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Biography
Gordon E. Keith
Artist and Designer
From Captain Kangaroo to Rome, Italy.
Gordon Keith has made his mark in the world. This artist is well versed, in many different fields, from painting and sculpture to design of all kinds. He studied under Alice Schille of Columbus, Ohio and the late Chester Nichodemes, a sculptor. He served honorably in World War II in the 1621 st model making detachment where he was attached to the 5th army and made invasion models for Italy and Southern France. And work along side of Conger Metcalf another great painter for four years during the war effort.
In 1948 after the war, Gordon started his own store fixture and design company in boston called Gordon Keith Originals, Later move to Indian lake with his sister and did plaster castings before going back to his home town (Columbus Ohio) and setting up shop, In his hay day he had a company with store in the front call Gordon Keith’s Red Barn. Many that remember the barn will remember a giant rooster by the road side and when driving down into the complex seeing a fiberglass horse and cart outside the front door, A horse head above the entrance. This was the place to buy small nick nacks like glitter, ribbon and trinkets to grandma’s porch were one could get a bit to eat or a cold soda while enjoying a country setting. A second store on Wall St next to Lazarus and even one in side the Union Company. He created the Yankee Candle risers, Macy’s 1st foor cosmetics tables risers, Henry Bendel pink chandeliers Juicy Couture Carts
And the Macy’s, Waterford Crystal millennium collection, and over 300 hundred other major department stores coast to coast and abroad.
For over 65 years Keith has designed and installed major displays in eight different countries. From Talking Tree for Lazarus 6th floor for Christmas, Including the television show Captain Kangaroo and Lucy’s Toy Shop props to the Electric Company and the Union Company. From Downtown Christmas parades and Fourth of July parades to the State Auto Nativity Scene that at one time graced our State Capital building. The lighted trees in the windows of the German Village Tower and the doll cases at 180 West Broad street were also two very notable projects. Gordon Keith is a life time member of COSI for creating and building the Street of Yesterday Year in the old COSI location, On west Broad St. Complete with hoof prints in the cement to the five cent theater and penny candy store.
If you think Mr. Keith was one to rest while on vacation, think again. Gordon traveled to Tiki Gardens in Indian Rocks Beach where he visited life-long friends Frank and Jo Byars and designed a theme park that millions toured each year complete with Tiki Gods, fire torches and a Polynesian flavor. He went to Liberty parks and designed the hound dog plush animal for their theme park that is located in Tennessee, hometown to Elvis. Long term friend, Congressman Chalmers P. Wylie had Gordon do all of his campaign headquarters, from the Statue of Liberty of his TV spots. Keith also designed the famous 12 panel fiberglass screens that still ride the train to this day and voice over for the freedom train when it was here in 1976 depicting Betty Ross to landing on the moon. Gordon has helped with and contributed to special interest groups including Pilot Dogs Inc., the Symphony Ball, ARC, and the Candy Cane Ball. Gordon’s latest venture was selling 95 of his original paintings to the Le Veque tower for there renovations in 2012
Gordon’s art and sculptures have been exhibited in museums and galleries nationwide and are in many permanent collections. Some noteworthy exhibitions occurred at the French Art Colony, in Gallipolis, Ohio, the Licking County Arts Center, Middletown Ohio, and the Schumacher Gallery, in Columbus, Ohio, Springfield Art Gallery. Gordon’s work is also included in a private collection included in the Cincinnati Union Train Terminal in Cincinnati, Ohio. Gordon worked with Steve Silken and created all the hanging train art that graced all of the hallways of the building as well as many of the store designs which still remain today.
His works have been shown at the Art Expo in New York, Columbus Museum of Fine Arts, Grant Medical Center, Springfield Museum, Southern Hotel art gallery, and the Columbus City Hall where he has sold many original pieces of work.
Hand painted murals by Gordon Keith span from Tampa FL, Hilton Hotels all the way to Algiers, Africa, Malaga, Spain, Naples, Caserta, and Rome Italy. Several of his paintings are at the Tokyo Art Gallery, Tokyo, Japan and Brenan, University Granville.
If there is such a thing as a renaissance man of the century --- this is he. Look what God has given him to create with his heart, mind and talent.
www.bollyy.com/kareena-kapoor-biography/
Kareena Kapoor ( born 21 September 1980) also known by her married name Kareena Kapoor Khan, is an Indian actress who appears in Hindi films. She is the daughter of actors Randhir Kapoor and Babita, and the younger sister of actress Karisma Kapoor.
Video projection mapping during Frida Kahlo : The Life of an Icon exhibition at the ArtScience Museum, Marina Bay Sands.
Over time, I've become fascinated by the number and variety of stickers I see stuck to posts and poles around town. I count this as one of the advantages of traveling from place to place by bike or on foot. Many of the stickers are decals for bands or other performers. There are a lot that express political sentiments.
Most, like this Napkin Killa one that was affixed to the sign post of the dilapidated Clermont Motor Hotel on Ponce de Leon Avenue, are mysteries to me when I first encounter them. As the Facebook page indicates, Napkin Killa is a brand for a self-described "NYC Cartoon Assassin." His napkin work is a lot of fun. If you go to his website - the link is easy to find - you'll be treated to a catchy rap biography for the artist.
For those that are interested in the status of the Clermont Motor Hotel itself, I can report that a handful of new window frames have appeared. Peering through the wide gate that serves as the main entrance, I could see some sort of construction work going on inside, although on a minor scale. It could be that they're setting up office space from which to manage a larger renovation.
The state of the rest of the building continues to decline since no effort has ever been made to seal up the large number of windows on the facade, which look less and less like windows as time goes on. What a mess it must be inside!
Saint Augustin - Les Confessions
Garnier-Flammarion 21, 1967
Couverture: Lampe chrétienne. Sud-Constantinois. Fin du IVe siècle. Collection Moline
Just got copies of books that I wrote last year. I seldom even see books that I write and almost never get author credit. So this is a treat!
Know more Interesting facts about Emma Rose Roberts Like this and Download HD Wall Papers : What is the height of Emma Roberts or how tall is Emma Rose Roberts?-She is 5' 2" or 1.57 m What is the weight of Emma Rose Roberts?-She is 51 kg or 112.5 pounds What bra size is Emma Rose Roberts wearing?-32A celebminto.blogspot.com/2016/03/pretty-emma-rose-roberts-... youtu.be/JYxN36eTK3Y
Excellent 500 page detailed biography (2017 English translation) that I’m 375 pages into. Provides helpful context for understanding the poetry and prose of Milosz. While reading this I often stop to read related pages in my stack of Milosz books, especially his New and Collected Poems 1931-2001.
These pages were copied from the free sample Kindle edition viewed on an iPad, but I’m reading my hardcover printed edition.
Complete Timi Yuro biography: www.flickr.com/people/timiyuro/
Album with Timi Yuro photo's '60's click here: flic.kr/s/aHsjGk9ZpQ
Timi Yuro was an Italian-American gal who could belt out a ballad with such power she could peel paint. She had an undeniable soulful quality but also a keen sense of jazz phrasing . . . as well as pulling r'n'b and country music into the mix. Her first big hit was Hurt in 1961 and she followed it with the equally good What's a Matter Baby (Is It Hurting You?) the following year. Timi Yuro a lady who possessed a tremendous and unique voice. She made some great records.
This website is dedicated to Timi Yuro and set up by Catvas2, I’m not a member of a Timi Yuro group and there is no cooperation with other Timi Yuro websites. These images-articles come from my collection. I thought others might appreciate these tidbits of forgotten history. More Timi Yuro information on my profile.
Peter Green - Alexander of Macedon
Pelican Biographies 1690, 1974
Cover: A detail from a Hellenistic Greek cameo of the 3rd century BCE, thought to represent Alexander, in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
Biography
Gordon E. Keith
Artist and Designer
From Captain Kangaroo to Rome, Italy.
Gordon Keith has made his mark in the world. This artist is well versed, in many different fields, from painting and sculpture to design of all kinds. He studied under Alice Schille of Columbus, Ohio and the late Chester Nichodemes, a sculptor. He served honorably in World War II in the 1621 st model making detachment where he was attached to the 5th army and made invasion models for Italy and Southern France. And work along side of Conger Metcalf another great painter for four years during the war effort.
In 1948 after the war, Gordon started his own store fixture and design company in boston called Gordon Keith Originals, Later move to Indian lake with his sister and did plaster castings before going back to his home town (Columbus Ohio) and setting up shop, In his hay day he had a company with store in the front call Gordon Keith’s Red Barn. Many that remember the barn will remember a giant rooster by the road side and when driving down into the complex seeing a fiberglass horse and cart outside the front door, A horse head above the entrance. This was the place to buy small nick nacks like glitter, ribbon and trinkets to grandma’s porch were one could get a bit to eat or a cold soda while enjoying a country setting. A second store on Wall St next to Lazarus and even one in side the Union Company. He created the Yankee Candle risers, Macy’s 1st foor cosmetics tables risers, Henry Bendel pink chandeliers Juicy Couture Carts
And the Macy’s, Waterford Crystal millennium collection, and over 300 hundred other major department stores coast to coast and abroad.
For over 65 years Keith has designed and installed major displays in eight different countries. From Talking Tree for Lazarus 6th floor for Christmas, Including the television show Captain Kangaroo and Lucy’s Toy Shop props to the Electric Company and the Union Company. From Downtown Christmas parades and Fourth of July parades to the State Auto Nativity Scene that at one time graced our State Capital building. The lighted trees in the windows of the German Village Tower and the doll cases at 180 West Broad street were also two very notable projects. Gordon Keith is a life time member of COSI for creating and building the Street of Yesterday Year in the old COSI location, On west Broad St. Complete with hoof prints in the cement to the five cent theater and penny candy store.
If you think Mr. Keith was one to rest while on vacation, think again. Gordon traveled to Tiki Gardens in Indian Rocks Beach where he visited life-long friends Frank and Jo Byars and designed a theme park that millions toured each year complete with Tiki Gods, fire torches and a Polynesian flavor. He went to Liberty parks and designed the hound dog plush animal for their theme park that is located in Tennessee, hometown to Elvis. Long term friend, Congressman Chalmers P. Wylie had Gordon do all of his campaign headquarters, from the Statue of Liberty of his TV spots. Keith also designed the famous 12 panel fiberglass screens that still ride the train to this day and voice over for the freedom train when it was here in 1976 depicting Betty Ross to landing on the moon. Gordon has helped with and contributed to special interest groups including Pilot Dogs Inc., the Symphony Ball, ARC, and the Candy Cane Ball. Gordon’s latest venture was selling 95 of his original paintings to the Le Veque tower for there renovations in 2012
Gordon’s art and sculptures have been exhibited in museums and galleries nationwide and are in many permanent collections. Some noteworthy exhibitions occurred at the French Art Colony, in Gallipolis, Ohio, the Licking County Arts Center, Middletown Ohio, and the Schumacher Gallery, in Columbus, Ohio, Springfield Art Gallery. Gordon’s work is also included in a private collection included in the Cincinnati Union Train Terminal in Cincinnati, Ohio. Gordon worked with Steve Silken and created all the hanging train art that graced all of the hallways of the building as well as many of the store designs which still remain today.
His works have been shown at the Art Expo in New York, Columbus Museum of Fine Arts, Grant Medical Center, Springfield Museum, Southern Hotel art gallery, and the Columbus City Hall where he has sold many original pieces of work.
Hand painted murals by Gordon Keith span from Tampa FL, Hilton Hotels all the way to Algiers, Africa, Malaga, Spain, Naples, Caserta, and Rome Italy. Several of his paintings are at the Tokyo Art Gallery, Tokyo, Japan and Brenan, University Granville.
If there is such a thing as a renaissance man of the century --- this is he. Look what God has given him to create with his heart, mind and talent.
Francis Steegmuller - Apollinaire
Pelican Biographies 720, 1973
Cover: A detail of a portrait of Guillaume Apollinaire by Maurice de Vlaminck
Francis Hackett - Henry the Eighth
Bantam Books FC 9, 1958
Cover: Portrait of Henry VIII by Hans Holbein
"The famous biography of one of England's greatest kings: statesman, innovator, lover, a man of brilliant intellect and gross appetite, a ruler who changed the course of world history."
Co. C, 55th OH. Infantry
Portrait and Biological Record of Southeastern Kansas, Containing Biographical Sketches of Prominent and Representative Citizens of the Counties, Together with Biographies and Portraits of all the Presidents of the United States and The Governors of the State of Kansas. Chicago, Biographical Publishing Co. 1894.
David A. Warren. While not the only industry, agriculture has for a number of years formed the most, important occupation of the people of Kansas, and especially the residents of Linn County. Through it many who came to this state without money or friends have gained positions of influence and honor. Among this number mention should be made of the successful agriculturist, whose name introduces this sketch, and who owns a finely improved farm on section 27, Centreville Township.
During the year 1859 Mr. Warren first came to Linn County. Here he pre-empted one hundred and sixty acres on section 37, Centreville Township. At that time, however, he remained in the county but a few months, returning to Huron County, Ohio, and remaining there for a number of years. In October, 1865, he again came to Linn County, and in February of the following year he settled upon his land, and at once commenced the work of improving the property. Through energy and judicious investments he gradually increased his possessions, until he is now the owner of five hundred and fifty-five acres that pay a golden tribute to his care and cultivation. As the result of his good management, he now enjoys the comforts, pleasures and amenities of social existence, and has all the means for making life worth living.
The father of our subject, John Warren, was born in New England, October 17, 1796, being the son of David Warren, a native of New England, who died in Rochester, Vt. The mother of our subject bore the maiden name of Hannah Austin, and was born in New England December 22, 1799. John Warren was married to Hannah Austin on the 11th of January, 1820, in Rochester, Vt. Thence in 1853 he removed to Huron County, Ohio, and his death occurred in Lime Township, that county, August 29, 1853, resulting from typhoid fever. His widow also died in Huron County, having survived his demise for thirteen years.
In the parental family there were eleven children, eight of whom attained to manhood and womanhood, namely: Martha, Julia A., John W., Hannah C., Dorcas L., David A., Mary E., and Henry B. All are deceased with the exception of Mary E., Mrs. Leonard Ross, of Iowa City, Iowa; and David A. The latter was born in Rochester, Vt., June 14, 1836, and passed the early years of his life in the Green Mountain State. In 1853 he removed to Huron County, Ohio, and after the death of his father he continued to reside with his mother until 1859, when he came to Kansas, and after pre-empting his land returned to the Buckeye State.
In September, 1861, when the Rebellion had thrown its dark shadow over the nation, Mr. Warren enlisted as a member of Company C, Fifty-fifth Ohio Infantry. He participated in the following engagements, besides many battles of minor importance: Second battle of Bull Run, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Resaca, Peach Tree Creek and Bentonville. At Bull Run he was wounded in the side, and suffered from the effects of the injury for two months. At Gettysburg he was wounded in the right limb; at Peach Tree Creek he received a slight wound in the head; and at Bentonville, N. C., he was seriously wounded in the left limb. Through the entire period of his service he was absent from only one battle in which his regiment participated. July 3, 1865, he was mustered out at New York City, on David’s Island.
Returning to Linn County in October, 1865, Mr. Warren settled upon his land in February of the following year. Here he has erected a set of neat buildings, including one of the finest residences for miles around. He was married in Linn County, August 15, 1876, to Miss Mary J. Morrison, who was born in Green County, Wis. Her father, the late James N. Morrison, was born in Pike County, Ohio, August 19, 1819, being a descendant of Scotch ancestors. The mother of Mrs. Warren, Rebecca Snider, was born in Coshocton County, Ohio, February 19, 1825, being the daughter of Asa B. Snider, a native of Virginia.
After Mr. Morrison’s marriage, which took place on the 17th of October, 1842, he settled in Vermillion County, Ill., but three years later moved to Green County, Wis., and thence, early in the ‘70s, he came to Linn County, Kan., where he resided until his death, May 2, 1892. He had a family of eight children, six of whom reached maturity. They are: Charles M., Mary J., Asa F., Elmira B., Ella (deceased) and John. Mrs. Warren, who was the eldest daughter, was reared in Green County, and accompanied her parents to Kansas, remaining with them until her marriage. In his political belief, Mr. Warren is a stanch supporter of the Republican party and takes an active interest in local matters. In religious connections, he and his wife are identified with the Methodist Episcopal Church.
One of five main projects from Psychology of Advertising class; Construct consumption biography.
I had to follow one of my friends to investigate her consumption pattern then analyze her psychological reasons behind her consumption behavior.
Biography
Gordon E. Keith
Artist and Designer
www.facebook.com/GORDONELMERKEITH/
From Captain Kangaroo to Rome, Italy.
Gordon Keith has made his mark in the world. This artist is well versed, in many different fields, from painting and sculpture to design of all kinds. He studied under Alice Schille of Columbus, Ohio and the late Chester Nichodemes, a sculptor. He served honorably in World War II in the 1621 st model making detachment where he was attached to the 5th army and made invasion models for Italy and Southern France. And work along side of Conger Metcalf another great painter for four years during the war effort.
In 1948 after the war, Gordon started his own store fixture and design company in boston called Gordon Keith Originals, Later move to Indian lake with his sister and did plaster castings before going back to his home town (Columbus Ohio) and setting up shop, In his hay day he had a company with store in the front call Gordon Keith’s Red Barn. Many that remember the barn will remember a giant rooster by the road side and when driving down into the complex seeing a fiberglass horse and cart outside the front door, A horse head above the entrance. This was the place to buy small nick nacks like glitter, ribbon and trinkets to grandma’s porch were one could get a bit to eat or a cold soda while enjoying a country setting. A second store on Wall St next to Lazarus and even one in side the Union Company. He created the Yankee Candle risers, Macy’s 1st foor cosmetics tables risers, Henry Bendel pink chandeliers Juicy Couture Carts
And the Macy’s, Waterford Crystal millennium collection, and over 300 hundred other major department stores coast to coast and abroad.
For over 65 years Keith has designed and installed major displays in eight different countries. From Talking Tree for Lazarus 6th floor for Christmas, Including the television show Captain Kangaroo and Lucy’s Toy Shop props to the Electric Company and the Union Company. From Downtown Christmas parades and Fourth of July parades to the State Auto Nativity Scene that at one time graced our State Capital building. The lighted trees in the windows of the German Village Tower and the doll cases at 180 West Broad street were also two very notable projects. Gordon Keith is a life time member of COSI for creating and building the Street of Yesterday Year in the old COSI location, On west Broad St. Complete with hoof prints in the cement to the five cent theater and penny candy store.
If you think Mr. Keith was one to rest while on vacation, think again. Gordon traveled to Tiki Gardens in Indian Rocks Beach where he visited life-long friends Frank and Jo Byars and designed a theme park that millions toured each year complete with Tiki Gods, fire torches and a Polynesian flavor. He went to Liberty parks and designed the hound dog plush animal for their theme park that is located in Tennessee, hometown to Elvis. Long term friend, Congressman Chalmers P. Wylie had Gordon do all of his campaign headquarters, from the Statue of Liberty of his TV spots. Keith also designed the famous 12 panel fiberglass screens that still ride the train to this day and voice over for the freedom train when it was here in 1976 depicting Betty Ross to landing on the moon. Gordon has helped with and contributed to special interest groups including Pilot Dogs Inc., the Symphony Ball, ARC, and the Candy Cane Ball. Gordon’s latest venture was selling 95 of his original paintings to the Le Veque tower for there renovations in 2012
Gordon’s art and sculptures have been exhibited in museums and galleries nationwide and are in many permanent collections. Some noteworthy exhibitions occurred at the French Art Colony, in Gallipolis, Ohio, the Licking County Arts Center, Middletown Ohio, and the Schumacher Gallery, in Columbus, Ohio, Springfield Art Gallery. Gordon’s work is also included in a private collection included in the Cincinnati Union Train Terminal in Cincinnati, Ohio. Gordon worked with Steve Silken and created all the hanging train art that graced all of the hallways of the building as well as many of the store designs which still remain today.
His works have been shown at the Art Expo in New York, Columbus Museum of Fine Arts, Grant Medical Center, Springfield Museum, Southern Hotel art gallery, and the Columbus City Hall where he has sold many original pieces of work.
Hand painted murals by Gordon Keith span from Tampa FL, Hilton Hotels all the way to Algiers, Africa, Malaga, Spain, Naples, Caserta, and Rome Italy. Several of his paintings are at the Tokyo Art Gallery, Tokyo, Japan and Brenan, University Granville.
If there is such a thing as a renaissance man of the century --- this is he. Look what God has given him to create with his heart, mind and talent.
Biography
Gordon E. Keith
Artist and Designer
www.facebook.com/GORDONELMERKEITH/
From Captain Kangaroo to Rome, Italy.
Gordon Keith has made his mark in the world. This artist is well versed, in many different fields, from painting and sculpture to design of all kinds. He studied under Alice Schille of Columbus, Ohio and the late Chester Nichodemes, a sculptor. He served honorably in World War II in the 1621 st model making detachment where he was attached to the 5th army and made invasion models for Italy and Southern France. And work along side of Conger Metcalf another great painter for four years during the war effort.
In 1948 after the war, Gordon started his own store fixture and design company in boston called Gordon Keith Originals, Later move to Indian lake with his sister and did plaster castings before going back to his home town (Columbus Ohio) and setting up shop, In his hay day he had a company with store in the front call Gordon Keith’s Red Barn. Many that remember the barn will remember a giant rooster by the road side and when driving down into the complex seeing a fiberglass horse and cart outside the front door, A horse head above the entrance. This was the place to buy small nick nacks like glitter, ribbon and trinkets to grandma’s porch were one could get a bit to eat or a cold soda while enjoying a country setting. A second store on Wall St next to Lazarus and even one in side the Union Company. He created the Yankee Candle risers, Macy’s 1st foor cosmetics tables risers, Henry Bendel pink chandeliers Juicy Couture Carts
And the Macy’s, Waterford Crystal millennium collection, and over 300 hundred other major department stores coast to coast and abroad.
For over 65 years Keith has designed and installed major displays in eight different countries. From Talking Tree for Lazarus 6th floor for Christmas, Including the television show Captain Kangaroo and Lucy’s Toy Shop props to the Electric Company and the Union Company. From Downtown Christmas parades and Fourth of July parades to the State Auto Nativity Scene that at one time graced our State Capital building. The lighted trees in the windows of the German Village Tower and the doll cases at 180 West Broad street were also two very notable projects. Gordon Keith is a life time member of COSI for creating and building the Street of Yesterday Year in the old COSI location, On west Broad St. Complete with hoof prints in the cement to the five cent theater and penny candy store.
If you think Mr. Keith was one to rest while on vacation, think again. Gordon traveled to Tiki Gardens in Indian Rocks Beach where he visited life-long friends Frank and Jo Byars and designed a theme park that millions toured each year complete with Tiki Gods, fire torches and a Polynesian flavor. He went to Liberty parks and designed the hound dog plush animal for their theme park that is located in Tennessee, hometown to Elvis. Long term friend, Congressman Chalmers P. Wylie had Gordon do all of his campaign headquarters, from the Statue of Liberty of his TV spots. Keith also designed the famous 12 panel fiberglass screens that still ride the train to this day and voice over for the freedom train when it was here in 1976 depicting Betty Ross to landing on the moon. Gordon has helped with and contributed to special interest groups including Pilot Dogs Inc., the Symphony Ball, ARC, and the Candy Cane Ball. Gordon’s latest venture was selling 95 of his original paintings to the Le Veque tower for there renovations in 2012
Gordon’s art and sculptures have been exhibited in museums and galleries nationwide and are in many permanent collections. Some noteworthy exhibitions occurred at the French Art Colony, in Gallipolis, Ohio, the Licking County Arts Center, Middletown Ohio, and the Schumacher Gallery, in Columbus, Ohio, Springfield Art Gallery. Gordon’s work is also included in a private collection included in the Cincinnati Union Train Terminal in Cincinnati, Ohio. Gordon worked with Steve Silken and created all the hanging train art that graced all of the hallways of the building as well as many of the store designs which still remain today.
His works have been shown at the Art Expo in New York, Columbus Museum of Fine Arts, Grant Medical Center, Springfield Museum, Southern Hotel art gallery, and the Columbus City Hall where he has sold many original pieces of work.
Hand painted murals by Gordon Keith span from Tampa FL, Hilton Hotels all the way to Algiers, Africa, Malaga, Spain, Naples, Caserta, and Rome Italy. Several of his paintings are at the Tokyo Art Gallery, Tokyo, Japan and Brenan, University Granville.
If there is such a thing as a renaissance man of the century --- this is he. Look what God has given him to create with his heart, mind and talent.
Italien / Toskana - Lucca
Piazza dell'Anfiteatro
Lucca (/ˈluːkə/ LOO-kə, Italian: [ˈlukka]) is a city and comune in Tuscany, Central Italy, on the Serchio River, in a fertile plain near the Ligurian Sea. The city has a population of about 89,000, while its province has a population of 383,957.
Lucca is known as an Italian "Città d'arte" (City of Art) from its intact Renaissance-era city walls and its very well preserved historic center, where, among other buildings and monuments, are located the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro, which has its origins in the second half of the 1st century A.D. and the Guinigi Tower, a 45-metre-tall (150 ft) tower that dates from the 1300s.
The city is also the birthplace of numerous world-class composers, including Giacomo Puccini, Alfredo Catalani, and Luigi Boccherini.
Toponymy
By the Romans, Lucca was known as Luca. From more recent and concrete toponymic studies, the name Lucca has references that lead to "sacred grove" (Latin: lucus), "to cut" (Latin: lucare) and "luminous space" (leuk, a term used by the first European populations). The origin apparently refers to a wooded area deforested to make room for light or to a clearing located on a river island of Serchio debris, in the middle of wooded areas.
History
Antiquity
The territory of present-day Lucca was certainly settled by the Etruscans, having also traces of a probable earlier Ligurian presence (called Luk meaning "marsh", which has already been speculated as a possible origin for the city's name), dating from 3rd century BC. However, it was only with the arrival of the Romans, that the area took on the appearance of a real town, obtaining the status of a Roman colony in 180 BC, and transformed into a town hall in 89 BC.
The rectangular grid of its historical centre preserves the Roman street plan, and the Piazza San Michele occupies the site of the ancient forum. The outline of the Roman amphitheatre is still seen in the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro, and the outline of a Roman theater is visible in Piazza Sant'Augostino. Fragments of the Roman-era walls are incorporated into the church of Santa Maria della Rosa.
At the Lucca Conference, in 56 BC, Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus reaffirmed their political alliance known as the First Triumvirate.
Middle Ages
Frediano, an Irish monk, was bishop of Lucca in the early sixth century. At one point, Lucca was plundered by Odoacer, the first Germanic King of Italy. Lucca was an important city and fortress even in the sixth century, when Narses besieged it for several months in 553. From 576 to 797, under the Lombards, it was the capital of a duchy, known as Ducato di Tuscia, which included a large part of today's Tuscany and the province of Viterbo, during this time the city also minted its own coins. The Holy Face of Lucca (or Volto Santo), a major relic supposedly carved by Nicodemus, arrived in 742.
Among the population that inhabited Lucca in the medieval era, there was also a significant presence of Jews. The first mention of their presence in the city is from a document from the year 859. The jewish community was led by the Kalonymos family (which later became a major component of proto-Ashkenazic Jewry).
Thanks above all to the Holy Face and to the relics of important saints, such as San Regolo and Saint Fridianus, the city was one of the main destinations of the Via Francigena, the major pilgrimage route to Rome from the north.
The Lucca cloth was a silk fabric that was woven with gold or silver threads. It was a popular type of textile in Lucca throughout the mediaeval period.
Lucca became prosperous through the silk trade that began in the eleventh century, and came to rival the silks of Byzantium. During the tenth–eleventh centuries Lucca was the capital of the feudal margraviate of Tuscany, more or less independent but owing nominal allegiance to the Holy Roman Emperor.
In 1057, Anselm of Baggio (later Pope Alexander II) was appointed bishop of Lucca, a position he held also during the papacy. As bishop of Lucca he managed to rebuild the patrimony of the Church of Lucca, recovering alienated assets, obtaining numerous donations thanks to his prestige, and had the Cathedral of the city rebuilt. From 1073 to 1086, the bishop of Lucca was his nephew Anselm II, a prominent figure in the Investiture Controversy.
During the High Middle Ages, one of the most illustrious dynasties of Lucca was the noble Allucingoli family, who managed to forge strong ties with the Church. Among the family members were Ubaldo Allucingoli, who was elected to the Papacy as Pope Lucius III in 1181, and the Cardinals Gerardo Allucingoli and Uberto Allucingoli.
After the death of Matilda of Tuscany, the city began to constitute itself an independent commune with a charter in 1160. For almost 500 years, Lucca remained an independent republic. There were many minor provinces in the region between southern Liguria and northern Tuscany dominated by the Malaspina; Tuscany in this time was a part of feudal Europe. Dante’s Divine Comedy includes many references to the great feudal families who had huge jurisdictions with administrative and judicial rights. Dante spent some of his exile in Lucca.
In 1273 and again in 1277, Lucca was ruled by a Guelph capitano del popolo (captain of the people) named Luchetto Gattilusio. In 1314, internal discord allowed Uguccione della Faggiuola of Pisa to make himself lord of Lucca. The Lucchesi expelled him two years later, and handed over the city to another condottiero, Castruccio Castracani, under whose rule it became a leading state in central Italy. Lucca rivalled Florence until Castracani's death in 1328. On 22 and 23 September 1325, in the battle of Altopascio, Castracani defeated Florence's Guelphs. For this he was nominated by Louis IV the Bavarian to become duke of Lucca. Castracani's tomb is in the church of San Francesco. His biography is Machiavelli's third famous book on political rule.
Occupied by the troops of Louis of Bavaria, the city was sold to a rich Genoese, Gherardino Spinola, then seized by John, king of Bohemia. Pawned to the Rossi of Parma, by them it was ceded to Mastino II della Scala of Verona, sold to the Florentines, surrendered to the Pisans, and then nominally liberated by the emperor Charles IV and governed by his vicar.
In 1408, Lucca hosted a convocation organized by Pope Gregory XII with his cardinals intended to end the schism in the papacy.
Lucca managed, at first as a democracy, and after 1628 as an oligarchy, to maintain its independence alongside of Venice and Genoa, and painted the word Libertas on its banner until the French Revolution in 1789.
Early modern period
Lucca had been the second largest Italian city state (after Venice) with a republican constitution ("comune") to remain independent over the centuries.
Between 1799 and 1800, it was contested by the French and Austrian armies. Finally the French prevailed and granted a democratic constitution in the 1801. However, already in 1805 the Republic of Lucca was converted into a monarchy by Napoleon, who installed his sister Elisa Bonaparte Baciocchi as "Princess of Lucca".
From 1815 to 1847, it was a Bourbon-Parma duchy. The only reigning dukes of Lucca were Maria Luisa of Spain, who was succeeded by her son Charles II, Duke of Parma in 1824. Meanwhile, the Duchy of Parma had been assigned for life to Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma, the second wife of Napoleon. In accordance with the Treaty of Vienna (1815), upon the death of Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma in 1847, Parma reverted to Charles II, Duke of Parma, while Lucca lost independence and was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. As part of Tuscany, it became part of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860 and finally part of the Italian State in 1861.
World War II internment camp
In 1942, during World War II, a prisoner-of-war camp was established at the village of Colle di Compito, in the municipality of Capannori, about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) from Lucca. Its official number was P.G. (prigionieri di guerra) 60, and it was usually referred to as PG 60 Lucca. Although it never had permanent structures and accommodation consisted of tents in an area prone to flooding, it housed more than 3,000 British and Commonwealth prisoners of war during the period of its existence. It was handed over to the Germans on 10 September 1943, not long after the signing of the Italian armistice. During the Italian Social Republic, as a puppet state of the Germans, political prisoners, foreigners, common law prisoners and Jews were interned there, and it functioned as a concentration camp. In June 1944, the prisoners were moved to Bagni di Lucca.
Culture
Lucca is the birthplace of composers Giacomo Puccini (La Bohème and Madama Butterfly), Nicolao Dorati, Francesco Geminiani, Gioseffo Guami, Luigi Boccherini, and Alfredo Catalani. It is also the birthplace of artist Benedetto Brandimarte. Since 2004, Lucca is home to IMT Lucca, a public research institution and a selective graduate school and part of the Superior Graduate Schools in Italy (Grandes écoles).
Events
Lucca hosts the annual Lucca Summer Festival. The 2006 edition featured live performances by Eric Clapton, Placebo, Massive Attack, Roger Waters, Tracy Chapman, and Santana at the Piazza Napoleone.
Lucca hosts the annual Lucca Comics and Games festival, Europe's largest festival for comics, movies, games and related subjects.
Other events include:
Lucca Film Festival
Lucca Digital Photography Fest
Procession of Santa Croce, on 13 September. Costume procession through the town's roads.
Lucca Jazz Donna
Moreover, Lucca hosts Lucca Biennale Cartasia, an international biennial contemporary art exhibition focusing solely on Paper Art.
Film and television
Mauro Bolognini's 1958 film Giovani mariti, with Sylva Koscina, is set and was filmed in Lucca.
Top Gear filmed the third episode of the 17th season here.
Architecture
Lucca is also known for its marble deposits. After a fire in the early 1900s, the West Wing of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario was rebuilt with marble sourced in Lucca. The floor mosaic in the West Wing was hand-laid and is constructed entirely of Italian, Lucca marble.
Main sights
Walls, streets, and squares
The walls encircling the old town remain intact, even though the city has expanded and been modernised, which is unusual for cities in this region. These walls were built initially as a defensive rampart which, after losing their military importance, became a pedestrian promenade (the Passeggiata delle Mure Urbane) atop the walls which not only links the Bastions of Santa Croce, San Frediano, San Martino, San Pietro/Battisti, San Salvatore, La Libertà/Cairoli, San Regolo, San Colombano, Santa Maria, San Paolino/Catalani and San Donato but also passes over the gates (Porte) of San Donato, Santa Maria, San Jacopo, Elisa, San Pietro, and Sant'Anna. Each of the four principal sides of the structure is lined with a tree species different from the others.
The walled city is encircled by Piazzale Boccherini, Viale Lazzaro Papi, Viale Carlo Del Prete, Piazzale Martiri della Libertà, Via Batoni, Viale Agostino Marti, Viale G. Marconi (vide Guglielmo Marconi), Piazza Don A. Mei, Viale Pacini, Viale Giusti, Piazza Curtatone, Piazzale Ricasoli, Viale Ricasoli, Piazza Risorgimento (vide Risorgimento), and Viale Giosuè Carducci.
The town includes a number of public squares, most notably the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro, (site of the ancient Roman amphitheater), the Piazzale Verdi, the Piazza Napoleone, and the Piazza San Michele.
Palaces, villas, houses, offices, and museums
Ducal Palace: built on the site of Castruccio Castracani's fortress. Construction was begun by Ammannati in 1577–1582 and continued by Juvarra in the eighteenth century
Pfanner Palace
Villa Garzoni, noted for its water gardens
Casa di Puccini: House of the opera composer, at the nearby Torre del Lago, where the composer spent his summers. A Puccini opera festival takes place every July–August
Torre delle Ore: ("The Clock Tower")
Guinigi Tower and House: Panoramic view from tower-top balcony with oak trees
National Museum of Villa Guinigi
National Museum of Palazzo Mansi
Orto Botanico Comunale di Lucca: botanical garden dating from 1820
Academy of Sciences (1584)
Teatro del Giglio: nineteenth-century opera house
Churches
There are many medieval, a few as old as the eighth century, basilica-form churches with richly arcaded façades and campaniles
Duomo di San Martino: St Martin's Cathedral
San Michele in Foro: Romanesque church
San Giusto: Romanesque church
Basilica di San Frediano
SanSan Romano, Luccat'Alessandro an example of medieval classicism
Santa Giulia: Lombard church rebuilt in thirteenth century
San Michele: church at Antraccoli, founded in 777, it was enlarged and rebuilt in the twelfth century with the introduction of a sixteenth-century portico
San Giorgio church in the locality of Brancoli, built in the late twelfth century has a bell tower in Lombard-Romanesque style, the interior houses a massive ambo (1194) with four columns mounted on lion sculptures, a highly decorated Romanesque octagonal baptismal fount, and the altar is supported by six small columns with human figures
San Lorenzo di Moriano, a 12th century Romanesque style parish church
San Romano, erected by the Dominican order in the second half of the 13th century, is today a deconsecrated Roman Catholic Church located on Piazza San Romano in the center of Lucca
Museums
Museo della Cattedrale
Orto Botanico Comunale di Lucca
(Wikipedia)
Piazza dell'Anfiteatro is a public square in the northeast quadrant of the walled center of Lucca, region of Tuscany, Italy. The ring of buildings surrounding the square follows the elliptical shape of the former second century Roman amphitheater of Lucca. The square can be reached through four gateways located at the four vertices of the ellipse. A cross is carved into the central tile of the square with the arms pointing to the four gateways of the square.
History
The base of the former amphitheater (dating back to the 1st or 2nd century BC) is now some 3 meters below the ground surface.
At its peak about 18 rows of amphitheater seats held some 10,000 spectators. Now at its place is an urban square (piazza) surrounded by private residences built using the remaining structures of the Amphitheatre, which are occupied by several outdoor cafes. This piazza was created in 1830 by the architect Lorenzo Nottolini by razing some of the buildings inside the oval. It was originally refurbished to be a marketplace.
(Wikipedia)
Lucca (in der Antike: Luca) ist die Hauptstadt der Provinz Lucca in der Toskana mit 90.055 Einwohnern (Stand 31. Dezember 2019). Sie liegt im Tal des Flusses Serchio etwa 20 km nordöstlich von Pisa und 20 km östlich der toskanischen Küste. Im 13. und 14. Jahrhundert zählte Lucca zu den einflussreichsten europäischen Städten. Große Bedeutung hatte insbesondere die Textilindustrie. Die großen Plätze, die romanischen Kirchen und die mittelalterlichen Türme zeugen von der einstigen Bedeutung dieser Stadt. Ihre von vier Toren durchbrochenen Befestigungsanlagen wurden 1504 begonnen und 1645 fertiggestellt. Die heute noch gut erhaltenen Anlagen, die lange zu den bemerkenswertesten in Italien zählten, tragen eine von Bäumen gesäumte Promenade um den Stadtkern.
Geschichte
Antike bis Renaissance
Das antike etruskische Lucca, das das Tal des Serchio beherrschte, findet erstmals Erwähnung beim Historiker Livius als der Ort, wohin sich Sempronius 218 v. Chr. vor Hannibal zurückzog; es gibt Zweifel an der Korrektheit von Livius’ Feststellung, denn obwohl es kontinuierlich Kriege mit den Ligurern gab, wird Lucca erst 180 v. Chr. erneut genannt. Damals wurde Lucca gleichzeitig mit Pisa (ebenfalls 180) und Luna (177) als römische Kolonie gegründet, um die Herrschaft der bis dahin in diesem Raum ansässigen Apuaner endgültig brechen zu können und das Land für Rom in Besitz zu nehmen. Durch die Lex Julia von 90 v. Chr. muss es ein municipium geworden sein; hier hielt Julius Caesar 56 v. Chr. seine berühmte Besprechung mit Pompeius und Crassus. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt gehörte Lucca noch zu Ligurien, nicht zu Etrurien. Wenig später wurde hier durch das Triumvirat oder durch Octavian eine Kolonie geführt, ob nach der Schlacht von Philippi oder nach der von Actium ist unklar.
In der augusteischen Unterteilung Italiens wurde Lucca der siebten Region (Etruria) zugeordnet. Aus der Periode des Kaiserreichs ist wenig bekannt, außer dass es eine Kreuzung der Straßen nach Florentia (siehe Via Clodia), Luna und Pisae war. Obwohl es von Odoaker geplündert und eines Teils seines Territoriums beraubt wurde, erscheint Lucca zur Zeit von Narses, der es 553 drei Monate lang belagerte, als wichtige Stadt und Festung. Unter den Langobarden war Lucca die Residenz eines Herzogs oder Markgrafen, welche das Münzprivileg hatte. Die Herzöge erweiterten ihre Macht allmählich auf die ganze Toskana, aber nach dem Tod der berühmten Matilda begann sich die Stadt als unabhängige Kommune zu konstituieren. 1160 erhielt sie vom bayerischen Herzog und toskanischen Markgrafen Welf VI. im Gegenzug für einen jährlichen Tribut die Herrschaft über ein Territorium um die Stadt. Der Reichtum und Einfluss der Stadt Lucca im 13. Jahrhundert basierte zu einem großen Teil auf ihrer Textilindustrie.
Innere Uneinigkeit gab Uguccione della Faggiola, mit dem Dante einige Zeit dort verbrachte, Gelegenheit, sich 1314 zum Herrn von Lucca zu machen, aber die Lucchesi verstießen ihn zwei Jahre später und übergaben die Stadt an Castruccio Castracani, unter dessen geschickter Tyrannei sie für kurze Zeit bis zu seinem Tod 1328 – sein Grab befindet sich in der Kirche San Francesco – die führende Stadt Italiens wurde.
Von den Truppen Ludwigs des Bayern besetzt, an den reichen Genueser Gheradino Spinola verkauft, vom böhmischen König Johann besetzt, an die Rossi aus Parma verpfändet, von denen an Mastino della Scala aus Verona abgetreten, an die Florentiner verkauft, an die Pisaner übergeben, nominell befreit von Kaiser Karl IV. und von seinem Vikar regiert, gelang es Lucca, ab 1369 zuerst als Demokratie, nach 1628 als patrizisch-aristokratische Oligarchie, seine Unabhängigkeit als Stadtrepublik neben Venedig und Genua zu behaupten. Bis zur Französischen Revolution schrieb es das Wort Libertas auf seine Fahnen. Die politischen Wirren des 13. und 14. Jahrhunderts wurden von Dante in seinem Werk thematisiert, so führt Leeck (2007) anhand der Fallbeispiele Alessio Interminelli, Bonturo Dati und Bonagiunta aus.
Ab dem 16. Jahrhundert
Anfang des 16. Jahrhunderts unternahm einer seiner führenden Bürger, Francesco Burlamacchi, einen Versuch, Italien politischen Zusammenhalt zu verleihen, er fiel aber auf dem Schafott; sein Denkmal von Ulisse Cambi wurde 1863 auf der Piazza San Michele aufgestellt.
Durch die militärische Macht der siegreichen französischen Revolutionsarmeen, die die österreichische Oberherrschaft über Italien beendeten, wurde die Republik Lucca 1799/1800 gezwungen, eine moderne „Demokratie“ nach französischem Muster und in völliger Abhängigkeit vom Frankreich Napoleon Bonapartes einzuführen (Lucchesische Republik). Im Juni 1805 dekretierte der unterdessen zum Kaiser der Franzosen und zum König von Italien proklamierte Napoleon Bonaparte die Abschaffung der Republik, die stattdessen zugunsten seiner Schwester Elisa und ihres Ehemanns Félix Baciocchi zum Fürstentum Lucca umgebildet wurde. Lucca wurde im Zuge des Sturzes Napoleons 1814 kurzfristig von neapolitanischen, dann von österreichischen Truppen besetzt. Auf dem Wiener Kongress, der 1814/15 über die Neuordnung Europas entschied, wurde der kleine, aber wohlhabende Staat Lucca zur Verschiebe- und Entschädigungsmasse für dynastische und machtpolitische Interessen. Das Kaisertum Österreich verweigerte damals – trotz des ansonsten von ihm hochgehaltenen dynastischen Legitimitätsprinzips – dem bourbonischen Herzog von Parma die Rückkehr in dessen Hauptstädte Parma und Piacenza, die auf Lebenszeit als Versorgungsgebiet für Napoleons Ehefrau, die ehemalige französische Kaiserin Marie Louise († 1847), eine Tochter von Franz I., vorgesehen wurden. Die parmesischen Bourbonen sollten, solange Marie Louise lebte, stattdessen mit der ehemaligen Republik Lucca als Herzogtum entschädigt werden, das allerdings nach einem Überwechseln der Bourbonen nach Parma und Piacenza an das habsburgische Großherzogtum Toskana (und damit in den Einflussbereich Österreichs) fallen sollte. Nach längerem Widerstand des Hauses Bourbon-Parma, das darin (vergeblich) vom eng verwandten spanischen König Ferdinand VII. unterstützt wurde, trat Ferdinands Schwester Maria Luisa (die unter Napoleon zeitweilig Königin und Regentin des in der Toskana gebildeten „Königreiches Etrurien“ gewesen war), im November 1817 die Herrschaft als Herzogin von Lucca an. Mit ihrem Tode 1824 folgte ihr Sohn Karl Ludwig († 1883), der ehemalige Kind-König von Etrurien. Dieser verzichtete aufgrund der sich verschärfenden innenpolitischen Lage im Vorfeld der Revolution von 1848/49 jedoch im Oktober 1847 schon vor dem Tode der parmesisch-habsburgischen Herrscherin Marie Louise zugunsten des Großherzogs der Toskana auf die Regierung in Lucca. Das Herzogtum bildete seither einen Teil der Toskana, mit der es im Laufe des Risorgimento 1859/61 zunächst an Sardinien, dann an den neuen Einheitsstaat Italien angeschlossen wurde.
Wirtschaft
Lucca war früher ein Zentrum der Luxusstoffindustrie. Berühmt war die Stadt unter anderem für ihre Seide, deren Farbenpracht in Europa als unübertroffen galt.[3] Politische Unruhen zu Beginn des 14. Jahrhunderts führten dazu, dass viele Luccheser Färber und Seidenweber nach Venedig flohen. Die Stadt Venedig bot den Flüchtlingen großzügig Asyl und finanzielle Hilfe an, allerdings unter der Bedingung, dass sie in Venedig ihr Gewerbe praktizierten. Die Luccheser Zunftgesetze sahen zwar den Tod für alle Bürger vor, die ihr Textilhandwerk außerhalb der Stadtmauern praktizierten, angesichts ihrer finanziellen Lage nahmen jedoch viele Luccheser Handwerker die venezianischen Bedingungen an.
Begonnen um 1300, ist die Papierindustrie seit vielen Jahren eine der wichtigsten Säulen für die Wirtschaft der gesamten Provinz. Hinzu kommt für Lucca unter anderem der Fremdenverkehr, die chemische, pharmazeutische und mechanische Industrie.
Sehenswürdigkeiten
Das rechtwinklige Straßennetz im historischen Zentrum lässt noch die Struktur der römischen Anlage erkennen. Die antike Stadtmauer verlief entlang der heutigen Straßen Via San Giorgio/A. Mordini – Via dell’Angelo Custode/della Rosa – Corso Garibaldi – Via della Cittadella/Galli Tassi. Das Forum befand sich am Kreuzungspunkt von Cardo und Decumanus, seit dem Mittelalter die Piazza San Michele. Im Namen der Kirche San Michele in Foro lebt dieses römische Erbe bis in unsere Zeit fort.
Lucca ist reich an Sehenswürdigkeiten und daher auch touristisch von großem Interesse. Das historische Zentrum stand von 2006 bis 2021 auf der Welterbe-Tentativliste, dann wurde die Kandidatur entweder zurückgezogen oder von der UNESCO abgelehnt.
Mit mehr als 200.000 Besuchern ist Lucca Comics & Games ist die zweitgrößte Comicbuch- und Gaming-Messe der Welt.
Das Geburtshaus des Komponisten Giacomo Puccini beherbergt heute ein Museum. Der italienische Staat hat das Haus – zusammen mit den Museums-Geburtshäusern von Gioachino Rossini und Giuseppe Verdi – mit dem Europäischen Kulturerbe-Siegel ausgezeichnet (nach dem alten System bis 2010).
Stadtmauer und Stadttore
Das womöglich beeindruckendste Bauwerk der Stadt ist die vollständig erhaltene Stadtmauer von Lucca, italienisch Mura di Lucca. Ihr Ursprung liegt im Mittelalter, als sie im 12./13. Jahrhundert die römische Mauer ablöste, um im Nordosten die Borghi San Frediano, San Pietro Somaldi und Santa Mari Forisportam mit einzuschließen. Der nächsten, eher marginalen Erweiterung folgte 1504 – 1648 der Ausbau zur Stadtmauer, wie sie sich heute darbietet: 4,2 km lang, mit 11 Bastionen und 12 Kurtinen. Das Kuriose: Die Mauer wurde nie wirklich zur Verteidigung gebraucht. Immerhin bewahrte sie ganz Lucca vor der Überschwemmung durch das Hochwasser 1812. Maria Luisa von Bourbon-Spanien, 1815 – 1824 Herzogin von Lucca, ließ auf der Mauer eine Promenade errichten und die Bastionen und Außenbereiche begrünen. Sowohl der Spazierweg als auch die Grünflächen sind äußerst beliebte Areale für sportliche Aktivitäten und Veranstaltungen.
Beim Ausbau der Mauer waren ursprünglich nur drei Stadttore vorgesehen: die Porta di Santa Maria im Norden, die Porta di San Donato im Nordwesten und die Porta di San Pietro im Südwesten. Der Ostteil erhielt erst 1804 ein Tor. Es heißt nach seiner Erbauerin, der Fürstin von Lucca Elisa Bonaparte, Porta Elisa. Zwei weitere Torbauten, die Porta San Jacopo im Nordosten und die Porta Sant‘Anna im Westen sind jüngeren Datums. Die mittelalterliche Stadtmauer hatte ebenfalls vier Stadttore. Die beiden heute noch erhaltenen, die Porta San Gervasio (oder Portone dell‘Anunziata) und die Porta dei Borghi, befinden sich jetzt innerhalb des Mauerrings.
(Wikpedia)
Die Piazza dell’Anfiteatro, auch kurz Piazza Anfiteatro, ist ein öffentlicher Platz in der Stadt Lucca in der Region Toskana, Italien. Die für historische Plätze ungewöhnliche Ellipsenform ist auf seine ursprüngliche Bestimmung zurückzuführen: ein von den Römern erbautes Amphitheater.
Lage und Beschreibung
Die Piazza dell’Anfiteatro liegt im Stadtzentrum innerhalb des Stadtmauerrings aus dem 17. Jahrhundert, angrenzend an die Einkaufsstraße Via Fillungo und unweit der romanischen Kirche San Frediano.
Die etwas über 3000 m² große Freifläche deckt das Areal einer antiken römischen Arena ab. Sie ist umbaut mit Häusern unterschiedlicher Höhe, die in hellen Natur- und Gelbtönen gestrichen sind und für die Region typische grüne Fensterläden aufweisen. Die gleichmäßig angeordneten Rundbögen sind Zeugnisse des ehemaligen Publikumsbereichs, der Cavea. So spiegelt das Ensemble auch heute noch die charakteristische elliptische Form eines römischen Amphitheaters wider. Der Platz zeigt eine rundum geschlossene Bauweise und ist nur durch die vier größten Rundbögen zugänglich. Diese befinden sich an den Enden der ca. 75 m langen Längsachse und der ca. 50 m langen Querachse. Der Eingangsbogen an der Ostseite, der einzige antike römische, ist breiter und niedriger als die drei anderen. Ursprünglich muss er deutlich höher gewesen sein, als das Niveau des Amphitheaters noch etwa 3 Meter unter dem heutigen lag. Ein in die zentrale Bodenplatte graviertes Kreuz markiert die Achsen und verweist auf die vier Eingangstore.
Geschichte
Vor der Umgestaltung
Im späten 1. oder frühen 2. Jahrhundert errichteten die Römer ein Amphitheater außerhalb ihrer ummauerten Siedlung Colonia Luca. Die Stadtmauer existierte seit ca. 180 v. Chr., das römische Forum lebt heute noch mit der Piazza San Michele und der nach dem zentralen Platz benannten Kirche San Michele in Foro weiter. Über 55 auf Pfeilern ruhenden Bögen gab es eine weitere Reihe von versetzt dazu angeordneten Bögen. Sie stützten die Cavea, die ihrerseits aus 20 Stufen bestand und etwa 10.000 Zuschauern Platz bot. In diesem eher kleinen Amphitheater wurden Pferderennen und Gladiatorenkämpfe ausgetragen. An den Außenmauern des Platzes ist die Struktur des antiken Bauwerks teilweise noch erkennbar.
Die Stadt Luca war für die Römer von großer strategischer Bedeutung, denn sie diente als Bollwerk gegen die „barbarischen“ Angriffe aus dem Norden. Im 5. Jahrhundert jedoch besetzten die Goten die Stadt, etwas später die Byzantiner. Es folgten die Langobarden und Karolinger – und mit ihnen das Christentum. Alles Römische verfiel und wurde als Steinbruch benutzt. An der Stelle der Arena des Amphitheaters richtete man einen öffentlichen Ort für Zusammenkünfte ein und nannte ihn „Parlascio“ (im Zusammenhang mit dem italienischen Wort „parlare“ für sprechen). Den wertvollen Carrara-Marmor verwendete man für den Bau der Kirchen San Frediano, Sant’Alessandro und Santa Maria Forisportam. In den Ruinen wurde um das Jahr 1000 das Gefängnis „Carceri del Sasso“, dem Namen nach unterirdisch, eingerichtet. Nach dessen Verlegung diente das Bauwerk u. a. als Lagerstätte für Salz und Salpeter – bis um 1800 ein Schlachthof einzog.
Von der Umgestaltung bis heute
1819 legte der Luccheser Architekt Lorenzo Nottolini seiner Auftraggeberin, der Herzogin Maria Luisa, einen Plan zur Umgestaltung des Areals vor. Auf Anraten des einflussreichen Agronoms Cosimo Ridolfi hatte er darauf das Amphitheater wieder erkennbar gemacht. Für den künftigen Lebensmittelmarkt sollte die zentrale Fläche von Gärten und kleinen Bauten freigeräumt und der bereits etablierte Fleischhandel mit einbezogen werden. Nach der Erteilung des Motu proprio vom 16. August 1830 begannen die Arbeiten; der erste Markt auf der neuen Piazza del Mercato fand am 1. Oktober 1839 statt. Carlo Lodovico, Sohn und Nachfolger von Maria Luisa, hatte damit den städtischen Markt von der Piazza San Michele hierher verlegt.
Nach dem erneuten Umzug des Marktes etwa ein Jahrhundert später – in die umgebaute Kirche Santa Maria del Carmine am gleichnamigen Platz, als Mercato del Carmine – verfiel der Arenaplatz beinahe. In den 1970er-Jahren wurde er jedoch vollständig saniert und ist heute einer der beliebtesten Plätze für Ausstellungen, Konzerte, Festivals und andere Veranstaltungen. In den Bauten befinden sich Privatwohnungen, Restaurants, Bars und Souvenirläden. Der Platz zählt zu den meistbesuchten Sehenswürdigkeiten von Lucca.
(Wikipedia)
Still one of the finest and loveliest rock n roll biographies ever put out. This Ian Johnston book came out about 1990, and it's a must-have for any fan of the the wild world of Ivy and lux and co.
Adolf Hitler - Mein Kampf
Houghton Mifflin Sentry Edition 13
Published 1971; 15th printing 1975
Cover Design: Lawrence Ratzkin © 1973
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Biography
Guitarist/Producer/Session Player
Pete Metropoulos (Rocktropolis) is the guitarist for the progressive rock band Rocktropolis. Pete Metropoulos (Rocktropolis) has worked with The Process, Gabe Gonzalez (George Clinton) and former drummer John Macaluso (Yngwie Malmsteen, ARK and VOX). Pete Metropoulos (Rocktropolis) is a Nominee of the 2013 & 2014 Detroit Music Awards.
ROCKTROPOLIS is represented by Howard Hertz/Joseph Bellanca (Hertz Schram, p.c.) Mr. Hertz’s impressive roster includes George Clinton, Sippie Wallace, The Romantics, The Bass Brothers, Eminem, Marilyn Manson, Russell Simmons, O-Town, Pantera, Marcus Belgrave, The GO, Mike Posner, Elmore Leonard, Warner Tamerlane and Atlantic Records.
Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” was born July 15, 1984, In Bay City Mi. Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” came from a family who shared a deep love for music and many of Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” family members are highly gifted musicians. Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” was introduced to music and musical instruments at a very early age. Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” was exposed to many different styles of music ranging from Classical, Ethnic (traditional and contemporary Greek, Polish, Russian, Spanish), Pop, and of course, the many different types of Rock. Because of this exposure by people with intense love for music, Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” love for music grew exponentially. When Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” was 11 years old, his dad gifted Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” with his first guitar. Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” has been playing for about 18 years. Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” started to really take off with his playing after age 13. Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” life, from 13 years old and on, was everyday to make music or be with the greatest musicians in his area. Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” father Sam Metropoulos (bass/keys for ROCKTROPOLIS), played a huge part in Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” early years. Sam kept Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” very busy playing and sharpening his skills on the fretboard. Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” had a tight group of friends that had a similar mind set, one of which was his best friend growing up. He was heavily influenced by Rock, Jazz and Blues. Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” really learned a lot from him as he helped open a new door which expanded Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” ability. Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” chops are due to all the years of practice. Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” would easily spend 8 hours a day while I was a teenager and young adult writing, playing and improving with or without other musicians. Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” owe a big thanks to his father Sam Metropoulos for having such a big part in jump starting his musical carrier. One of Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” most memorable moments was with John Macaluso (former drummer for Yngwie Malmsteen). He has always been a big inspiration to Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis”. Another close friend of Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” is Gabe Gonzalez (George Clinton P-Funk All Stars). David Asher (The Process) has always been a tight friend of Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” growing up and he will guest appear on our upcoming ROCKTROPOLIS album 3113.The list of players Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” has played with can never be too big. There's a lot more players Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” would love to work with. Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” said “it has been very special to have the experiences and friends I’ve made so far. I really am looking forward to what the future may bring for me.” In 2013 was Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” first time for a nomination in the Detroit Music Awards. Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” ended up with 3 nominations in all. It was very flattering to know that Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” had that much support from such a strong music community. When Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” was learning music Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” never really learned how to play his favorite guitarist's style or favorite band's music. When Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” knew enough to play, Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” would let feelings take it away and start to hone feelings and techniques to create something magical. Music isn’t about being the best or being the greatest. It’s about being YOUR best, YOUR greatest, by being the best that YOU can be. No Competition...we all just do what we do said Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis”. Some of the gear Pete Metropoulos “Rocktropolis” use for live performances: Yamaha and Parker guitars, Engl 530 tube preamp, CryBaby DCR-2SR rack wah, Alesis Quadraverb Digital Effects Processor, BBE 482i Sonic Maximizer, Crate SPA-200 power amp, and Fender Stereo Ready 4X12 cabs.
Official website: www.RocktropolisMusic.com.
Facebook: www.facebook.com/Rocktropolis
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Biography
Gordon E. Keith
Artist and Designer
www.facebook.com/GORDONELMERKEITH/
From Captain Kangaroo to Rome, Italy.
Gordon Keith has made his mark in the world. This artist is well versed, in many different fields, from painting and sculpture to design of all kinds. He studied under Alice Schille of Columbus, Ohio and the late Chester Nichodemes, a sculptor. He served honorably in World War II in the 1621 st model making detachment where he was attached to the 5th army and made invasion models for Italy and Southern France. And work along side of Conger Metcalf another great painter for four years during the war effort.
In 1948 after the war, Gordon started his own store fixture and design company in boston called Gordon Keith Originals, Later move to Indian lake with his sister and did plaster castings before going back to his home town (Columbus Ohio) and setting up shop, In his hay day he had a company with store in the front call Gordon Keith’s Red Barn. Many that remember the barn will remember a giant rooster by the road side and when driving down into the complex seeing a fiberglass horse and cart outside the front door, A horse head above the entrance. This was the place to buy small nick nacks like glitter, ribbon and trinkets to grandma’s porch were one could get a bit to eat or a cold soda while enjoying a country setting. A second store on Wall St next to Lazarus and even one in side the Union Company. He created the Yankee Candle risers, Macy’s 1st foor cosmetics tables risers, Henry Bendel pink chandeliers Juicy Couture Carts
And the Macy’s, Waterford Crystal millennium collection, and over 300 hundred other major department stores coast to coast and abroad.
For over 65 years Keith has designed and installed major displays in eight different countries. From Talking Tree for Lazarus 6th floor for Christmas, Including the television show Captain Kangaroo and Lucy’s Toy Shop props to the Electric Company and the Union Company. From Downtown Christmas parades and Fourth of July parades to the State Auto Nativity Scene that at one time graced our State Capital building. The lighted trees in the windows of the German Village Tower and the doll cases at 180 West Broad street were also two very notable projects. Gordon Keith is a life time member of COSI for creating and building the Street of Yesterday Year in the old COSI location, On west Broad St. Complete with hoof prints in the cement to the five cent theater and penny candy store.
If you think Mr. Keith was one to rest while on vacation, think again. Gordon traveled to Tiki Gardens in Indian Rocks Beach where he visited life-long friends Frank and Jo Byars and designed a theme park that millions toured each year complete with Tiki Gods, fire torches and a Polynesian flavor. He went to Liberty parks and designed the hound dog plush animal for their theme park that is located in Tennessee, hometown to Elvis. Long term friend, Congressman Chalmers P. Wylie had Gordon do all of his campaign headquarters, from the Statue of Liberty of his TV spots. Keith also designed the famous 12 panel fiberglass screens that still ride the train to this day and voice over for the freedom train when it was here in 1976 depicting Betty Ross to landing on the moon. Gordon has helped with and contributed to special interest groups including Pilot Dogs Inc., the Symphony Ball, ARC, and the Candy Cane Ball. Gordon’s latest venture was selling 95 of his original paintings to the Le Veque tower for there renovations in 2012
Gordon’s art and sculptures have been exhibited in museums and galleries nationwide and are in many permanent collections. Some noteworthy exhibitions occurred at the French Art Colony, in Gallipolis, Ohio, the Licking County Arts Center, Middletown Ohio, and the Schumacher Gallery, in Columbus, Ohio, Springfield Art Gallery. Gordon’s work is also included in a private collection included in the Cincinnati Union Train Terminal in Cincinnati, Ohio. Gordon worked with Steve Silken and created all the hanging train art that graced all of the hallways of the building as well as many of the store designs which still remain today.
His works have been shown at the Art Expo in New York, Columbus Museum of Fine Arts, Grant Medical Center, Springfield Museum, Southern Hotel art gallery, and the Columbus City Hall where he has sold many original pieces of work.
Hand painted murals by Gordon Keith span from Tampa FL, Hilton Hotels all the way to Algiers, Africa, Malaga, Spain, Naples, Caserta, and Rome Italy. Several of his paintings are at the Tokyo Art Gallery, Tokyo, Japan and Brenan, University Granville.
If there is such a thing as a renaissance man of the century --- this is he. Look what God has given him to create with his heart, mind and talent.
(for further pictures please go to the link at the end of page!)
Krems an der Donau (Stein)
Community Krems at the Danube
History
Stein, copper engraving, Georg Matthäus Vischer, 1672
© IMAREAL, Austrian Academy of Sciences
The twin city of Krems-Stein in 1995 celebrating the 1000 year jubilee, is one of the oldest cities in Austria. The terrace formation, the favorable climate and location at the crossroads of the Danube trade route with the north-south connections from the Waldviertel (Wood district) and the wine district (Weinviertel) favored for thousands of years the colonization of the area and contributed essentially to the development as a center in the Danube region.
For a far into the early days reaching settlement tradition speak finds from the Paleolithic (Hundssteig, Wachtberg, 30000-25000 BC), from the Neolithic period (ceramic cultures), but also the special role of the region in the Early Bronze Age Unetice Culture (1800-1500 BC) as well as traces of the urn field culture of the late Bronze Age and the Hallstatt culture (800-400 BC). In the La Tène period settled here probably celticized groups, in the Roman period the area belonged since the beginning of the second Century to the sphere of influence of the Germanic Marcomanni. According to the biography of Saint Severin ("Vita Severini") the center of the Germanic Rugians in the second half of the 5th Century probably lay in the area of Krems-Stein, for the next century the cemetery in Unter-Rohrendorf proves the presence of the Lombards.
First time mentioned by name Krems is in a charter of Emperor Otto III of 9th August 995 as orientalis urbs que dicitur Chremisa - as a fortified place in the East which is named the Chremisa. The settlement then lay on the eastern border of the small Mark Ostarrîchi in close proximity to Moravia, but soon it grew beyond the castle district and developed in the 11th Century to a market settlement around the High market (Hoher Markt). Since 1014 Krems was due to a Royal donation (Königsschenkung) parish. The sister city of Stein is only in the second half of the 11th century (1072) named. Its center was the to parish Krems belonging Michael Church. Stone primarily was a toll and loading berth for salt, wine and grain. From skipper settlement arose a market and in the 12th Century a town settlement (since 1144). The character as a city of Krems is yet a little earlier for the year 1136 proven.
The position at the Danube the two cities had assigned their complementary functions: Stein lay directly at the stream and became toll and landing place for ships, had but due to the rising hillsides little space for large commercial and market places and construction activity. Krems, however, was cut by tributaries and floodplains from the main stream, but offered plenty of space for colonization and markets as well as the protection of a mighty castle.
Around 1150 Krems was the most important commercial center in the country. In the tower of the town castle of Krems at the steep slope of the High market between 1130-190 the first Babenberg coin, the Kremser penny, was minted. On the world map of the Arab scholar Idrisi Krems is named before Vienna, which only in subsequent time should surpass Krems. The city's growth probably already in the first half of the 12th Century the relocation of the parish of St. Stephen's Church on woman mountain (Frauenberg - now Piaristenkirche) to the foot of the mountain made necessary where the new Vitus church became parish. End of the 12th Century Krems was surrounded by a city wall, 1196 the first city judge is testified. The city has been expanded several times and extended in the late Middle Ages from the Steiner Tor in the west to the Krems river in the east. The Dominican monastery, founded in 1236 was initially outside the city.
Stein evolved from the high terrace in the direction of Nicholas church, which in 1283 was elevated into the status of a parish. In the late Middle Ages, the area between Landstraße and the Danube was built-up and the city in the area of the in 1223/1224 founded Minorits monastery (consecration of the church in 1264) and between Reisperbach and Linzertor extended.
Both cities since the beginning of the 12th Century were princely and complemented each other as land and Danube trading venues. Their close relationship has led to a unique construction as a twin city. Both cities had a civic community with its own military and financial sovereignty, but had a common municipal law (1305) and a common municipal judge and later mayor (since 1416). 1463 Emperor Frederick III the two cities conferred a common coat of arms, the imperial double-headed eagle in gold on a black background. In addition to Krems-Stein only Wiener Neustadt and Vienna had the privilege to lead the double eagle. The union of the cities existed until 1849, after 90 years of independence of Stein, in 1939 took place the recent merger.
The economic boom in the late Middle Ages was based on the viticulture and trade with wine, salt and iron. In Stein shipping formed a significant economic factor. 1463 Stein received by the Emperor Frederick III the privilege to build a fixed bridge, the second oldest after Vienna in the area of the Austrian course of the Danube river.
From the richness and self-conciousness of the citizenship testifies the in 1265 built "Gozzoburg" of the mighty city judge Gozzo of Krems, a castle-like town house with loggia. The appearance of both cities is characterised of the numerous houses from the 15th and 16th century, which are designed with bay windows, sgraffito and paintings and as well as arcade courtyards inside. A characteristic of both cities are the since the High Middle Ages profable "vintage courtyards" of monasteries and bishoprics, which were used to store wine and served for the administration of the monastic possessions, such as the Passau courtyards, the Kremsmünstererhof or the Göttweigerhof. The Göttweigerhofkapelle (chapel) is equipped with valuable frescoes from the early 14th Century. About 1500 Krems through the work of the Augsburg artist Jörg Breu became a center of the Danube School.
Since the second half of the 16th Century Krems was mostly Protestant. The resistance of the citizens against the recatholicization in 1593 led to the loss of all privileges. It was not until 1615 as Emperor Matthias cancelled the harsh verdict and restored the independence of the city. A big part in the Catholic restoration played the in 1616 settled Jesuits who ran the school and by their theater performances became famous. In addition to the Jesuit college emerged in the time of the Counter-Reformation the Capuchin Monastery Und (1614) and the early Baroque new building of the Kremser parish church, in which renowned Italian artists took part.
The 17th Century due to the shift of international trade routes and the decline of the importance of the Danube trade brought an economic downturn. Severe damages the city suffered in 1645 by the Swedes, who besieged Krems, conquered and extended it to the main fortress, and by the reconquest a year later. It was only after 1700 as a upswing set in again, which found its expression in the Baroque style of the city. Employers for the resident artists or handicrafts were the big monasteries of the country. One of the most important painters of this period was Martin Johann Schmidt, the Kremser Schmidt, until his death (1801) in Stein maintaining a painting workshop.
In the second half of the 18th Century changed the ecclesiastical structures of the city. The since 1616 the Jesuits transmitted Frauenberg church was taken over by the Piarists in 1776 after the abolition of the Order (1773). 1783 the Dominican Monastery, 1796 the Minorit's monastery and the Capuchin monastery was abolished and profaned.
The biggest change of the cityscape since the Middle Ages took place in the 19th Century by the removal of the ramparts and the city gates. Remained except for remnants of the wall only the Steinertor (gate), which became the symbol of the city. Of the in the course of industrialization established factories of importance were the leather factory in Rehberg, the factory for the manufacturing of mats and rugs made of coconut fibres in Stein and the first quartz millstone factory of Austria. Great reputation also enjoyed the organ builders Zachistal, Capek and Hradetzky and the Kremser bell founders, including Matthias Prininger, Ferdinand Vötterlechner and Johann Gottlieb Jenichen. In the last third of the century followed the connection to the railway network, 1909, the Donauuferbahn (railway line along the Danube) was opened.
After the Second World War - on 2nd April 1945, there was heavy bombing - succeeded the city to preserve the architectural heritage largely in its original state and to connect it with modernity. The successful revitalization already received international recognition, Krems in 1975, 1979 and 2009 was Europa Nostra award winner. The city with the "Art Mile" in Stein (Kunsthalle, Museum of Caricature and Artothek), the Danube Festival and numerous cultural events developed to one of the most important cultural centers in Lower Austria .
The art treasures of the city as well as tradition and the history of wine-growing presents the "museumkrems" in the former Dominican church. Which the in 1994 founded and in 1995 opened "Danube University", Krems became 13th Austrian university town and is since 2002 the seat of a University of Applied Sciences (International Management Center). With the since 1998 annually realized Wachau Marathon Krems itself also could established as a "sports city".
In the 1970s, the city once again experienced a major expansion. In 1972 joined the community of Hollenburg Krems. The once separating Danube became the connecting element between the urban north and the "orchard" in the south. Meanwhile, the "Southtown" became integral part of the city, but could maintain its rural character.
Krems has partnerships with cities in Denmark, Germany, France, Czech Republic and the USA.
geschichte.landesmuseum.net/index.asp?contenturl=http://g...
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau - The Confessions
Penguin Classics L33, 1954
Roundel drawing by Elizabeth Friedlander
'My suggestion [for the roundel] is a periwinkle flower. (See lovely passage at the opening of the 6th book.) The periwinkle was for Rousseau, I believe, the flower of memory, and memory is the keynote of his book."
Haredi Judaism is usually referred to as ultra-orthodox Judaism, though Haredi Jews (or Haredim) object to this title. Theologically they are more conservative than any other form of Judaism.
PB140467
Hasidism is a sub-sect within Haredi Judaism. It can often (but not always) be distinguished by its clothing:
"Clothing
Another notable distinction among Hasidic Jews is their mode of dress. Though black outerwear and white shirts are standard for men and long-sleeved and high-necked clothing are typical for women, several groups have subtly distinct clothing for men identifying them as members of a particular Hasidic sect. Chabad men, for example, wear a black fedora-style hat. In other groups, the men wear a more elaborate fur-trimmed hat called a shtreimel or a spodik. (Some non-Hasidic ultra-Orthodox Jews also wear black hats.) Hasidic men typically wear a black overcoat known as a bekishe or a kapota. And in some groups, men wear distinctive white stockings. Most Hasidic groups still use Yiddish as their primary language." — myjewishlearning.com
From Studies in Judaism, First Series by Solomon Schechter (1911) [3rd excerpt]:
[Hassidism is a sub-sect of Haredi Judaism, ultra-ultra-orthodox Judaism.]
After seven years, Gershon, who was well aware of the bitter poverty which his sister endured, relented and brought her and her husband back to Brody. At first he employed Baalshem as his coachman, but as he proved wholly unfit for this work Gershon rented a small inn in a remote village, and there established his sister and her husband. The business of the inn was managed by the wife, while Baalshem passed most of his time in a hut in a neighbouring forest. Here he once more gave himself up to meditation and preparation for his future work, and here, a little later, when nearly forty-two years of age, to a few chosen spirits, afterwards his most fervent disciples, he first revealed his true character and mission.
From this point unfortunately the materials for a continuous biography are wanting; we next hear of Baalshem discharging the functions of an ordinary Rabbi at Miedziboz in Podolia, but for the remainder of his personal history we have to be content with detached anecdotes [pg 010] and fragmentary passages in his life, the sum total of which goes to show that he resided in Podolia and Wallachia, teaching his doctrines to his disciples and “working Wonders.” He does not seem to have figured as a public preacher, nor has he left behind him any written work. He appears rather to have used the method, familiar to students of Greek philosophy, of teaching by conversations with his friends and disciples. These conversations, and the parables with which they were largely interspersed, were remembered and stored up by his hearers. By his neighbours the country folk, Baalshem was regarded simply as “a man of God.” He was allowed to pursue his course undisturbed by persecution of the serious character which his more aggressive successors provoked. Such of the Rabbis as were aware of his existence despised him and his ways, but the Rabbinical world was at that time too much occupied in the controversy between Eybeschütz and Emden to concern itself with the vagaries of an obscure and apparently “unlearned” eccentric. Baalshem also took part in the disputes which were held in Lemberg, the capital of Galicia (1757?), between the Rabbis and the Frankists,6 who denounced the Talmud to the Polish Government and wanted to have all the Rabbinical books destroyed. Baalshem suffered from this excitement in a most terrible way. The abrogation of the Oral Law meant for him the ruin of Judaism.
Baalshem, in forming the little band of devoted followers who were destined to spread a knowledge of his creed, travelled considerably about Wallachia. He at one time decided to make a pilgrimage to Palestine, but when he reached Constantinople he felt himself inspired [pg 011] to return and continue his work at home. He died at Miedziboz on the eve of Pentecost, 1761.
After his death his disciples, of whom one Beer of Mizriez was the most prominent, undertook the proselytising mission for which Baalshem had prepared them, but from which he himself appears to have abstained. They preached and taught in all the provinces of Russia where Jews may reside, and in Roumania, and Galicia. The number of the sect at the present day is probably about half a million.
Returning now to Baalshem the founder, it may be noted that his appearance as a teacher and reformer was accompanied and justified by a customary and adequate number of miracles. To one disciple he revealed secrets which could have become known to him only by divine revelation; to another he appeared with a nimbus round his head. On the evidence of the Chassidim we learn that Baalshem performed all the recognised signs and marvels which have ever been the customary minor characteristics of men of similar type in similar environment. When Baalshem desired to cross a stream, he spread forth his mantle upon the waters, and standing thereupon passed safely to the other side. Ghosts evacuated haunted houses at the mere mention of his name. Was he alone in the forest on a wintry night, he had but to touch a tree with his finger tips and flames burst forth. When his spirit wandered through the angelic spheres, as was frequently the case, he obtained access to Paradise for millions of pining souls who had vainly waited without through long thousands of mournful years. These and other miracles need not be examined. Here, as in the case of other such blissful seasons of grace, they were the [pg 012] ephemeral though important accessories in establishing the inspired character of his utterances and the authority of his injunctions. It is not as a worker of miracles, but as a religious teacher and reformer, that Baalshem is interesting.
Properly to understand the nature and special direction of his teaching, it is necessary in some measure to realise the character of the field in which he worked; to consider, in other words, the moral and religious condition of the Jews in those districts where Chassidism first took root.
In a Hebrew Hymn, written about 1000 a.c., and still recited in the synagogue on the Day of Atonement, the poet expresses the strange and bitter fortunes of his race in touching words of mingled sorrow and exultation.
Destroyed lies Zion and profaned,
Of splendour and renown bereft,
Her ancient glories wholly waned,
One deathless treasure only left;
Still ours, O Lord,
Thy Holy Word.
And this Divine Word it was, which a persecuted religion has sought to preserve intact through so many centuries of persecution, and for the sake of which no labour seemed too severe, no sacrifice too large. “Bethink Thee, O God,” exclaimed one of our Jewish sages who flourished about the same period, “bethink Thee of Thy faithful children who, amid their poverty and want, are busy in the study of Thy Law. Bethink Thee of the poor in Israel who are willing to suffer hunger and destitution if only they can secure for their children the knowledge of Thy Law.” And so indeed it was. Old and [pg 013] young, weak and strong, rich and poor, all pursued that single study, the Torah. The product of this prolonged study is that gigantic literature which, as a long unbroken chain of spiritual activity, connects together the various periods of the Jews' chequered and eventful history. All ages and all lands have contributed to the development of this supreme study. For under the word Torah was comprised not only the Law, but also the contributions of later times expressing either the thoughts or the emotions of holy and sincere men; and even their honest scepticism was not entirely excluded. As in the canon of the Bible, Ecclesiastes and the Song of Solomon found place in the same volume that contains the Law and the Prophets, so at a later time people did not object to put the philosophical works of Maimonides and the songs of Judah Hallevi on the same level with the Code of the Law compiled by R. Isaac Alfasi, and the commentaries on the Bible by R. Solomon b. Isaac.7 None of them was declared infallible, but also to none of them, as soon as people were convinced of the author's sincerity, was denied the homage due to seekers after truth. Almost every author was called Rabbi (“my master”) or Rabbenu (“our master”),8 and nearly every book was regarded more or less as a contribution to the great bulk of the Torah. It was called Writ,9 and was treated with a certain kind of piety. But, by a series of accidents too long to be related here, sincerity ceased and sport took its place. I refer to the casuistic schools commonly known by the name of Pilpulists10 (the “seasoned” or the “sharp” ones), who flourished in the last two centuries preceding ours. To the authors of this unhappy period, a few glorious exceptions always allowed, the preceding [pg 014] Jewish literature did not mean a “fountain of living waters,” supplying men with truth and religious inspiration, but rather a kind of armoury providing them with juristic cases over which to fight, and to out-do each other in sophistry and subtlety. As a consequence they cared little or nothing for that part of the Jewish literature that appeals less to the intellect than to the feelings of men. In short, religion consisted only of complicated cases and innumerable ordinances, in which the wit of these men found delight. But the emotional part of it, whose root is the Faith and Love of men, was almost entirely neglected.
J.E. Neale - Queen Elizabeth I
Pelican Books A483, 1960
Cover Design: Jan Tschichold
The engraving of Queen Elizabeth I is by Reynolds Stone, after a miniature by Isaac Oliver
Philostratus - Life of Apollonius
Penguin Classics L234, 1970
Cover: Peleus, a detail from the Portland Vase in the British Museum
Biography
Gordon E. Keith
Artist and Designer
www.facebook.com/GORDONELMERKEITH/
From Captain Kangaroo to Rome, Italy.
Gordon Keith has made his mark in the world. This artist is well versed, in many different fields, from painting and sculpture to design of all kinds. He studied under Alice Schille of Columbus, Ohio and the late Chester Nichodemes, a sculptor. He served honorably in World War II in the 1621 st model making detachment where he was attached to the 5th army and made invasion models for Italy and Southern France. And work along side of Conger Metcalf another great painter for four years during the war effort.
In 1948 after the war, Gordon started his own store fixture and design company in boston called Gordon Keith Originals, Later move to Indian lake with his sister and did plaster castings before going back to his home town (Columbus Ohio) and setting up shop, In his hay day he had a company with store in the front call Gordon Keith’s Red Barn. Many that remember the barn will remember a giant rooster by the road side and when driving down into the complex seeing a fiberglass horse and cart outside the front door, A horse head above the entrance. This was the place to buy small nick nacks like glitter, ribbon and trinkets to grandma’s porch were one could get a bit to eat or a cold soda while enjoying a country setting. A second store on Wall St next to Lazarus and even one in side the Union Company. He created the Yankee Candle risers, Macy’s 1st foor cosmetics tables risers, Henry Bendel pink chandeliers Juicy Couture Carts
And the Macy’s, Waterford Crystal millennium collection, and over 300 hundred other major department stores coast to coast and abroad.
For over 65 years Keith has designed and installed major displays in eight different countries. From Talking Tree for Lazarus 6th floor for Christmas, Including the television show Captain Kangaroo and Lucy’s Toy Shop props to the Electric Company and the Union Company. From Downtown Christmas parades and Fourth of July parades to the State Auto Nativity Scene that at one time graced our State Capital building. The lighted trees in the windows of the German Village Tower and the doll cases at 180 West Broad street were also two very notable projects. Gordon Keith is a life time member of COSI for creating and building the Street of Yesterday Year in the old COSI location, On west Broad St. Complete with hoof prints in the cement to the five cent theater and penny candy store.
If you think Mr. Keith was one to rest while on vacation, think again. Gordon traveled to Tiki Gardens in Indian Rocks Beach where he visited life-long friends Frank and Jo Byars and designed a theme park that millions toured each year complete with Tiki Gods, fire torches and a Polynesian flavor. He went to Liberty parks and designed the hound dog plush animal for their theme park that is located in Tennessee, hometown to Elvis. Long term friend, Congressman Chalmers P. Wylie had Gordon do all of his campaign headquarters, from the Statue of Liberty of his TV spots. Keith also designed the famous 12 panel fiberglass screens that still ride the train to this day and voice over for the freedom train when it was here in 1976 depicting Betty Ross to landing on the moon. Gordon has helped with and contributed to special interest groups including Pilot Dogs Inc., the Symphony Ball, ARC, and the Candy Cane Ball. Gordon’s latest venture was selling 95 of his original paintings to the Le Veque tower for there renovations in 2012
Gordon’s art and sculptures have been exhibited in museums and galleries nationwide and are in many permanent collections. Some noteworthy exhibitions occurred at the French Art Colony, in Gallipolis, Ohio, the Licking County Arts Center, Middletown Ohio, and the Schumacher Gallery, in Columbus, Ohio, Springfield Art Gallery. Gordon’s work is also included in a private collection included in the Cincinnati Union Train Terminal in Cincinnati, Ohio. Gordon worked with Steve Silken and created all the hanging train art that graced all of the hallways of the building as well as many of the store designs which still remain today.
His works have been shown at the Art Expo in New York, Columbus Museum of Fine Arts, Grant Medical Center, Springfield Museum, Southern Hotel art gallery, and the Columbus City Hall where he has sold many original pieces of work.
Hand painted murals by Gordon Keith span from Tampa FL, Hilton Hotels all the way to Algiers, Africa, Malaga, Spain, Naples, Caserta, and Rome Italy. Several of his paintings are at the Tokyo Art Gallery, Tokyo, Japan and Brenan, University Granville.
If there is such a thing as a renaissance man of the century --- this is he. Look what God has given him to create with his heart, mind and talent.
Timi Yuro cover & posters set click here: www.flickr.com/photos/timiyuro/sets/72157629124542553/
Complete Timi Yuro biography: www.flickr.com/people/timiyuro/
Timi Yuro was an Italian-American gal who could belt out a ballad with such power she could peel paint. She had an undeniable soulful quality but also a keen sense of jazz phrasing . . . as well as pulling r'n'b and country music into the mix. Her first big hit was Hurt in 1961 and she followed it with the equally good What's a Matter Baby (Is It Hurting You?) the following year. Timi Yuro a lady who possessed a tremendous and unique voice. She made some great records.
This website is dedicated to Timi Yuro and set up by Catvas2, I’m not a member of a Timi Yuro group, and there is no cooperation with other Timi Yuro websites. These images-articles come from my collection. I thought others might appreciate these tidbits of forgotten history. More Timi Yuro information on my profile.