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The Citadel, an old fortress, which is of a tourist attracton in Landskrona. It was begun in the 1540s and completed in 1560, when this part of Sweden was part of Denmark.
Banteay Srei is a 10th century Cambodian temple dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva located near the hill of Phnom Dei, 25 km north-east of the main group of temples.
The temple was rediscovered only in 1914, and was the subject of a celebrated case of art theft when André Malraux stole four devatas in 1923 (he was soon arrested and the figures returned).
Leaving the citadel of Mycenae and headint to the Tomb of Agamemnon, or as its real name is Treasury of Atreus.
Mycenae, Greece
On a hilltop site overlooking central Amman sits the Citadel, a complex of buildings and ruins dating back to classical times (when the city was known as Philadelphia) onwards and including the ruins of several temples, the most prominent of which is the Temple of Hercules, with several columns still standing at full height.
Later remains date from the Byzantine and Umayyad periods, an impressive domed throne-room from the latter dynasty, and reflect the rich history of the site.
For more detail see below:-
Aleppo citadel, Aleppo, Syria.
The Citadel of Aleppo is the most prominent historic architectural site in Aleppo. It was recognized as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986. Its majestic stature forms the center of the city; in fact the city wraps around it extending a spider-like infrastructural web of streets forming the city's organic urban form.
The Citadel has an elliptical base with a length of 450m and width of 325m, at the top this ellipse measures 285m by 160m with the height of this slanting foundation measuring 50m. The entire mound was covered with large blocks of gleaming limestone that unified the built structure with the hill thus increasing its visual scale. It was also surrounded by a moat filled with water to protect against intruders. The Citadel hovers over the city in a uniqueness that rivals the larger Citadel of Cairo and the more massive Citadel of Damascus.
Although the Citadel is an Islamic landmark, archeological digs have uncovered Roman and Byzantine ruins dating back to the 9th century BC. The Citadel was originally a Neo-Hittite acropolis built on a natural hill; this provided a strategic site for a military fortress to guard and protect the surrounding agricultural areas.
Sayf al-Dawla (944-967), the first Hamdanid ruler of Aleppo, built the fortress and used the citadel as a military center of power over his region. Zangid ruler Nur al-Din (1147-1174) fortified the citadel and added some structures such as the Small Mosque of the Citadel. But it wasn't until Ayyubid period during the reign of the Sultan al-Zahir al-Ghazi of Aleppo (1186-1216) that the Citadel went through major reconstruction, fortification and addition of new structures that create the complex of the Citadel in its current form. During the first decade of the thirteenth century the citadel evolved into a palatial city that included functions ranging from residential (palaces and baths), religious (mosque and shrines), military installations (arsenal, training ground defense towers and the entrance block) and supporting elements (water cisterns and granaries).
Skopje , Shkupi , Skopie, Skoplje , Uskub, Ueskub
Skopje citadel towers
The fortification of Skopje.
Skopje , Republic of Macedonia
From the Parks Canada website:
From the time of its founding in 1749 through the 19th century, Halifax was one of four principal overseas naval stations in the British Empire. To defend Halifax, British military authorities built a series of fortifications in and around this strategic port - a system now known as the Halifax Defence Complex .
The present Citadel, completed in 1856, is the fourth in a series of forts since 1749 to occupy the hill overlooking the harbour. It is an excellent example of a 19th-century bastion fortification complete with defensive ditch, ramparts, musketry gallery, powder magazine and signal masts. Although never attacked, the fort was garrisoned by the British Army until 1906 and by Canadian Forces during the First and Second World Wars.
The fourth Citadel was established to guard against a land-based attack from the United States. This massive, star-shaped, masonry fortification took 28 years to build. Constructed originally as a smoothbore fortification, the Citadel quickly became obsolete with the introduction of powerful rifled guns in the 1860s. In response to the rapidly changing times, the Citadel upgraded its armaments and for the first time could defend the harbour as well as the land approach because the new artillery fired heavier shells a greater distance and with more accuracy.
The major role for the Citadel after the turn of the century was to provide barrack accommodations and act as a command centre for other harbour defences. When the Second World War broke out in 1939, the Citadel was used as a temporary barracks for troops going overseas and as the centre for anti-aircraft operations for Halifax. The Citadel was the "last view of the country for so many thousands outward bound and the first landmark to those who returned."
Today, the Citadel is operated by Parks Canada and is recognized as one of the most important historic sites in Canada. Restored to the mid-Victorian period with a living history program featuring the 78th Highland Regiment, the Royal Artillery, Soldier's Wives and Civilian Tradespersons, a visit to the Citadel is an educational and enjoyable heritage experience. Guided tours, an audio-visual presentation and modern exhibits communicate the historical themes of the Citadel's commemoration as nationally significant in Canadian history.
De Citadel by Christian de Portzamparc architects, Almere new city center masterplan by Koolhaas/OMA, Almere, the Netherlands
The striking mosque built by Muhammad Ali Pasha in Cairo's historic Citadel, commanding fine views over the city.
'We've got to get out of this place!'
Three LNER staff ponder the way to get back after their trip into theBorder City!
Because of its history of constantly being conquered, each major Syrian city has a castle-like citadel to house its defenses.
24.4.1918. There are huge tunnels and dungeons under the citadel where the French civilians sleep at night. Every evening at sunset, the women and children come streaming in to find a safe shelter for the night – very few remain in their own homes. These bombing raids are dreadful. One morning we saw quite a long procession – carrying little coffins to the quiet garden outside the town, child victims of the previous night’s raid.
Sister Elsie Tranter