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Inverness Women's Aid Banner, Calton Hill. Arthurs Seat in background. Gude Cause - 100th Anniversary of 1909 Suffragette Procession in Edinburgh, Scotland on10th October, 2009 - from Bruntsfield Links to Calton Hill.
Throughout the history of mankind, epidemics have always been decisive, since until medical science could at least partially explain their root causes and how to protect against them, they threatened the existence of several countries and the lives of their people, and influenced their further fate. In Europe, one of the most terrifying epidemics raging for centuries was the plague, which was often referred to as "death by rot" or "gland death". The largest plague epidemic in Europe swept through the second half of the 1930s, and it also reached Hungary in 1939-1940. The former plague cemetery of Promontor in Budafok was opened in the area between today's Nagytétényi Road 20-24. Those who died in the plague were buried naked, wrapped in a sheet at the moment, in a mass grave formed by an open ditch. The dead placed in it were immediately covered with slaked lime, and after the trench was filled, it was immediately buried. The mass graves created in this way, then used and closed, were not disturbed afterwards, and the area of the epidemic cemetery (as long as the memory of the generations preserved it) was not used for anything else. In 1939, the local quarries carved a chapel into the rock wall surrounding the western side of the plague cemetery, at a height of about one story, where they performed an annual mass for those who died in the plague. The last written mention of the chapel is known from the Canonica visitatio conducted in the early 1790s, which records the exact location of the chapel and its interior furnishings, as well as the name of the person responsible for its maintenance. The records of subsequent church visits no longer mention this place, and by the beginning of the 19th century it was completely forgotten. Local historians came across the building at the end of the 1980s, when the chapel room was being used as a paint warehouse, and it was then that they found the additional rooms built next to it for the purpose of housing. The Pestis Chapel was owned by the Ferenczy Vineyard years ago, and currently belongs to the area of the tourism project marked "Záborszky Mansion – Wine City" and is one of its visual elements. In order to implement the project, significant investments have been made here in recent years, changing the face of the environment and functionally transforming the underground world as well.
It goes without saying that in the hillside masonry, in addition to the individual cellar entrances, you can also find smaller and larger walled rooms-cavities that once functioned as cave dwellings. After the expulsion of the Turks, the industrial boom of quarrying took place in the second half of the 17th century, now strongly in the 18th-19th century. At that time and later, with the wine and grape culture that developed, cave dwellings were also built in series, so Budafok and Nagytétény (today's 22nd district) and Diósd were once Europe's largest cave dwelling areas. The underground dwellings were occupied in increasing numbers by those who settled due to the job opportunities in the capital, so a huge cave-dwelling settlement was formed. There is an economic reason for this: by the end of the 19th century, the authorities in the capital greatly increased the official taxes imposed on recreational items (mainly spirits), so businesses involved in their trade tried to establish themselves outside the borders of the capital, but close to the capital. There were several types of these cave dwellings. The most famous and most common type among them was the Turkish cave dwelling complex (the troglodyte settlement), which is usually a 12 m or more high and about 120 m long cave passage without roofs built next to each other. Most of these cave dwellings were filled in or renovated as wine cellar restaurants in the mid-1990s, because they became very vulnerable to collapse at the beginning of the 20th century. The other most characteristic type of cave dwellings is the dwellings dug into deep courtyards formed during quarrying: the earth layer was carried away from a plot of land, and then smaller holes were dug into the sides of the square where the excavated stones were. These types of dwellings were mainly inhabited by grape workers, and stone miners lived in the houses built in the caves. In the 19-20th century, there was a period when more than a thousand families lived in such underground shelters in very difficult conditions, which were even worse than the destitute of the villages, the jailers who were forced to take on daily wages. The width of the cave dwellings was usually 4-6 meters, and their length did not exceed 15-20 meters. One such apartment with a deep courtyard, which can still be seen today and can be viewed as a museum relic, is located in Budafok-Uptown on Veréb Street, which luckily escaped burial after it became the property of the Budapest History Museum in 1971. An elderly woman, Widow Győző Tóth, lived in this apartment until the end of the 1960s until her death. At today's exhibition, you can see the aunt's former room, kitchen, the living quarters of the tenants and the tools of the local artisans.
With the beginning of the 20th century, thanks to the rapid development of public works, urbanization became stronger, more and more civilian residential buildings were built, and as a result, social needs began to grow more and more. Along with this, it also contributed to the fact that by the turn of the century, the areas that provided normal, relatively dry housing and contained rock had run out, and the needy were forced to build housing in increasingly poorer materials. In addition to the periods of war and economic crises, the situation was also complicated by the appearance of the poorest strata resettled from across the border. The soil of South Buda and its surroundings resembled a cheese with holes, the cave dwellings became more and more crowded, it happened that 2-3 families lived together in one two-room apartment. As a result of overcrowding, musty, unventilated and windowless cellars, as well as the lack of clean water and sewerage, diseases appeared to a greater extent among the cellar dwellers, and more and more recent epidemics decimated their numbers. Among the epidemics, the most common were tuberculosis, dysentery, typhus, but cholera and leprosy did not escape the population either. In addition, as a result of the complete lack of natural sunlight, rickets was also common, which led to body distortion. Infant mortality was significant, only every third or fourth newborn lived to school age. There have also been cases where a cemetery was established on the land above the cave dwellings, and thus the unfortunate cellar dwellers found themselves on the same level as the dead. After that, you can't be surprised at the development of various diseases. As a result of socialization, health and social science became stronger and even became separate sciences, public health state institutes and social aid organizations were already established between the two world wars. Among the competent authorities and those dealing with social problems, the demand for the eradication of cave dwellings in the vicinity of the capital and, with it, in the entire country, has increasingly arisen. The leaders of the individual settlements could not stand idly by the phenomenon of the slums either, because the underground housing estates, in addition to spreading epidemics and diseases, also gave the given settlement an extremely bad reputation. The media also contributed significantly to the eradication of cave dwellings, individual newspaper articles sometimes only for the sake of sensationalism, but mostly in order to present and bring to light the bad conditions, dealt with the people living underground. Therefore, in February 1956, when the capitalist system was already flourishing (the "Cursed" Era), the 22nd district council president made a strict decision: "It should not happen that, as a result of the measures taken by our party and our state in the field of the peace struggle, as well as to increase the number of tourists, some foreigners who have visited Budapest can take pictures of these caves dwellings!" The final liquidation of the underground shelters was carried out by the housing construction campaigns of the 1950s with the cooperation of the Housing Management Department. At that time, the construction of multi-storey city apartment buildings, social rental apartments and panel buildings began at breakneck speed. In order to prevent people from moving back underground, after the evictions, the doors and windows of the cave dwellings were removed and the entrances were walled up. Many former cave dwellings were filled with waste from Diósd's sand mine, debris, garbage and various industrial waste, such as sludge from the Óbuda Gas Factory and gas purification slag. The harmfulness of the filling process with various types of garbage and industrial waste was revealed only decades later, with the appearance of toxic substances. The last cave dwellings in Budafoki were liquidated in the mid-1970s, such dwellings quietly disappeared in the settlements around the capital, their inhabitants moved out or emigrated. After that, underground dwellings could only be found very rarely, because there were some inhabitants who stubbornly clung to their cave until their death. For example, even in the mid-2000s, underground apartments existed in Érd and Százhalombatta.
Causing traffic chaos and blocking an ambulance trying to get to the Western :-o Hopefully no one died in the making of this parade
..I'm talking to the moon."
- Chácara Santa Helena, Porto Feliz. São Paulo/SP
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पारस पटना | Paras Patna | पारस अस्पताल | पारस हॉस्पिटल | Paras Hospital Patna | Paras Hospital
Doctor's video on Glaucoma: Types, causes, and symptoms by Dr. Sudhanshu Kumar, Consultant- Ophthalmology, Paras HMRI Hospital, Patna
To Consult Dr. Sudhanshu Kumar, click here- bit.ly/2pGN8CD
आइये जाने ग्लूकोमा या काला मोतिया के बारे में - डॉ. सुधांशु कुमार, नेत्र रोग विशेषज्ञ, पारस हॉस्पिटल पटना|
डॉ. सुधांशु कुमार से परामर्श लेने के लिए क्लिक करें- bit.ly/2pGN8CD
Some group of migrant made this footpath promenade their home making the place dirty, causing nuisance fighting with sticks and beer bottles etc
They are the same group who were evicted from Campal parade grounds. They are also involved in drugs peddling, begging, harassing tourists, fighting, shouting etc
They need to be evicted from here too, may be send back to their home Maharashtra. Enough is enough
Its just outside Police Station, HQ etc but no action taken
via how i can quit smoking bit.ly/14Fno95 Smoking causes, smoking diseases, diseases from smoking, causes many diseases
Tansy stems, Chorlton Water Park, Manchester 18.1.15. Any idea what may have caused these? I did open the stems and there were no larvae or pupae present, so what ever it was seems to have left the scene.
Cause © Xavier Chertier - tous droits réservés - all rights reserved. Contacter l'auteur avant toute utilisation - contact the author before any use.
Si vous aimez, cliquez sur " Partager " mais ne téléchargez pas, vous permettrez ainsi à vos amis de me rendre visite mais également à moi de garder le contrôle des images que je partage avec vous ici. Merci.
The "Louise & Greg Weir Band" take over the Maritime Labour Centre Stage to keep the rock rolling at "Rockin' For A Good Cause".
5.03 Analyze the causes and course of World War II and evaluate it as the end of one era and the beginning of another.
In 1938 Hitler was name Time's Man of the Year. You can use this image to discuss with your students Hitler's impact on the globe and how people all across the world were responding to him.
Photo: www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/projects/hitler/sour...
Mercat Cross, Parliament Square, Royal Mile. Gude Cause - 100th Anniversary of 1909 Suffragette Procession in Edinburgh, Scotland on10th October, 2009 - from Bruntsfield Links to Calton Hill. Jenny Dawe with microphone.
03/16/10
ok its not really paradise row, cause this is in the city of Anaheim, but the way the palm trees line the streets all around Disneyland just looks so pretty.
Taken on the way to the BRMC concert!
Yes, if you quit like 99% of smokers inside the same old way, using willpower alone TO FORCE themselves to stop.………., yes, it will be considered a horrible, miserable experience for you personally.I gave up almost monthly before... My real problem is the fact that it feels TOO SIMPLE. I