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Citadel of last king of Vietnam. Destroyed by French and American wars. Reconstruction is going on but after the US bombing there is not much left.
The Citadel of Qaitbay or the Fort of Qaitbay is a 15th century defensive fortress located on the Mediterranean sea coast, built upon/from the ruins of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, in Alexandria, Egypt. It was established in 1477 AD by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay.
The Citadel is situated at the entrance of the eastern harbour on the eastern point of the Pharos Island. It was erected on the exact site of the famous Lighthouse of Alexandria, which was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
One of the gates into the old citadel, Hue.
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Carcassonne is famous for its citadel, the “Cité de Carcassonne”, a medieval fortress whose construction began in the 11th century, on the site of earlier fortifications dating back to the Roman era. Carcassonne was an independent fiefdom in the medieval era and became a stronghold of the Cathars in the late 12th to early 13th centuries.
The Cathars were a Christian sect who rejected the ostentatious wealth of the Roman Catholic Church for a much simpler, egalitarian society. They were based in this south west region of France. This of course incurred the wrath of the Pope who declared the Inquistition and launched a bloody and barbaric Crusade to wipe out the Cathar heretics. The Papal Crusaders captured Carcassonne in 1209 and the city submitted to the rule of the kingdom of France in 1247.
During the Hundred Years' War, English forces under the command of Edward the Black Prince unsuccessfully besieged the city in 1355, although they destroyed the lower town. By the end of the 17th century the castle’s strategic significance was reduced and the fortifications fell into disrepair. Beginning in 1853 the theorist and architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc began the decades long task of restoring the citadel. His vision was somewhat controversial as the style of the towers, turrets and other features was not necessarily very authentic. However, today it is generally regarded as a masterpiece of restoration and in 1997 was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Today it is France’s third most visited tourist attraction after Paris and Mont St Michel. Be warned, it gets horrendously busy in the peak summer period, if you’re planning a visit avoid July and August!
The main gate of Halifax citadel in the snow. The two gate posts at the near side of the bridge house alcoves for the sentries - obviously the builders recognised that snow would be common
When it was fully occupied, the citadel was divided in three districts or mahallas: from east to west the Serai, the Takya and the Topkhana. The Serai was occupied by notable families; the Takya district was named after the homes of dervishes, which are called takyas; and the Topkhana district housed craftsmen and farmers.
Citadel
After the era of the independent communes of northern Italy, the wars and the ongoing armed conflict forced Verona to rebuild its fortifications. The advent of the lordship of the Scaliger (1259-1387) favored the development of the city that had already expanded its possessions on a large part of the Venetian territory in the northwest. Cangrande I della Scala (1311-1329) decided to further expand and reorganize the ramparts defending the city to withstand long sieges. The power of defenses was such that Verona remained a stronghold at the following times, dominated by Venice and Austria. This destination had an impact on the urbanization of the city that began a long cycle of buildings, especially the great basilicas and major administrative units. In 1387 Giangaleazzo Visconti of Milan conquered Verona he kept for a short time, building new walls and the citadel in the southern part of the city.
From 1405 to 1797, Verona was an active and rich city of the Republic of Venice. Apart from a conflict that broke out in the early sixteenth century, it was a period of peace. The Venetians engaged the military Veronese architect Michele Sanmicheli (1484-1559), to reinforce the medieval fortifications. He conceived the series of polygonal bastions placed at regular intervals and built three new gates: Porta Nuova and Porta Palio Porta San Zeno, of great architectural value. The arrangement of these gates favored the development of the city in the area between the walls of the Commune and those of the period Scaliger south. The Venetians forbade the extension of the city beyond this limit for reasons of military security, and the ban was upheld by the Austrian Empire. Thus, the city built within these limits, thereby contributing to a development unit. The Venetian period was characterized by great economic independence of the city that had repercussions on the culture and administration. This era was marked by the construction of many prestigious palaces built by wealthy families and many religious and public buildings.