View allAll Photos Tagged Built_Structure
Daybreak, Kingsport, TN, October 25, 1990: Although it's raining hard, I walk ahead of CSX F7 number 116 as it stands on the main at Kingsport in the dim morning light. I'm getting wet quickly, but I keep my jacket over my Nikon FE2. I'm shooting Kodachrome 64 (ISO 64) and my tripod is back in the car, so I dial the shutter speed down to 1/4 second, frame the scene, try to stop breathing to be as still as possible, and fire off five shots. When the slides return from processing, only one---this one---is usable. And amazingly, it's perfectly sharp. This is a joint Eastman Chemical-CSX VIP inspection train bound for Spartanburg, SC, and I'm a lucky guy for having been invited to ride. In fact, I'll spend much of the trip in the 116's cab. Behind is F7B 117, an office car, dining car "Greenbrier," and CSX's theater car. The tower in the background is the former Clinchfield passenger depot--a very over-built structure given the modest passenger train service the line ever offered. At the time, it had just been renovated as a bank (and it still serves that purpose today). Gosh, I'm glad I took a day of vacation from work to ride this train, because that opportunity will never happen again.
Corno del Renon prides itself with the prettiest 360° view in South Tyrol - and rightly so! “For who wishes to see all of Tyrol at one sight shall climb these heights”, thus wrote Ludwig Purtscheller, mountaineer of the later 19th century, about Rittner Horn/Corno del Renon. And, if you’ve ever experienced the vastness that opens in front of you up there, if you’ve ever felt that rush of goosebumps at the sight of so much unfiltered beauty, you will surely agree with Purtscheller: The view at the top here reaches 360° to the horizon and back - absolutely open, clear and unobstructed. The onlooker’s eyes roam from the Dolomites - UNESCO World Heritage Site – spreading in one arch from southeast to south, over the summits of Peitlerkofel/Sass de Putia to the Geißlerspitzen/Gruppo delle Odle peaks, to Schlern/Sciliar and further on over Rosengarten/Catinaccio to Latemar all the way to Schwarzhorn/Corno Nero and Weißhorn/Corno Bianco.
Corno del Renon гордится самым красивым видом на 360 ° в Южном Тироле - и это правильно! «Ибо тот, кто хочет увидеть весь Тироль с одного взгляда, поднимется на эти высоты», - так писал Людвиг Пурчеллер, альпинист конца 19-го века, о Риттнер-Хорн / Корно-дель-Ренон. И, если вы когда-либо испытывали необъятность, которая открывается перед вами там, если вы когда-либо чувствовали прилив гусиной кожи при виде такой нефильтрованной красоты, вы наверняка согласитесь с Пурччеллером: вид сверху здесь достигает 360 ° к горизонту и обратно - абсолютно открытый, чистый и беспрепятственный. Глаза наблюдателя бродят от Доломитовых Альп - объекта всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО - простираются в одной арке с юго-востока на юг, над вершинами Пейтлеркофель / Сасс-де-Путия до вершин Гейслерспитцен / Группо делле Одле, до Шлерна / Шилиар и далее по Розенгартену / Катиначчо до Латемара вплоть до Шварцхорна / Корно Неро и Вайсхорна / Корно Бьянко.
i wish you a happy new year! good experiences, new insights, and exciting people! Anyone who takes photographs captures the present and is interested in people and their living conditions. And the broader curiosity and openness are found in humanity, the less there will be hate and violence.
The importance of defending airfields against attack was realised before the outbreak of World War II and a strategy evolved as the war went on. Initially based on the principle of defence against air attack, anti-aircraft guns, air raid shelters and dispersed layouts, with fighter or `blast' pens to protect dispersed aircraft, are characteristics of this early phase. With time, however, the capture of the airfield became a more significant threat, and it was in this phase that the majority of surviving defence structures were constructed, mostly in the form of pillboxes and other types of machine gun post. The scale of airfield defence depended on the likelihood of attack, with those airfields in south or east England, and those close to navigable rivers, ports and dockyards being more heavily defended. But the types of structure used were fairly standard. For defence against air attack there were anti-aircraft gun positions, either small machine gun posts or more substantial towers for Bofors guns; air raid shelters were common, with many examples on each airfield; and for aircraft, widely dispersed to reduce the potential effects of attack, fighter pens were provided. These were groups together, usually in threes, and took the form of `E' shaped earthworks with shelter for ground crew. Night fighter stations also had sleep shelters where the crew could rest. For defence against capture, pillboxes were provided. These fortified gun positions took many forms, from standard ministry designs used throughout Britain and in all contexts, to designs specifically for airfield defence. Three Pickett-Hamilton forts were issued to many airfields and located on the flying field itself. Normally level with the ground, these forts were occupied by two persons who entered through the roof before raising the structure by a pneumatic mechanism to bring fire on the invading force. Other types of gun position include the Seagull trench, a complex linear defensive position, and rounded `Mushroom' pillboxes, while fighter pens were often protected by defended walls. Finally, airfield defence was co-ordinated from a Battle Headquarters, a heavily built structure of which under and above ground examples are known. Defences survive on a number of airfields, though few in anything like the original form or configuration, or with their Battle Headquarters. Examples are considered to be of particular importance where the defence provision is near complete, or where a portion of the airfield represents the nature of airfield defence that existed more widely across the site. Surviving structures will often be given coherence and context by surviving lengths of perimeter track and the concrete dispersal pads. In addition, some types of defence structure are rare survivals nationally, and all examples of Pickett- Hamilton forts, fighter pens and their associated sleep shelters, gun positions and Battle Headquarters closely associated with defence structures, are of national importance.
Despite the loss of parts of West Malling airfield to modern development, elements of its World War II defences survive well and represent a range of structures originally present. The Pickett-Hamilton fort is a well-preserved example of a rare form of gun emplacement, 242 of which were installed on 82 airfields in 1940-41 by a commercial construction company. The structure remains substantially unchanged and still retains all the principal elements of its original design, including its operating equipment. Its use in this location illustrates the often unique character of airfield structures, in this case specifically designed for the defence of the flying field. The anti-aircraft defences at West Malling are also notable for the survival of a Bofors Light Anti-aircraft gun tower at the north western corner of the former airfield, one of only three examples recorded on airfields nationally (the other two survive at Brooklands and Weston-super-Mare). As such, it is an important historic structure, serving as a physical record of similar emplacements which have been demolished elsewhere. The Type 24 irregular hexagonal pillbox is the most common form of pillbox built between 1939 and 1941. Pillboxes are especially representative of World War II defence structures and its association with the adjacent airfield adds to the significance of the structure. The pillbox, located on the southern side of West Malling airfield survives comparatively well. Its presence, as well as the strengthening of its walls in concrete, illustrates the perceived vulnerability of the airfield to attack by heavy German artillery. The importance of the surviving defence structures at West Malling is further enhanced by the overall significance of the airfield itself and the necessity to safeguard crucial elements in the defence of Britain against the threat of invasion during the greatest conflict of the 20th century.
Details
The monument, which falls into three separate areas, includes a Bofors Light Anti-aircraft gun tower, a Pickett-Hamilton fort and a Type 24 pillbox. These structures formed part of the World War II defences of West Malling airfield, situated at Kings Hill, on top of the Greensand ridge, about 5km west of Maidstone. West Malling opened in 1930 as a private airfield for the Maidstone School of Flying, and was subsequently registered as Maidstone airport two years later. With the outbreak of World War II the airfield, which fell within Fighter Command's strategically important 11 Group (that part of Fighter Command covering the south east of England), was requisitioned by the RAF and soon re-opened as a front line fighter station in June 1940, and a satellite airfield to Biggin Hill, the principal fighter station in the area. A series of German bombing raids in August 1940 rendered the airfield unserviceable during the Battle of Britain, although it became a leading night fighter station the following year and played a key role in the 1944 campaign, code named Operation Diver, to defend the South East against the V1 flying bomb. With the end of the war West Malling became the main rehabilitation centre for prisoners of war returning from Germany. By this time its former grass runways, reinforced with Somerfield track (a heavy steel netting), had been replaced in concrete to meet the needs of the new jet aircraft. After the war the airfield was used for peacetime training, and during the 1960s the station was placed on `care and maintenance' by the RAF. The site was acquired by Kent County Council in 1970 and many of the airfield buildings are now used as offices by Tonbridge and Malling Borough Council. Since the 1990s, parts of the airfield have been lost to modern development. With the deepening threat of German invasion, the defence of Britain's airfields became a high priority during 1940. Fear of German `blitzkrieg' or `lightening' war tactics (involving rapid assault by air and seaborne troops, as witnessed in Europe in the Spring of 1940), led to the implementation of a national strategy for the defence of airfields in September 1940. West Malling was identified as one of 149 important airfields, located within 20 miles of vulnerable ports which could be targets for seaborne landings. Heavy defence of these airfields was therefore crucial to prevent capture of strategic landing grounds by enemy paratroops or gliderborne forces, rapidly followed by the arrival of transport aircraft carrying the principal invasion force. By the end of 1940, three Pickett-Hamilton forts had been installed at West Malling. These structures were designed in June 1940 by the New Kent Construction Company, specifically for the close defence of airfield runways. One of these forts was located towards the northern end of the flying field and survives next to what is now a modern access track. The structure consists of two, vertically sunken concrete cylinders, one mounted inside the other. The inner cylinder, known as the lifting head, remains in its lowered position, flush with the ground surface. The lifting head, pierced with three apertures for its main Vickers or Bren gun, was designed to be raised to its firing position by means of a pneumatic jack, supplemented by a manual pump for emergency use. The fort retains most of its original features, including its internal operating equipment as well as the access hatch in the lid of the lifting head through which the crew of two men entered at ground level. The second fort was removed from the airfield in 1983, and survives on display at the Imperial War Museum, Duxford. The location of the third fort has not yet been identified. Adjacent to the southern perimeter track at West Malling is a Type 24 hexagonal pillbox which originally formed part of an inner and outer series of about 20-30 pillboxes. The small squat structure measures about 6m by 5.5m and is entered through a doorway on its longer eastern side. The entrance is protected by a low externally attached brick wall, and is flanked by one of two loopholes, the second of which is located in the opposite wall of the pillbox. In accordance with orders issued in 1941, the walls of the original brick built structure were thickened by the external application of reinforced concrete, and evidence suggests that at least two additional loopholes were also blocked at this time. These measures were intended to strengthen pillboxes at vulnerable locations against heavy German artillery. The presence of a recess in the edge of the roof above each opening suggests that further protection for the gun crew may have been provided in the form of shields, designed to deflect flame-throwers. A rare surviving example of a Bofors Light Anti-aircraft gun tower also survives close to a modern roundabout, at the north western approach to the airfield. The concrete and brick built tower appears to conform to type `DFW 55087', which was designed at the end of 1939, with the earliest examples constructed during the first half of 1940. The tower was designed to raise a 40mm Bofors gun and its operational equipment, above surrounding obstacles in order to achieve an all-round field of fire in defending the airfield from attack by fast moving, low flying enemy aircraft. The tower stands to a height of about 20m and consists of two parallel, independent structures, separated for much of their height by a 1m gap and linked at intervals by cantilevered concrete bridges to allow movement between the towers. At ground level, the gap functioned as a passageway, providing access to the chambers on either side. The combined structure measures 9m from north to south by 4m east to west and each tower was constructed on four levels: three internal levels contained the magazine and accommodation chambers, lit by vertical two-light windows. The emplacement was located on the flat concrete roof, which projects beyond the brick walls of the tower and was reached via a ladder from the chamber below. The ordnance was centrally mounted on the roof of the northern tower and was served by ammunition lockers at each corner of the roof space. The roof of the southern tower supported the target predictor and was separated from the gun platform by a narrow intervening gap, above the passage below, to insulate this sensitive equipment from the vibration of the Bofors gun. Several temporary station buildings survive around the airfield perimeter. These derelict structures include externally rendered, temporary brick buildings, dispersed from the main technical site in anticipation of concentrated bombing raids. These structures are not included in the current scheduling. Among the more architecturally sophisticated airfield buildings, the Neo-Georgian style Officers' Mess is Listed Grade II. Several semi-sunken Stanton air raid shelters survive, in buried form, near the barrack buildings. These are infilled and are not therefore included in the scheduling. Other structures associated with the defence of the airfield, such as the battle headquarters and the protected aircraft dispersal pens, were destroyed towards the end of the 20th century, although further, as yet unidentified elements may survive beyond the area of the monument. All modern fixtures and fittings associated with the Bofors tower, including modern doors and window boxes, and all modern materials and equipment stored within the tower are excluded from the scheduling; the ground beneath these features, or the structures to which they are attached, however, is included.
MAP EXTRACT The site of the monument is shown on the attached map extract. It includes a 2 metre boundary around the archaeological features, considered to be essential for the monument's support and preservation.
The Windmill Tower:
The oldest convict-built structure surviving in Queensland, the windmill tower has accommodated a range of uses. Constructed in 1828 to process the wheat and corn crops of the Moreton Bay penal settlement, it had a treadmill attached for times when there was no wind but also as a tool for punishing convicts. The mill ceased grinding grain in 1845 and the treadmill was removed sometime before 1849. From 1855 the tower was reused as a signal station to communicate shipping news between the entrance of the Brisbane River and the town. Substantial renovations were made to it in 1861 including the installation of a time ball to assist in regulating clocks and watches. Twenty years later a cottage for the signalman was constructed to the immediate west of the tower, with a detached kitchen erected to the south two years after that. Both were later demolished. The windmill tower was used as a facility for early radio, telephony and television communications research from the 1920s and underwent substantial conservation work in the 1980s and 2009.
In May 1825, after eight months of occupation at Redcliffe, the contingent of convicts, soldiers, administrators and their families comprising the Moreton Bay penal settlement relocated to the site of present-day Brisbane's central business district. The growing settlement was to be self-sufficient in feeding its residents by cultivating corn (also known as maize) and wheat crops at the government farm, which were then processed into meal and flour by hand mills.[1] By 1827, with a substantial crop to process, the settlement storekeeper recommended a treadmill be erected to grind the crop into flour. Commandant Logan indicated at this time that such a devise at Brisbane town would be of service and also provide an avenue for the punishment of convicts.[2]
There is little evidence confirming details of the windmill tower's planning and construction. In July 1828, Peter Beauclerk Spicer, the Superintendent of Convicts at the time, recorded in his diary that convicts were 'clearing ground for foundations for the Mill' and proceeded to dig a circular trench that reached bedrock and had a circumference of approximately 9 metres.[3] Allan Cunningham noted soon after that construction was in progress. The mill was constructed on the highest point overlooking the settlement on what is now Wickham Terrace. By 31 October 1828 the first grain was being ground at the site by a mill gang; however it is supposed that this was done by a treadmill as the rotating cap and sails associated with the wind-powered operation of the mill were not brought to the site until November.[4] Circumstantial evidence suggests that the wind-powered grinding of grain did not begin until December.
There were two pairs of millstones inside the tower, each driven independently by the treadmill and sail mechanisms. The former was located outside the tower, a shaft connecting the treadwheel and the mill cogwheels inside. Two sketches from the early 1830s show the windmill tower and its sail stocks in place,[5] while an 1839 description depicts a tower built from stone and brick, comprising four floors, a treadmill and windmill. From 1829 the windmill tower was said to be continually requiring repair, possibly because its equipment was all made from locally-available timber rather than iron[6].
The treadmill was an important component of the mill, for use as punishment without trial, and for times when there was no wind but the amounts of grain sufficient to sustain the settlement still required processing. No plans exist of the Brisbane treadmill, however, the Office of the Colonial Architect produced a standard Design for Tread Mill Adapted for Country Districts Average Estimate £120.[7] Between 25 and 30 men worked at the mill at any one time. Sixteen operated the treadmill, although as there are no plans, it is uncertain whether it comprised a standard 16-place treadmill, or two 8-place sections connected to a common shaft. Each man would climb five steps to get onto the wheel, standing on the 9 inch wide treads and holding on to the rail. The men would then work as though ascending steps to operate the treadmill. Some undertook this task while in leg irons, while the more able used one hand to hold on and the other to draw sketches of people, animals and scenes on the boards of the mill. The men would work from sunrise to sunset with three hours rest in the middle of the day in summer, and two hours in winter.[8] [9] The first casualty of the treadmill, which produced the first official record of its existence, occurred in September 1829 when prisoner Michael Collins lost his life after being entangled in the operating mechanism. Maps of 1840s Brisbane feature a rectangular structure attached to the outside of the tower, Robert Dixon's in particular showing a 6 x 5 metre structure, probably the treadmill, located on ground that was to become Wickham Terrace.
In July 1841 the Brisbane tower was reputedly the site of a public execution of two Aboriginal men who had been convicted in Sydney of the murder of Assistant Surveyor Stapylton and one of his party near Mount Lindsay. They were returned to Moreton Bay and hanged with about 100 Aboriginal people present, however it may be that the execution took place elsewhere on what was known as Windmill Hill.[10]
Indicative of the prominence of its physical position, the tower served as one of the stations for the trigonometrical survey of the Moreton Bay district conducted by Robert Dixon, Granville Stapylton and James Warner from May 1839 in preparation for the area being opened to free settlement.[11]
In February 1836 the windmill tower was struck by lightning, causing severe damage throughout, including to the treadmill. A convict millwright was brought from Sydney in June for the repairs, which amounted to a major rebuild of the structure that was not completed until May 1837.[12] In April 1839, with the closure of the Moreton Bay penal settlement being planned, the windmill tower was one of the buildings recommended for transfer to the colony. This was approved in 1840-41 but it continued to sporadically process grain until 1845, when due to crop failure, a stagnant population and the availability of imported flour, it finally ceased being used. The penal settlement had officially closed in February 1842. The treadmill operated until 1845 and had been removed by October 1849[13].
The windmill tower in Brisbane is the oldest of its type left standing in Australia and further distinguished by having been built by convict labour. The earliest standing stone windmill towers extant around the country date from the 1830s and include: one built in 1837 in South Perth, Western Australia[14]; another built in the same year at Oatlands in Tasmania which operated until 1890[15]; and another built at Mount Gilead near Campbelltown in New South Wales in 1836[16]. Most were built to process grains into flour. Other surviving mill towers are the one built in 1842 by FR Nixon at Mount Barker in South Australia; Chapman's mill built around 1850 at Wonnerup in Western Australia[17], and another built at a similar time on an island in the Murray River near Yunderup in Western Australia[18]. None of the nineteen windmill towers that characterised the early settlement at Sydney have survived.[19] Technological developments, most particularly steam power which was more dependable than wind power or that generated by convict labour at a treadmill, rendered wind-driven mills largely redundant.
After the cessation of milling operations there were discussions about possible future use of Brisbane's windmill tower. In December 1849 the tower was put up for auction and bought by a government official who promptly sought tenders for removal of it and its machinery (the auction terms required it to be cleared away by three months after the sale).[20] Ownership of the place quickly reverted to the Crown because of a legal problem with the sale, but not before some dismantling had occurred.[21] In a January 1850 article the Moreton Bay Courier continued its appeal for the windmill not to be pulled down and secured by the town, arguing that aside from its landmark and picturesque qualities it was the ‘best fixed point for land measurement in the district'. In this vein the site was the most accessible viewing point for the picturesque landscape of Brisbane and its environs. Despite earlier calls to erase evidence of Brisbane's convict past, 'sentiment and pragmatism combined to override the detrimental taint of convictism' saving the tower from destruction. The sails were still in place in 1854 and appear in a painting of the windmill completed in 1855.[22]
By 1855 Brisbane was the leading Queensland port and it became important to establish signal stations to communicate shipping news between the entrance of the Brisbane River and the town, one of which was set up on Windmill Hill. This required modifications to the tower to include a semaphore station connected to the electric telegraph. Information on ships entering the river was converted to semaphore signals using flags hoisted on a mast erected on top of the tower. The renovations were undertaken by John Petrie in October 1861 to plans by colonial architect Charles Tiffin and included the removal of the windmill stocks or arms and wheels; the laying of floors on each storey; new doors and windows; a weatherproof floor on the top of the tower with an iron railing; a new winding staircase from bottom to top; repair of stone, brickwork and plastering; and the installation of a high flagstaff to fly signals.[23] The tower's renovation at this time also fitted it out as a public observatory and it became known by that term.[24] The following year it became the first home of the newly founded Queensland Museum; serving this purpose until 1868 when other accommodation was provided in the old convict barracks or parliamentary building on Queen Street.[25]
Petrie also installed a time ball on the tower to provide a reliable authority for regulating clocks and watches. It was dropped at one o'clock each day based on observations relayed by telegraph from Sydney. The time ball was replaced by a time gun in 1866, with an embankment and shed constructed to hold the gun in 1874. After 1882 the gun and shed were moved to the eastern section of the current reserve before the shed was demolished in 1908. The time gun proved useful to people as far away as Logan, Caboolture and Ipswich. The old gun was replaced in 1888 with another before a new electrically-controlled time ball was installed in 1894. This was associated with the legislated implementation of a single time throughout the colony, being designated as ten hours earlier than the mean time at Greenwich. Adjustments were made to the tower at this time to accommodate the new time ball. The roof was lowered and the flagstaff pared down.[26]
A cottage for the signalman was constructed in 1883 to the immediate west of the tower to plans prepared by Government Architect FDG Stanley and on part of the Waterworks reserve. Two years later a detached kitchen was also constructed behind it to the south of the tower. Use of the signal station was discontinued in 1921 by the state government, which then sought a new use for the structure and land. [27] Despite this the flagstaff remained in place until 1949. From January 1893 the Fire Brigade implemented a nightly observation post from a specially-constructed platform on top of the tower. This was used until around 1922.
The Commonwealth government assumed responsibility for the site in 1901 but control reverted to the state in 1908 when it was designated as an Observatory Reserve. In 1902 it had been connected to the Railway Telegraph Office at Roma Street so that the railways had the correct time for their operations. The evidence of historical photographs suggests that sometime between 1902 and 1912 the cabin at the top was increased in size.[28] The time ball remained in operation until 1930.
The site was placed under the trusteeship of the Brisbane City Council in 1922. The site of the cottage remained in the hands of the Waterworks Board and a boundary re-arrangement had to occur to allow its continued use in relation to the observatory. At this time the Queensland Institute of Radio Engineers began wireless radio and telephony research at the tower, and used the signalman's cottage to meet two nights a month. Apparatus to operate a wireless radio station was installed in 1926. The cottage was occupied on a more regular basis in order to reduce the risk of vandalism to the tower, but fell vacant. In 1926 the City Architect, AH Foster, proposed a plan for beautifying the observatory, which included removal of the cottage and adjacent sheds. The tender of Messrs Guyomar and Wright to remove the cottage, shed and outhouse for £60 was accepted.[29] At this time the stone and wrought iron wall along Wickham Terrace was erected. It was intended to add 'dignity to the historical reserve, and harmonise with the massive character of the Tower'.[30]
From 1924 Thomas Elliott installed equipment in the tower to undertake cutting-edge television research; he and Allen Campbell giving a demonstration from the site in 1934 which constituted Queensland's first television broadcast. It was considered by many at the time as the most outstanding achievement thus far in the history of television in Australia. They gained a license from the government and continued experimental broadcasting from the tower until about 1944.[31]
From 1945 the Brisbane City Council was considering suitable action to preserve the tower, which had become a popular visitor attraction. Some restoration work was carried out in 1950 on the advice of Frank Costello (then Officer in Charge of Planning and Building with the City Council), which included removal of old render and re-rendering the entire structure. It was at this time that the flagstaff was removed in preparation for making the open ground of the reserve 'a real park'. Certainly these conservation efforts considered the heritage value of the place as well as the public's use of it.
However by 1962 the windmill tower was again in poor condition. Floodlighting to enhance its appearance for tourists was undertaken for the first time during the Warana Festival five years later. In the early 1970s the Council and the National Trust of Queensland undertook detailed investigations regarding restoration and transfer of trusteeship from the council to the trust (the latter were abandoned in 1976). None of the original plans or any of the original windmill machinery parts could be located at that time. Based on these findings the National Trust formed the opinion that the building should be preserved in its present form and not reconstructed to its windmill form.
In 1982 City Council undertook some external maintenance work on the observation house or cabin, including replacement of deteriorated timber to the balcony and sills, and corrugated iron on the roof, and repair of the time ball and its mast (which was shortened by about 300 mm to remove some part affected by dry rot).[32]
In 1987 a consortium of companies involved in the construction of the Central Plaza office building offered to assist the Brisbane City Council with the conservation of the Windmill Tower. To inform this work a conservation study was undertaken by Allom Lovell Marquis-Kyle Architects, which also oversaw conservation work[33]. Preliminary archaeological investigations undertaken at this time identified the remains of the original flagstaff base which was reinstated.[34] The conserved Windmill Tower was opened by the Lord Mayor of Brisbane on 3 November 1988. A further archaeological investigation was carried out at the site in 1989-90 by a University of Queensland team, revealing clear stratigraphic layers datable to each of the key phases of use of the site.[35] In August 1993 further investigations of the fabric of the tower were undertaken to explore the extent of the footings and the nature of construction of the curb and cap frame. More conservation work was carried out in May 1996. [36]
In 2009 the Brisbane City Council received considerable funding to carry out restoration work of the windmill tower through the State Government's Q150 Connecting Brisbane project. It was intended that the structure be publically accessible to allow visitors to experience the view from its observation platform, a practice that has been commented on since the 1860s.[37] In 2008 - 2009 the Brisbane CBD Archaeological Plan assessed the area of the observatory reserve and a length of Wickham Terrace associated with it as having exceptional archaeological research potential because of the combination of its association with the penal settlement and the low level of ground disturbance that has occurred there since.[38]
The Tower Mill Hotel:
Spring Hill is Brisbane’s oldest suburb containing many of Brisbane’s oldest structures. Opposite the site of the Tower Mill Motel is the convict-built windmill tower dating from 1828 and nearby the town’s first purpose-built reservoirs dating from 1866.
Being close to the town centre, Spring Hill developed as the town developed with fashionable, more expensive houses on the ridgeline above Brisbane Town and cheaper housing on the lower slopes and gullies. As the town spread in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, newer suburbs further out attracted development and Spring Hill was, by the early twentieth century, crowded, a bit run-down and cheap. In the postwar era, as prosperity returned in the 1950s and 1960s, a wave of new development swept the city. Young professionals and artists were attracted to Spring Hill as it was close to the city centre and the suburb experienced somewhat of a revival and the beginnings of gentrification.
The increased frequency and affordability of international travel also had an impact as Australia became a destination and new international style hotels were built. In Brisbane, the traditional corner hotels lacked the facilities and accommodation standards required by the growing modern tourist market. In the 1960s a number of new hotels were built, with the Tower Mill Motel being one of the first and an outstanding example of the new modern international style.
The site of the motel was previously occupied by a doctor’s surgery in-keeping with the development of Wickham Street over time as the location of private hospitals and specialist clinics. The site was purchased by Chacewater Pty Ltd who applied in November 1964 to build a seventy unit motel designed by architect, Stephen Trotter, estimated to cost £285,000.
Stephen Trotter was born in Brisbane in 1930 and trained in the offices of Mervyn Rylance and Fulton and Collin. He gained a Diploma of Architecture (Qld) in 1954 and became a registered architect in 1955. He started in practice as an associate of Fulton and Collin in 1958. His time with Mervyn Rylance, who specialized in Old English designs, instilled in Trotter a desire to design buildings that responded to the sub-tropical climate of Brisbane. In 1962 John Gillmour, Stephen Trotter and Graham Boys became partners in the firm. Influenced by the new international styles being constructed overseas and the new engineering technologies being developed after the war, Stephen Trotter successfully applied for a Royal Australian Institute of Architects (RAIA) Sisalkraft Scholarship in 1962. His application included the design of the Tower Mill Motel in his portfolio of works as an indication of his desire to study design responses to climatic conditions. Trotter’s whirlwind three-month tour of the world resulted in a study entitled “Cities in the Sun” which identified the elements of design relating to hot, dry; hot wet, warm wet and warm dry climates in the subcontinent, Persia, Oceania, South America, North America and Europe.
The Tower Mill Motel features a striking circular form, distinctive concrete sun-shading and a restaurant on the top floor. The circular form and roof detailing mirror the circular form and detailing of the diminutive historic windmill tower across the road. Embracing the new design technologies of the international style, the Tower Mill Motel features expressed concrete floor plates and columns and concrete awnings shading the full height glazed walls. It is completely different from the international style hotels being built in the city at this time which, although featuring curtain walls and full height glazing, generally adhered to a rectangular footprint and identical room layouts.
Stephen Trotter remained as a partner of Fulton, Collin, Boys, Gilmour and Trotter until 1999. During this period he taught architecture at the Queensland Institute of Technology (QIT now QUT), instilling an understanding of the importance of the environment and energy efficiency in building design to a generation of architecture students. As well as lecturing at QIT for nineteen years, Trotter was involved in the Queensland Chapter of the Australian Institute of Architects for a number of years. Trotter retired from Fulton Trotter in 1999, however his sons Mark and Paul are now directors. Stephen Trotter also made an outstanding contribution to the University of Queensland residential college, International House, for over sixty years and he was made a Fellow in November 2011. Stephen Trotter passed away on 30 July 2015, aged 84.
The Tower Mill Motel was completed in 1964 and went on to become a destination for overseas visitors.
The outstanding innovative design of the Tower Mill Motel, not only is a unique example of a 1960s cyclindrical building that is sensitively designed to respond to the site and climate. The hotel was subdivided for 107 strata titled units in December 2002 with some being sold into private ownership and some being retained for use as hotel rooms. A recent change in ownership has seen the purchase of a number of private units to facilitate the return of the whole building to use as a hotel.
Source: Queensland Heritage Register & Brisbane City Council Heritage Register.
The Chrysler Building is an Art Deco style skyscraper located on the East Side of Midtown Manhattan in New York City, at the intersection of 42nd Street and Lexington Avenue in the Turtle Bay neighbourhood. At 1,046 feet (319 m), the structure was the world's tallest building for 11 months before the Empire State Building surpassed it in 1931. It is still the tallest brick building in the world, albeit with an internal steel skeleton. After the destruction of the World Trade Center, it was again the second-tallest building in New York City until December 2007, when the spire was raised on the 1,200-foot (365.8 m) Bank of America Tower, pushing the Chrysler Building into third position.
The Viharamahadevi Park is the oldest and the biggest park in the port city of Colombo in Sri Lanka. Located near historical places such as the National Museum, Town Hall and the Colombo Public Library, after receiving recent renovations this place has become a central location in Colombo. Built in the reign of the British Colonial Government on land donated by Captain Charles Henry de Soysa, this park was named after Queen Victoria as the Victoria Park.
The park has a long history of being used for different purposes like during the World War II it hosted the British Army and the 17th Brigade of the Australian Army. It was also used as a cricket ground by the first class teams from 1927 to 1995 and even hosted a match between the touring English team in the 1930s. After World War II was over the park was restored and it took a bit of its current form.
After the Independence of the Island Nation of Sri Lanka from the British Rule, the park was given its current name, Viharamahadevi Park which is named after the Queen Viharamahadevi, the mother of King Dutugemunu. At the present day, the park features a gigantic statue of Buddha, a children’s playing area and a numerous water fountains.
Парк Вихарамахадеви (бывший парк Виктория) - это общественный парк, расположенный в Коломбо, рядом с Национальным музеем Шри-Ланки. Это самый старый и самый большой парк в порту Коломбо. Парк расположен у здания Ратуши в колониальной эпохе, парк назван в честь королевы Вихарамахадеви, матери короля Дутугамуну. Парк был построен на земле, подаренной городу Коломбо Чарльзом Генри де Сойсой во время британского правления в Шри-Ланке и раньше назывался «Парк Виктории» после королевы Виктории. Во время Второй мировой войны он был оккупирован британской армией с австралийской 17-й бригадой, базирующейся в парке Виктория. После войны парк был восстановлен и открыт для публики в 1951 году. Раньше в парке была крикетная площадка, которая использовалась для первоклассного крикета между 1927 и 1995 годами. Цейлон играл против туристической английской команды там в 1927 году и против австралийской команды в 1935 году.В парке есть огромная статуя Будды и серия фонтанов. Он также включает в себя мини-зоопарк, детскую игровую площадку и BAC Jet Provost. Парк Вихарамахадеви - единственный крупный общественный парк в Коломбо и поддерживается муниципальным советом Коломбо. На его западной оконечности находится Мемориал Войны Кенотаф, Коломбо и Общественная библиотека Коломбо. Открытый стадион Vihara Maha Devi Park Open представляет собой площадку для проведения концертов и общественных мероприятий.
Paris, France - August 2019: crowd of tourists and local people walking in rue du Chevalier de la Barre, a paved street in Montmartre, next to the Basilica of the Sacré Cœur, in sunny day on summer. The Basilica of the Sacré Cœur stands on the background.
Church of St. Elijah the Prophet is a masterpiece of Old Russian architecture and one of the most recognizable symbols of the city. The church was built in 1647-1650 by the rich brother merchants Vonifaty and Ioanniky Skripins. The uniqueness of the Church of St. Elijah the Prophet is the excellent preservation of the interior paintings, which are rightfully regarded to be masterpieces of Ancient Russian art. These are wall paintings of the 17th century made during 3 summer months of the year 1680 by a team of 15 painters led by famous masters of that time Gury Nikitin and Sila Savin. Inside the carved gold-plated iconostasis painted in 1696 catches the eye. The icons placed there are the unexceptionable masterpieces of Ancient Russian art; in particular icons of the lower level, most of which are believed to be painted by the outstanding icon-painter of the 17th century Fedor Zubov (holy image of St. Elijah the Prophet, Annunciation, Ascension, etc.).
Храм Ильи Пророка — шедевр древнерусской архитектуры и живописи и один из самых узнаваемых символов города — строился в 1647-1650 гг. богатыми купцами братьями Вонифатием и Иоанникием Скрипиными. Центральный храм окружен большим количеством разновеликих несимметричных объемов: приделы с севера и юга, колокольня, шатровый придел Положения Ризы (построенный специально для великой святыни, пожалованной Скрипиным в 1650 г. царем Алексеем Михайловичем и патриархом Иосифом — частицы Ризы Господней), галереи и два крыльца.
Уникальность Ильинского храма еще и в том, что здесь полностью сохранилось художественное убранство, принадлежащее по праву к вершинам древнерусского искусства. Главная его часть — удивляющие своей сохранностью подлинные росписи XVII века, сохранившие свежесть и яркость красок. Центральный храм был расписан за неполные три летних месяца 1680 г. артелью из 15 живописцев под руководством «изографов града Костромы» Гурия Никитина и Силы Савина. Темы росписей — евангельские события, деяния апостолов, житие и деяния пророка Ильи и его ученика пророка Елисея. Золоченый иконостас пышной резьбы появился здесь в 1696 году. Составляющие его иконы являются безусловными шедеврами древнерусского искусства, особенно иконы нижнего местного яруса, большая часть которых приписывается выдающемуся иконописцу XVII века Федору Зубову (храмовый образ Ильи Пророка, Благовещение, Вознесение и др.)
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These kneeling statues of human figures with animal heads are largely replicas. The originals have either been stolen, or moved to museums. Each pair guards one of the six stairways leading to an upper platform of the sanctuary.
Banteay Srei is beautifully decorated. Being built of red sandstone, you get both that wonderful red color still present today, as well as a material that's relatively soft, making it easy to carve out the intricate details you see here. Even looking back on this picture now, I'm still impressed by the level of effort that went into making even a rather small temple, stunningly exquisite.
Blogged: www.aisleseatplease.com/blog/2016/8/9/kneeling-guardians
Built structure in Second Life, posed avatar on bike, took photo, cropped, brightened, filtered and changed color on iPad to give it a graphic novel feel and bring out the figure on the bike better.
The first church dedicated to the Divine Grace was present on the left bank of the Naviglio Grande canal already in the 16th century: in the year 1556 a chapel was built to accommodate the image of the Madonna, considered miraculous The chapel was later demolished and in its place was built the church, the largest in the Baroque style . It was destroyed by fire in 1719, and subsequently rebuilt. In 1849 was elevated to the rank of parish. At the end of the 19th century, wanting to demolish the old church, which was already too small for the growing area and replace it with a larger one, the architect Gaetano Moretti presented his project. The church is in the three naves of the Art Nouveau style, with a high bell tower and a portico on the main facade. The construction of the new church began in 1901. In 1908, the last remnant of the former baroque church was demolished.
Первая церковь, посвященная божией Благодати присутствовала, на левом берегу канала Навильо-Гранде уже в XVI веке: в год 1556 была построена часовня, чтобы разместить изображениеМадонны, считавшийся чудотворной Часовня была позже снесена и на ее месте была построена церковь, самая большая в стиле барокко. Она была разрушена пожаром в 1719, и в дальнейшем восстановлена. В 1849 была возведена в ранг прихода. В конце XIX века, желая снести старую церковь, которая была уже слишком мала для растущего района и заменить его на более большую, архитектор Гаэтано Моретти представил свой проект. Церковь в три нефа стиле модерн, с высокой колокольней и портиком на главном фасаде. Строительство новой церкви началось в 1901. В 1908 был снесен последний остаток прежней церкви в стиле барокко.
Ragusa (Italian: [raˈɡuːza] Sicilian: Rausa; Latin: Ragusia) is a city and comune in southern Italy.
The concrete pier over the shallow sea water near the beach of Koh Chang Island with turning on street lamps and morning sky at sunrise (dawn). Trat Province, Thailand. Silhouette of small fishing boat in the frame of the pier column.
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The Rocca, or castle, dominates Bergamo’supper town from the hill of Sant’Eufemia, giving it superb views of the town and the surrounding Val Brembana and, on a clear day, of Treviglio and Milan. Built on the site of Roman and Celtic ruins, the castle has long been a landmark and the protagonist of events that have changed the city’s history. Today the central structure is made up of a quadrangular keep with square towers on each corner. Through the centuries the building has been renovated, modified and expanded to meet the town’s ever-changing needs, the evolution of war techniques, the advent of gunpowder and new alliances. During the Austro-Hungarian domination it served as a stronghold against Garibaldi’s army.
Это замок-крепость, строительство которой началось в 1331 г. по приказу короля Иоанна Люксембургского (Giovanni di Lussemburgo), короля Польши и Богемии. Он в этом году захватил Ломбардию. Правда, долго не продержался, и спустя два года был изгнан. Но строительство крепости продолжалось, и хотя официально было закончено в 1336 г., замок постоянно расширялся и обустраивался. Например, в 1483 г. возле него появилась круглая башня, где размещались казармы. Впоследствии Rocca di Bergamo стал частью оборонительного комплекса и был объединен крепостными стенами с двумя цитаделями. Тем самым они заключили город в треугольник. Когда Бергамо попал под юрисдикцию Венецианской республики, появились «венецианские стены». Но замок Рокка не утратил оборонного значения. Некоторое время в круглой башне хранили порох, и она успешно выстояла против двух взрывов порохового склада. Во времена Рисорджименто (национально-освободительного движения) крепость на некоторое время стала тюрьмой, куда сажали патриотов Италии.
Street photography in Chur, Switzerland. The glass structure of the roof produces a very cool pattern on the ground of the bus stop. The fish-eye lens even amplifies the effect.
Mexican architecture with orange and yellow colors in the streets of San Miguel de Allende Guanajuato