 sites approved by the W. Va. Antiquities Commission as worthy of special development and preservation. If a board of review concurs, and recommends restoration to the U. S. Dept. of Interior, federal funds may become available for extensive work on the old fort.
Fort Ashby was one of a score of such defenses that played a vital role in 18th-century history. Probably the salient historical question posed for modern nations during the first three-quarters of the 18th century was this: Which of the major European countries was destined to own and control the vast wealth of the North American continent?
That a major blow against colonialism, the beginning of a long process, would also occur on the North American continent before the century was out was not then known. England, France, and Spain had all established claims in the New World before the birth of the century.
But it very early became clear that Spain was a minor contender, and the real struggle was between London and Paris. The fact that the continent was already occupied appeared to disturb neither combatant. Both French and English used the original Americans, the Indians, to further their own ends - and eliminated them when they became troublesome.
England and France resolved their quarrel in the manner usual to civilized, Christian nations bent of increasing their worldly goods. That is, they slaughtered one another with great system and efficiency. The side killing the most people won.
The culminating slaughter that resolved this long struggle is known to American schoolchildren as the French and Indian War. It was really a French and English war; Indians fought on both sides, but would have done better had they united, moved West, and awaited developments.
The Indians, of course, didn't do this. Instead, they were the terror of the English settlements of Virginia, which by the 1750's had their western limits along the upper Potomac and its tributaries, the South Branch valley of the same river, and the Valley of Virginia.
The English and French had been battling on New World soil long before this. The formal beginning, in 1689, is known as King William's War. Hostilities continued through Queen Anne's War and King George's War and culminated in the French and Indian War (1754-1763).
King William's War ended in 1748. The ink on the treaty of peace had scarcely dried when the French sent an expedition under Celeron de Bienville to drive English settlers from the Ohio Valley and place leaden plates on the principal tributaries of that river. At about the same time, the English formed the Ohio and Greenbrier companies to advance their colonial ambitions.
Both sides knew the forks of the Ohio, the present location of Pittsburgh, to be of great military importance. The English built an early fort at what is now Cumberland, Md., and aimed toward Pittsburgh by way of the Youghiogheny and Monongahela rivers.
The French prepared fortifications upon the Allegheny. Gov. Dinwiddie of Virginia, after sending George Washington on a useless trip to haggle with the French over their occupation of the region, took stronger measures.
In 1753, he sent an English force to build a fort at the forks of the Ohio. The following year he sent George Washington with a larger force to aid the original expedition.
It needed aid. Washington found the first English force in the fort at Cumberland. It had begun a stockade at what is now Pittsburgh, but had been attacked by the French and forced to surrender and depart. The French took over at the forks of the Ohio, calling their bastion Fort Duquesne.
Washington decided to seize Fort Duquesne, a decision that hindsight proved not pregnant with wisdom. In May, 1754, he engaged a small party of French before reaching his goal.
Although he easily won this first engagement of the French and Indian War, the action called down upon him a swarm of French and Indians. He withdrew to the Great Meadows on the Youghiogheny, about 50 miles from Fort Duquesne.
There, in July, he decided to make a stand against the enemy in a hastily constructed blockhouse he called Fort Necessity. This turned out to be an unwise military decision. Col. Washington was soundly trounced.
George Washington's career could have ended then and there, at the ripe old age of 22. But the French permitted him to surrender and march homeward, drums beating, with full military honors.
Almost exactly a year later, not many miles from the same spot, Washington was again defeated in an English attempt to capture Fort Duquesne. Once more he cheated death, although Gen. Edward Braddock was killed and most of his troops killed or wounded.
It was after Braddock's defeat that the chain of forts that included Ashby was either built or reinforced by Washington under Dinwiddie's orders. The military emphasis was upon the Potomac and its tributaries, with lesser attention to the southern frontier, although it, too, was under Indian attack.
The importance of these early forts can hardly be overestimated. Crude as they were, they managed to hold the area until finally, in 1758, an English force succeeded in forcing the French from Fort Duquesne.
The English promptly erected Fort Pitt upon the smoking ruins (destroyed by the French themselves) of Fort Duquesne. The crucial battlegrounds of the war moved elsewhere; with French capitulations at Quebec and Montreal, English domination of the continent was assured, despite continued resistance of the Indian Chief Pontiac.
The garrison at Fort Ashby, fated to outlive its sister forts, saw only one serious engagement during the French and Indian War. This was an ambush, outside the fort itself, of a Lt. Robert Rutherford and party, on the way to Fort Cumberland to deliver a message to Washington. Rutherford was deserted by supporting militia, who ran back to the protection of the fort, incurring thereby the anger and disgust of Col. Washington.
But Fort Ashby continued to shelter settlers for many years under the command of Col. John Ashby, who gave th stockade and the later town its name. George Washington had his last connection with Fort Ashby in 1791, when, as President of the United States, he ordered troops there to take part in suppression of the tax-related protest known in American history as the Whiskey Rebellion.
The town of Fort Ashby was not so named until 1932. Before that, it was called Frankfort, with a post office name of Alaska.
A factor in the survival of Fort Ashby, or the portion remaining, was its use as a dwelling. Through the years, several families lived in it.
The last owner was about to tear it down when the Potomac Valley Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution at Keyser bought it on July 28, 1927. The old fort was temporarily saved, but sat virtually in ruins until the Works Progress Administration, with technical supervision by the National Park Service, began restoration under an order signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt on Sept. 14, 1938.
Fort Ashby was then owned by the Mineral County Court, the DAR relinquishing it so that federal funds could be made available. The fort was returned to the DAR about five years later and opened to the public on July 4, 1939.
Electricity was installed in 1960. Historical items are actively solicited and installed from time to time, although the two-story log structure is far from crowded with artifacts.
The DAR keeps the fort open from Decoration Day until the latter part of August, every day except Monday. Visistors [sic] are charged no fees, but donations are accepted.
Fort Ashby today is a two-story log structure about 50 feet long and 40 feet wide. An enormous stone fireplace divides the lower floor with a chimney about 20 feet wide and four or five feet thick.
There's a wooden floor now, although it was originally of packed earth. Mrs. Alton Fortney, Sr., who guided me through the fort, said that horses once dragged logs through a wide door directly into the gaping fireplace.
The State of Pennsylvania long ago had the federal government reconstruct Fort Necessity as a national monument, now the Fort Necessity National Battlefield site. It would seem that Fort Ashby, the last remnant of a history-making chain of forts that once guarded the same area, should be better known to West Virginians and to all Americans.
I've been running a Bitcoin node on an old, full-size desktop computer. Today it's being replaced by this little thing. This is a 4x4 inch Intel NUC with 8GB RAM, a 120GB SSD, and a quad core 7th gen Celeron J3455. Cost:₿0.023 (cats shown for scale but they seem to approve of our new hardware).
Revisiting architectures I already did previously but didn't do a very good job on at the time. Scaled down to 75% of original size.
Fort Ashby
Sunday Gazette-Mail, State Magazine
January 10, 1971
Fragment of the Old Frontier
By William C. Blizzard
French is not the native tongue fo most West Virginia hillbillies. But it might have been.
It might have been for several reasons. A major reason it is not was a chain of crude log forts built in the middle of the 18th century along the eastern edge of what is now West Virginia.
More than a score of these forts were built, yet only one, at the town of Fort Ashby in Mineral County, W. Va., is yet intact and supported by its original timbers. That, at least, is the concensus [sic] of those learned in such matters.
Others, more cautious, say Fort Ashby is the only such veteran of the old Indian wars extant in West Virginia. And others assert it is the only such fort yet standing south of the Potomac River.
I'll leave a final decision on this to investigators with more time and travel money. It's true that the Fort Pitt Blockhouse yet stands on Penn Avenue in Pittsburgh, a Daughters of the American Revolution museum. But this Fort Pitt structure was not completed until 1764, a blockhouse- come-lately made possible by the earlier protection of the area by lesser-known forts.
Fort Ohio was built in 1749 at Ridgely, on the West Virginia side of the Potomac, but was abandoned when Fort Cumberland was erected about 1754, directly across the river in Maryland. Fort Cumberland was, for its time and type, a large, elaborate fortification.
Nothing is left of Fort Cumberland today; it has been effaced by the Maryland town that bears its abbreviated name. Local accounts say that early settlers made good use of the cut timbers for firewood and construction.
When Gov. Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia ordered George Washington, in 1756, to supervise construction of a chain of forts on what was then the western frontier for English settlers, Washington was not impressed with the defense advantages of Fort Cumberland, despite its size.
Washington's attention to this sector of the Potomac drainage reflected his belief that it was the key to saving the Allegheny frontier, and perhaps the New World, from French domination. In addition to Fort Cumberland, he built Sellers Fort at the mouth of Pattersons Creek, a few miles away, to reinforce Fort Ashby on the same Potomac tributary.
He also built a large, strong fort at the mouth of the Little Cacapon River, another North Branch of the Potomac tributary between Cumberland and Berkeley Springs. This was Fort Cox, and it may have been that Washington here, as in other cases, simply enlarged and strengthened an earlier fort.
According to Otis K. Rice, in "The Allegheny Frontier," Fort Cox had a complement of 500 men, one-fourth the number assigned to the entire chain of more than 20 log defenses scattered along the eastern border of West Virginia.
What happened to Fort Cox? Some local historian must answer that question; all general references I've read are silent. It must be assumed, until contrary information is established, that it met the fate of Fort Cumberland.
Just why Fort Ashby yet stands when more magnificent contemporary structures are now dust is not known. But it's true that during a tornado a great stone mansion may be swept away, leaving intact a cardboard doll's house on the site of the former nursery. The great storms of history are just as capricious.
At present, Fort Ashby is one of 26 sites approved by the W. Va. Antiquities Commission as worthy of special development and preservation. If a board of review concurs, and recommends restoration to the U. S. Dept. of Interior, federal funds may become available for extensive work on the old fort.
Fort Ashby was one of a score of such defenses that played a vital role in 18th-century history. Probably the salient historical question posed for modern nations during the first three-quarters of the 18th century was this: Which of the major European countries was destined to own and control the vast wealth of the North American continent?
That a major blow against colonialism, the beginning of a long process, would also occur on the North American continent before the century was out was not then known. England, France, and Spain had all established claims in the New World before the birth of the century.
But it very early became clear that Spain was a minor contender, and the real struggle was between London and Paris. The fact that the continent was already occupied appeared to disturb neither combatant. Both French and English used the original Americans, the Indians, to further their own ends - and eliminated them when they became troublesome.
England and France resolved their quarrel in the manner usual to civilized, Christian nations bent of increasing their worldly goods. That is, they slaughtered one another with great system and efficiency. The side killing the most people won.
The culminating slaughter that resolved this long struggle is known to American schoolchildren as the French and Indian War. It was really a French and English war; Indians fought on both sides, but would have done better had they united, moved West, and awaited developments.
The Indians, of course, didn't do this. Instead, they were the terror of the English settlements of Virginia, which by the 1750's had their western limits along the upper Potomac and its tributaries, the South Branch valley of the same river, and the Valley of Virginia.
The English and French had been battling on New World soil long before this. The formal beginning, in 1689, is known as King William's War. Hostilities continued through Queen Anne's War and King George's War and culminated in the French and Indian War (1754-1763).
King William's War ended in 1748. The ink on the treaty of peace had scarcely dried when the French sent an expedition under Celeron de Bienville to drive English settlers from the Ohio Valley and place leaden plates on the principal tributaries of that river. At about the same time, the English formed the Ohio and Greenbrier companies to advance their colonial ambitions.
Both sides knew the forks of the Ohio, the present location of Pittsburgh, to be of great military importance. The English built an early fort at what is now Cumberland, Md., and aimed toward Pittsburgh by way of the Youghiogheny and Monongahela rivers.
The French prepared fortifications upon the Allegheny. Gov. Dinwiddie of Virginia, after sending George Washington on a useless trip to haggle with the French over their occupation of the region, took stronger measures.
In 1753, he sent an English force to build a fort at the forks of the Ohio. The following year he sent George Washington with a larger force to aid the original expedition.
It needed aid. Washington found the first English force in the fort at Cumberland. It had begun a stockade at what is now Pittsburgh, but had been attacked by the French and forced to surrender and depart. The French took over at the forks of the Ohio, calling their bastion Fort Duquesne.
Washington decided to seize Fort Duquesne, a decision that hindsight proved not pregnant with wisdom. In May, 1754, he engaged a small party of French before reaching his goal.
Although he easily won this first engagement of the French and Indian War, the action called down upon him a swarm of French and Indians. He withdrew to the Great Meadows on the Youghiogheny, about 50 miles from Fort Duquesne.
There, in July, he decided to make a stand against the enemy in a hastily constructed blockhouse he called Fort Necessity. This turned out to be an unwise military decision. Col. Washington was soundly trounced.
George Washington's career could have ended then and there, at the ripe old age of 22. But the French permitted him to surrender and march homeward, drums beating, with full military honors.
Almost exactly a year later, not many miles from the same spot, Washington was again defeated in an English attempt to capture Fort Duquesne. Once more he cheated death, although Gen. Edward Braddock was killed and most of his troops killed or wounded.
It was after Braddock's defeat that the chain of forts that included Ashby was either built or reinforced by Washington under Dinwiddie's orders. The military emphasis was upon the Potomac and its tributaries, with lesser attention to the southern frontier, although it, too, was under Indian attack.
The importance of these early forts can hardly be overestimated. Crude as they were, they managed to hold the area until finally, in 1758, an English force succeeded in forcing the French from Fort Duquesne.
The English promptly erected Fort Pitt upon the smoking ruins (destroyed by the French themselves) of Fort Duquesne. The crucial battlegrounds of the war moved elsewhere; with French capitulations at Quebec and Montreal, English domination of the continent was assured, despite continued resistance of the Indian Chief Pontiac.
The garrison at Fort Ashby, fated to outlive its sister forts, saw only one serious engagement during the French and Indian War. This was an ambush, outside the fort itself, of a Lt. Robert Rutherford and party, on the way to Fort Cumberland to deliver a message to Washington. Rutherford was deserted by supporting militia, who ran back to the protection of the fort, incurring thereby the anger and disgust of Col. Washington.
But Fort Ashby continued to shelter settlers for many years under the command of Col. John Ashby, who gave th stockade and the later town its name. George Washington had his last connection with Fort Ashby in 1791, when, as President of the United States, he ordered troops there to take part in suppression of the tax-related protest known in American history as the Whiskey Rebellion.
The town of Fort Ashby was not so named until 1932. Before that, it was called Frankfort, with a post office name of Alaska.
A factor in the survival of Fort Ashby, or the portion remaining, was its use as a dwelling. Through the years, several families lived in it.
The last owner was about to tear it down when the Potomac Valley Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution at Keyser bought it on July 28, 1927. The old fort was temporarily saved, but sat virtually in ruins until the Works Progress Administration, with technical supervision by the National Park Service, began restoration under an order signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt on Sept. 14, 1938.
Fort Ashby was then owned by the Mineral County Court, the DAR relinquishing it so that federal funds could be made available. The fort was returned to the DAR about five years later and opened to the public on July 4, 1939.
Electricity was installed in 1960. Historical items are actively solicited and installed from time to time, although the two-story log structure is far from crowded with artifacts.
The DAR keeps the fort open from Decoration Day until the latter part of August, every day except Monday. Visistors [sic] are charged no fees, but donations are accepted.
Fort Ashby today is a two-story log structure about 50 feet long and 40 feet wide. An enormous stone fireplace divides the lower floor with a chimney about 20 feet wide and four or five feet thick.
There's a wooden floor now, although it was originally of packed earth. Mrs. Alton Fortney, Sr., who guided me through the fort, said that horses once dragged logs through a wide door directly into the gaping fireplace.
The State of Pennsylvania long ago had the federal government reconstruct Fort Necessity as a national monument, now the Fort Necessity National Battlefield site. It would seem that Fort Ashby, the last remnant of a history-making chain of forts that once guarded the same area, should be better known to West Virginians and to all Americans.
The ASUS Chromebook C202 will be the best education and learning computer system for each college IT manager,student,and teacher.With its classroom ruggedness,the ASUS Chromebook C202 is formulated to fulfill the everyday rigors and powerful use by learners both of those inside and outdoors from the classroom.Over and above its rugged development,the ASUS Chromebook C202 is likewise designed for straightforward upkeep to reduce downtime.The result is really a Chromebook which is created for most usage,producing extra discovering options Lenovo ThinkPad E580 Netzteil for college students.
Design
If the C202 ended up to channel a spirit animal,it would be the tortoise.It might run gradual,but it surely takes a licking and keeps on ticking.Just like the tortoise,the C202's primary line of protection is often a rigid shell: dimpled plastic covers the laptop's lid Lenovo 62z 2117-EKU Netzteil and base.More shielding - thick,midnight blue rubber bumpers - runs together the C202's edges.All this armor won't make for an elegant profile,however it does offer a great diploma of ding,dent and drop resistance.In line with Asus's assessments,the C202 can face up to a 4-foot fall landing flat,as well as a 2.5-foot slide landing on its side.Drops needs to be unusual,nonetheless,as you will find a lot of tough floor to seize: the aforementioned dimpled surface,as well as a rubber leg Lenovo ADP-90DD B Netzteil planted while in the base.The C202 isn't simple to accidentally sweep off a table either.Its rubber leg firmly sticks it to any area.Just beware employing this laptop computer on bare thighs.Rubber may love pores and skin,however the affection will not be reciprocated.This defense-first philosophy continues with the C202's screen,hinge and bezel.The hinge makes it possible for the monitor to tilt one hundred eighty levels,a overall flexibility meant to safeguard the lid and hinge against sudden pulls or tugs.The massive bezel delivers a lot of grabbing room for lid-lifters much too impatient to select up the laptop computer by its base.Despite all these reinforcements,the C202 is much from weighty.In fact,at 2.sixty five lbs,it is really lighter than rugged rivals,like the Dell Chromebook 11 and Acer Chromebook eleven C740.The C202 also options Toshiba PA3507U Ladegerät repair-budget-friendly modular components.Many thanks to the C202's modular style,a broken trackpad indicates just the trackpad will have to become changed,not the whole enter framework.The C202's keyboard is your conventional Chromebook fare: website navigation buttons on prime,typical alphanumeric keys under.That said,the C202's keyboard Sony KDL49WE665 Netzteil is different in a very couple vital areas,particularly spill resistance,crucial travel and font sizing.
The keyboard repels around 2.23 ounces of liquid,and any that leaks in to the interior is usually drained by merely flipping the laptop computer about.It can be good to be aware of the notebook is saveable in the event the espresso goes flying.But,in terms of features,it can be not virtually as extraordinary because the C202's incredibly comfortable usability.With two millimeters of journey,the C202's chiclet-keys descend so deep the Marianas Trench is jealous.And everything vacation isn't really undone by sponginess both: just about every crucial,from your leading of your keyboard to the bottom,swiftly bounces back just after urgent.Even newbie Medion X7820 MD 99085 Netzteil typists will fly all-around this keyboard.The C202's vital font is comically huge,a supposed aid for the new typist who may well have difficulties locating keys.Regretably,the additional gain the enlarged font sizing gives is negated via the keys' blue-green coloration.In minimal light-weight,the blue-green nearly disappears.A bland outdated white important shade would have been far simpler to see.The C202's trackpad is as responsive as its keyboard.Multi-touch gestures are fluid along with the "click" is strain-free and forceful.Best of all,the trackpad is positioned perfectly around the C202's keyboard deck.It in no way will get inside the way.The C202SA is really an Asus Chromebook that comes with Chrome OS set up,so it is really really simple outside of the box.If you're unfamiliar with Chrome OS,the theory is usually that you attain most responsibilities,like e-mail and term processing,by way of the built-in web browser.This satisfies the bare minimal for fundamental productivity jobs,but you'll need to download further software package Apple MacBook Pro MA464 Ladegerät to acquire anything at all else performed.Besides the basics of Chrome OS,the C202SA also has accessibility to your Chrome World-wide-web Retail outlet,and it is capable of running Android apps.Meaning it is possible to download and set up an enormous amount of apps,many of them absolutely free,or with totally free variations,to enhance the performance from the notebook.Compatibility with Android applications just isn't certain,but it is pretty first rate,and Google is often doing work to enhance the cross-pollination concerning its two platforms.With Chrome OS,you furthermore may have the option of twin booting Linux,that is a totally free,full-featured functioning technique.Doing this offers you accessibility to a lot more free of charge program,however it does need a standard of technical know-how that is probable to go around most kids'heads.However,putting in Linux on a Chromebook can be a fun challenge for children who are into computer systems,and Chrome OS would make it straightforward to undo every thing and return the laptop Lenovo ThinkPad E450 Netzteil to its manufacturing facility first point out if some thing receives damaged.
Display
The C202SA has an 11.6-inch display screen that utilizes a local resolution of 1366x768,that's quite typical for Chromebooks of this dimensions.Those who are more utilized to full High definition laptop and desktop resolutions may experience a little cramped,though the impression quality will not put up with noticeably blocky pixels due to how tiny the screen is.Regarding brightness,the monitor Sony KDL-50W805B Netzteil is likewise really substantially while in the center of the highway.It truly is fantastic for most indoor use,but it is really somewhat dim for normal use in direct sunlight,and that just will get even worse when utilizing it outdoors.One good thing in regards to the C202SA monitor is usually that it has a matte finish,which does reduce down on blinding reflections Dell Optiplex 7040M Netzteil when utilizing the notebook in direct sunlight.We discovered it a complete great deal much easier to use the C202SA outdoor in vivid sunlight than the majority of the competitiveness due to its anti-glare screen,despite the fact the display alone isn't really terribly dazzling.That said,hues certainly are a minor muted,plus the viewing angles aren't great.The display screen appears wonderful when viewed head on,but tilting it any way washes the colors out even even more,and significantly dims portions in the screen.The C202SA provides a lay-flat hinge,which means you are able to fold the lid many of the way again until the screen is laying flat.Asus expenses this being a helpful function for college kids Sony KD65XD9305 Ladegerät working in group options,but students utilizing the laptop computer in that vogue could be challenging pressed to determine the screen without the need of placing their heads with each other straight above it.
Performance
The C202S employs Intel's Celeron N3060 chip,a dual-core SoC running at 1.6GHz,with 4GB of LPDDR3 RAM and built-in Intel High definition Graphics 400.This setup could make it by mainstream world-wide-web applications along with a streamed movie awhich is what most people with Chromebooks do abut this isn't the Chromebook for bleeding-edge people tinkering with world-wide-web gaming or other graphics-intensive jobs. We in comparison the C202S with other new N3060-based products and also the Acer Chromebook fourteen,whose N3160 chip is with the exact Braswell era,but with 4 cores as an alternative to two.We also included the Dell Chromebook 13,that has a Celeron 3205U in place of an SoC,so that you can see how a higher-end Chromebook compares.The C202S commenced off nicely with all the Cr-XPRT functionality examination,which actions Chromebook effectiveness Apple MacBook Pro 15.four MB985T A Netzteil in primary efficiency jobs likewise as extra demanding activities,these as watching videos or playing game titles.It can be in the pack along with the other two low-end Chromebooks.Not astonishingly,although,the Dell's a lot more powerful chip smokes absolutely everyone. Basemark Internet 3.0 just lately replaced Browsermark 2.one as Basemark's detailed browser benchmark.The checks deal with web-based systems like WebGL one.0.two and WebGL 2.0 real-time graphics,at the same time as JavaScript.Again,the C202S ran neck-and-neck while using the other 3 Chromebooks by having an N3060 chip.Google's Octane two.0 JavaScript benchmark simulates superior browser-based activities,which includes productiveness programs,online games,and interactive articles.The C202S kept up with its cohort,ingesting the Dell's dust.OortOnline is a quite difficult WebGL check that concentrates on graphics-intensive programs and online games.The Asus C202S stays consistent with its related opponents,as well as the margin closes significantly concerning them as well as Dell Chromebook thirteen.The C202S also has terrific battery daily life.Asus claims the 38Whr battery will last as long as ten hrs,which is previously very great.We make use of the Cr-XPRT-2015 examination,which jobs the full battery everyday living based upon running a simulated use pattern.The C202S posted eleven.fifty three hrs of projected daily life in that check.
The Asus Chromebook C202 is actually a notebook deserving on the honor roll.It offers a long lasting shell,an incredibly at ease and spill-resistant keyboard,extensive battery everyday living,and first rate overall performance.This laptop computer is often a tad heavier than competing equipment,but it really should continue to be in one piece when children inevitably fall it on the ground.For anyone who is a scholar or light-weight person who demands even more than 8 hours of battery daily life Ladegerät Microsoft Floor 3 1645 and don't demand a large amount of durability,you'll want to check out the Lenovo 100S Chromebook,that will last above eleven hrs on the demand.Nonetheless,if you would like a very resilient,inexpensive and usable Chromebook in your child,the Asus Chromebook C202 is your best decision.Chromebooks run Chrome OS,which is mainly browser primarily based.If you've at any time made use of Google Chrome,you will have no problems using a Chromebook.The desktop attributes a menu bar just like whatever you would discover on Home windows,together with pinned applications,a clock and straightforward access to options.Nearly all the things else,including the applications,is opened in Chrome tabs.Like most Chromebooks,the C202 would not appear with much computer software,apart from Google's apps.Asus includes a software to sign-up your new notebook,but that is it.There is no software specifically for schooling,in spite of that currently being the notebook's major goal.Google's preinstalled apps include things like Chrome,Google Docs,Sheets,Slides,Types,Travel and Play Books.The Chrome Net Keep offers many different apps,starting from efficiency packages like Microsoft Outlook to video games like Spelunky.Most apps require you to be connected to the Web,even though some,such as Gmail Offline,perform devoid of Wi-Fi. Students can maintain their neat from the classroom when utilizing the Chromebook C202.After streaming 15 minutes of High definition online video from Hulu,the touchpad stayed frosty,at 77 levels Fahrenheit,as well as middle with the keyboard attained eighty two.5 degrees.The underside hit 95 levels,and that is suitable at our comfort and ease threshold.The C202SA will not have an ethernet port,so you really need to rely upon the built-in Wi-Fi for online connectivity.The Wi-Fi is effective just good,without dropped connections or signal troubles in our testing,but we skilled substantially slower speeds than we did with other very similar Chromebooks.Within our screening,the C202SA managed a meager transfer amount of 70 Mbps down and sixty Mbps up when positioned appropriate beside our router.Through comparison,a more impressive desktop while in the exact location attained 212 Mbps down when related on the very same Wi-Fi network,and four hundred Mbps down when connected via Wi-Fi.Whenever we set a wall involving the C202SA plus the router,attenuating the signal to about 80 percent,we failed to see any reduction in download speeds.Nevertheless,when we moved much ample absent to cut the sign all the way down to 50 p.c,we saw a reduction all the way down to about 40 Mbps.These economical Chromebooks do usually accomplish slower speeds Dell PA-1900-32D5 RT74M Netzteil than additional strong components,but similar Chromebooks notched improved brings about our tests.One example is,we analyzed the Acer R11 Chromebook under the very same ailments,and it absolutely was in a position to attain down load speeds of 335 Mbps.
Battery
Battery daily life is among the C202SA's strongest suits.Involving its somewhat beefy battery,electric power successful CPU,and fanless passive cooling style and design,this is often a laptop computer that a baby could very easily use all day long at college,total their homework right after university,and not have to plug it in to cost until finally bedtime.To test the battery inside the C202SA,we subjected it to PCMark's Perform two.0 battery check.This really is a exam that cycles via quite a few various simulated do the job environments,together with word processing,video clip editing,and image modifying,and that is probable to be much more rigorous than any precise use state of affairs.In the course of that test,it lasted for more than nine hrs beneath continual load,using the monitor set to total brightness.We also subjected the C202SA to basic daily use,which includes duties like phrase processing,internet browsing,and streaming videos,and located that we were being able to have in excess of 11 hours of use from it.Together with the display screen brightness turned down,and putting the laptop computer Dell Latitude 3590 Netzteil to sleep between courses or when not in use,a toddler could conveniently expect this laptop computer to final all day in between expenses.
Conclusion
The toughness,reasonably priced selling price,prolonged battery daily life,and modular structure of the Asus Chromebook C202 allow it to be a superb preference for anyone who is looking for a budget laptop on your own or your young ones and you simply never require Home windows.But its sluggish multiple-tab searching can very seriously frustrate any one trying to operate on critical initiatives or paperwork in Web-based programs.For more,the Asus Chromebook Flip can be a convertible chromebook by using a touch monitor and extraordinary multitasking capabilities.The Acer Chromebook R eleven,while costlier,stays our Editors' Selection for its convertible structure,significant IPS contact monitor,and speedy performance.
Fort Ashby
Sunday Gazette-Mail, State Magazine
January 10, 1971
Fragment of the Old Frontier
By William C. Blizzard
French is not the native tongue fo most West Virginia hillbillies. But it might have been.
It might have been for several reasons. A major reason it is not was a chain of crude log forts built in the middle of the 18th century along the eastern edge of what is now West Virginia.
More than a score of these forts were built, yet only one, at the town of Fort Ashby in Mineral County, W. Va., is yet intact and supported by its original timbers. That, at least, is the concensus [sic] of those learned in such matters.
Others, more cautious, say Fort Ashby is the only such veteran of the old Indian wars extant in West Virginia. And others assert it is the only such fort yet standing south of the Potomac River.
I'll leave a final decision on this to investigators with more time and travel money. It's true that the Fort Pitt Blockhouse yet stands on Penn Avenue in Pittsburgh, a Daughters of the American Revolution museum. But this Fort Pitt structure was not completed until 1764, a blockhouse- come-lately made possible by the earlier protection of the area by lesser-known forts.
Fort Ohio was built in 1749 at Ridgely, on the West Virginia side of the Potomac, but was abandoned when Fort Cumberland was erected about 1754, directly across the river in Maryland. Fort Cumberland was, for its time and type, a large, elaborate fortification.
Nothing is left of Fort Cumberland today; it has been effaced by the Maryland town that bears its abbreviated name. Local accounts say that early settlers made good use of the cut timbers for firewood and construction.
When Gov. Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia ordered George Washington, in 1756, to supervise construction of a chain of forts on what was then the western frontier for English settlers, Washington was not impressed with the defense advantages of Fort Cumberland, despite its size.
Washington's attention to this sector of the Potomac drainage reflected his belief that it was the key to saving the Allegheny frontier, and perhaps the New World, from French domination. In addition to Fort Cumberland, he built Sellers Fort at the mouth of Pattersons Creek, a few miles away, to reinforce Fort Ashby on the same Potomac tributary.
He also built a large, strong fort at the mouth of the Little Cacapon River, another North Branch of the Potomac tributary between Cumberland and Berkeley Springs. This was Fort Cox, and it may have been that Washington here, as in other cases, simply enlarged and strengthened an earlier fort.
According to Otis K. Rice, in "The Allegheny Frontier," Fort Cox had a complement of 500 men, one-fourth the number assigned to the entire chain of more than 20 log defenses scattered along the eastern border of West Virginia.
What happened to Fort Cox? Some local historian must answer that question; all general references I've read are silent. It must be assumed, until contrary information is established, that it met the fate of Fort Cumberland.
Just why Fort Ashby yet stands when more magnificent contemporary structures are now dust is not known. But it's true that during a tornado a great stone mansion may be swept away, leaving intact a cardboard doll's house on the site of the former nursery. The great storms of history are just as capricious.
At present, Fort Ashby is one of 26 sites approved by the W. Va. Antiquities Commission as worthy of special development and preservation. If a board of review concurs, and recommends restoration to the U. S. Dept. of Interior, federal funds may become available for extensive work on the old fort.
Fort Ashby was one of a score of such defenses that played a vital role in 18th-century history. Probably the salient historical question posed for modern nations during the first three-quarters of the 18th century was this: Which of the major European countries was destined to own and control the vast wealth of the North American continent?
That a major blow against colonialism, the beginning of a long process, would also occur on the North American continent before the century was out was not then known. England, France, and Spain had all established claims in the New World before the birth of the century.
But it very early became clear that Spain was a minor contender, and the real struggle was between London and Paris. The fact that the continent was already occupied appeared to disturb neither combatant. Both French and English used the original Americans, the Indians, to further their own ends - and eliminated them when they became troublesome.
England and France resolved their quarrel in the manner usual to civilized, Christian nations bent of increasing their worldly goods. That is, they slaughtered one another with great system and efficiency. The side killing the most people won.
The culminating slaughter that resolved this long struggle is known to American schoolchildren as the French and Indian War. It was really a French and English war; Indians fought on both sides, but would have done better had they united, moved West, and awaited developments.
The Indians, of course, didn't do this. Instead, they were the terror of the English settlements of Virginia, which by the 1750's had their western limits along the upper Potomac and its tributaries, the South Branch valley of the same river, and the Valley of Virginia.
The English and French had been battling on New World soil long before this. The formal beginning, in 1689, is known as King William's War. Hostilities continued through Queen Anne's War and King George's War and culminated in the French and Indian War (1754-1763).
King William's War ended in 1748. The ink on the treaty of peace had scarcely dried when the French sent an expedition under Celeron de Bienville to drive English settlers from the Ohio Valley and place leaden plates on the principal tributaries of that river. At about the same time, the English formed the Ohio and Greenbrier companies to advance their colonial ambitions.
Both sides knew the forks of the Ohio, the present location of Pittsburgh, to be of great military importance. The English built an early fort at what is now Cumberland, Md., and aimed toward Pittsburgh by way of the Youghiogheny and Monongahela rivers.
The French prepared fortifications upon the Allegheny. Gov. Dinwiddie of Virginia, after sending George Washington on a useless trip to haggle with the French over their occupation of the region, took stronger measures.
In 1753, he sent an English force to build a fort at the forks of the Ohio. The following year he sent George Washington with a larger force to aid the original expedition.
It needed aid. Washington found the first English force in the fort at Cumberland. It had begun a stockade at what is now Pittsburgh, but had been attacked by the French and forced to surrender and depart. The French took over at the forks of the Ohio, calling their bastion Fort Duquesne.
Washington decided to seize Fort Duquesne, a decision that hindsight proved not pregnant with wisdom. In May, 1754, he engaged a small party of French before reaching his goal.
Although he easily won this first engagement of the French and Indian War, the action called down upon him a swarm of French and Indians. He withdrew to the Great Meadows on the Youghiogheny, about 50 miles from Fort Duquesne.
There, in July, he decided to make a stand against the enemy in a hastily constructed blockhouse he called Fort Necessity. This turned out to be an unwise military decision. Col. Washington was soundly trounced.
George Washington's career could have ended then and there, at the ripe old age of 22. But the French permitted him to surrender and march homeward, drums beating, with full military honors.
Almost exactly a year later, not many miles from the same spot, Washington was again defeated in an English attempt to capture Fort Duquesne. Once more he cheated death, although Gen. Edward Braddock was killed and most of his troops killed or wounded.
It was after Braddock's defeat that the chain of forts that included Ashby was either built or reinforced by Washington under Dinwiddie's orders. The military emphasis was upon the Potomac and its tributaries, with lesser attention to the southern frontier, although it, too, was under Indian attack.
The importance of these early forts can hardly be overestimated. Crude as they were, they managed to hold the area until finally, in 1758, an English force succeeded in forcing the French from Fort Duquesne.
The English promptly erected Fort Pitt upon the smoking ruins (destroyed by the French themselves) of Fort Duquesne. The crucial battlegrounds of the war moved elsewhere; with French capitulations at Quebec and Montreal, English domination of the continent was assured, despite continued resistance of the Indian Chief Pontiac.
The garrison at Fort Ashby, fated to outlive its sister forts, saw only one serious engagement during the French and Indian War. This was an ambush, outside the fort itself, of a Lt. Robert Rutherford and party, on the way to Fort Cumberland to deliver a message to Washington. Rutherford was deserted by supporting militia, who ran back to the protection of the fort, incurring thereby the anger and disgust of Col. Washington.
But Fort Ashby continued to shelter settlers for many years under the command of Col. John Ashby, who gave th stockade and the later town its name. George Washington had his last connection with Fort Ashby in 1791, when, as President of the United States, he ordered troops there to take part in suppression of the tax-related protest known in American history as the Whiskey Rebellion.
The town of Fort Ashby was not so named until 1932. Before that, it was called Frankfort, with a post office name of Alaska.
A factor in the survival of Fort Ashby, or the portion remaining, was its use as a dwelling. Through the years, several families lived in it.
The last owner was about to tear it down when the Potomac Valley Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution at Keyser bought it on July 28, 1927. The old fort was temporarily saved, but sat virtually in ruins until the Works Progress Administration, with technical supervision by the National Park Service, began restoration under an order signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt on Sept. 14, 1938.
Fort Ashby was then owned by the Mineral County Court, the DAR relinquishing it so that federal funds could be made available. The fort was returned to the DAR about five years later and opened to the public on July 4, 1939.
Electricity was installed in 1960. Historical items are actively solicited and installed from time to time, although the two-story log structure is far from crowded with artifacts.
The DAR keeps the fort open from Decoration Day until the latter part of August, every day except Monday. Visistors [sic] are charged no fees, but donations are accepted.
Fort Ashby today is a two-story log structure about 50 feet long and 40 feet wide. An enormous stone fireplace divides the lower floor with a chimney about 20 feet wide and four or five feet thick.
There's a wooden floor now, although it was originally of packed earth. Mrs. Alton Fortney, Sr., who guided me through the fort, said that horses once dragged logs through a wide door directly into the gaping fireplace.
The State of Pennsylvania long ago had the federal government reconstruct Fort Necessity as a national monument, now the Fort Necessity National Battlefield site. It would seem that Fort Ashby, the last remnant of a history-making chain of forts that once guarded the same area, should be better known to West Virginians and to all Americans.
Desktops:
Windows 7/OSX,,,
Triple Monitor/6 Screen Setup
1 x 22" E221H eMachine HD Monitors
1 Dell 23" S2309W HD Monitor.....
1 20" 2.16Ghz Core 2 Duo iMac running Snow Leopard...
1 40" Samsung LN40B650 1080p Toc Wall mounted LCD Over Desktop which is hooked up via HDMI from desktop....
AMD Phenom II x4 955 Black Edition CPU over clocked to 3.60Ghz...
Foxconn A7GM-S MB...
Cooler Master CM-690 Case...
Saphire Radeon HD5750..
6 Gigs of G.skill DDR2 800MHz Mem...
2x320 Gig IDE Hard Drive...
1x500 Gig Sata II Hard Drive....
Logitech S510 wireless keyboard...
YAMAHA HTR-5940 Receiver for Desktop Sound Outputted to 2 Gemini DJ Speakers in pro studio enclosures ( 15' s)...
APC Back-UPS XS 1500
Laptops:HP dv9500 Running Synergy Along side Imac on desk...
AMD Turion 64 x2 TL-58, 2 Gigs of Ram, 160GB HD, 17" Screen, Windows Vista HP..
Gateway MX6214 Running Synergy along side monitors on desk..
Celeron M 1.2 Gigs of Ram, 60GB HD, 17" Screen, Windows XP (blah).....
Samsung ML-2510 laser Printer...
Asus F201E 11,6" Netbook
Intel® Celeron® Processor 847(1,1GHz)
2 GB RAM, 320 GB HDD, Intel HD, Windows 8
Tawie Island was better known as Celeron Island and is shown here in this shot taken by Stan Crum. South Gibraltar Road runs diagonally here. (George A. Gay collection)
Postcard Caption:
"12x20 Foot Mural at the Wheeling Civic Center, Wheeling, W. Va. 26003
"FRENCH EXPLORATION OF THE OHIO VALLEY
By Mark Missman
Mural was designed to commemorate the presence of French explorers and their Jesuit companions in the Upper Ohio Valley. In 1749, Captain Celeron was sent on on a mission from Quebec down the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers to reassert the ownership of the French over the Ohio Valley. A plaque was buried at the confluence of the Ohio river and Wheeling Creek."
The murals in the Civic Center in Wheeling, now WesBanco Arena, were dedicated June 22, 1981.
-from the Postcard Collection of the Ohio County Public Library Archives.
[Postcard info: Published by Cress Studios of Photography, Wheeling, W. Va. | Production No. 171485 | no postmark date ]
▶ Learn more about the Civic Center in Wheeling
▶ Visit the Library's Wheeling History website
The photos on the Ohio County Public Library's Flickr site may be freely used by non-commercial entities for educational and/or research purposes as long as credit is given to the "Ohio County Public Library Archives, Wheeling WV." These photos may not be reproduced in any format for profit or other presentation without the permission of the Ohio County Public Library.
▶ Contact the Ohio County Public Library to request permission for use or publication of materials.
dx.com/p/pp2000-v23-25-lexia-3-v46-citroen-peugeot-car-di...
- Color: Black
- Material: ABS + copper
- Compatible with Citreon cars including C1, C2, C3, C4, C6, C8 , C-Crosser, Nemo Berlingo,
Jumpy, Jumper, AX, Saxo, BX, etc.
- Diagnostics is performed via OBD-II connector (which is located near steering wheel) or via
manufacturer-specific connector (only older cars, pre-2001)
- Unlike other universal car scanner tools which only read fault codes, this software performs
nearly all the functions like the original dealer diagnostic tool. It contains K-Line
multiplexor, CAN-BUS interfaces and SAE J1850 bus (both PWM and VPW)
- Function:
- Read identification: Displays complete identification of control unit, e.g. part number,
software/hardware version, manufacturer, etc...
- Read fault codes: Displays all stored and pending fault codes with complete description (e.g.
"Rail pressure - too low pressure"). Program supports report printing or copy to clipboard.
- Clear fault codes: This function clears all stored fault codes and other diagnostic
information.
- Auto-scan (complete car scan/test): Detects all ECUs (electronic control units) installed in
car and reads all diagnostic fault codes.
- Measured Values: Program displays live Data like Engine Speed, Battery voltage, Oxygen
Sensor, Coolant Temperature, etc. Values can be displayed in graph, 9 values at once, or full
listing (all measured values). Logging to file is also supported, which allows offline
analysis.
- Actuator test: Actuator test activates particular actuator (e.g. turn on fuel pump,
lock/unlock wheel, lock/unlock doors, cut off fuel, etc.)
- Language: English / German / French / Japanese / Russian / Spanish / Portuguese / Swedish /
Turkish / Dutch / Polish / Italian / Hungary / Greek / Czech
- Hardware required: Intel Celeron/Pentium III 400 MHz, 128 MB RAM, 50MB free HDD space and USB
1.1 port (USB 2.0 recommended)
- OS required: Windows 98 SR2 / 2000 / XP
- Package includes:
- 1 x Main unit with extension OBD2 cable (120cm-cable)
- 1 x Long 9pin to USB cable (120cm)
- 1 x Short 9pin to USB cable (20cm)
- 1 x OBD2 cable (100cm)
- 1 x 16pin to Clip Cable (135cm)
- 1 x Instruction for Installation and Activation DVD for PP2000
This chip has been a long time coming. When I originally tried opening it and scraping away at it like a traditional Intel chip I was greeted with this: flic.kr/p/2kx95ss
From past experience I know that when you see that kind of structure it is game over and it cannot be removed via the razor method without destroying the chip.
So, I bought an ultrasonic cleaner, ferric chloride and glass etching paste and after experimenting of some sacrificial chips I dunked this one into the ferric chloride. After several rounds a lot of material had been removed but there were some metal layers which were not budging.
After discussing with Martijn Boer, it seemed like I should be able to use the glass etching paste to attack the silicon layer underneath this metal layer. I placed the chip into a beaker with some water and dissolved some paste in it and let it run for about an hour in the ultra sonic cleaner. This is the result, I may have gone a bit too long on this since unlike ferric chloride, glass etching paste attacks the silicon, which happens to be what the layer we are interested in is made of >:(. As you can see it started to eat too deep into some spots on the chip.
This chip is HUGE, so I had to get funky with how I captured it. Similar to the memory controller I posted previously, I switched my camera's grid to 6x4 which means I pan a greater distance in the x axis every time I switch to a new column. Still had lots of warping which was corrected in Photoshop using a tool called "perspective crop" which worked wonders.
Die Size: (W) 14.79mm x (L) 10.35mm
Camera: SONY A6000
Number of Images: 240
Panorama Y Axis: 16 Images
Panorama X Axis: 15 Images
ISO: 100
Shutter Speed: 1.3"
Light Source: Led on side of objective
DIC: No
Overlap: ? (Not sure, I changed grid to 6x4)
Microscope Objective: 5X
Microscope Eyepiece: DSLR Mount
Grid Used: 6x4 (Panning Movement Aid)
Capture Motion: ZigZag
Stitching Software: Microsoft ICE
Other Software: Photoshop for de-skewing, GIMP for scaling
Image Type: JPG, (had to reduce resolution to 30K on the largest axis because flickr kept crashing on upload. Original was roughly 44.7K)
Asus F201E 11,6" Netbook
Intel® Celeron® Processor 847(1,1GHz)
2 GB RAM, 320 GB HDD, Intel HD, Windows 8
Fort Ashby
Sunday Gazette-Mail, State Magazine
January 10, 1971
Fragment of the Old Frontier
By William C. Blizzard
French is not the native tongue fo most West Virginia hillbillies. But it might have been.
It might have been for several reasons. A major reason it is not was a chain of crude log forts built in the middle of the 18th century along the eastern edge of what is now West Virginia.
More than a score of these forts were built, yet only one, at the town of Fort Ashby in Mineral County, W. Va., is yet intact and supported by its original timbers. That, at least, is the concensus [sic] of those learned in such matters.
Others, more cautious, say Fort Ashby is the only such veteran of the old Indian wars extant in West Virginia. And others assert it is the only such fort yet standing south of the Potomac River.
I'll leave a final decision on this to investigators with more time and travel money. It's true that the Fort Pitt Blockhouse yet stands on Penn Avenue in Pittsburgh, a Daughters of the American Revolution museum. But this Fort Pitt structure was not completed until 1764, a blockhouse- come-lately made possible by the earlier protection of the area by lesser-known forts.
Fort Ohio was built in 1749 at Ridgely, on the West Virginia side of the Potomac, but was abandoned when Fort Cumberland was erected about 1754, directly across the river in Maryland. Fort Cumberland was, for its time and type, a large, elaborate fortification.
Nothing is left of Fort Cumberland today; it has been effaced by the Maryland town that bears its abbreviated name. Local accounts say that early settlers made good use of the cut timbers for firewood and construction.
When Gov. Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia ordered George Washington, in 1756, to supervise construction of a chain of forts on what was then the western frontier for English settlers, Washington was not impressed with the defense advantages of Fort Cumberland, despite its size.
Washington's attention to this sector of the Potomac drainage reflected his belief that it was the key to saving the Allegheny frontier, and perhaps the New World, from French domination. In addition to Fort Cumberland, he built Sellers Fort at the mouth of Pattersons Creek, a few miles away, to reinforce Fort Ashby on the same Potomac tributary.
He also built a large, strong fort at the mouth of the Little Cacapon River, another North Branch of the Potomac tributary between Cumberland and Berkeley Springs. This was Fort Cox, and it may have been that Washington here, as in other cases, simply enlarged and strengthened an earlier fort.
According to Otis K. Rice, in "The Allegheny Frontier," Fort Cox had a complement of 500 men, one-fourth the number assigned to the entire chain of more than 20 log defenses scattered along the eastern border of West Virginia.
What happened to Fort Cox? Some local historian must answer that question; all general references I've read are silent. It must be assumed, until contrary information is established, that it met the fate of Fort Cumberland.
Just why Fort Ashby yet stands when more magnificent contemporary structures are now dust is not known. But it's true that during a tornado a great stone mansion may be swept away, leaving intact a cardboard doll's house on the site of the former nursery. The great storms of history are just as capricious.
At present, Fort Ashby is one of 26 sites approved by the W. Va. Antiquities Commission as worthy of special development and preservation. If a board of review concurs, and recommends restoration to the U. S. Dept. of Interior, federal funds may become available for extensive work on the old fort.
Fort Ashby was one of a score of such defenses that played a vital role in 18th-century history. Probably the salient historical question posed for modern nations during the first three-quarters of the 18th century was this: Which of the major European countries was destined to own and control the vast wealth of the North American continent?
That a major blow against colonialism, the beginning of a long process, would also occur on the North American continent before the century was out was not then known. England, France, and Spain had all established claims in the New World before the birth of the century.
But it very early became clear that Spain was a minor contender, and the real struggle was between London and Paris. The fact that the continent was already occupied appeared to disturb neither combatant. Both French and English used the original Americans, the Indians, to further their own ends - and eliminated them when they became troublesome.
England and France resolved their quarrel in the manner usual to civilized, Christian nations bent of increasing their worldly goods. That is, they slaughtered one another with great system and efficiency. The side killing the most people won.
The culminating slaughter that resolved this long struggle is known to American schoolchildren as the French and Indian War. It was really a French and English war; Indians fought on both sides, but would have done better had they united, moved West, and awaited developments.
The Indians, of course, didn't do this. Instead, they were the terror of the English settlements of Virginia, which by the 1750's had their western limits along the upper Potomac and its tributaries, the South Branch valley of the same river, and the Valley of Virginia.
The English and French had been battling on New World soil long before this. The formal beginning, in 1689, is known as King William's War. Hostilities continued through Queen Anne's War and King George's War and culminated in the French and Indian War (1754-1763).
King William's War ended in 1748. The ink on the treaty of peace had scarcely dried when the French sent an expedition under Celeron de Bienville to drive English settlers from the Ohio Valley and place leaden plates on the principal tributaries of that river. At about the same time, the English formed the Ohio and Greenbrier companies to advance their colonial ambitions.
Both sides knew the forks of the Ohio, the present location of Pittsburgh, to be of great military importance. The English built an early fort at what is now Cumberland, Md., and aimed toward Pittsburgh by way of the Youghiogheny and Monongahela rivers.
The French prepared fortifications upon the Allegheny. Gov. Dinwiddie of Virginia, after sending George Washington on a useless trip to haggle with the French over their occupation of the region, took stronger measures.
In 1753, he sent an English force to build a fort at the forks of the Ohio. The following year he sent George Washington with a larger force to aid the original expedition.
It needed aid. Washington found the first English force in the fort at Cumberland. It had begun a stockade at what is now Pittsburgh, but had been attacked by the French and forced to surrender and depart. The French took over at the forks of the Ohio, calling their bastion Fort Duquesne.
Washington decided to seize Fort Duquesne, a decision that hindsight proved not pregnant with wisdom. In May, 1754, he engaged a small party of French before reaching his goal.
Although he easily won this first engagement of the French and Indian War, the action called down upon him a swarm of French and Indians. He withdrew to the Great Meadows on the Youghiogheny, about 50 miles from Fort Duquesne.
There, in July, he decided to make a stand against the enemy in a hastily constructed blockhouse he called Fort Necessity. This turned out to be an unwise military decision. Col. Washington was soundly trounced.
George Washington's career could have ended then and there, at the ripe old age of 22. But the French permitted him to surrender and march homeward, drums beating, with full military honors.
Almost exactly a year later, not many miles from the same spot, Washington was again defeated in an English attempt to capture Fort Duquesne. Once more he cheated death, although Gen. Edward Braddock was killed and most of his troops killed or wounded.
It was after Braddock's defeat that the chain of forts that included Ashby was either built or reinforced by Washington under Dinwiddie's orders. The military emphasis was upon the Potomac and its tributaries, with lesser attention to the southern frontier, although it, too, was under Indian attack.
The importance of these early forts can hardly be overestimated. Crude as they were, they managed to hold the area until finally, in 1758, an English force succeeded in forcing the French from Fort Duquesne.
The English promptly erected Fort Pitt upon the smoking ruins (destroyed by the French themselves) of Fort Duquesne. The crucial battlegrounds of the war moved elsewhere; with French capitulations at Quebec and Montreal, English domination of the continent was assured, despite continued resistance of the Indian Chief Pontiac.
The garrison at Fort Ashby, fated to outlive its sister forts, saw only one serious engagement during the French and Indian War. This was an ambush, outside the fort itself, of a Lt. Robert Rutherford and party, on the way to Fort Cumberland to deliver a message to Washington. Rutherford was deserted by supporting militia, who ran back to the protection of the fort, incurring thereby the anger and disgust of Col. Washington.
But Fort Ashby continued to shelter settlers for many years under the command of Col. John Ashby, who gave th stockade and the later town its name. George Washington had his last connection with Fort Ashby in 1791, when, as President of the United States, he ordered troops there to take part in suppression of the tax-related protest known in American history as the Whiskey Rebellion.
The town of Fort Ashby was not so named until 1932. Before that, it was called Frankfort, with a post office name of Alaska.
A factor in the survival of Fort Ashby, or the portion remaining, was its use as a dwelling. Through the years, several families lived in it.
The last owner was about to tear it down when the Potomac Valley Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution at Keyser bought it on July 28, 1927. The old fort was temporarily saved, but sat virtually in ruins until the Works Progress Administration, with technical supervision by the National Park Service, began restoration under an order signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt on Sept. 14, 1938.
Fort Ashby was then owned by the Mineral County Court, the DAR relinquishing it so that federal funds could be made available. The fort was returned to the DAR about five years later and opened to the public on July 4, 1939.
Electricity was installed in 1960. Historical items are actively solicited and installed from time to time, although the two-story log structure is far from crowded with artifacts.
The DAR keeps the fort open from Decoration Day until the latter part of August, every day except Monday. Visistors [sic] are charged no fees, but donations are accepted.
Fort Ashby today is a two-story log structure about 50 feet long and 40 feet wide. An enormous stone fireplace divides the lower floor with a chimney about 20 feet wide and four or five feet thick.
There's a wooden floor now, although it was originally of packed earth. Mrs. Alton Fortney, Sr., who guided me through the fort, said that horses once dragged logs through a wide door directly into the gaping fireplace.
The State of Pennsylvania long ago had the federal government reconstruct Fort Necessity as a national monument, now the Fort Necessity National Battlefield site. It would seem that Fort Ashby, the last remnant of a history-making chain of forts that once guarded the same area, should be better known to West Virginians and to all Americans.
Asus F201E 11,6" Netbook
Intel® Celeron® Processor 847(1,1GHz)
2 GB RAM, 320 GB HDD, Intel HD, Windows 8
This Toshiba A15-S129 is available for swap. Details, if you are a ham radio person: I want to trade a Toshiba Satellite A15-S129 notebook computer for an antenna analyzer.
The Computer:
Celeron 2.4 GHz 400 MHz system bus clock speed
13 by 11.5 by 1.5 inches
6.3 pounds
40 GB hard disk
15-inch active-matrix display (1024x768 maximum resolution
DVD/CD-RW
two USB ports
integrated 56K modem
RJ-45 LAN network port
PCMCIA port (1)
The system fan buzzes when it starts up and after about 3-5 minutes quiets to normal and functions normally. There are about a dozen weird pixels where the screen has touched the touchpad over time all within a 1cm spot, and one 1-pixel-wide vertical line on the monitor. (Photographs show this.)
This would make an excellent PC for portable digital ops, and is a fine general-purpose second machine.
Photos:
I am looking for an MFJ antenna analyzer, or one of another type if you wish to suggest one.
Thanks,
KC7FYS
Larger screen, clearer viewing the device’s bigger screen reduces the strain on your eyes, boosting comfort for a variety of tasks. Its Full HD display lets you lose yourself in immersive games and videos. And its thin bezel and large screen complement its eye-catching design. Solidity design its slim body is easy to grip and its convenient build means you can use it anywhere – on the sofa, in bed or at your desk. With premium metal on its top, its design is bound to turn heads.
ejobber.co.uk/product/Samsung-Chromebook-XE350XBA-39-6-cm...