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From the Parks Canada website:
From the time of its founding in 1749 through the 19th century, Halifax was one of four principal overseas naval stations in the British Empire. To defend Halifax, British military authorities built a series of fortifications in and around this strategic port - a system now known as the Halifax Defence Complex .
The present Citadel, completed in 1856, is the fourth in a series of forts since 1749 to occupy the hill overlooking the harbour. It is an excellent example of a 19th-century bastion fortification complete with defensive ditch, ramparts, musketry gallery, powder magazine and signal masts. Although never attacked, the fort was garrisoned by the British Army until 1906 and by Canadian Forces during the First and Second World Wars.
The fourth Citadel was established to guard against a land-based attack from the United States. This massive, star-shaped, masonry fortification took 28 years to build. Constructed originally as a smoothbore fortification, the Citadel quickly became obsolete with the introduction of powerful rifled guns in the 1860s. In response to the rapidly changing times, the Citadel upgraded its armaments and for the first time could defend the harbour as well as the land approach because the new artillery fired heavier shells a greater distance and with more accuracy.
The major role for the Citadel after the turn of the century was to provide barrack accommodations and act as a command centre for other harbour defences. When the Second World War broke out in 1939, the Citadel was used as a temporary barracks for troops going overseas and as the centre for anti-aircraft operations for Halifax. The Citadel was the "last view of the country for so many thousands outward bound and the first landmark to those who returned."
Today, the Citadel is operated by Parks Canada and is recognized as one of the most important historic sites in Canada. Restored to the mid-Victorian period with a living history program featuring the 78th Highland Regiment, the Royal Artillery, Soldier's Wives and Civilian Tradespersons, a visit to the Citadel is an educational and enjoyable heritage experience. Guided tours, an audio-visual presentation and modern exhibits communicate the historical themes of the Citadel's commemoration as nationally significant in Canadian history.
Reference: APAAME_20170927_RHB-0328
Photographer: Robert Howard Bewley
Credit: Aerial Photographic Archive for Archaeology in the Middle East
Copyright: Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works
Carcassonne is famous for its citadel, the “Cité de Carcassonne”, a medieval fortress whose construction began in the 11th century, on the site of earlier fortifications dating back to the Roman era. Carcassonne was an independent fiefdom in the medieval era and became a stronghold of the Cathars in the late 12th to early 13th centuries.
The Cathars were a Christian sect who rejected the ostentatious wealth of the Roman Catholic Church for a much simpler, egalitarian society. They were based in this south west region of France. This of course incurred the wrath of the Pope who declared the Inquistition and launched a bloody and barbaric Crusade to wipe out the Cathar heretics. The Papal Crusaders captured Carcassonne in 1209 and the city submitted to the rule of the kingdom of France in 1247.
During the Hundred Years' War, English forces under the command of Edward the Black Prince unsuccessfully besieged the city in 1355, although they destroyed the lower town. By the end of the 17th century the castle’s strategic significance was reduced and the fortifications fell into disrepair. Beginning in 1853 the theorist and architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc began the decades long task of restoring the citadel. His vision was somewhat controversial as the style of the towers, turrets and other features was not necessarily very authentic. However, today it is generally regarded as a masterpiece of restoration and in 1997 was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Today it is France’s third most visited tourist attraction after Paris and Mont St Michel. Be warned, it gets horrendously busy in the peak summer period, if you’re planning a visit avoid July and August!
Carcassonne is famous for its citadel, the “Cité de Carcassonne”, a medieval fortress whose construction began in the 11th century, on the site of earlier fortifications dating back to the Roman era. Carcassonne was an independent fiefdom in the medieval era and became a stronghold of the Cathars in the late 12th to early 13th centuries.
The Cathars were a Christian sect who rejected the ostentatious wealth of the Roman Catholic Church for a much simpler, egalitarian society. They were based in this south west region of France. This of course incurred the wrath of the Pope who declared the Inquistition and launched a bloody and barbaric Crusade to wipe out the Cathar heretics. The Papal Crusaders captured Carcassonne in 1209 and the city submitted to the rule of the kingdom of France in 1247.
During the Hundred Years' War, English forces under the command of Edward the Black Prince unsuccessfully besieged the city in 1355, although they destroyed the lower town. By the end of the 17th century the castle’s strategic significance was reduced and the fortifications fell into disrepair. Beginning in 1853 the theorist and architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc began the decades long task of restoring the citadel. His vision was somewhat controversial as the style of the towers, turrets and other features was not necessarily very authentic. However, today it is generally regarded as a masterpiece of restoration and in 1997 was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Today it is France’s third most visited tourist attraction after Paris and Mont St Michel. Be warned, it gets horrendously busy in the peak summer period, if you’re planning a visit avoid July and August!
Fuel carrier skavenslave from warp firethrower team 2.
This miniature is from the classic late 80s Skaven range, which contained some of the finest miniatures ever produced by Citadel.
The citadel Spandau is considered as one of the most important and well received Renaissance fortresses of Europe. It is one of the most well-known objects of interest citizens of Berlin of the local part Spandau in the district of the same name, which was up to the creation of large Berlin in the year 1920 its own city. In the year 1559 to 1594 the fortress building established in place for a medieval castle is appropriate northeast for the splinter duration old part of town at the opposite Havelufer.
The sheer number of flags in Vietnam reminded me that it's not just Americans who are flag-happy. The stark cutout image of yellow-on-red is still potent to me, even though I grew up past the time when Vietnam--or even the USSR--was considered "the enemy." The power of iconography lingers.
Read more about Hue, its Citadel and find a Hue Google Map: treasuresofvietnam.blogspot.com/2009/10/hue-impressions.html
Algiers, Algeria - The Casbah is specifically the citadel of Algiers and the traditional quarter clustered around it. (More generally, a kasbah is the walled citadel of many North African cities and towns. The name made its way into English from French in the late 19th century (the Oxford English Dictionary says 1895), and continues to be spelled as acquired from that language.)