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National Register of Historic Places, No. 92000382, 1992
Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Landmark No. 178, 8/17/77
__________
The Herold-Examiner Building
1111 S Broadway.
Downtown, South Park, Los Angeles, CA
Julia Morgan
On February 26, 2011, we were invited by the Los Angeles Historic Theater Foundation (LAHTF) to preview the newly restored Belasco Theater on Hill Street, in the South Park neighborhood of Downtown Los Aneles. Ordinarily, "adaptive reuse" is a dirty word to a hard-core preservationist, but the rennovations made to the Belasco are sensitive to the architecture, and give new life to an otherwise vacant building. Working with the LAHTF and the Los Angeles Conservancy, the owner of the Belansco has created a wonderful, and vibrant entertainment complex. Restored to Department of Interior standards, and adapted for a multitude of uses, this theater is destined to become a new Los Angeles hot spot.
The story goes that Edward Doheny, who lived just southwest in Chester Place, wanted a theater closer to his residence. At the time, many of the older theaters on Broadway were in decline and beginning to turn burlesque. On land owned by his oil company, he commissioned Morgan, Walls, and Clements to create two new venues -- the Belasco (HCM-476) with a close space designed for plays, and the Mayan (HCM-460), for musicals. The theaters were completed and opened in 1926 and 1927 respectively. They Mayan took on a pre-columbian theme, while the Belasco incorporaes several different Spanish themes, including: Churrigueresque, Spanish Renaissance, Moorish, and Gothic. Doheeny choose Frederick Belasco (brother to David and Edward Belasco of the New York Belasco theaters) to run the new venue. The Belasco's opening production was Gentlement Prefer Blonds. After the theater closed, it was converted into a movie palace, became home to the Gospel Temple, and later the Metropolitan Community Church (MCC), before being acquired by the current owner.
I love my little point-and-shoot Sony T100. However, in the low light of the theater I had to use the OSI setting. As a result the interior appears an erie Victorian red, even though it's mostly blue and gold. No amount of tinting would help, so the pictures are what they are.
After the tour we decided to take a walk around the block to see what other architectural treasures were in the neighborhood:
-- The Mayan Theater (HCM-460). 1040 S Hill St. Built in 1927, the theater opened with George Gershwin's "Oh Key." It was designed by Morgan, Walls, and Clements, and is only one of eight buildings in Los Angeles designed in the Pre-Columbian (Mayan Revival) style. The hand-carved wall scuptures were created by Mexican artist Francisco Cornejo.
-- The White Log Cabin Coffee Shop. Across the street from the Belasco is an amazing little piece of Los Angeles Programmatic archiecture in the form of a quaint log cabin. Built in 1932 and designed by Kenneth Bemis, it began life as the White Log Cabin Coffee Shop. Later it was painted red and became Tony's Burgers. Today it survives as the El Comedor Mexican Grill.
-- The YWCA (Woman's Athletic Club). 1031 S Broadway. Designed by Allison and Allison in the Italian Renaissance style, the structure is impressive but in sad need of repair. Today it serves as a home of the Los Angeles Jobs Corps.
-- The Herold-Examiner (NRHP-92000382, HCM-178). 1111 S Broadway. The Harold-Examiner is a Mission and Spanish Colonial Revival masterpiece, built in 1912 by legendary California architect Julia Morgan, for William Randolph Hearst. It is said she took inspiration from A. Page Brown's California Building of the 1983 World Columbian Exposition in Chicago, however Gebhard and Winters owe this more to a coinciidence of styles. The building's colorful domes and open-arched arcades are it's most notable features, but the arches were closed in during a 10-year strike that lasted from 1967 to 1977. The Herold-Examiner finally closed it's doors November 2, 1989, and the building -- still owned by the Hearst family -- has remained shuttered ever since. Despite a scare in the early 1990's when the Hearst family wanted to tear down the building for a parking lot, it survives in relatively good condition (thanks in part to community outcry and it's designation as both a National Register of Historic Places and a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Ladmark).
The Belasco Theater: thebelasco.com/Main/Main.htm
The Mayan Theater: clubmayan.com/
The Los Angeles Historic Theater Foundation (LAHTF): www.lahtf.org/
Wikipedia: The Los Angeles Herold-Examiner: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Herald-Examiner
Sibiu (Romanian: [siˈbiw], antiquated Sibiiu; German: Hermannstadt [ˈhɛʁmanʃtat], Transylvanian Saxon dialect: Härmeschtat, Hungarian: Nagyszeben [ˈnɒcsɛbɛn]) is a city in Transylvania, Romania, with a population of 147,245.[1] Located some 275 km (171 mi) north-west of Bucharest,[2] the city straddles the Cibin River, a tributary of the river Olt. Now the capital of Sibiu County, between 1692 and 1791 and 1849–65 Sibiu was the capital of the Principality of Transylvania.
Sibiu is one of the most important cultural centres of Romania and was designated the European Capital of Culture for the year 2007, along with the city of Luxembourg.[3] Formerly the centre of the Transylvanian Saxons, the old city of Sibiu was ranked as "Europe's 8th-most idyllic place to live" by Forbes in 2008.[4]
The city administers the Păltiniș ski resort.
History[edit]
See also: Timeline of Sibiu
The first official record referring to the Sibiu area comes from 1191, when Pope Celestine III confirmed the existence of the free prepositure of the German settlers in Transylvania, the prepositure having its headquarters in Sibiu, named Cibinium at that time.[5]
In the 14th century, it was already an important trade centre. In 1376, the craftsmen were divided in 19 guilds. Sibiu became the most important ethnic German city among the seven cities that gave Transylvania its German name Siebenbürgen (literally seven citadels).[6][7] It was home to the Universitas Saxorum (Community of the Saxons), a network of pedagogues, ministers, intellectuals, city officials, and councilmen of the German community forging an ordered legal corpus and political system in Transylvania since the 1400s.[8][9] During the 18th and 19th centuries, the city became the second- and later the first-most important centre of Transylvanian Romanian ethnics. The first Romanian-owned bank had its headquarters here (The Albina Bank), as did the ASTRA (Transylvanian Association for Romanian Literature and Romanian's People Culture). After the Romanian Orthodox Church was granted status in the Habsburg Empire from the 1860s onwards, Sibiu became the Metropolitan seat, and the city is still regarded as the third-most important centre of the Romanian Orthodox Church. Between the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and 1867 (the year of the Ausgleich), Sibiu was the meeting-place of the Transylvanian Diet, which had taken its most representative form after the Empire agreed to extend voting rights in the region.
After World War I, when Austria-Hungary was dissolved, Sibiu became part of Romania; the majority of its population was still ethnic German (until 1941) and counted a large Romanian community, as well as a smaller Hungarian one. Starting from the 1950s and until after 1990, most of the city's ethnic Germans emigrated to Germany and Austria. Among the roughly 2,000 who have remained is Klaus Johannis, the current President of Romania.
Geography[edit]
Topographic map of the Sibiu region
Panoramic view of Sibiu historic center, looking East.
Sibiu is situated near the geographical center of Romania at
WikiMiniAtlas
45.792784°N 24.152069°E. Set in the Cibin Depression, the city is about 20 km from the Făgăraș Mountains, 12 km from the Cibin Mountains, and about 15 km from the Lotru Mountains, which border the depression in its southwestern section. The northern and eastern limits of Sibiu are formed by the Târnavelor Plateau, which descends to the Cibin Valley through Gușteriței Hill.
The Cibin river as well as some smaller streams runs through Sibiu. The geographical position of Sibiu makes it one of the most important transportation hubs in Romania with important roads and railway lines passing through it.
City districts[edit]
The following districts are part of Sibiu. Some were villages annexed by the city but most were built as the city developed and increased its surface.
•Historic Center - Divided into the Upper Town and Lower Town
•Centru (Centre)
•Lupeni
•Trei Stejari
•Vasile Aaron
•Hipodrom I, II, III, IV
•Valea Aurie (Golden Valley)
•Tilișca
•Ștrand
•Turnișor (Little Tower; German: Neppendorf)
•Piața Cluj
•Țiglari
•Terezian
•Reșița
•Lazaret
•Gușterița (German: Hammersdorf)
•Broscărie
•Viile Sibiului
•Tineretului
•Veteranilor de Război
The Southern part, including the ASTRA National Museum Complex and the Zoo, also falls within the city limits.
Politics[edit]
Sibiu city council composition in 2004:
Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania
Social Democratic Party
National Liberal Party
Democratic Party
Although ethnic Germans make up less than 2% of Sibiu's population, Klaus Johannis, the former president of the Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania (FDGR/DFDR) and current president of Romania, served as mayor of Sibiu from 2000 to 2014. Johannis was overwhelmingly reelected in 2004 (with 88.7% of votes) and 2008 (with 83.3% of the votes cast) and his party gained an absolute majority in the city council in that year. After the 2014 presidential elections, the interim position for mayor of the city was filled by deputy mayor Astrid Fodor who in the 2016 local elections won the seat with a majority of votes.[18]
Despite winning the local elections with a majority of votes and a high approval rating, the current administration is beginning to be viewed as slow moving and lacking transparency. Another issue that is affecting the current administraiton's approval ratings is the lack of investments and innovations
Economy[edit]
Sibiu is an important economic hub for Romania, with a high rate of foreign investments. It is also an important hub for the manufacturing of automotive components and houses factories belonging to ThyssenKrupp Bilstein-Compa, Takata Corporation, Continental Automotive Systems, and NTN-SNR ball bearings. Other local industries are machine components, textiles, agro-industry, and electrical components (Siemens).
The city also contains Romania's second-largest stock exchange, the Sibiu Stock Exchange which is set to merge with the Bucharest Stock Exchange in 2018.[19]
The main industrial activities of Sibiu take place in two industrial zones located on the outskirts of the city:
•East industrial zone (East Economic Center), alongside the railway to Brașov and Râmnicu Vâlcea
•West industrial zone (West Economic Center),[20] near the exit to Sebeș, close to the Airport
A commercial zone located in the Șelimbăr commune plays an important role in the economy of Sibiu. It houses a mall and other large retailers.
Another factor that plays an important role in the economy of the city is tourism, which has been increasing at a steady rate since 2007.
Transport[edit]
Sibiu International Airport Location
Sibiu is well served in terms of transport and infrastructure. In 2010 a city bypass was opened, significantly reducing the road traffic inside the city.
Tursib[21] is the city's internal transportation system operator.
Air[edit]
Sibiu Airport, Blue Air flight.
Sibiu has one of the most modern international airports in Romania, with direct connections to Germany, Austria, United Kingdom, Italy and Spain while connections to other European countries being scheduled to start in summer 2018 Belgium, Denmark, Switzerland.
Road[edit]
Sibiu is an important node in the European road network, being on two different European routes (E68 and E81). At a national level, Sibiu is located on three different main national roads, DN1, DN7 and DN14.
The Romanian Motorway A1 will link the city with Pitești and the Romanian western border, near Arad. From the remaining 332 km of motorway towards the border with Hungary Nadlac, a total of 276 km is completed and the last 56 km are currently under construction, while the timeline for the segment towards Pitești is targeted for completion for the year 2025 (construction will start no sooner than 2019). Sibiu' s ring road as part of A1 motorway was completed on December 1, 2010.
Sibiu is also an important hub for the international bus links with the biggest passenger transporter in Romania, Atlassib, based here. Transport companies are also providing coach connections from Sibiu to a large number of locations in Romania.
Public bus transportation in Sibiu
Rail[edit]
Main article: Sibiu railway station
Sibiu is situated on the CFR-Romanian Railways Main Line 200 (Brasov - Făgăraș - Sibiu - Simeria - Arad - Romanian Western Border) and on Line 206 (Sibiu - Mediaș).
The city is served by five rail stations: the Main Station (Gara Mare), the Little Station (Gara Micǎ), Turnișor, Sibiu Triaj, Halta Ateliere Zonă . It has an important diesel-powered locomotives depot and a freight terminal.
Numerous Inter City trains (nicknamed Blue Arrows) connect Sibiu to other major cities in Romania: Cluj-Napoca, Brașov, Craiova, Timișoara and Bucharest.
Cycling[edit]
Over the last six years, Sibiu has enjoyed a revival of cycling. The bicycle way in the city span for 43 kilometers.
Bicycle rentals have offered a boost for the local economy with several small rental centers and a bigger rental center that is administered by the I'Velo Bike Sharing group.
Culture[edit]
Sibiu is one of Romania's most culturally lively cities. It has 3 theatres and a philharmonic orchestra along with other smaller private theatrical venues and a theatre studio housed by the Performing Arts and Acting section of Lucian Blaga University, where students hold monthly representations.
The Radu Stanca National Theatre[22] is one of the leading Romanian theatres. With origins dating back to 1787, it attracts some of the best-known Romanian directors, such as Gábor Tompa and Silviu Purcărete. It has both a Romanian-language and a German-language section, and presents an average of five shows a week.
The Gong Theatre is specialised in puppetry, mime and non-conventional shows for children and teenagers. It also presents shows in both Romanian and German.
The State Philharmonic of Sibiu[23] presents weekly classical music concerts, and educational concerts for children and teenagers. The concerts take place in the newly restored Thalia Hall, a concert and theatre hall dating from 1787, situated along the old city fortifications. Weekly organ concerts are organised at the Evangelical Cathedral during summers, and thematic concerts are presented by the Faculty of Theology choir at the Orthodox Cathedral.
The Sibiu International Theatre Festival is an annual festival of performing arts. Since 2016, it is the largest performance arts festival in the world.[24]
Brukenthal National Museum, Sibiu.
Museums and parks[edit]
Sibiu's museums are organised around two entities: the Brukenthal National Museum and the ASTRA National Museum Complex. The Brukenthal Museum consists of an Art Gallery and an Old Books Library located inside the Brukenthal Palace, a History Museum located in the old town hall building, a Pharmacy Museum located in one of the first apothecary shops in Europe, dating from the 16th century, a Natural History Museum and a Museum of Arms and Hunting Trophies.
The ASTRA National Museum Complex focuses on ethnography, and consists of a Traditional Folk Civilisation Museum, a 96-hectare open-air museum located in Dumbrava Forest south of Sibiu, a Universal Ethnography Museum, a Museum of Transylvanian Civilisation and a Museum of Saxon Ethnography and Folk Art. Also planned is a Museum of the Culture and Civilisation of the Romany People.
Bicycle riders in Sub Arini park, in Sibiu.
The Dumbrava Sibiului Natural Park stretches over 960 hectares and it is situated 4 km away from the center of the city in the southwest direction along the road towards Răşinari. Also, here you can find the Zoological Garden and Ethnography Museum.
There is a Steam Locomotives Museum close to the railway station, sheltering around 40 locomotives, two of which are functional.
The first park in the city was The Promenade, later called "The Disabled Promenade." established in 1791, today part of Parcul Cetății (Citadel Park). Current arrangement of the park, including the space between the walls, dates from 1928.
The Sub Arini Park, established in 1856 is one of the biggest and best-maintained parks in Romania. There are other green spaces in the city center, the best known being Astra Park, established in 1879.
Tineretului Park
Other parks:
Tineretului Park, Reconstrucției Park, Corneliu Coposu Park, Petöfi Sándor Park, Piața Cluj Park, Ștrand Park, Cristianului Park, Țițeica Park, Vasile Aaron Park, Lira Park.
The distribution of green space is good compared to other Romanian cities.
Events[edit]
Citadel Park, with the 16 century City wall
Several festivals are organised yearly in Sibiu, the most prestigious of them being the Sibiu International Theatre Festival, organized each spring at the end of May. Medieval Festival organized every year in August, reviving the medieval spirit of Transylvania. The Artmania Festival is held every Summer since 2006 and as of 2008 the Rockin' Transilvania Festival is also held in Sibiu. The oldest Jazz Festival in Romania is organized here, as well as the "Carl Filtsch" festival for young classical piano players, the "Astra Film" documentary film festival, the Transylvania calling Festival a Multi Cultural 6 day Open Air Music festival! 26–31 July 2007, a medieval arts festival and many more smaller cultural events.[25] Feeric Fashion Week is also hosted here.
European Cultural Capital[edit]
The designation as a European Cultural Capital for 2007, owed greatly to the excellent collaboration with Luxembourg, but also to what many regard as a miraculous social rebirth taking place in the city during the last years. The Cultural Capital status was expected to bring about an abrupt increase in quantity and quality of cultural events in 2007.
Tourism[edit]
In 2007, Sibiu was the European Capital of Culture (together with Luxembourg). This was the most important cultural event that has ever happened in the city, and a great number of tourists came, both domestic and foreign.
The city of Sibiu and its surroundings are one of the most visited areas in Romania. It holds one of the best preserved historical sites in the country, many of its medieval fortifications having been kept in excellent state. Its old center has begun the process for becoming a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004. Sibiu and its surrounding area have many significant museums, with 12 institutions housing art collections, paintings, and exhibits in decorative arts, archeology, anthropology, history, industrial archeology and history of technology and natural sciences.
The city also lies close to the Făgăraș Mountains - a very popular trekking destination, close to the Păltiniș and Arena Platos ski resorts - popular winter holiday destinations, and it is at the heart of the former Saxon communities in Transylvania renowned for its fortified churches.
Fortified Lutheran church of Gușterița neighbourhood, 13th century
Since 2007, a traditional Christmas market is held for the first time in Sibiu, Romania. The first of its kind in Romania, it is inspired by Viennese Christmas markets, being a project developed by the Social Attaché of the Austrian Embassy in Romania, dr.h.c. Barbara Schöfnagel It was held in the "Lesser Square" (Piața Mică) with 38 small stalls, a small stage and an area dedicated to children, having several mechanical attractions installed there. Since 2008 the market is held in the "Grand Square" and grew to a number of about 70 stalls, a bigger stage was set up, where Christmas carols concerts are held. An ice skating rink and a children's workshop are also attractions which have been added in the following years.[26] It was the first Christmas Market in Romania,[27] but soon other Christmas markets emerged across the country. In 2013, the Sibiu Christmas markets was included in the "15 Of the Most Beautiful Christmas Markets in Europe"[28]
Main sights[edit]
Sibiu Lutheran Cathedral
Market in the Large Square, 1790, painting by Franz Neuhauser the Younger
Christmas Fair in the Large Square
Coopers Tower
The House with Caryatids on Mitropoliei Street, constructed in 1786
Pasajul Scărilor (Passage of the Stairs) in the Lower Town
Much of the city's aspect is due to its position, easily defensible, but allowing horizontal development. The old city of Sibiu lies on the right bank of the Cibin River, on a hill situated at about 200 m from the river. It consists of two distinct entities: the Upper Town and the Lower Town. Traditionally, the Upper Town was the wealthier part and commercial outlet, while the Lower Town served as the manufacturing area.
The Lower Town
(German: Unterstadt, Romanian: Orașul de jos) comprises the area between the river and the hill, and it developed around the earliest fortifications. The streets are long and quite wide for medieval city standards, with small city squares at places. The architecture is rather rustic: typically two-storey houses with tall roofs and gates opening passages to inner courts.
Most of the exterior fortifications were lost to industrial development and modern urban planning in the mid-late 19th century; only four towers still exist. A building associated with newer urbanism of the period is the Independența Highschool.
This area has the oldest church in the city, dating back to 1292.
The Upper Town (German: Oberstadt, Romanian: Orașul de sus) is organised around three city squares and a set of streets along the line of the hill. As the main area for burgher activities, the area contains most points of interest in the city.
Grand Square
(German: Großer Ring, Romanian: Piața Mare ) is, as its name suggests, the largest square of the city, and has been the center of the city since the 15th century. At 142 meters long and 93 meters wide, it is one of the largest ones in Transylvania.
Brukenthal Palace, one of the most important Baroque monuments in Romania, lies on the north-western corner of the square. It was erected between 1777 and 1787 as the main residence for the Governor of Transylvania Samuel von Brukenthal. It houses the main part of the National Brukenthal Museum, opened in 1817, making it one of the oldest museums in the world. Next to the palace is the Blue House or Moringer House, an 18th-century Baroque house bearing the old coat of arms of Sibiu on its façade.
Interior of the Sibiu Orthodox Cathedral
On the north side is the Jesuit Church, along with its dependencies, the former residence of the Jesuits in Sibiu. Also on the north side, at the beginning of the 20th century an Art Nouveau building was constructed on the west part, now it houses the mayor's office.
Liars Bridge in Lesser Square, erected in 1859
Next to the Jesuit Church on the north side is the Council Tower, one of the city's symbols. This former fortification tower from the 13th century has been successively rebuilt over the years. The building nearby used to be the City Council's meeting place; beneath it lies an access way between the Grand Square and the Lesser Square.
On the south and east sides are two- or three-storey houses, having tall attics with small windows known as the city's eyes. Most of these houses are dated 15th to 19th centuries, and most of them are Renaissance or Baroque in style.
Lesser Square (Small Square, German: Kleiner Ring) as its name implies, is a smaller square situated in the northern part of the Upper Town. After the 2007 rehabilitation there has been an increase in the number of small businesses such as pubs and restaurants in this area.
The square is connected to the other two squares and to other streets by small, narrow passages. The main access from the Lower City is through Ocnei Street, which divides the square in two. The street passes under the Liar's Bridge - the first bridge in Romania to have been cast in iron (1859).[29]
To the right of the bridge is another symbol of the city, The House of the Arts, a 14th-century arched building formerly belonging to the Butchers' Guild. On the left side of the bridge is the Luxemburg House, a Baroque four-storey building.
Huet Square
is the third of the three main squares of Sibiu. Its most notable feature is the Evangelical Lutheran Cathedral in its center. It is the place where the earliest fortifications have been built in the late 12th century or early 13th century. The buildings around this square are mainly Gothic. On the west side lies the Brukenthal Highschool, in place of a former 14th-century school.
The Thick Tower
The Fortifications
of Sibiu made the city one of the most important fortified cities in Central Europe. Multiple rings were built around the city, most of them out of clay bricks. The south-eastern fortifications are the best kept, and all three parallel lines are still visible. The first is an exterior earth mound, the second is a 10-meter-tall red brick wall, and the third line comprises towers linked by another 10-meter-tall wall. All structures are connected via a labyrinth of tunnels and passageways, designed to ensure transport between the city and lines of defense.
In the 16th century more modern elements were added to the fortifications, mainly leaf-shaped bastions. Two of these survived to this day, as the Haller Bastion (all the way down Coposu Boulevard) and "Soldisch Bastion".
The Passage of the Stairs, leads down to the lower section of Sibiu. It descends along some fortifications under the support arches. It is the most picturesque of the several passages linking the two sides of the old city.
Health
Health[edit]
Sibiu County Hospital
Sibiu is one of the important medical centers of Romania, housing many important medical facilities:
•County Hospital
•Academic Emergency Hospital;
•Hospital of Pediatrics;
•Military Emergency Hospital;
•CFR Hospital (Romanian Railways Hospital);
•"Dr. Gheorghe Preda" Psychiatry Hospital
•other smaller private clinics
The city also houses one of the largest private hospitals in the country, Polisano.
Education[edit]
Samuel von Brukenthal High School
Sibiu is an important centre of higher education, with over 23,000 students in four public and private higher institutions.[30][31][32][33]
The Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu was founded in 1990, with five faculties: Engineering and Sciences; Language Sciences; History and Law; Medicine; Food and Textile Processing Technology. Nowadays, there are 10 faculties and departments.
Sibiu also houses the Nicolae Bălcescu Land Forces Academy and the Military Foreign Language Center as well as two private universities, Romanian-German University and Alma Mater University.
In Sibiu there are 20 educational institutions on the secondary level, the most important of which are:
•Gheorghe Lazăr National College - sciences and informatics, first opened in 1692 as a Jesuit College
•
Gheorghe Lazăr National College
Samuel von Brukenthal National College - German language high school
•Octavian Goga National College - social sciences, sciences, informatics and linguistics
•Onisifor Ghibu Theoretical Highschool - informatics, sciences, sports, theater and linguistics
•Andrei Șaguna National College - training for school teacher and linguistics
•Constantin Noica Theoretical Highschool - sciences and linguistics
•Daniel Popovici Barcianu Highschool - agricultural sciences
•George Baritiu National College - economic sciences
•Nicolae Iorga Elementary school
•Regina Maria Elementary school
The Jaswant Thada is a cenotaph located in Jodhpur, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It was built by Maharaja Sardar Singh of Jodhpur State in 1899 in memory of his father, Maharaja Jaswant Singh II, and serves as the burial ground for the rulers of Marwar.
The mausoleum is built out of intricately carved sheets of marble. These sheets are extremely thin and polished so that they emit a warm glow when illuminated by the sun.
The cenotaph's grounds feature carved gazebos, a tiered garden, and a small lake. There are three other cenotaphs in the grounds. The cenotaph of Maharaja Jaswant Singh displays portraits of the rulers and Maharajas of Jodhpur.
_______________________________________________
CENOTAPH
A cenotaph is an "empty tomb" or a monument erected in honour of a person or group of people whose remains are elsewhere. It can also be the initial tomb for a person who has since been reinterred elsewhere. The word derives from the Greek: κενοτάφιον = kenotaphion (kenos, one meaning being "empty", and taphos, "tomb"). Although the vast majority of cenotaphs honour individuals, many noted cenotaphs are instead dedicated to the memories of groups of individuals, such as the lost soldiers of a country or of an empire.
HISTORY
Cenotaphs were common in the ancient world with many built in Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece and across Northern Europe (in the shape of Neolithic barrows).
Sir Edwin Lutyens' cenotaph in Whitehall, London influenced the design of many other war memorials in Britain and the British sectors of the Western Front, as well as those in other Commonwealth nations.
The Church of Santa Engrácia, in Lisbon, Portugal, turned into a National Pantheon since 1966, holds six cenotaphs, namely to Luís de Camões, Pedro Álvares Cabral, Afonso de Albuquerque, Nuno Álvares Pereira, Vasco da Gama and Henry the Navigator.
The Basilica di Santa Croce in Florence, Italy, contains a number of cenotaphs including one for Dante Alighieri,who is buried in Ravenna.
REGIONAL
ASIA
Among Asian countries, the Cenotaph in Central of Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong, the Cenotaph in George Town, Penang, the Cenotaph in Kuala Lumpur, the Cenotaph in Singapore and the Cenotaph in Colombo were erected as memorials to the war dead of World War I.
The concrete Memorial Cenotaph at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park was designed by Kenzo Tange to commemorate the 200,000 victims of the August 1945 atomic bomb attack.
A cenotaph was erected inside the Manila North Cemetery in the Philippines in honour of the 24 Scouts who died in a plane crash en route to the 11th World Scout Jamboree.
ARGENTINA
A monument which has come to be known to as the "Cenotaph" was erected in Plaza San Martín, in downtown Buenos Aires, to commemorate the Argentinian soldiers who died during the Falklands War, in 1982. The monument consists of a series of plaques of black marble with the names of the fallen, surrounding a flame, and during the day is guarded by two soldiers.
Another cenotaph, which is a replica of the Argentine Military Cemetery in Darwin on the Falkland Islands, exists in Campo de Mayo, a large Army facility and training field just outside Buenos Aires.
AUSTRALIA
In Australia, Anzac Day commemorations are usually held at all of the nation's many war memorials, but not all of them are cenotaphs. The Sydney Cenotaph is in Martin Place and the Hobart Cenotaph is in the Queens Domain. An Anzac Day commemoration is held in the regional city of Bendigo at the cenotaph which is located in Charing Cross.
BERMUDA
A limestone replica of the Cenotaph at Whitehall in London was erected outside the Cabinet Building in Hamilton, Bermuda in 1920.
CANADA
In Canada, major cenotaphs commemorating the nation's war dead in World War I and later conflicts include the National War Memorial (a cenotaph surmounted by a bronze sculpture entitled "The Response") in Ottawa; Montreal, Toronto, Hamilton, Victoria, St. John's, Halifax, and the Victory Square Cenotaph, in Vancouver, British Columbia.
SOUTH AFRICA
A cenotaph is the focal point of the Voortrekker Monument in Pretoria, South Africa. It is situated below the other main point of interest, a marble Historical Frieze in the Hall of Heroes, and is visible through a round opening in the floor. The Hall of Heroes itself has a dome from the summit of which one can view the interior of the monument. At noon on 16 December each year the sun shines through another opening in the dome onto the middle of the cenotaph, where the words Ons vir Jou, Suid-Afrika (from Die Stem van Suid-Afrika; Afrikaans for "We for Thee, South Africa") are inscribed. The ray of sunshine symbolises God's blessing on the lives and endeavours of the Voortrekkers. 16 December is the date in 1838 that the Battle of Blood River was fought.
Durban, South Africa, has a striking and unusual cenotaph made of granite and lavishly decorated with brightly coloured ceramics.
Port Elizabeth, South Africa, has a cenotaph. Located on the edge of St George's Park in Rink Street, it was designed by Elizabeth Gardner to commemorate the men who died in the First World War (1914 - 1918) and was erected by the monumental mason firm of Pennachini Bros. On either side of the central sarcophagus are statues by Technical College Art School principal, James Gardner, who served in the trenches during the war. One depicts St George and the Dragon, the other depicts the sanctity of family life. Surrounding the sarcophagus are a number of bas-relief panels depicting scenes and people during World War One. It was unveiled by Mrs W F Savage and dedicated by Canon Mayo on 10 November 1929. A surrounding memorial wall commemorates the men and women killed during the Second World War.
UNITED KINGDOM
LONDON
A cenotaph in the UK that stands in Whitehall, London, was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens and replaced Lutyens' identical wood-and-plaster cenotaph erected in 1919 for the Allied Victory Parade, and is a Grade I listed building. It is undecorated save for a carved wreath on each end and the words "The Glorious Dead," chosen by Lloyd George. It was intended to commemorate specifically the victims of the First World War, but is used to commemorate all of the dead in all wars in which British servicemen and women have fought. The dates of the First World War and the Second World War are inscribed on it in Roman numerals. The design was used in the construction of many other war memorials throughout the British Empire.
There is another Cenotaph that stands on Victoria Square in Aberdare Glamorgan, also designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens.
BELFAST
The Cenotaph in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is located in the grounds of Belfast City Hall and is set within a Garden of Remembrance. It is about 9.5 metres high and presents several carvings including laurel wreaths, symbolising victory and honour. The Cenotaph is the site of the annual Northern Ireland memorial held on Remembrance Sunday, the closest Sunday to 11 November (Armistice Day).
UNITED STATES
In the United States, a cenotaph in Yale University's Hewitt Quad (or Beinecke Plaza) honours men of Yale who died in battle. The John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial in Dallas is often described as a cenotaph.
The Battle Monument in Baltimore, Maryland commemorates the Battle of Baltimore, the Battle of North Point on 12 September 1814, the Bombardment of Fort McHenry on 13–14 September, and the stand-off on Loudenschlager's Hill (now Hampstead Hill in Patterson Park). It has an Egyptian Revival cenotaph base, surmounted by a fasces bound together with ribbons bearing the names of the dead. It was designed by French émigré architect Maximilian Godefroy in 1815, and construction was completed in 1827. It is considered the first war memorial in America, and an early example of a memorial to individual soldiers. The Monument appears on the Seal and the Logo of the City of Baltimore, and serves as a symbol for any agencies of the municipal government.
A cenotaph for the defenders of the Battle of the Alamo (March 1836) stands in front of the Alamo mission chapel in San Antonio, Texas. The cenotaph is empty because the remains of the fallen were cremated.
Atop War Memorial Chapel at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, there is a cenotaph honouring all Virginia Tech cadets who have been killed in battle. Inscribed upon the cenotaph are the names of the seven Virginia Tech Alumni who have been awarded the Medal of Honor.
ZAMBIA
In Livingstone there is a cenotaph at the Eastern Cataract of The Victoria Falls with the names of the men of Northern Rhodesia who died during the Great War 1914–18. It was unveiled by HRH Prince Arthur of Connaught on 1 August 1923.
There is also a cenotaph in Lusaka at Embassy Park, opposite the Cabinet Office along Independence Avenue, and commemorates those Zambians who fought and died in World Wars I & II. The cenotaph was commemorated in 1977.
CENOTAPHS FOR THE MISSING
Although most notable cenotaphs commemorate notable individuals buried elsewhere, many cenotaphs pay tribute to people whose remains have never been located, particular those lost at sea. Two such cenotaphs are dedicated to victims of the RMS Titanic, whose bodies were not recovered after the sinking. The cenotaph of Ida Straus serves as the gravestone for her husband Isidor Straus at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, and the striking cenotaph of Major Archibald Butt, aide to U.S. President William Taft, is located at Arlington National Cemetery.
In Inishmore, Aran Islands, Ireland, drowning was formerly such a common cause of death for island fishermen that each family had a memorial to those lost at sea. Known as leachtaí cuimhneacháin (memorial cairns). Most were erected in the 19th century, although some date back to the eighteenth. A modern memorial was erected in 1997.
CHHATRIS
In India, cenotaphs are a basic element of Hindu architecture, later used by Moghuls as seen in most of the mausoleums of Mughal Emperors which have two burial chambers, the upper one with a cenotaph, as in Humayun's Tomb, Delhi, or the Taj Mahal, Agra, while the real tomb often lies exactly below it, or further removed. The Chhatri(s) trace their origin at 2000 years ago at Fort Kangara. The term chhatri, used for these canopylike structures, comes from Hindustani word literally meaning umbrella, and are found throughout the northwestern region of Rajasthan as well as in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. In the Shekhawati region of Rajasthan, chhatris are built on the cremation sites of wealthy or distinguished individuals. Chhatris in Shekhawati may consist of a simple structure of one dome raised by four pillars to a building containing many domes and a basement with several rooms. In some places, the interior of the chhatri is painted in the same manner as the Haveli.
_______________________________________________
HISTORY OF JASWANT SINGH II
Jaswant Singh II, GCSI, (1838- 11 October 1895) was Maharaja of Jodhpur in India between 1873 and 1895.
BIRTH
He was born in 1838 at Ahmadnagar in Gujarat and was eldest son of Takht Singh.
MARRIAGE
He had eight wives, of which the first–the daughter of the Jam Sahib of Nawanagar, Puariji–was chief consort.
ACCESSION
He acceded to the throne of Jodhpur in 1873 upon death of his father, Takhat Singh
REIGN
The reign of Jaswant Singh II was marked with remarkable prosperity and reforms and development works. He established Courts of Justice, introduced system of revenue settlement and reorganizing all the state departments. Further, he developed infrastructure of the state by introducing telegraphs, railways (Jodhpur State Railway), and developing roads. He formed Imperial Service Cavalry Crops, which later rendered active service in European War. He was honored and created the Knight Grand Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India in 1875
SWAMI DAYANANDA INCIDENT
Jawant Singh had invited Swami Dayananda as he was influenced by his ideas. But the tragedy occurred that Dawayanda was poisoned on 29th September 1883, when he was the royal guest of Jaswant Singh II by Dayananda's own cook, who had conspired with a court dancer. Maharaja was quick to arrange services of doctor and arranged for Swamiji to be sent to Mount Abu upon advice of Residency.
DEATH
He died 11 October 1895 and was succeeded by his only son Sardar Singh.
WIKIPEDIA
Travelling North West along the Kilbun High Road between Belsize Road and West End Lane there remains a number of rather grand looking buildings once housing well known high street shops typical of the later part of the 20th century
The buildings in this photo include 50 – 56 Kilburn High Road. Up until around 1930 these were the business premises of a successful draper, David Fearn & Co. Following this 50 - 52 became Montague Burton, later Burton's Taylors and 54 – 56 British Home Stores.
The date above 54 – 56 shows the date it was rebuilt, 1930. Presently these premises are occupied by a later chain, Primark and 50 – 52 by HSBC
Although I lived in this area as a boy and teenager in the 1940s to 1960s I cannot honestly say what was in the now unused spaces at the crown of these buildings. Probably the the Burton's Taylors would have a logo, something like this: www.flickr.com/photos/24772733@N05/2462519752/in/set-7215... and the other the letters B.H.S. Maybe Primark and HSBC are getting around to doing something similar.
The following link from the British History Online website includes some interesting history of British trade and industry in Kilburn High Road. Mostly under "Trade and Industry" www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22647&st...
Post script: Since this photo was first posted I have received more information about which shops occupied this group of buildings in 1960 from Flickr member "bowroaduk" www.flickr.com/photos/24772733@N05/ . My memories would have been mostly through the 1950/60s and this recent information certainly corresponds to how I recall these buildings and shops. I believe that hovering over each shop with the mouse pointer on the photo will show which company occupied each shop in 1960. Probably the most interesting is the shop now occupied by Nationwide, far right hand side. It would have one time been a J. Lyons Tea Shop. People in England about the 1950/60s will remember these shops well. To my knowledge self-service tea shops. This link tells you lots about J. Lyons & Co and includes some photos typical of their shop fronts. www.kzwp.com/lyons/
Architect: Gisli Kristjansson - Gisli Arkitektur AB
Built in: 1995-1996
Client: Malmö Kanotklubb, MKK
Malmö Canoe Club, founded in 1926, is southern Sweden's largest club with about 500 members. The facility consists of a main building at 511 square meters containing locker rooms with showers, sauna, gymnasium/assembly hall, fully equipped weight training room, clubroom, office, kitchen and technology areas and two additional buildings with a canoe hall with seating for 225 K-1s and a storage room with space for 14 K-2's and 3 K-4's and a workshop. The house has a large terrace covered with larch wood. The floor area is 876 square meters. The facility was inaugurated on 12 January 1996.
In 1998 the building received the Olympic Committee's Award - European Prize for Architecture of Sports Facilities.
Type : Photograph Medium : Print-black-and-white Description : The photograph is taken from Collingwood Street. The Midland Bank is on the corner of the Bigg market and the Newcastle and Gateshead Building Society is on the corner of St. Nicholas' Street. A man is crossing the road by the lights an old man is watching him. Collection : Local Studies Printed Copy : If you would like a printed copy of this image please contact Newcastle Libraries www.newcastle.gov.uk/tlt quoting Accession Number : 013988
Darkness and peace activists
Speaking of: original. The battle for the trademark "Sachertorte" employed the courts of the Republic of Austria until 1963. Finally, the Wider-Sacher (sacher antagonists) agreed out of court on this settlement: Only the Hotel Sacher may use the name "Original Sacher-Torte", the Viennese confectionery Demel must offer their product as "Eduard Sacher-Torte".
Anna Sacher has not experienced the darkest years of her hotel. When she died in 1930, Austria had become the most popular tourist destination of the Germans. In 1933, the Nazi government stopped this trend with the so-called thousand mark barrier: every German citizen had to pay a fee of 1000 Reichsmark before traveling to Austria. The Austrian tourism industry suddenly lost 85 percent of its German guests, many businesses were ruined. In 1934, the Hotel Sacher filed for bankruptcy.
In 1938, Adolf Hitler proclaimed on the Heroes' Square in Vienna with a pathetically trembling voice "before history the entrance of my homeland into the German Reich". - More than 100,000 Austrians shouted: "Sieg Heil!". The swastika flag fluttered on the façade of the Hotel Sacher. From 1945 Vienna was controlled by the victorious powers similar to Berlin. Americans, Russians, British and French patrolled Vienna together, in doing so inspiring to the classic movie "The Four in the Jeep". However, the penicillin trafficker Harry Lime, depicted by Orson Welles, was staged in an artistically and commercially impressive manner.
No, "The Third Man" does not play in the Hotel Sacher. But English author Graham Greene stayed here while researching the film script in bombed Vienna. The British had lodged in the Sacher and ran a well-stocked bar there - gin, scotch, Irish whiskey - and a restaurant for the upper ranks.
During a joint lunch at the Sacher, a British secret service employee provided the novelist with the brilliant idea for a film backdrop. Ironically, in this atmosphere the location scout with Graham Greene aroused curiosity about the city's underground sewer system. Immediately after the meal, Greene and his informant visited this sewage underworld - ugh. But script fee does not stink.
20 years later, another Englishman immortalized himself with his peace-giving measure in the guest chronicle of the Hotel Sacher. In 1969, John Lennon and his newlywed wife Yoko Ono used the worldwide media interest in their bedroom activities to spread their message: "Give Peace A Chance!"
Ono-Lennon's bridal chamber was packed with journalists as John and Yoko - hidden under white cloth - chanted about the inability of the politicians, the secret wishes of the Queen and other world problems. Most of the attendees of this press conference in the Sacher Suite 312 did not or could not seriously question the meaning of the political happening. Only the former ORF reporter André Heller gave the impression that he could respect John and Yoko and understand their message: "peace".
With the supermarket bag to the Sacher
What the two peace apostles were doing there in the Sacher, the Beatles fans learned a few weeks later by the hit single "Ballad Of John And Yoko". For example, on their "Trip to Vienna", the honeymooners had eaten "chocolate cake in a bag". John and Yoko had crawled into a sack and ate a Sachertorte in it - maybe even today a recommended nightcap after a night of drinking.
It does not always have to be world peace. Also in the Sacher life is happening on a smaller scale. For example, it was enough for a Leonard Bernstein if he could immediately sit down at the piano and "compose" or rehearse on arrival "in his Viennese living room". The main thing, this schedule was meticulously met: In the morning, the movers brought his instrument - the composer of "West Side Story" never traveled without his own piano - in the amber room, then the piano tuner did his job, around noon, the maestro appeared.
Another habit: as a regular guest conductor of the Vienna Philharmonic, Leonard Bernstein booked the same suite on each of his visits to the world capital of music. The reason for this loyalty was revealed to the Sacher management only when Lenny missed his favorite picture on the wall during one of his hotel stays. No problem. Eduard Veit's painting "Black and Blonde" was immediately put back where it should be.
AC/DC, the Callas, Mireille Matthieu, Comedian Harmonists, Otto Waalkes, the BeeGees and Andi Borg - they all have stayed at the Sacher. But the most prominent permanent hotel guest was not a musician, but a professional music listener: Marcell Horace Frydman Knight of Prawy. Or just Marcel Prawy. Until his death in 2003, he was considered the Austrian "opera leader of the nation". His trademark was the plastic shopping bags of the supermarket chain "Billa", in which he dragged sheet music and notes around.
During the last ten years of Marcel Prawy's life, the hotel was the shortest walk to the back entrance of the Vienna State Opera as his permanent home address. This suggests the upscale lifestyle of a privileged, but it certainly leads to complications - especially when in Sacher once again descends a president, the entire hotel has been declared a high-security wing and opposite the uniformed sniper on the roof of the opera sit on lookout.
On the state visit of a ruler of the upper threat class Marcel Prawy was prevented by the police from entering his apartment. Protest futile. So he used the remedy that always works immediately in a foreign-friendly city like Vienna: Prawy explains in awkward English that he is an Arab sheikh and must necessarily visit his friend, the president - and he is waved by.
Luckily the Sacher regular had not claimed he was Marcel Prawy. The police would have taken him on suspicion that somebody was imitating his voice familiar to every ORF radio listener in order to get into the Hotel Sacher without authorization.
Finsternis und Friedensbewegte
Apropos: Original. Der Kampf um die Schutzmarke "Sachertorte" beschäftigte bis 1963 die Gerichte der Republik Österreich. Schließlich einigten sich die Wider-Sacher außergerichtlich auf diesen Vergleich: Nur das Hotel Sacher darf die Bezeichnung "Original Sacher-Torte" verwenden, die Wiener Konditorei Demel muss ihr Produkt als "Eduard Sacher-Torte" anbieten.
Anna Sacher hat die finstersten Jahre ihres Hotels nicht mehr erlebt. Als sie 1930 starb, hatte sich Österreich zum beliebtesten Reiseziel der Deutschen entwickelt. 1933 stoppte die Nazi-Regierung diesen Trend mit der so genannten Tausend-Mark-Sperre: Jeder deutsche Staatsbürger musste vor einer Reise nach Österreich eine Gebühr von 1000 Reichsmark zahlen. Die österreichische Tourismus-Branche verlor auf einen Schlag 85 Prozent ihrer deutschen Gäste, zahlreiche Betriebe wurden ruiniert. 1934 meldete auch das Hotel Sacher Konkurs an.
1938 verkündete Adolf Hitler auf dem Wiener Heldenplatz mit pathetisch zitternder Stimme "vor der Geschichte nunmehr den Eintritt meiner Heimat in das Deutsche Reich". - Mehr als 100.000 Österreicher schrien: "Sieg Heil!". An der Fassade des Hotel Sacher flatterte die Hakenkreuzfahne. Ab 1945 wurde Wien ähnlich wie Berlin von den Siegermächten kontrolliert. Amerikaner, Russen, Briten und Franzosen patrouillierten gemeinsam durch Wien und inspirierten damit zu dem Film-Klassiker "Die Vier im Jeep". Künstlerisch und kommerziell beeindruckender in Szene gesetzt wurde allerdings der Penicillin-Schwarzhändler Harry Lime, dargestellt von Orson Welles.
Nein, "Der dritte Mann" spielt nicht im Hotel Sacher. Doch der englische Autor Graham Greene logierte hier, als er für das Film-Drehbuch im zerbombten Wien recherchierte. Die Briten hatten sich im Sacher einquartiert und betrieben dort eine ordentlich sortierte Bar - Gin, Scotch, Irish Whiskey - und ein Restaurant für die gehobenen Dienstgrade.
Beim gemeinsamen Lunch im Sacher lieferte ein britischer Geheimdienst-Mitarbeiter dem Romancier die zündende Idee für eine Film-Kulisse. Ausgerechnet in dieser gepflegten Atmosphäre weckte der Location-Scout bei Graham Greene die Neugier auf das unterirdische Abwasserkanal-System der Stadt. Gleich nach dem Essen besichtigten Greene und sein Informant diese Kloaken-Unterwelt. - Igittigitt. Aber Drehbuch-Honorar stinkt nicht.
20 Jahre später verewigte sich ein weiterer Engländer mit seiner Frieden stiftenden Maßnahme in der Gästechronik des Hotel Sacher. John Lennon und seine frisch angetraute Ehefrau Yoko Ono nutzten 1969 das weltweite Medien-Interesse an ihren Schlafzimmer-Aktivitäten für die Verbreitung ihrer Botschaft: "Give Peace A Chance!"
Das Brautgemach der Eheleute Ono-Lennon war gerammelt voll mit Journalisten, als John und Yoko - versteckt unter weißem Leinen - über die Unfähigkeiten der Politiker, über die geheimen Wünsche der englischen Queen und über andere Weltprobleme schwadronierten. Die meisten Teilnehmer dieser Pressekonferenz in der Sacher-Suite 312 wollten oder konnten den Sinn des Polit-Happenings nicht ernsthaft hinterfragen. Einzig der damalige ORF-Reporter André Heller machte den Eindruck, als könne er John und Yoko respektieren und ihre Message verstehen: "Frieden".
Mit der Supermarkttüte ins Sacher
Was die zwei Friedensapostel da sonst noch im Sacher so trieben, erfuhren die Beatles-Fans ein paar Wochen später durch die Hit-Single "Ballad Of John And Yoko". Bei ihrem "Trip to Vienna" hatten die Hochzeitsreisenden zum Beispiel "chocolate cake in a bag" gegessen. John und Yoko waren also in einen Sack gekrochen und verspeisten darin eine Sachertorte - vielleicht heute noch ein empfehlenswerter Absacker nach einer durchzechten Nacht.
Es muss nicht immer gleich der Weltfrieden sein. Auch im Sacher geht es durchaus eine Nummer kleiner. Einem Leonard Bernstein genügte es zum Beispiel voll und ganz, wenn er sich bei der Ankunft "in seinem Wiener Wohnzimmer" sofort an das Klavier setzen und komponieren oder proben konnte. Hauptsache, dieser Zeitplan wurde penibel eingehalten: Morgens brachten die Möbelpacker sein Instrument - der Komponist der "West Side Story" verreiste niemals ohne eigenes Klavier - in das Bernstein-Zimmer, dann erledigte der Klavierstimmer seine Arbeit, gegen Mittag erschien der Maestro.
Noch so eine Angewohnheit: Als regelmäßiger Gastdirigent der Wiener Philharmoniker buchte Leonard Bernstein bei jedem seiner Besuche in der Welthauptstadt der Musik dieselbe Suite. Der Grund für diese Treue offenbarte sich der Sacher-Direktion erst, als Lenny bei einem seiner Hotel-Aufenthalte sein Lieblingsbild an der Wand vermisste. Kein Problem. Eduard Veits Gemälde "Schwarz und Blond" wurde sofort wieder dorthin gehängt, wo es hingehört.
AC/DC, die Callas, Mireille Matthieu, Comedian Harmonists, Otto Waalkes, die BeeGees und Andi Borg - sie alle übernachteten schon mal im Sacher. Doch der prominenteste Dauer-Hotelgast war kein Musikschaffender, sondern ein professioneller Musikhörer: Marcell Horace Frydman Ritter von Prawy. Oder einfach nur: Marcel Prawy. Bis zu seinem Tod im Jahre 2003 galt er als der österreichische "Opernführer der Nation". Sein Markenzeichen waren die Plastik-Einkaufstüten der Supermarkt-Kette "Billa", in denen er Noten und Aufzeichnungen herumschleppte.
Während der letzten zehn Lebensjahre von Marcel Prawy galt das Hotel mit dem kürzesten Fußweg zum Hintereingang der Wiener Staatoper als seine feste Wohnadresse. Das lässt auf den gehobenem Lifestyle eines Privilegierten schließen, es führt aber durchaus zu Komplikationen - vor allem dann, wenn im Sacher mal wieder ein Staatspräsident absteigt, das komplette Hotel zum Hochsicherheitstrakt erklärt worden ist und gegenüber auf dem Dach der Oper die uniformierten Scharfschützen auf der Lauer liegen.
Beim Staatsbesuch eines Machthabers der oberen Gefährdungsklasse wurde Marcel Prawy von der Polizei daran gehindert, seine Wohnung zu betreten. Protest zwecklos. Also wendete er jenes Mittel an, das in einer fremdenfreundlichen Stadt wie Wien immer sofort wirkt: Prawy erklärt in unbeholfenem Englisch, er sei ein arabischer Scheich und müsse unbedingt seinen Freund, den Präsidenten besuchen - und er wird durch gewunken.
Zum Glück hatte der Sacher-Stammgast nicht behauptet, er sei der Marcel Prawy. Die Polizei hätte ihn garantiert mitgenommen wegen des Verdachts, dass da jemand seine jedem ORF-Radiohörer vertraute Stimme imitiert, um ohne Befugnis hinein zu kommen in das Hotel Sacher.
www.merian.de/europa/oesterreich/wien/artikel/das-hotel-s...
Vienna Concert House (2006)
The Wiener Konzerthaus was opened in 1913. It is on the 3rd Viennese district road (Lothringerstraße) at the edge of the Inner City between Schwarzenberg Square and City Park .
Architectural History
Ludwig Baumann planned Olympion Art Show 1908, the main building Concert Hall, detail
1890 for a planned house music festivals should be considered as multi-purpose building to address a broader public than the just 200 meters away traditional Viennese Musikverein. The design by architect Ludwig Baumann for a Olympion contained several concert halls except an ice rink and a Bicycleclub. In addition, an open-air arena should offer 40,000 visitors. The skating rink and its adjacent buildings were realized in 1899 by Baumann plans, the Art Nouveau ensemble but fell in 1960 to a construction of the InterContinental Hotels Group to the victim. The Vienna Ice Skating Club is located on the then reduced by about a third place today. The popular freestyle wrestling at the Haymarket took place here.
Organised by Gustav Klimt and his friends art exhibition Vienna 1908 was held in a temporary exhibition building on the undeveloped site of the later concert hall. The Wiener Konzerthaus was finally built 1911-1913 by the Europe-wide Viennese theater architects Ferdinand Fellner and Hermann Helmer Younger (Office Fellner & Helmer ) in collaboration with Ludwig Baumann.
The theme of the concert hall was:
A facility for the care of fine music, a collection of artistic aspirations, a home for music and a house for Vienna.
On 19 October 1913 the Concert Hall in the presence of Emperor Franz Joseph I with a gala concert of the Vienna Concert Society was opened (now the Vienna Symphony Orchestra ). Richard Strauss composed this be Festive Prelude Op 61. Was combined with this modern work Beethoven's 9th Symphony - the juxtaposition of tradition and modernity should be so much in the first concert of the house.
The disintegration of Austria-Hungary brought tremendous social upheaval and financial crises - and thus flexibility and versatility was also necessary for lack of money. In addition to classical repertoire, there were in the 1920s and 1930s, important world premieres (including Arnold Schoenberg and Erich Wolfgang Korngold ), concerts with jazz and pop songs, speeches from science to spiritualism and poetry readings (including Karl Kraus ). Dance and ballroom events, some large conferences and world championships for boxing and fencing completed the program.
After the annexation of Austria to the German Reich in 1938, the program for impoverished "non- degenerate entertainment operation ", to many artists remained only the emigration.
After 1945, the concert hall also had the secondary task , " prop up " the bruised Austrian self-confidence in a musical way. In addition to the standard repertoire of classical and romantic and the Viennese Waltz , there were still premieres (eg Schoenberg's oratorio The Jacob's Ladder 1961) and international jazz and pop concerts. From May 1946 spaces for recording studios and administration at the German and in Vienna living music producer Gerhard Mendelson were rented, who is considered one of the most important pop producers in Austria in the postwar period.
After several modifications that changed the original Art Nouveau decoration slightly , the house was restored from 1972 to 1975 to the only slightly altered original plans. From 1998 to 2001 the house was renovated by architect Hans Puchhammer and expanded to include a new concert hall (New Hall) .
From 1989 to 2002 the Vienna Kathreintanz also took place in the concert hall .
Building
Saw the concert at the House of Lorraine Street (Lothringerstraße), the Schwarzenbergplatz
The floor plan approximately 70 x 40 meters large concert hall with the main entrance at the Lothringerstraße and other inputs in the Lisztstraße includes Haymarket (Heumarkt) since the opening three concert halls:
Large hall with 1865 seats
Mozart Hall with 704 seats
Schubert Hall with 366 seats
The new hall (with 400 seats) was not established until the general renovation of 1998 to 2002. The new hall was renamed at the start of the 2009/2010 season in Berio-Saal.
On the home front, the right and left of the entrance, is the inscription
Honor your German Masters, then you are storing good spirits.
Here is a quote from the final chorus for the opera Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg by Richard Wagner.
In all rooms the same time can take place, since they do not affect each other acoustically different concerts.
Inside stands in the foyer of the original model created in 1878 by Kaspar von Zumbusch Beethoven Monument, which is situated opposite the Concert Hall at the Beethoven place. At the staircase there is a relief homage to Emperor Franz Joseph (1913 ) by Edmund Hellmer . Furthermore, a bust of Franz Liszt by Max Klinger to mention in 1904.
The complex of the concert hall and the building is part of the K. K Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (now the University of Music and Dramatic Art). Adjoining rooms for academic teaching purposes this part of the building also contains the Academy theater with 521 seats, which is used as a secondary stage of the Burgtheater world premieres among other modern plays.
Great Hall and Organ
The Great Hall has a capacity of 1116 visitors (ground floor) and additional 361 balconies and boxes, and 388 in the gallery. The auditorium is 750 m2 and 170 m2 of the podium. In the 1960s the hall was optimized by Heinrich Keilholz.
The organ was built in 1913 in the Great Hall of the Rieger organ (Rieger-Orgel) (Jägerndorf, Silesia) built. The instrument is located on the end wall of the big room, but has no visible Prospectus. The organ is located behind a grid and is thus hidden from the visitors. The cone-chest-116 instrument has five registers on manual and pedal works and is the largest organ in Austria. The special features of the organ counts, firstly, that the four manual divisions are swellable. In addition, the organ comprises a (swellable ) remote work with separate pedal. Stylistically, the organ is "Alsatian Organ reform " aimed at the so-called ideal of where along the lines of major instruments of Aristide Cavaillé -Coll, the strong voices are divided into two manuals. The tracker action is electro-pneumatic. For the inauguration of the instrument Strauss had the " Festive Prelude " for organ and orchestra composed. In 1982 the instrument was restored.
I Hauptwerk C
Principal 16 '
16 drone '
Principal 8 '
Gedackt 8 '
Flute hollow 8 '
Harmonique Flûte 8 '
Fugara 8 '
Gemshorn 8 '
Dulciana 8 '
Nasatquinte 51/3 '
Octave 4 '
Reed flute 4 '
Viola 4 '
Superoctave 2 '
Noise Quinte II 22 /3 '
Cornet III-V 8 '
Mixture V 22 /3 '
III cymbals 2 '
Trumpet 16 '
Trumpet 8 '
Clarino 4 '
Manual II ( swellable ) C-
Viola 16 '
Quintatön 16 '
Principal 8 '
Bourdon 8 '
Flauto Traverso 8 '
Clara Bella 8 '
Viola da Gamba 8 '
Salicional 8 '
Unda Maris 8 '
Octave 4 '
Octaviante Flûte 4 '
Gemshorn 4 '
Quintatön 4 '
Waldflöte 2 '
Sesquialtera II 22 /3 '
Progress . harm. III - V 22 /3 '
Mixture IV 22/3 '
8 'Clarinet
Krummhorn 8 '
Glockenspiel
tremulant
III . Manual ( swellable ) C-
Lovely - Gedackt 16 '
Violin Principal 8 '
Reed flute 8 '
Still Covered 8 '
Vienna Flute 8 '
Quintatön 8 '
Echo Gamba 8 '
Aeoline 8 '
Vox coelestis 8 '
Octave 4 '
Octaviante Flûte 4 '
Delicate flute 4 '
Aeolsharfe 4 '
Gemsquinte 22/3 '
Flautino 2 '
Third, 13/5 '
Larigotquinte 11/3 '
Seventh 11/7 '
Piccolo 1 '
Harmonia aetherea IV 22/3 '
Basson 16 '
Harmonique Trompette 8 '
Oboe 8 '
Vox Humana 8 '
Harmonique Clairon 4 '
tremulant
IV solo work C
16 drone '
Clarinophon 8 '
Double - Gedackt 8 '
Concert Flute 8 '
Solo Gamba 8 '
Fifth tube 51/3 '
Octave 4 '
Solo Flute 4 '
Quinte 22/3 '
Superoctave 2 '
Wholesale Cornett III - V 22 /3 '
Tuba mirabilis 8 '
Ophicleide 8 '
Harmonique Clairon 4 '
V Fernwerk ( swellable ) C-
Delicately Gedackt 16 '
Horn 8 'Principal
Lovely - Gedackt 8 '
Reed flute 8 '
Viola d' amore 8 '
Vox Angelica 8 '
Gemshorn 4 '
Flute 4 '
Piccolo 2 '
Mixture IV 22/3 '
Shawm 8 '
Vox Humana 8 '
tremulant
C- pedal
Principalbaß 32 '
Principalbaß 16 '
Violon 16 '
Subbass 16 '
Echobaß 16 '
Salicetbaß 16 '
Quintbaß 102/3 '
Octavbass 8 '
Gedacktbaß 8 '
Bass flute 8 '
Cello 8 '
Dulcianbaß 8 '
Octave 4 '
Flauto 4 '
Campana III 102/3 '
Mixture IV 51/3 '
Bombard 32 '
Trombone 16 '
Bassoon 16 '
Trumpet 8 '
Basset 8 '
Clarino 4 '
C- pedal distance
Subbass 16 '
Octavbass 8 '
Pairing :
Normal coupling : II / I, III / I , IV / I , V / I, P / I , III / II , IV / II , V / II, I / II , IV / III , V / P, I / P, II / P III / P IV / P
Superoktavkoppeln : II / I, III / I , IV / I , V / I , III / I , IV / I , III / II , IV / II , IV , V, I / P , IV / P.
Suboktavkoppeln : III / II .
Game Help: Free combinations (5 banks by 1000 = 5000 general memories ), storage rack (roll on, Pair of roller coupling to IV of roller, Manual 16 ' down, Reeds off (as buttons ), the main pedal off, remote pedal off (as flip switches ), Einzelzungenabsteller ), Tutti (push button), principal pedal down, Fernwerk pedal from, sills V in expression pedal II coupled (toggle button), kicks, interact with flip switches (switching I-IV of P, normal couplers II-IV to I, roll off ) Registercrescendo (roller for the organist, coupled with a second roller for the registrant ) .
Program
The concert hall is the main venue of the Vienna Symphony , the Vienna Chamber Orchestra and the Vienna Sound Forum. Since 1913 the Vienna Academy of Music has its permanent home of the Konzerthaus. In separate events at the Wiener Konzerthaus other international orchestras, soloists and chamber ensembles in addition to the Vienna Philharmonic regular guest. In addition, there are also numerous other events organizer at the Konzerthaus. So for example the Bonbon Ball, but also concerts in jazz and world music.
The program of the Vienna Konzerthaus also includes some festivals , such as
the Early Music Festival in January resonances
the Vienna Spring Festival
the International Music Festival
Wien Modern in autumn
Between 2003 and 2006, gave the series with the latest music generator .
From 2008, a year early in the season with a festival held focus " on a particular region or cultural community " [2 ] . The first event in September 2008, the two-day festival Spot On : Yiddishkeit , in which a cross section is presented by the diversity of Jewish music creation.
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Konzerthaus
The first thing I wanted to get on my return to Edgbaston was the Nature Centre - what I mean is the old Museum building from Pershore Road (wasn't planning on going inside - is it open in winter?)
I found a path to the left of it heading towards Cannon Hill Park.
The museum building of the Nature Centre.
It looked open, despite it being winter.
The centre opened in 1975 on the site of the original Pebble Mill.
Situated on the Pershore Road, the Nature Centre has a six acre site in Edgbaston with over 130 species of animals. This is not a zoo but is a wonderful little oasis for the animal lover and children right near the heart of the city. There is also a Lilliput Village for the younger children. Whilst they do charge an entrance fee for adults, children are admitted free of charge.
The Birmingham Nature Centre can be found situated on the Pershore Road not far from BBC Pebble Mill. Set back off the road it is easily missed. An oasis of calm adjoining Cannon Hill Park, this is a delightful inner city animal kingdom on your doorstep. It's only 2 miles from the city centre.
The centre strives to retain the original habitat of the animals and it expresses the importance of conservation. A place for young children to find out about animals, the Nature Centre is perched right along aside the River Lea. Six and a half acres and with a wide selection of domestic and wild animals.
Advertising itself as having 134 species of British and European wildlife, the centre allows free admission to children.
The Nature centre is home to otters, foxes, deer, owls, sheep, goats, wallaby, donkeys, pigs, polecats, chickens, rabbits, rodents, beavers, reptiles, porcupine, cats, waterfowl, lynx, and has a selection of wild flowers and birds.
Was above freezing so the paths was icy. Managed to avoid falling over, even though I may have slipped a bit before regaining my balance.
Now on Wikipedia here Birmingham Nature Centre
Before the Nature Centre, this was the Birmingham Natural History Museum.
On this site was the original Pebble Mill (not the TV studio that was on Pebble Mill Road).
Until quite recently, coal trains to and from Aberthaw power station were commonly seen passing through Barry bringing coal from Avonmouth, New Cumnock, Onllwyn, Tower Colliery and Cwmbargoed. All the coal now supplied to Aberthaw is imported from as far away as Russia and Australia as UK coal contains toxic nitrogen oxides which breach EU regulations. Currently, Aberthaw produces power as and when required and there are no coal trains supplying the power station . This train headed by 66107 is destined for Cwmbargoed from Hope (Earls Sidings) on the 4V01 to fill up with coal for the return journey to Hope in Derbyshire for the cement industry.
In 1891 work began on the construction of the Queen Hotel, overlooking The Lansdowne, at the junction of Bath Rd and Old Christchurch Rd.
A variety of shops traded at street level on the Old Christchurch Rd side.
It opened in 1894 and traded until the late 1940s and was converted into offices and renamed Jacey House in the early 1950s.
In the late 1990s it was again converted, this time into flats, with the retail units remaining on the Old Christchurch Rd side.
Today a branch of the 'Ask' Italian restaurant chain occupies the ground floor with the retail unit on the Old Christchurch Rd side having been a Slug and Lettuce pub amongst other things in recent years.
A [ VERY ] POTTED HISTORY OF BOURNEMOUTH...............
1810 - 1835
The founding of the town of Bournemouth is officially commemorated as the being 1810 the year that Captain Lewis Tregonwell and his wife Henrietta purchased a plot of land on the west bank of the Bourne stream upon which to build a large detached house that would serve as their new holiday home. The land was purchased from Sir George Tapps, Lord of the Manor of Christchurch, who became the largest landowner after what had been common land was effectively privatised in the Christchurch Inclosure Act 1802 and the subsequent Awards of 1805.
At that time the area was a remote one that lay mid way between Christchurch and Poole, themselves not the large towns they are today, on what was virtually uninhabited heathland. The house, known as the ''Mansion', was completed in 1812 with the Tregonwells purchasing further land to increase the size of their estate upon which they built a few cottages for staff members and several more to let, mainly to family, friends and associates.
Although the Tregonwells eventually rented out their Mansion, their estate, referred to as 'Bourne Tregonwell' remained all but unknown to the outside world and was somewhere they spent much of their time.
Their original holiday home still exists as part of the Royal Exeter Hotel that stands opposite the Bournemouth International Centre [ B.I.C ] on Exeter Rd.
Lewis Tregonwell died in 1832 a few short years before the next important stage in the development of Bournemouth.
1835 - 1870
In 1835 Sir George Tapps died and his son Sir George Gervis inherited his father's land, much of which lay to the east of the Bourne stream and set about creating a new development that he called his 'Marine Village', a seaside resort aimed at attracting paying guests. Early buildings included the Bath Hotel, later enlarged as the Royal Bath Hotel, the Westover Villas, a row of large detached houses or villas on generous plots that lined what is now Westover Rd, the Belle Vue Boarding House that fronted todays Pier Approach and some public baths that stood where, what was popularly known as the Imax building, was later built..
The new development wasn't a resort as we would understand it now, offering beach holidays, but more of a health resort with much being made of the area's mild micro climate and the health giving properties of the masses of pine trees that would also offer protection from the more extreme vagaries of the British weather.
Over the coming years more and more villas were built, spreading out from the banks of the Bourne stream which in turn attracted those that were needed to build the new properties and those that provided services to the well heeled residents of the fledgling town such as domestic staff, gardeners and food, grocery and household goods suppliers.
By 1856 there was a need to amalgamate the growing development and so Parliament passed the Bournemouth Improvement Act that set the town's first boundary as being within a 1 mile radius of what is today Pier Approach. it also provided for a team of Commissioners, essentially the town's first Council, charged with the power to raise funds via property rates to pay for things like highway improvements, drainage, sewers and street cleaning.
The town continued to grow within the 1 mile boundary and also led to development outside it including artisan / working class areas at Springbourne and Winton.
In 1870 the railway came to town but it was seen by many as a necessary evil and something to be kept as far away from the town centre as possible and so the station was located at the very edge of the 1 mile boundary on the opposite side of Holdenhurst Rd to the present Central Station. This arrival of the railway combined with cheaper rail fares and the creation by Parliament of the first Bank Holidays would lead to the next phase in the development of Bournemouth turning it from a sleepy seaside resort favoured by the wealthy upper classes many of whom were suffering poor health, into the large, bustling holiday destination that we know and love today. Bring it on!
1870 - PRESENT DAY
In 1871 the town's population was just under six thousand but by 1891 it had increased almost ten fold to just under sixty thousand. Most of the new citizens were new comers to the area drawn by the opportunities the fast expanding new town could offer.
In 1876 Springbourne and Boscombe became part of Bournemouth when the town boundaries were extended for the first time with a further six following including Westbourne in 1884, Pokesdown, Southbourne, Winton and Moordown in 1901, Malmesbury Park, Charminster and Strouden Park in 1914, Kinson and Holdenhurst in 1931.
The final area incorporated into the town was Hengistbury Head in 1932 which was purchased from H. Gordon Selfridge founder of the Selfridges department store chain and took the town to it's present size.
Today Bournemouth is home to more than 160,000 people and has grown at a phenomenal rate in the past two hundred years since the Tregonwells purchased that first eight and a half acres of land back in 1810.
The town is still a popular holiday destination and has had to work hard to compete against the rise of the foreign holiday and the unpredictability of the British weather by trying to attract visitors year round. Short weekend breaks, the conference trade, the annual airshow and a thriving night time economy all play their part in attracting day trippers and holiday makers, the life blood of the town's tourism industry.
Sadly Bournemouth is also a victim of it's own success and has almost reached bursting point with space for new homes very much at a premium. Many older, larger properties are being demolished to make way for more, smaller properties, many of them blocks of flats which are squeezed into every available space.
The last of the green belt clings desperately by it's finger tips to the north, rightly or wrongly the town planners and Councillors come under attack for their stewardship of the town and any resemblance to a slow paced seaside resort of old has long gone.
The pressures of modern life, traffic levels, the drinking culture and even the current economic climate all take their toll on the quality of life in the town but it's not all doom and gloom.
Bournemouth is still a great place with much to be proud of such as it's wonderful sandy beaches, cliffs, pleasure gardens, parks, some of it's buildings both old and new, oh, and it's history of course.
RECOMMENDED FURTHER READING.
'Bournemouth 1810 - 1910' by Mate and Riddle [ the full text is available as a pdf file on the internet if you have a hunt around for it.]
'The Story of Bournemouth' by David S Young. Published in 1957 it occasionally turns up on E Bay and Amazon around the £10 mark.
'A History of Bournemouth' by Elizabeth Edwards. ISBN 0 85033 412 8. Turns up on E Bay and Amazon fairly regularly for under a tenner.
'The Book of Bournemouth' by David and Rita Popham ISBN 0 86023 219 0
All titles also available at local libraries.
I have visited Belfast a number of times but I have never had the opportunity to explore the city in detail until this weekend.
When I booked a room in the Ibis Hotel I did not realize that because of the Royal Wedding Friday was a bank holiday in Northern Ireland. Fortunately this did not have much of a negative impact on my activities and, in fact, it might have been to my advantage because the streets were less crowded.
At first glance Belfast (city centre) appeared to me to be more prosperous than Dublin but this impression may have been due to the fact that civic buildings and facilities are better maintained. The buildings and structures of Belfast comprise many styles of architecture ranging from Edwardian through to state-of-the-art modern buildings like the Waterfront Hall. The city's beautiful Edwardian buildings are notable for their display of large numbers of sculptures. Many of Belfast's Victorian landmarks, including the main Lanyon Building at Queens University in 1849, were designed by Sir Charles Lanyon.
After two days I began to notice that all was not as it appeared - there were many empty buildings and failed businesses in or near the centre. The city appears to have a number of problems which could impact on the tourist industry, the major one being the amount of on-street consumption of alcohol and judging by the notices posted around the city and in railway stations the authorities are well aware of the issue. On-street smoking by staff outside business premises is unattractive (we do have this problem in Dublin but not to the same extent).
Note: Northern Ireland uses sterling - the British pound. However, if you are visiting Northern Ireland, you need to be aware that while they accept Bank of England notes, they also have their own. Although these notes are legal tender in the rest of the United Kingdom, they are usually refused in shops and other places where money changes hands; you may have to go to a bank to "convert" them into Bank of England notes. During my visit I received nothing but Ulster Bank or Bank Of Ireland notes and based on previous experience I can tell you that they will be refused if you try to use them in England ( I don't know about Scotland or Wales ). To be fair to all involved they did replace the local currency with standard sterling notes when requested to do so. I must admit that I was a bit surprised by the universal reluctance to accept Euro … in the Central Railway Station despite the fact that the shop had a notice showing "Today's Euro Exchange Rate" they refused to accept payment in Euro (note: they do accept Euro payments on the Enterprise Express).
A reconstructed one-room schoolhouse at Upper Canada Village in Morrisburg, Ontario, Canada. Such log school houses were common during the 19th century and up to the 1860s.
Edificio de la calle de Joaquín Costa 2, esquina con la de Don Hernando de Aragón. Fue proyectado por Bruno Farina en 1937 y sustituyó al de la sede del periódico "La Voz de Aragón" que había estado allí, diseñado por Francisco Albiñana, entre 1928 y 1935.
Fuente visual: www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=976275062442817&set=p...
Proyecto GAZA ("Gran Archivo Zaragoza Antigua") es un compendio de imágenes de la antigua Zaragoza (España), acompañadas de textos creados por José María Ballestín Miguel y la colaboración de Antonio Tausiet.
Der Fachwerkbau wird im Fachjargon auch Skelettbau genannt.
Fachwerk ist eine gewichtsparende Stabkonstruktion, die vor allem bei der Konstruktion von Häusern, Brücken, Türmen und im Flugzeugbau eingesetzt wird.
Als Baustoffe werden Holz oder Metall verwendet.
Alle weiteren Bauteile, wie die Ausfachung der Wandelemente, die Decken und Böden sowie das Dach werden von der Konstruktion getragen.
Entscheidend ist ein fertigteilgerechter Entwurf, um das Zeit- und Kosten-Potential der Vorfertigung zu nutzen.
Stahl-Skelettbau
Im Stahlbau werden gewalzte Stahlträger, Bleche und Rohre aus Baustahl durch Verschrauben, Verschweißen oder Nieten miteinander zu einem Tragwerk verbunden.
Aufgrund seiner hohen Festigkeit kann er auch bei geringem Konstruktionsgewicht und filigranen Strukturen mühelos ganze Hochhäuser tragen.
Der Stahlbau verbindet den Vorteil der vergleichsweise kurzen Planungs- und Bauzeit mit einer flexiblen Ausführung des Tragwerkes. Diese Flexibilität ergibt sich beispielsweise durch die Verwendung relativ leichter und schlanker, hochbelastbarer Bauteile und einen hohen, wie auch präzisen Vorfertigungsgrad und damit verkürzte Montagezeiten.
Ab 1989 wurden einige Berufe neu geordnet und anders benannt. Aus dem Bauschlosser wurde der Metallbauer-Konstruktionstechnik, dem Kunstschlosser der Metallbauer-Metallgestaltung
-
modern complete framework
Die Detail-Schwäche der Nikon kit lens ist andererseits ihre Stärke:
- Die Verzeichnung wird intern automatisch - per preset - korrigiert.
...
Primary AF Point Center
AF Points Used
Center, Top, Bottom, Mid-left, Upper-left, Lower-left, Far Left, Mid-right, Upper-right, Lower-right
...
+ Vari Program Autumn Colors, Herbstfarben
+ mit Polfilter
+ Auto Bracket Set Active D-Lighting, 2 shots
Nikon AF-S Nikkor 3.5-5.6/18-55 mm DX VR G ED
KIT LENS
Exif data
Camera Nikon D5100
Exposure 0.033 sec (1/30)
Aperture f/9.0
Focal Length 18.3 mm, aka 27 mm
ISO Speed 400
"High-End-Photo"
hong kong, 1972
queen's road central
part of an archival project, featuring the photographs of nick dewolf
© the Nick DeWolf Foundation
Image-use requests are welcome via flickrmail or nickdewolfphotoarchive [at] gmail [dot] com
The Commercial Banking Company of Sydney Limited was a bank based in Sydney, Australia. It was established in 1834, and in 1982 merged with the National Bank of Australasia to form National Australia Bank.
This building is heritage listed with the Register of the National Estate. Description, and details, can be found here:
www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_...
This old bank building has been closed up for ages. Today I noticed a broken window above my head so I stuck my camera inside and this is what it saw. (sorry for the poor focus, I really was shooting blind!)
check out wendy's version.
This is a nice period photo with much to appreciate. The Mobil logo here is sort of in a hybrid stage from the previous one which was that shape but incorporated a pegasus logo in the point underneath and the one that eventually took over was a rectangular sign with the point removed but otherwise as it appears here. The building is an excellent example of this period of US style service station architecture and we see a moped rider with pillion passenger, an early Ford Escort, and Co-op and Dunlop signs of the era. It’s clearly a winter scene! There's every chance that this garage still exists in the present day and is here - based largely on the one remaining Poplar tree having grown a bit bigger and is in almost exactly the right spot compared to this photo - and it is on what is now called the Old Walsall Road.. www.google.com/maps/@52.5302439,-1.9288083,3a,75y,100.61h...
Photo ID: 69641 Kristine Bonnevie
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Bad Belzig (bis 2010 nur Belzig ohne den Zusatz "Bad)" ist ein Thermalsole-Heilbad mit etwas über 11000 Einwohnern etwa eine Stunde mit dem Auto oder der Eisenbahn südwestlich von Berlin. Erstmals urkundlich erwähnt wurde Belzig im Jahr 997. 1636 wurde die Stadt im Dreißigjährigen Krieg weitgehend zerstört, danach wieder aufgebaut. 1702 erhielt Belzig die vollen Stadtrechte. 1815 fiel die Stadt, die bis dahin immer zu Sachsen gehört hatte, an Preußen infolge der Beschlüsse des Wiener Kongresses. Erst 1914 wurden die Burg Eisenhardt und die Gemeinde Sandberg zu ihren Füßen nach Belzig eingemeindet. 1996 wurde eine Quelle mit Thermalsole in 775 m Tiefe erschlossen, 2002 ein Thermalbad eröffnet.
Bad Belzig (until 2010 only Belzig without "Bad") is a thermal brine spa with about 11,000 inhabitants at about an hour's distance by car or train to the south-west of Berlin. It was first named in 997. During the Thirty Years War, in 1636, Belzig was nearly totally destroyed and later rebuilt. In 1702 it received full city rights. In 1815, due to the decisions of the Congress of Vienna, Belzig, that always had belonged to Saxony, was turned over to Prussia. As late as 1914 Eisenhardt Castle and the community of Sandberg at its feet were incorporated into Belzig. In 1996 a thermal spring was opened up in a depth of 775 m, leading to the inauguration of a thermal brine spa in 2002.
This wing has slight differences from its other section, but both come together to form an agreeable whole.
(for further information please go to the end of page and activate the corresponding link!)
TOPICS
The Vienna Opera Ball
Viennese Opera Ball
Just as already the operetta and the waltz had been imported from Paris to Vienna, comes also the model for the Vienna Opera Ball from the Seine metropolis. By a corresponding approval of Duke Philip of Orleans, on 2 January 1716 a "public ball" can be held for the first time, to which everyone has access who can pay the admission fee of five livres. First, the balls take place at the Comédie française, but already in 1717 was given the Académie de Musique, the Paris Opera House, the special right of the organization. Nevertheless, in the Comédie furthermore take place balls, with the audience far more popular than the 'opera balls'.
In 1861 the construction of an opera house begins at the Ringstrasse, on the explicit desire of Emperor Franz Joseph not solely intended for performances of operas and ballets, but also for the staging of the Opera Ball. With this, have been created both the spatial and the official conditions for a genuine Viennese Opera Ball according to Parisian model. It should, however, take another eight years before a dance event in the opera could be held for the first time after the completion of the house in 1869.
Initially, due to the increasing violence at the Paris balls but only Court Opera soirees take place. This includes elegant evening soirees with musical entertainment, but without dancing. On 11 December 1877 opened the court musical director Wilhelm Gericke the first Court Opera Soirée with the "Wedding March" by Felix Mendelssohn. After several concert pieces the baton is handed over to the Strauss family. First, Johann Strauss son conducts the Vienna Philharmonic with a waltz, followed by his brother Edward with a specially for this day composed "Opera Soirée Polka". After that, the dance-crazed Viennese are no longer stoppable: all chairs were put to the side, and the evening, which was thought without dance pleasure, ends like a ball. This is the hour of birth of the opera ball, even though for the time being still far away from being called so.
Already the second event on 15 January 1878 is announced officially as "Second Hofopernsoirée (Ball)". The third, for 12 February 1878 scheduled Soirée, is canceled for reasons of piety, since Pope Pius IX. a few days earlier had died. After the uncomplicated election of Leo XIII. to new head of the Church the ball is on 23 February rescheduled.
After these three opera soirees from March of the same year take place redoutes in the Court Opera, continuing the tradition of masked balls and linked with strict dress code: "in the hall, with the exception of the lodges, the ladies the stay is only permitted in an elegant mask, short costumes are not allowed. The gentlemen of civil appear in evening dress with white cravat, cylinder or Claquehut (opera hat - chapeau claque). "During the next twenty years during the carnival time each year should be organized two, in some seasons even three redoutes. However, at these festivals the Viennese society is not as boundless as once united in the common ball pleasure, because in the meantime the guests are spread across three different levels, not only differing in space but also in the appearance of guests from each other. Are the boxes the aristocratic guests in elaborate ball gowns reserved, so gather in the stalls the bourgeois guests, for which there is no mask constraint. In addition, there are the galleries that are accessible to every viewer without special admission ticket.
1899 the popular balls for the time being come to an abrupt end, as is discovered that the opera for such festivals does not comply with the safety regulations. Since an appropriate conversion proves to be too costly, the redoutes are discontinued for an unforeseen period of time. A certain compensation for those festivals offers in the following years the in the new town hall held "Ball der Stadt Wien".
Only in 1921, the tradition of the redoutes in the Court Opera has been resumed, but without being able to follow on the success of previous years. After several breaks followed in 1924, 1928 and 1929 again opera redoutes, neither musically nor stylistically corresponding with the level of the defunct imperial monarchy-time and they are not characterized by the former wit, charm and temperament. The twenties are not only politically, but also culturally a very different time in which with the progressive emancipation of women the meaning of a redoute became obsolete.
And so 1935 is launched the first as such referred to Opera Ball. In a time of political uncertainty, it complied in addition to social also with diplomatic and official representative purposes. Therefore, it takes no wonder that the guest list has many personalities from politics. The last opera ball before the outbreak of the Second World War should be organized in 1939, when Austria was already 'connected' by Adolf Hitler to the German Reich. Therefore respectively stiff and artificial resulted according to that this night on which no happiness will raise, previously the rule.
Image
Reopening of the Vienna State Opera, 1955
© wissenmedia
Shortly before the end of World War II, the Vienna Opera House on 12 March 1945 almost completely was destroyed by a bomb. It should take ten years until the house was rebuilt and with Ludwig van Beethoven's opera "Fidelio" at the 5th November 1955 ceremoniously could be opened. In the following carnival season with this also the first opera ball of the post-war period can be celebrated, but which has changed its face much: "Actually, the Opera Ball is not a Viennese event anymore, but already a pan-European one. A ball night for which the world envies us".
This new image has remained to this day, with the only difference that the Opera Ball is now no longer considered only as a pan-European, but as an international event. A highlight of the evening is the annual opening of the ball by about 180 debutantes who on the arm of the to them for this evening assigned Cavaliers in a Polonaise move in. After the Vienna Philharmonic for many years had taken over the musical interpretation of the evening, there is since 1982 a Vienna Opera Ball Orchestra grounded specifically for this purpose. In addition, since 1984, there is also a Viennese Opera Ball Ladies Ensemble, made up of 15 musicians and beyond the ball unfolding a very busy concert schedule.
Today on the Opera Ball there is not exclusively danced just waltz anymore. Up to ten orchestras or soloists play at the same time in different places of the house, and as a concession to modern times there is since some years even a nightclub. And yet, the waltz enjoys as the king of dances to this day unbroken popularity, without which for many no Viennese Opera Ball is thinkable. Another innovation is also the since 1981 in the Schwind Foyer installed Viennese Opera Ball Casino, which is a special attraction especially for the younger guests. Collectors will also appreciate the annually by the casino issued special Opera Ball chips.
How to become a debutante?
Proposals are now mostly send in by the dance schools of the country. The first condition is the perfect mastery of the links waltz, which is checked at a Vortanztermin (dance audition date - don't worry, the Lipizzans are doing the same!). Has the potential debutante overcome this hurdle with flying colors, it is about to find a suitable partner for the big night. The criteria for this choice are less situated in personal relationships than in pure dance qualities. After finally the couples have found each other, for five days under the expert guidance of several ballet master not only the links waltz, but also the choreography of the marching in is practiced until everything is perfectly rehearsed. The question of clothes is strictly regulated for the couples: the ladies in white dresses with a little crown on the head and the gentlemen in evening dress. To underline the internationality of the ball, every year also Debütantinnen and Debütanten from around the world are invited.
Guests
Artists from the world of the theater and the music, film and television can be found on the Vienna Opera Ball as well as well-known athletes and fashion designers. Diplomats and politicians from home and abroad appreciate the special atmosphere, and every now and then you meet also members of the European nobility. The Opera Ball today is no longer just a lavish celebration in which together a whole evening and a full night is celebrated, but increasingly also a social forum that connects professional and political contacts in a pleasant way with a social event.
Scandals
In recent decades, the Vienna Opera Ball, however, has not only found unanimous support, but has been increasingly criticized. In the 80s made fights between angry citizens that characterized the event as a "festival of the political and monetary bigwigs" and the police the headlines. Unforgettable is also the demonstration against the reprocessing plant Wackersdorf when in 1987 the Bavarian Prime Minister Franz-Josef Strauss participated in the Opera Ball. In addition, now almost every year during the opera ball take place demonstrations against these seemingly senseless waste of funds in the face of hardship and misery, hunger and wars, social and health problems in the world.
Nevertheless, the Opera Ball has lost none of its fascination and all over the world - from Bangkok via Kuala Lumpur and Korea to Tokyo, Singapore, Seoul and Dubai, Ankara, Istanbul, Kiev, Prague and Budapest to Rome, New York, Los Angeles and Washington - it found imitation, without being able to ever really come close to the Viennese model. Even if the question of the contemporaneity of the Vienna Opera Ball ever and again was controversially discussed, at the latest in 2005 has been shown that even this traditional event cannot stop short before general social changes: for the first time a smoking ban for the Opera Ball was pronounced.
www.wissen.de/thema/der-wiener-opernball?chunk=wiener-ope...