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In addition to assembling food packs at headquarters, Hilton Worldwide Team Members volunteered at the Food for Others warehouse - sorting, shelving, and packing boxes of food for distribution to vulnerable families in the area. More than 3,000 pounds of food along with inspirational messages were packed into 1,015 food packs and 75 emergency food kits.
Delivered today to the Transdev York yard are two new additions to the fleet in the shape of Plaxton President bodied Dennis Tridents V519 ESC and V520 ESC. These ex-Lothian open topper's are for the citysightseeing tour route and are to replace Leyland Olympians originally from the same source - Ironically these Presidents are replacing exactly the same buses here and now that they did a few years ago in Edinburgh. These particular two are currently still diesel-powered and have been sent to York simply so that the tour can be run by low floors vehicles and thus the two Olympians that have been working the tour for the month so far can be retired, these Presidents are expected in service in the coming day or two.... in the last week or March a delivery of 2 or 3 is expected, these will have been fully converted by Magtech to electric traction and their arrival will mean a boost to the electric buses for the tour just in time for easter and then 4019 and 4020 will leave York temporarily to be converted. East Lancs bodied Tridents 4010 and 4011 will remain diesel-powered.
This set of photos is taken on board 4020 and shows the work undertaken to ready this for its new life here. The lower saloon is smartly appointed, whilst the rearward-facing seats at the back have been removed as they'd be pointless for tour bus work. All seat pairs have an electronic console for selecting an audio commentary guide when this bus is running the multi-language tour service, of which passengers will plug in a set of headphones so as to listen to the commentary (the headphones will be provided in a box to the right as passengers enter the bus, and a 'used headphones' bin is provided on the cab door for passengers leaving the bus). Warning notices are provided upstairs reminding passengers not to put up umbrellas or to stand up whilst the bus is moving due to overhead hazards (the photo I took of the umbrella warning notice amuses me, because the way the sun is falling on the notice makes it look as though it has been given the 'triangle chunk' effect that is part of current Transdev branding). The upper deck has Grammar moulded plastic seating, which is very hard and certainly is only suited for hop-on and hop-off tour work, only the very back bench seat upstairs has any padding - and unlike some of the Olympians these Presidents will replace, the upper deck is fully open top with no partial canopy to provide shelter from the rain. Each pair of seats also has an audio speaker fitted alongside for when either the driver or a seperate guide is providing live commentary - provision for a live tour guide has been made by means of a pair of rearward-facing seats at the front of the upper deck, in addition there are two other locations where a microphone can be plugged in (the first offside seat pair after the staircase upstairs, and also beside the main door downstairs) whilst the driver is also provided with a hands-free microphone. An LCD monitor is also provided downstairs - I would like to think this will be used to show a live feed from a camera mounted upstairs of views outside the bus so as to go along with the commentary. Behind the drivers seat is a digital tachograph, for some reason, and a box under the ticket machine looks as if it is used to jog the pre-programmed commentary forward or backward to points along the route.
Made with (codename) Flint, a C++ framework being developed by Barbarian Group.
Working on a new sample project. Basically, Andrew is suggesting things for me to try in C++ that are just out of my comfort zone. It is like an evolving quiz.
What you see are 20,000 particles being pulled by a combination of gravitational forces and orbital forces.
All of the fields are placed manually with mouse clicks. Runs in realtime.
BRIEF:
The plot for this design was a mid-size family garden, which had recently benefited from the addition of a large sunroom on the back of the property. It was a fairly blank canvas, with nothing of note to be retained in the re-design. The garden had side access and worn boundary fences which required replacing. There was no clear brief other than that the design include a seating area and some lawn, and that the transition from sunroom to garden be fairly seamless
SOLUTION:
The focus of this design was to create an exterior space that serves as an extension to the interior, featuring several distinct and versatile areas that can be adapted to a variety of uses.
The garden's boundaries were replaced with new fencing to provide a uniform and attractive backdrop to the transformation within, while the long sideway down the right of the house was renovated with the addition of attractive 'bamboo' slate tile flooring in a random lay pattern.
The first section of the space comprises a large area of Western Red Cedar decking adjoining the house, and offers ample room for entertaining, with a long L-shaped fixed-bench seat stretching width-ways across the space from the left-hand side to the centre. This was backed with a rendered block raised bed, planted with fragrant lavender and capped with 'bamboo' slate tile, to provide a sense of enclosure and separation from the rest of the garden.
A decked walkway running down the right hand side of the space provides access to a 'spa' area, featuring a large square hot tub housed upon a reinforced paved hard-standing and nestled between existing and additional trees, shrubs and foliage to provide a secluded and intimate area for bathing throughout the seasons. Hidden behind mature and new planting in the bottom left corner, a large shed provides ample storage for the client's garden accessories. The middle of the space has been given over to a large lawn edges with slate.
A purple and yellow planting scheme of soft, cottage-style evergreen shrubs and flowering perennials will help to bring year round lightness and subtle colouring to the space.
After-dark hot tub bathing is enhanced by several strings of pea-lights woven through the existing shrubbery. Deck lights demark the main area of decking and guide one's journey along the decked walkway. Finally, spot lights in the beds highlight certain area while providing a gentle wash throughout the space.
TESTIMONIAL:
"After months of planning and a full year of having builders everywhere, we had finally got the house into good shape but the garden was a nightmare. It had been somewhat overgrown before the builders moved in, but after a year of being used as a builders yard, it needed shock treatment.
We needed help fast so we searched the web. We were looking for garden designers with creative ideas for smaller London gardens. We didn't want anything too traditional but at the same time, nothing too extreme.
Earth Designs fitted the bill and after a design session with Katrina, we engaged them for the project. They had offered us a design service only, but as we only had a 4 week window in which to complete the job, we gave them the whole project.
We had built a new extension with wide glass doors that opened out into the garden, so the brief to Earth Designs was to "bring the outside, inside" and create a strong link between the new room and the garden beyond. The actual garden space was not large so we wanted to use the space as an extension of the living space - to be an "outside room".
Monday 18th April and three very charming men arrived on our doorstep at 8.0am sharp. Arlo was the project manager, ably aided and abetted by Paul and Phillip. They worked brilliantly as a team and always hit all the deadlines. In particular they did a great job in working with our neighbours to ensure the whole project ran smoothly.
The first week involved clearing the site - no mean feat with 30-year-old ivy stems that looked more like tree trunks.
The second week involved levelling the garden, putting up new fencing, building the corner seating base and planters, plus marking out the garden shape. It was good to be able to make minor changes to the design on the ground at this stage. The hot tub arrived too and was winched into place for connection later.
Week 3 saw the decking and seating built.
Then in week four the turf arrived, the lawn went down and on the last day, Katrina arrived with a truckload of wonderful specimens (and Matt) and we had a wonderful time planting. Ground Force Mk II - a complete garden from start to finish in just 4 weeks!
There were a few things that needed to be sorted out after the main work was complete. Earth Designs were great about coming back until all was complete and finished.
Our thanks to Katrina, Matt, Arlo, Paul and Phillip for a great job, completed on time and on budget with a great looking result."
Earth Designs is a bespoke garden landscape design and build company specialising in classic, funky and urban contemporary garden design.
Our build teams cover London, Essex and parts of South East England, while garden designs are available nationwide.
Please visit www.earthdesigns.co.uk to see our full portfolio.
Follow our Bespoke Garden Design and Build and Blog to see what we get up to week by week, our free design clinic as well as tips and products we recommend for your garden projects www.earthdesigns.co.uk/blog/.
Earth Designs is located in East London, but has built gardens in Essex, Hertfordshire and all over the South East. Earth Designs was formed by Katrina Wells in Spring 2003 and has since gone from strength to strength to develop a considerable portfolio of garden projects. Katrina, who is our Senior Garden Designer, has travelled all over the UK designing gardens. However we can design worldwide either through our postal garden design service or by consultation with our senior garden designer. Recent worldwide projects have included garden designs in Romania. Katrina’s husband. Matt, heads up the build side of the company, creating a unique service for all our clients.
If you a not a UK resident, but would like an Earth Designs garden, Earth Designs has a worldwide design service through our Postal Design Vouchers. f you would like to buy one of our Garden Design Gift Vouchers for yourself or as a present please our sister site www.gardenpresents.co.uk. We do also design outside of the UK, please contact us for details.
Balboa Park is a 1,200-acre (490 ha) urban cultural park in San Diego, California, United States. In addition to open space areas, natural vegetation zones, green belts, gardens, and walking paths, it contains museums, several theaters, and the world-famous San Diego Zoo. There are also many recreational facilities and several gift shops and restaurants within the boundaries of the park. Placed in reserve in 1835, the park's site is one of the oldest in the United States dedicated to public recreational use. Balboa Park is managed and maintained by the Parks and Recreation Department of the City of San Diego.
Named for the Spanish maritime explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa, the park hosted the 1915–16 Panama–California Exposition and 1935–36 California Pacific International Exposition, both of which left architectural landmarks. The park and its historic Exposition buildings were declared a National Historic Landmark and National Historic Landmark District in 1977, and placed on the National Register of Historic Places.
The park is essentially rectangular, bounded by Sixth Avenue to the west, Upas Street to the north, 28th Street to the east, and Russ Boulevard to the south. The rectangle has been modified by the addition of the Marston Hills natural area in the northwest corner of the park, while the southwest corner of the rectangle is occupied by a portion of the Cortez Hill neighborhood of Downtown San Diego and San Diego High School, both of which are separated from the park by Interstate 5. Also encroaching on the northern perimeter of the park is Roosevelt Middle School.
Two north-south canyons — Cabrillo Canyon and Florida Canyon — traverse the park and separate it into three mesas. The Sixth Avenue Mesa is a narrow strip bordering Sixth Avenue on the western edge of the park, which provides areas of passive recreation, grassy spaces, and tree groves. The Central Mesa is home to much of the park's cultural facilities, and includes scout camps, the San Diego Zoo, the Prado, and Inspiration Point. East Mesa is home to Morley Field and many of the active recreation facilities in the park.
Balboa Park is a primary attraction in San Diego and the region. Its many mature, and sometimes rare, trees and groves comprise an urban forest. Many of the original trees were planted by the renowned American landscape designer, botanist, plantswoman, and gardener Kate Sessions. An early proponent of drought tolerant and California native plants in garden design, Sessions established a nursery to propagate and grow for the park and the public.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balboa_Park_(San_Diego)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...
Written by Mag. Michael Fritz
Coat of arms of Kufstein districts: Endach, Kufstein, Kufstein-Kaisertal, Kufstein -Stadtberg, Mitterndorf, Morsbach, Thierberg, Weissach, Zell
In the Tischoferhöhle (cavern) in the Kaisertal in 1906 several arrowheads from around 30,000 BC were found. This represents the oldest find of human traces in Tyrol. From the early Bronze Age can be partially derived traces of settlement, in this cave probably being a bronze workshop, as evidenced by various archaeological finds.
Under Roman rule Kufstein was divided into the provinces of Noricum and Rhaetia, the border being formed by the river Inn. In addition to the Roman road from Veldidena to Rosenheim, investigations also revealed two Roman settlement centers in Zell and Langkampfen.
788 Kufstein was first mentioned in the Indiculus Arnonis next cell. This indicates that Zell had survived the turmoil of the Migration Period as a settlement. About the place the Bavarian land acquisition in Tyrol was initiated and also the mission efforts from Salzburg began in Kufstein.
Kufstein belonged to the Duchy of Bavaria and later, in addition to Kitzbühel and Rattenberg, represented a "district court." Was the place in the 11th century still referred to as a village, so Kufstein got in the 13th century the status as a market. For the first time in 1205 also the "castrum" (Castle) was mentioned in a document. The raising to the status of a market and the construction of the castle make the importance of this settlement clear: Through Kufstein, both the waterway over the Inn and the road to Rosenheim led. Was at this time in addition to the Duke of Bavaria also the diocese of Regensburg owner of the castle, so the dukes were able to prevail until 1213 as the sole ruler.
Due to the marriage between the last Görzer Countess of Tyrol, Margarethe Maultasch, with Ludwig von Brandenburg, Kufstein 1342 came as a bridal gift for the first time to Tyrol, but had to be ceded 1369 in the peace of Schärding again to Bavaria. As a result, the development of the settlement and the castle was greatly encouraged by the Bavarians, so that Stephan III. from Bavaria Kufstein in 1393 raised to the city. In addition to the freedoms, the biggest advantage for the population was above all the staple and the selling right. 1415 further reinforcements were made at the castle and from 1480 a trench tax introduced, which was intended for the expansion of the city fortifications. The Ensemble Castle Town was from this time considered impregnable.
1503 broke out the Bavarian War of Succession, which offered for the House of Habsburg the opportunity to bring Kufstein to Tyrol. Emperor Maximilian stood on the side of Albrecht of Upper Bavaria, who promised him for his help against Duke Ruprecht of the Palatinate the district courts of Kufstein, Kitzbühel and Upper Bavaria and already handed over as a pledge. But Hans von Piezenau gave the castle and town of Kufstein to the advancing Palatine troops. Emperor Maximilian responded to this challenge and arrived on October 1, 1504 in front of the city with sufficient artillery. 3 days later, the shelling began, which did not have any effect on the castle, but severely damaged the city. Then Kufstein was handed over to the Habsburgs on October 12th. Only the use of the two big culverins from the Innsbruck armory, "Purlepaus" and "Weckauf", which had been brought on rafts to Kufstein, shot within three days the complex ready for the storm. When Piezenau now wanted to hand over the fortress, the emperor did not accept this offer and on 17 October stormed the castle. The captain and 17 defenders were executed in the episode. In the peace of Cologne, the handover of the 3 courts was confirmed.
Immediately, the fortress and the city were repaired. Instead of the existing keep, a round tower was built to meet the needs of the time, which was equipped with cannons and was able to spread the entire valley. After the peasant wars on Kufstein had passed without conflict, the city was very popular with the Anabaptists, who were severely persecuted by church and secular authorities. By 1580, 22 Kufstein people were executed for their religious beliefs and many others had to emigrate.
In a fire disaster in 1546 a large part of the city was destroyed, which was triggered by a carelessness of passing through papal troops.
In 1555 King Ferdinand I ordered the fortress to be rebuilt. In particular, the city walls were fortified by innumerable bastions and towers.
In the run-up to the Thirty Years' War, a hill was built between Zahmen Kaiser and Kufstein, but was never needed during the war.
In the meantime, with the weekly market and the two fairs a lively economic life had developed in Kufstein: On the one hand, trade flourished, which was strongly promoted by the Staple right, on the other hand, more and more craft enterprises were brought to life. So at that time there were 4 breweries in Kufstein alone.
In the War of Spanish Succession in 1703 the city and fortress Kufstein was threatened by the Bavarians. Under the command of Field Marshal Gschwindt the suburb was lit. The fire overcame the city walls, destroying the city and finally reaching the big tower of the fortress. There were stored large quantities of gunpowder, which exploded and devastated the entire complex. Part of the 500-man crew fled with the population over the Inn, the advancing Bavarians could take the fortress and only by the Ilbesheimer contract Kufstein came back to Tyrol.
In 1782, under the direction of the court architect Gumpp the fortress was again expanded. Above all, the Josefsburg was richly equipped with casemates.
In the 3rd Coalition War, the fortress was taken by the French under General Deroy and came in the peace of Bratislava 1805 to Bavaria. During the Tyrolean freedom fight, the Tyrolean shooters tried several times unsuccessfully to take the fortress. Unlike the fortress, however, they had taken the city by storm and the population suffered from the reprisals of both warring parties. After Napoleon's defeat, Kufstein returned to Tyrol on July 7, 1814.
This war had greatly changed Kufstein: the economic power had almost come to a standstill and the construction took a long time. The fort itself had lost much of its military importance and served from then on only as a garrison and the Emperor's Tower as a state prison. In 1865 the prison was closed and in 1888 the last garrison left.
From 1849 onwards, the city once again enjoyed a boom by the Kink family, which at that time set up a cement plant, donated a hospital and had the former moat filled up, which allowed the city to expand and connect the suburbs with the city.
1858 the railway line Rosenheim Kufstein Innsbruck was opened, 1867 the Brenner railway. As a result, while the inland navigation lost its right to exist, but Kufstein developed into an extremely important customs station.
The first kindergarten in Tyrol was founded in 1870, with the first Kindergärtnerinnenbildungsanstalt (Nursery School Teacher Educational Establishment) in Austria also starting here.
Geschrieben von Mag. Michael Fritz
Wappen von Kufstein Ortsteile: Endach, Kufstein, Kufstein-Kaisertal, Kufstein -Stadtberg, Mitterndorf, Morsbach, Thierberg, Weissach, Zell
In der Tischoferhöhle im Kaisertal wurden 1906 mehrere Pfeilspitzen aus der Zeit um 30.000 vor Christus gefunden. Dies stellt den ältesten Fund menschlicher Spuren in Tirol dar. Aus der frühen Bronzezeit lassen sich schon teilweise Besiedelungsspuren ableiten, wobei sich in dieser Höhle wahrscheinlich eine Bronzewerkstatt befand, wie verschiedenste archäologische Funde belegen.
Unter römischer Herrschaft war Kufstein auf die Provinzen Noricum und Rätien aufgeteilt, wobei der Inn die Grenze bildete. Neben der Römerstrasse von Veldidena nach Rosenheim, ergaben Untersuchungen auch zwei römische Siedlungskerne in Zell und Langkampfen .
788 wurde erstmals Kufstein im Indiculus Arnonis neben Zell genannt. Dies deutet daraufhin, dass Zell die Wirren der Völkerwanderungszeit als Siedlung überstanden hatte. Über den Ort wurde die bayrische Landnahme in Tirol eingeleitet und auch die Missionsbestrebungen von Salzburg aus, nahmen ihren Anfang in Kufstein.
Kufstein gehörte zum Herzogtum Bayern und stellte später neben Kitzbühel und Rattenberg ein „Landgericht" dar. Wurde der Ort im 11. Jahrhundert noch als Dorf bezeichnet, so erhielt Kufstein im 13. Jahrhundert den Status als Markt. Erstmals wurde auch 1205 das „castrum" (Burg) urkundlich erwähnt. Die Markterhebung und auch die Errichtung der Burg machen die Bedeutung dieser Siedlung deutlich: Durch Kufstein führte sowohl der Wasserweg über den Inn als auch die Strasse nach Rosenheim. War zu dieser Zeit neben dem Herzog von Bayern auch das Bistum Regensburg Besitzer der Burganlage, so konnten sich die Herzöge bis 1213 als alleinige Herrscher durchsetzen.
Durch die Ehe zwischen der letzten Görzer Gräfin von Tirol, Margarethe Maultasch, mit Ludwig von Brandenburg, kam Kufstein 1342 als Brautgeschenk erstmals zu Tirol, musste aber 1369 im Frieden von Schärding wiederum an Bayern abgetreten werden. In der Folge wurde der Ausbau der Siedlung und der Burg von den Bayern stark gefördert, sodass Stephan III. von Bayern Kufstein im Jahre 1393 zur Stadt erhob. Der größte Vorteil für die Bevölkerung war neben den Freiheiten vor allem das Stapel und Niederlagsrecht. 1415 wurden weitere Verstärkungen an der Burg vorgenommen und ab 1480 eine Grabensteuer eingeführt, welche für den Ausbau der Stadtbefestigung vorgesehen war. Das Ensemble Burg Stadt galt ab dieser Zeit als uneinnehmbar.
1503 brach der bayrische Erbfolgekrieg aus, der für das Haus Habsburg die Möglichkeit bot, Kufstein an Tirol zu bringen. Kaiser Maximilian stellte sich auf Seiten Albrecht von Oberbayern, der ihm für seine Hilfe gegen Herzog Ruprecht von der Pfalz die Landgerichte Kufstein, Kitzbühel und Oberbayern versprach und bereits als Pfand übergab. Hans von Piezenau übergab aber Burg und Stadt Kufstein den anrückenden pfälzischen Truppen. Kaiser Maximilian reagierte auf diese Herausforderung und traf am 1. Oktober 1504 vor der Stadt mit ausreichender Artillerie ein. 3 Tage später begann der Beschuss, der zwar gegen die Burg keine Wirkung zeigte, die Stadt aber stark beschädigte. Daraufhin wurde Kufstein am 12. Oktober an den Habsburger übergeben. Erst der Einsatz der zwei großen Feldschlagen aus dem Innsbrucker Zeughaus, „Purlepaus" und „Weckauf", welche auf Flößen nach Kufstein gebracht worden waren, schossen binnen drei Tagen die Anlage sturmreif. Als Piezenau nun die Festung übergeben wollte, akzeptierte der Kaiser dieses Angebot nicht und ließ am 17. Oktober die Burg stürmen. Der Burghauptmann und 17 Verteidiger wurden in der Folge hingerichtet. Im Friedensschluss von Köln wurde die Übergabe der 3 Gerichte bestätigt.
Sofort wurden die Festung und die Stadt wieder Instand gesetzt. Anstelle des bisherigen Bergfriedes wurde nun ein den Erfordernissen der Zeit entsprechender Rundturm errichtet, der mit Kanonen bestückt wurde und das gesamte Tal bestreichen konnte. Nachdem die Bauerkriege an Kufstein ohne Konflikte vorübergegangen waren, machte sich in der Stadt ein starker Zulauf zu den Wiedertäufern breit, die von kirchlichen als auch von weltlichen Behörden stark verfolgt wurden. Bis 1580 wurden 22 Kufsteiner wegen ihrer religiösen Überzeugung hingerichtet und viele andere mussten auswandern.
Bei einer Brandkatastrophe wurde 1546 ein großer Teil der Stadt zerstört, welche durch eine Unachtsamkeit durchziehender päpstlicher Truppen ausgelöst wurde.
1555 wurde durch einen Befehl König Ferdinands I. die Festungsanlage wiederum ausgebaut: So wurde vor allem die Stadtmauer durch unzählige Bastionen und Türmen verstärkt.
Im Vorfeld des 30 jährigen Krieges wurden eine Schanze zwischen Zahmen Kaiser und Kufstein errichtet, die aber im Kriegsverlauf niemals benötigt wurde.
In der Zwischenzeit hatte sich in Kufstein mit dem Wochenmarkt und den 2 Jahrmärkten ein reges wirtschaftliches Leben entwickelt: Einerseits florierte der Handel, der durch das Stappelrecht stark gefördert wurde, andererseits wurden immer mehr Handwerksbetriebe ins Leben gerufen. So befanden sich zu dieser Zeit allein 4 Bierbrauereien in Kufstein.
Im Spanischen Erbfolgekrieg wurde 1703 die Stadt und Festung Kufstein von den Bayern bedroht. Unter dem Kommando von Feldmarschall Gschwindt wurde die Vorstadt angezündet, wobei das Feuer die Stadtmauer überwand, die Stadt zerstörte und schließlich bis in den großen Turm der Festung kam. Dort wurden große Mengen Schießpulver gelagert, welche explodierte und die gesamte Anlage verwüstete. Ein Teil der 500 Mann zählenden Besatzung floh mit der Bevölkerung über den Inn, die nachrückenden Baiern konnten die Festung einnehmen und erst durch den Ilbesheimer Vertrag kam Kufstein zurück an Tirol.
1782 wurde unter der Leitung des Hofbaumeisters Gumpp die Festung wiederum ausgebaut. Vor allem wurde die Josefsburg mit Kasematten reich ausgestattet.
Im 3. Koalitionskrieg wurde die Festung durch die Franzosen unter General Deroy eingenommen und kam im Frieden von Pressburg 1805 zu Bayern. Während des Tiroler Freiheitskampfes versuchten die Tiroler Schützen mehrmals erfolglos die Festung einzunehmen. Im Gegensatz zur Festung hatten sie aber die Stadt im Sturm erobert und die Bevölkerung litt unter den Repressalien beider Kriegsparteien. Nach der Niederlage Napoleons kam am 7. Juli 1814 Kufstein wieder zu Tirol.
Dieser Krieg hatte Kufstein stark verändert: die wirtschaftliche Kraft war beinahe zum Erliegen gekommen und der Aufbau dauerte lange. Die Festung selbst hatte ihre militärische Bedeutung stark verloren und diente fortan nur mehr als Garnison und der Kaiserturm als Staatsgefängnis. 1865 wurde das Gefängnis geschlossen und 1888 zog die letzte Garnison aus.
Ab 1849 nahm die Stadt wiederum einen Aufschwung durch die Familie Kink, welche zu dieser Zeit ein Zementwerk errichtete, ein Krankenhaus stiftete und den ehemaligen Stadtgraben auffüllen ließ, wodurch sich die Stadt ausdehnen konnte, bzw. eine Verbindung zwischen Vorstadt und Stadt hergestellt wurde.
1858 wurde die Bahnlinie Rosenheim Kufstein Innsbruck eröffnet, 1867 die Brennerbahn. Dadurch verlor zwar die Innschiffahrt ihre Daseinsberechtigung, aber Kufstein entwickelte sich zu einer extrem wichtigen Zollstation.
1870 wurde der erste Kindergarten Tirols gegründet, wobei auch die erste Kindergärtnerinnenbildungsanstalt Österreichs hier ihren Anfang nahm.
www.geschichte-tirol.com/orte/nordtirol/bezirk-kufstein/1...
I'm now adding 6 in the 6th position from the left. This is done in 3 steps: add 10, subtract 5, add 1. In this step I add 10 by adding 1 in the 5th position from the left.
Photographed in 2009 at Bob Taylor's Classic Auto in Bloomington, Illinois.
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You are invited to stay and browse through my stream. Here's a quick introduction to my little corner of Flickr:
Automobile Photographs: This is a very large collection of images whose primary, but not exclusive, focus is on American automotive classics. Images are organized by decade, by manufacturer, and by topics (such as convertibles, station wagons, muscle cars, etc.)
Central Illinois (excluding Springfield): Photos relating to the middle section of the "Land of Lincoln" (except for the Capital City of Springfield) may be found in this collection. Every city and town I've photographed is contained within its own set, and rural (as in "countryside") photographs are grouped by county.
Springfield, Illinois: All of my photographs of Springfield and the Abraham Lincoln Sites are in this collection. For the City of Springfield, there are separate sets for the Capitol Complex, Downtown (including the Old State Capitol), Neighborhoods, Parks, Illinois State Fairgrounds and more. Photographs of Lincoln sites include the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, Lincoln Home National Historic Site, Lincoln Tomb, and so on. Also in the Lincoln "All About Abe" (Set) are a few Lincoln sites not located in Springfield.
The Illinois State Fair: My collection of photographs of the Illinois State Fair. The fair offers something for everyone. Grab a corn dog and lemon shake-up, and come take a look!
Beyond Central Illinois: Other locales in the United States and Canada including New York, Chicago, San Francisco and Seattle.
In addition to my location-based sets, here are links to some "topical" collections and sets I've put together:
Barbers & Barber Shops: Traditional barbers and barber shops are on the endangered species list. But there are still plenty to be found if you go looking for them.
Almost Everything Else. Check It Out!!!: Included topics range from man's first walk on the moon to small town schools and churches, and from Soft-Coated Wheaten Terriers (our favorite breed) to things that are abandoned, neglected, weathered, or rusty.
Thanks for stopping by! - myoldpostcards (Randy von Liski)
St Swithin, Frettenham, Norfolk
Frettenham is another large village in the otherwise intensely rural rolling fields between Norwich and the Broads. Someone I met in one of the Sprowston churches once told me that locals there thought of themselves as living in 'suburban Broadland', but I thought this was a better description of Frettenham. Arthur Mee noted in the 1930s that every cottage was given half an acre of land by the late Lord Suffield, although there appears to have been considerable building since then, perhaps on some of those half acres. I was disappointed to find that Post Office Road no longer had a post office, but School Lane still has a school, and heading out of the village to the north is Church Lane. You can see the tower of St Swithin from a fair distance, because it is a tall tower of a big church, quite a contrast with nearby Spixworth on the road to Norwich. But here, the church sits on its own, away from the village and out in the fields. The sprawling graveyard is lined with old trees, and there is perhaps a sense of loneliness and abandonment after the crisp suburban streets of the village. This is an illusion of course, because Frettenham church is still very much in use. But the churchyard is perhaps not an unreasonable suggestion of what we will find inside.
At first sight, St Swithin is a typical late medieval East Anglian church, with aisles and a clerestory. However, the rebuilding here was relatively early, as you can tell from the quatrefoil windows in the clerestory. The chancel is all Victorian, I think. A neat obelisk of a war memorial is set beside the south face of the tower. You step into a large, cluttered interior full of dusty light, rough and ready and full of interest. However, a striking, perhaps even jarring note is struck by some quite extraordinary recent additions of the mid 1980s. The first you see on entering is a brightly coloured St Christopher on the wall of the north aisle. Both St Christopher and the Christchild are rather sombre, the slippery rocks beneath the surface of the water perhaps concentrating the Saint's mind. Turning to the east, you see what is surely one of the most remarkable east windows in any Norfolk church. It depicts the Harrowing of Hell, the Risen Christ fending off Death while ushered by an angel. When I first visited in 2009, the churchwarden working at the back of the church told me that it was designed and installed by a working party from the Manpower Services Commission, a claim also made in the church guide, which seemed extraordinary to say the least.
In fact, it is quite true. The designer was Paul Greener, a young man of 24 who joined the Youth Opportunities Programme after being unemployed for six months. The working party were engaged on building and decoration repairs in the church, and being given a fairly free hand they decided to go a step further. The chargehand of the working party, Michael Lane and the young Paul Greener painted the decorative mural work that you see around the east window of the south aisle. It depicts the life of St Swithin in roundels connected by vines, although unfortunately it has more recently suffered badly from water soaking through at the top. However, at the time it was received very well by the parish, so the two suggested they might have a go at some stained glass. As Paul told me later, 'none of us had had any training at all, but we went on a simple course and I did some designs for the little chancel windows. I think I did two and Mike did two. Well. they seemed to be received well. despite the fact that neither of us knew what we were doing. I realised at the time that I was involved in some thing pretty unique!'
These first pieces are set into the upper lights of the chancel north windows. One depicts the keys of St Peter, another two fish. Another sympathetic mind, Richard Seaman, joined the project. Buoyed up by their success so far, the three suggested what would be their biggest legacies, the St Christopher in the north aisle, and the east window. The parish wanted a Resurrection scene, and so Paul made the design in the evening at home. He continues: 'I worked this up in to a first cartoon which got sent to Canterbury for perusal. Much to my surprise, it was accepted. The window itself was made in two places, in Frettenham church itself, and in a room at the Broadland District Council's waste disposal depot in Frettenham. We had to buy a kiln for the firing of the painted segments of glass. We knew virtually nothing of the technique of manufacture, and I remember we were allowed to buy a book on it. It was absolutely invaluable, and we would have struggled even more than we did without it. There were three of us working on it in the initial stages: me, Michael Lane and Richard Seaman. Then Mike left the MSC project for a job with Broadland Council. That left me and Richard to soldier on. However, Richard had a degree in painting, and between the two of us I think you will agree, we seemed to manage. I did most of the cutting of the glass, while Richard did most of the lead-work. We shared the glass painting and the firing, and all the soldering and cementing and the messy stuff. The making of the east window took about six to eight months, including the fitting of it, which I believe was about three weeks all told. During this time Richard was also working on the St. Christopher, of which I did but a small part. The window was unveiled at the Easter Sunday service in 1988.'
A remarkable story. Paul tells me that in later years he opened a shop in Norwich, and did a History of Art degree at the UEA. He went on to study Theology, and worked as an Interpreter for Norwich Museums Service. The story of what happened here in the late 1980s now seems like something out of a novel, and really deserves to be much better known.
But this modern work should not distract us from a fair number of good medieval survivals. There are some pieces of restored 15th Century glass reset in the south side of the chancel, both angels, one of them a St Gabriel from an Annunciation scene. The Purbeck marble font at the east end of the nave is reset on a modern shaft, but a great curiosity is a second font which has been set precariously on a pair of what appear to be carved Norman capitals at the est end of the south aisle.
The church has a number of brasses, some figures and others inscriptions. The best of these is to Alice Thorndon, who died in 1420, which has a remarkable rhyming epitaph in Middle English:
O cryst ihesu pyte and mercy haue
On Alys brimham that whylom was the wyff
Of gylys thorndon whych her’ y graue
And her deffende fro werre off fendys stryff
Make her partable of eternal lyff
By the meryt off thy passion
Whych wyth thy blood madyst our redempcion.
Nearby, the inscription to Richard Woodes, a rector here who died in 1620, tells us that he hadbeen a paynefull and profitable minister of God for 48 years. This hardly sounds like a compliment to modern ears, but presumably means that he was painstaking in his work, and was able to teach his flock the meaning of scripture, which was no more than any heartily protestant congregation of the early 17th Century would expect from their minister. Such Puritan sentiments would resound down the following half century, as hundreds of more sacramentally-minded ministers in East Anglia were hounded out by outraged parishioners and lost their parishes and homes to the sequestration courts of the Commonwealth period. They would be described in the witness accounts as 'scandalous ministers', and their charges would include drinking in alehouses and consorting with common whores, but their only real crime was that their theology and churchmanship disagreed with that laid down by the government, and they refused to collude with the Puritans' plan to recast the minds of the common people in their own mould.
Equally memorable with the 1980s work perhaps are the inscriptions on some of the ledger stones. Of Mary Reeve, who died in 1669, it was recorded that
Heaven hath its due for it her soule retaines,
the Dead her due for her good name remaines,
and Earth what's due for here her corps is layd,
Blessed was her end, while these three depbts were payd.
In 1810, Thomas Drake died, when being called to London by the illness of his beloved brother William Drake, he was stricken by the hand of death. Unfortunately, his brother predeceased him by six days, and not far off his own inscription tells us that he was late purser on board HM ship Centaur, and that he was a prisoner under Hider Ally and Tippo Saib ten years.
Finally, a nice roundel of glass with a shield for St Swithin, showing raindrops falling on roses, an echo of My Favourite Things, perhaps.
GENSI-VIOLA AMERICAN LEGION POST 36
WINDSOR LOCKS, CONNECTICUT
THE AMERICAN LEGION POST WAS FIRST CHARTERED ON SEPTEMBER 23, 1919 IN THE TOWN OF WINDSOR LOCKS, CT AND WAS THE 36th POST IN THE STATE, AND WAS NAMED "MEUSE-ARGONNE POST." THE NAME WAS DERIVED FROM THAT GREAT BATTLE DURING WW1. ON AUGUST 12, 1927, A SECOND CHARTER WAS ISSUED BECAUSE THE NAME WAS CHANGED TO "GENSI-VIOLA" AFTER TWO SOLDIERS, PRIVATE LOUIS GENSI AND PRIVATE FRANK VIOLA FROM WINDSOR LOCKS, WHO LOST THEIR LIVES IN WW1.
PHOTO OF MEMORIAL HALL IN WINDSOR LOCKS, SHOWS BUILDING WHICH WAS DEDICATED IN 1890 TO HONOR THE VETERANS WHO FOUGHT IN THE CIVIL WAR. A PLAQUE IS MOUNTED ON THE WALL INSIDE THE BUILDING LISTING THEIR NAMES. IN 1953, A LARGE MONUMENT LISTING THOSE THAT FOUGHT IN WW1 AND WW2 WAS PLACED ON THE GROUNDS OF MEMORIAL HALL. A SEPARATE LISTING IS ALSO ADDED WITH NAMES OF THOSE THAT PAID THE SUPREME SACRIFICE. TO THE LEFT OF THIS MONUMENT AND AT A SLIGHT ANGLE WAS PLACED A SMALLER MONUMENT HONORING THOSE THAT SERVED IN THE KOREAN WAR. TO THE RIGHT AND EQUALLY SPACED, IS A MONUMENT HONORING THOSE THAT SERVED DURING THE VIETNAM WAR. THOSE THAT SERVED IN OTHER CONFLICTS ARE NOW LISTED INSIDE OF THE BUILDING.
BEAUTIFUL PLANTINGS SURROUND THE MONUMENTS WITH A PATHWAY OF SLATE FROM THE STREET SIDEWALK TO THE FRONT OF THE MONUMENTS. A LARGE FLAG POLE, CENTERED IN THE REAR OF THE MONUMENTS IS WHERE THE UNITED STATES AND MIA FLAGS ARE HOISTED. A LIGHT ILLUMINATES THE FLAGS AT NIGHT. CEMENT STANCHIONS, AT THE PERIMETER OF THE ROADWAY AND EQUALLY SPACED WITH A CHAIN RUNNING PARALLEL TO THE GROUND THROUGH THEM, HELPS ENHANCE AND PROTECT THE MONUMENTS. MEMORIAL DAY AND VETERAN'S DAY CEREMONIES ARE CONDUCTED HERE AND THE AREA IS CONSIDERED HALLOWED GROUND IN HONOR OF ALL VETERANS WHO PAID THE SUPREME SACRIFICE.
INSTALLATION OF THE MONUMENTS ON THE GROUNDS OF MEMORIAL HALL HAD TO BE ONE OF THE PROUD MOMENTS OF THE POST, TOGETHER WITH THE HOME COMING PARADE THAT WAS HELD WHEN THE GULF WAR VETERANS RETURNED HOME. THE DEDICATION OF MEMORIAL HALL IN 1890 HAD TO BE LOOKED ON AS A BEAUTIFUL ADDITION TO THIS SMALL MILL TOWN BY THE PEOPLE OF THAT ERA. AFTER 110 YEARS, THE BUILDING AND GROUNDS ARE BEAUTIFUL TO LOOK AT, AND ARE ADMIRED BY ALL.
POST 36 OCCUPIES MEMORIAL HALL WHICH IS LOCATED AT THE JUNCTION OF RT 159 AND RT 140, ALSO KNOWN AS SOUTH MAIN AND ELM STREETS, IN THE TOWN OF WINDSOR LOCKS, CT.
POST EXECUTIVE MEETINGS ARE HELD ON THE 2nd THURSDAY OF THE MONTH THROUGHOUT THE YEAR AT 7:30 P.M. MEMBERSHIP MEETINGS ARE HELD ON THE 3rd THURSDAY OF THE MONTH AT 7:30 P.M. NONE ARE HELD IN JULY OR AUGUST. INVITED GUEST ARE WELCOME.
SERVICES AND ACTIVITIES OF GENSI-VIOLA POST 36
VETERAN ENTITLEMENT REFERRALS
VETERAN HOSPITAL VISITATIONS
VETERAN LEGISLATION PROMOTION
SOLDIERS, SAILORS AND MARINE FUND ADMINISTRATION
BOY'S STATE PROGRAM
SCHOOL AWARDS PROGRAM
FLAG EDUCATION PROGRAM
FLAG DONATIONS
AMERICAN LEGION BASEBALL PROGRAM
ARBOR DAY PROGRAM
CUB SCOUTS PACK NO. 201, B.S.A. SPONSORSHIP
POST AND COMMUNITY SOCIAL ACTIVITIES - DANCES, BREAKFASTS AND DINNERS
CHRISTMAS AND THANKSGIVING BASKETS
VETERAN HOLIDAY OBSERVANCES
I'm now adding 6 in the 6th position from the left. This is done in 3 steps: add 10, subtract 5, add 1. In this step I subtract 5.
Release Date: December 23rd, 2009
Colorways: Black/Varsity Royal-White
Product Model: 378037-041
Information: Air Jordan 11 Retro, Jordan Brand, Air
Jordan Shoes
Space Jam is one of the most popular science fiction which was played by Michael Jordan in 1996. Jordan Brand created an Air Jordan 11 shoe in memory of this film. This Space Jam Air Jordan shoes used the same design as the black/varsity red version. They both applied ballistic nylon and patent leather as the main material on shoes upper. The white sits on the icy translucent outsole which was contrasted well with the whole black upper. In addition, an eye-catching royal blue Jumpman logo appears on leather heel seems attractive and unique.
Nandi is the name for the bull which serves as the mount (Sanskrit: Vahana) of the god Shiva and as the gatekeeper of Shiva and Parvati. In Hindu Religion, he is the chief guru of eighteen masters (18 Siddhar ) including Patanjali and Thirumular. Temples venerating Shiva display stone images of a seated Nandi, generally facing the main shrine. There are also a number of temples dedicated solely to Nandi.
The application of the name Nandi to the bull (Sanskrit: vṛṣabha) is in fact a development of recent centuries, as Gouriswar Bhattacharya has documented in an illustrated article entitled "Nandin and Vṛṣabha". The name Nandi was earlier widely used instead for an anthropomorphic deity who was one of Shiva’s two door-keepers, the other being Mahākāla. The doorways of pre-tenth-century North Indian temples are frequently flanked by images of Mahākāla and Nandi, and it is in this role of Shiva’s watchman that Nandi figures in Kālidāsa’s poem the Kumārasambhava.
ETYMOLOGY
The word “Nandi” is derived from the ancient Indian Language of Sanskrit. The Sanskrit word 'Nandi' in English translates as Happy, Joyous or Happy Person.
BIRTH OF NANDI
There was a sage named Shilada who underwent severe penance to have a boon — a child with immortality. Lord Indra pleased of the austerities of Shilada appeared in front of him to offer a boon. After hearing the request of Shilada and his desire to have an immortal child, Lord Indra suggested he pray to Lord Shiva: nobody else could provide such a boon. Sage Shilada continued his penance for 1,000 years. He was totally immovable for many years, so the termites settled on his body and slowly started to build up their nest. Finally, his whole body was covered up by them. The insects started to eat his flesh and imbibed his blood. At last, only bones remained.
Lord Shiva appeared in front of him and provided the boon for the child. Moreover, Lord Shiva provided Sage Shilada his old form with a single touch. Sage Shilada performed Yagna and a child appeared from the sacrificial fire. His body was clad in armour made out of diamonds. The celestial dancers and singers performed on this auspicious occasion and the deities showered flowers on the child. The boy was named ’Nandi’ — who brings joy. Shilada brought the child home. Immediately the boy lost his divine appearance to an ordinary child. The child completely forgot all about his birth. Sage Shilada was worried about the sudden change. He devoted his time for Nandi's upbringing his education etc. By the age of seven, the boy was well versed in Veda and all sacred texts.
One day the deities Mitra and Varuna visited Sage Shilada. At the first sight of the boy, they commented: Though the boy had all auspicious signs, he would have a very short life. He would not live after the age of eight. Sage Shilada was mortified at this remark. Nandi could not bear his father's sorrow; he began to pray to Lord Shiva. Lord Shiva appeared before him and blessed him. Lord Shiva adorned the boy with a necklace and made him immortal. Lord Shiva blessed the child and declared that he would be worshiped along with Him and become his vahana (vehicle). Immediately the boy got all the divine powers and transformed into half bull-half human. He and Shilada went to Lord Shiva's abode to live.
IN HINDUISM
Bulls appear on the Indus Valley seals, including the 'Pasupati Seal', which depicts a seated figure and, according to some scholars, is similar to Shiva. However, most scholars agree that the horned bull on the Indus Valley seals is not identical to Nandi.
DESCRIPTIONS ON NANDI IN HINDU RELIGIOUS TEXTS INCLUDE:
- Some Puranas describe Nandi or Nandikeshvara as bull face with a human body that resembles that of Shiva in proportion and aspect, although with four hands — two hands holding the Parasu (the axe) and Mruga (the antelope) and the other two hands joined together in the Anjali (obeisance). Brahma Vaivarta Purana mentions Krishna himself to have taken the form of a bull as no one else in the Universe can bear Shiva.
- Vehicle of Shiva: The bull Nandi is Shiva's primary vehicle and is the principal gana (follower) of Shiva.
- Gate keeper of Shiva's abode: The close association of Shiva and Nandi explains the presence of a statue of Nandi at the gate of many temples dedicated to Shiva. It also explains why the word "nandi" in the Tamil, Kannada and Telugu languages is used as a metaphor for a person blocking the way.[citation needed] In Sanskrit, a bull is called vrisha, which has another connotation — that of righteousness or Dharma. It is important to seek the blessings of Nandi before proceeding to worship Lord Shiva.
- Chief in Shiva's army: Some Puranas mention that Nandi lead the Shiva Ganas, Shiva's attendants.
- A Guru of Saivism: In addition to being his mount, Nandi is Shiva's foremost disciple. In the Natha/Siddhar tradition, Nandi is one of the primal gurus. He was the guru to Siddhar Thirumulanathar, Patanjalinathar and others.
- From the yogic perspective, Nandi/Nandhi/Nandikeshvara is the mind dedicated to Lord Siva, the Absolute. In other words, to understand and absorb Light, the 'experience and the wisdom' is Nandi which is the Guru within.
- Spiritually, Nandi represents an individual jiva (soul) and the message that the jiva should always be focused on the Atman (Paramatman).
LEGENDS
According to some puranas, Nandi was born to sage Shilada who got him by the grace of Shiva.
It was Nandi who cursed Ravana (the demon King of Lanka) that his kingdom would be burnt by a monkey (Vanara). And later Hanuman burnt Lanka when he went in search of Sita, who was kept prisoner by Ravana in Ashok Vatika.
In one puranic story, it is stated that once Siva and Parvathi were playing a game of dice. For any game there has to be an umpire, who has to declare who is the winner. Siva and Parvathi agreed to have Nandi (the divine bull) as the umpire. Nandi is a favorite of Siva, as he is Siva's vehicle. Although Siva lost the game, Nandi declared him the winner. It is stated that Parvathi was indignant over Nandi's partiality for Siva and cursed him that he should die from an incurable disease. Thereupon Nandi fell at the feet of Parvathi and pleaded for forgiveness. "Mother forgive me. Should I not show at least this amount of gratitude to one who is my master? Is it not humiliating for me to declare that my master has lost the game? To uphold his honor I no doubt uttered a lie. But am I to be punished with such severity for so small an offence?" Nandi prayed for forgiveness in this manner. Parvathi forgave Nandi and taught him the means to atone for his lapse. She told him. "The Chaturdasi day in the month of Bhadrapada is the day when my son's birthday is celebrated. On that day you have to offer to my son what pleases you most (green grass)". This means that one atones for one's sins when one offers to the Lord what is most pleasing and enjoyable to him. For Nandi the most enjoyable and relishing food is green grass. As directed by Parvathi Nandi worshipped Ganapathi by offering green grass. Nandi was then relieved of his dreaded disease. His health improved and by the grace of Parvathi he was redeemed.
When the positive forces, the devas, and the negative forces, the asuras, joined together on a rare occasion to churn the ocean with a mountain to obtain the nectar of immortality they utilized Vasuki, the serpent, as the rope. The devas pulled from one end and the asuras from the other. Lots of precious herbs and gems were produced during the Churning and one of them was a poison (halāhala) which became human karma. This "poison" was so dangerous that none of the devas or asuras wanted to go near it. It was extremely sticky and coming into contact with this poison, i.e., human karma, would drag the divinity down to the realms of human suffering and ego. As everyone else ran away, Lord Siva, followed by Nandi, came forward to help as he was the only one who could counteract this deadly poison. Siva took the poison into his hand and drank it, the descent of the poison was in turn stopped at His throat, by His divine consort. Siva is therefore also known as Nīlakaṇṭha (the blue-throated one) and Viṣakaṇṭha (the poison-throated one). Nandi saw some of the poison spill out of Siva's mouth and immediately drank if off the ground. The devas and asuras watching were shocked and wondered aloud what would happen to Nandi. Lord Siva calmed their fears saying, "Nandi has surrendered into me so completely that he has all my powers and my protection".
LARGEST NANDIS IN INDIA
1. Lepakshi, Andhra Pradesh
2. Brahadishwara Temple, Tamil Nadu
4. Bull Temple, Bangalore, Karnataka
5. Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu
6. Hoysaleswara Temple, Halebidu, Karnataka
7. Shanthaleswara Temple, Halebidu, Karnataka
8. Vadakkunnathan Temple, Thrissur, Kerala
9. Virupaksha Temple, Hampi, Karnataka
10. Nandi Temple, Western Group of Temples, Khajuraho,
Madhya Pradesh
11. Kedareshvara Temple at Balligavi (Karnataka)
12. Doddabasaveshvara temple, Kurugodu Bellary dist
MISCELLANEOUS
The white color of the bull symbolizes purity and justice.
Women visit images of Nandi, bringing floral offerings, and touch the stone. Their prayers are for fertility. Additionally, it is also considered a custom among some to whisper the fact of their visit, to that shrine, while requesting the faithful attendant to inform his master of the same.
WIKIPEDIA
Carlinville is the seat of Macoupin County, and is located about 40 miles south of Springfield on Illinois Rt. 4. The population of Carlinville was 5,685 at the 2000 Census.
For more images of Carlinville, visit my "Carlinville IL" (Set).
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You are invited to stay and browse through my photostream. Here's a quick index to my Flickr site:
Central Illinois (except Springfield): Central Illinois (except Springfield): Photos relating to the middle section of the "Land of Lincoln" (except for the Capital City of Springfield) may be found in this collection. Every city and town I've photographed is contained within its own set, and rural (as in "counrtyside") photographs are grouped by county.
Springfield, Illinois: All of my photographs of Springfield and the Abraham Lincoln Sites are in this collection. For the City of Springfield, there are separate sets for the Capitol Complex, Downtown (including the Old State Capitol), Neighborhoods, Parks, Illinois State Fairgrounds (and past State Fairs), and more. Photographs of Lincoln sites include the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, Lincoln Home National Historic Site, Lincoln Tomb, and so on. Also in the Lincoln "All About Abe" (Set) are a few Lincoln sites not located in Springfield.
Beyond Central Illinois: Other locales in the United States and Canada including New York, Chicago, San Francisco and Seattle.
In addition to my location-based sets, here are links to some "topical" collections and sets I've put together:
Automobile Photograph Collection: This is a very large collection of images whose primary, but not exclusive, focus is on American automotive classics. Images are organized by decade, by manufacturer, and by topics (such as convertibles, station wagons, muscle cars, etc.)
Barbers & Barber Shops: Traditional barbers and barber shops are on the endangered species list. But there are still plenty to be found if you go looking for them.
Almost Everything Else. Check It Out!!!: Included topics range from man's first walk on the moon to small town schools and churches, and from Soft-Coated Wheaten Terriers (our favorite breed) to things that are abandoned, neglected, weathered, or rusty.
Thank you for visiting my photostream - myoldpostcards
I added a couple of ladies to the mix. Disney sale I added ILY 4Ever inspired by Ariel. Disney had a sale.
My 1st purchase from Sherri's Doll Show AA Curvy Barbie from the 2018 On The Ave convention. I've had her a few days.
I ordered a 3rd Looks for one of my SIS Chandra's.
Drive into the Camelot Lake housing addition in Kosciusko County and one can’t help but notice what’s left of this tower structure. Where Camelot Lake is now located used to be a gravel pit owned by Sturm and Dillard Gravel Company. The structure shown here was used to load sand and gravel into railroad cars from the nearby former B & O Railroad. Trucks could also be loaded. There was a spur coming off the main railroad line into the gravel company.
The Longhouse is Hallvard industries newest addition to their perimeter security catalog. Measuring 40ft (length x 20ft (width) x 14ft (height), it can comfortably support a 7 man security team. Hardened against both vehicles and mechs, it can support the weight of all but assault class mechs before collapsing. It comes standard with the following equipment:
2 SRM 4 Streak Launchers Manufactured by Pattern JX
C-12 Mk. III targeting system with Artemis IV FCS
Hellion Homing TAG system
Watchdog ECM
New addition to the family today. Spur of the moment decision but I think I am in love with her already. Now i must come up with a name
Preah Khan (Khmer: ប្រាសាទព្រះខ័ន; "Royal Sword") is a temple at Angkor, Cambodia, built in the 12th century for King Jayavarman VII to honor his father. It is located northeast of Angkor Thom and just west of the Jayatataka baray, with which it was associated. It was the centre of a substantial organisation, with almost 100,000 officials and servants. The temple is flat in design, with a basic plan of successive rectangular galleries around a Buddhist sanctuary complicated by Hindu satellite temples and numerous later additions. Like the nearby Ta Prohm, Preah Khan has been left largely unrestored, with numerous trees and other vegetation growing among the ruins.
HISTORY
Preah Khan was built on the site of Jayavarman VII's victory over the invading Chams in 1191. Unusually the modern name, meaning "holy sword", is derived from the meaning of the original—Nagara Jayasri (holy city of victory). The site may previously have been occupied by the royal palaces of Yasovarman II and Tribhuvanadityavarman. The temple's foundation stela has provided considerable information about the history and administration of the site: the main image, of the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara in the form of the king's father, was dedicated in 1191 (the king's mother had earlier been commemorated in the same way at Ta Prohm). 430 other deities also had shrines on the site, each of which received an allotment of food, clothing, perfume and even mosquito nets; the wealth and treasure of this ruin includes gold, silver, gems, 112,300 pearls and a cow with gilded horns. The institution combined the roles of city, temple and Buddhist university: there were 97,840 attendants and servants, including 1000 dancers and 1000 teachers.
The temple is still largely unrestored: the initial clearing was from 1927 to 1932, and partial anastylosis was carried out in 1939. Since then free-standing statues have been removed for safe-keeping, and there has been further consolidation and restoration work. Throughout, the conservators have attempted to balance restoration and maintenance of the wild condition in which the temple was discovered: one of them, Maurice Glaize, wrote that;
The temple was previously overrun with a particularly voracious vegetation and quite ruined, presenting only chaos. Clearing works were undertaken with a constant respect for the large trees which give the composition a pleasing presentation without constituting any immediate danger. At the same time, some partial anastylosis has revived various buildings found in a sufficient state of preservation and presenting some special interest in their architecture or decoration.
Since 1991, the site has been maintained by the World Monuments Fund. It has continued the cautious approach to restoration, believing that to go further would involve too much guesswork, and prefers to respect the ruined nature of the temple. One of its former employees has said, "We're basically running a glorified maintenance program. We're not prepared to falsify history". It has therefore limited itself primarily to stabilisation work on the fourth eastern gopura, the House of Fire and the Hall of Dancers.
THE SITE
The outer wall of Preah Khan is of laterite, and bears 72 garudas holding nagas, at 50 m intervals. Surrounded by a moat, it measures 800 by 700 m and encloses an area of 56 hectares. To the east of Preah Khan is a landing stage on the edge of the Jayatataka baray, which measures 3.5 by 0.9 km. This also allowed access to the temple of Neak Pean in the centre of the baray. Once dried up, the Jayatataka baray is now filled with water again, as at the end of each rainy season, all excess water in the area is diverted into it.
As usual Preah Khan is oriented toward the east, so this was the main entrance, but there are others at each of the cardinal points. Each entrance has a causeway over the moat with nāga-carrying devas and asuras similar to those at Angkor Thom; Glaize considered this an indication that the city element of Preah Khan was more significant than those of Ta Prohm or Banteay Kdei.
Halfway along the path leading to the third enclosure, on the north side, is a House of Fire (or Dharmasala) similar to Ta Prohm's. The remainder of the fourth enclosure, now forested, was originally occupied by the city; as this was built of perishable materials it has not survived. The third enclosure wall is 200 by 175 metres. In front of the third gopura is a cruciform terrace. The gopura itself is on a large scale, with three towers in the centre and two flanking pavilions. Between the southern two towers were two celebrated silk-cotton trees, of which Glaize wrote, "resting on the vault itself of the gallery, [they] frame its openings and brace the stones in substitute for pillars in a caprice of nature that is as fantastic as it is perilous." One of the trees is now dead, although the roots have been left in place. The trees may need to be removed to prevent their damaging the structure. On the far side of the temple, the third western gopura has pediments of a chess game and the Battle of Lanka, and two guardian dvarapalas to the west.
West of the third eastern gopura, on the main axis is a Hall of Dancers. The walls are decorated with apsaras; Buddha images in niches above them were destroyed in the anti-Buddhist reaction under Jayavarman VIII. North of the Hall of Dancers is a two-storeyed structure with round columns. No other examples of this form survive at Angkor, although there are traces of similar buildings at Ta Prohm and Banteay Kdei. Freeman and Jacques speculate that this may have been a granary. Occupying the rest of the third enclosure are ponds (now dry) in each corner, and satellite temples to the north, south and west. While the main temple was Buddhist, these three are dedicated to Shiva, previous kings and queens, and Vishnu respectively. They are notable chiefly for their pediments: on the northern temple, Vishnu reclining to the west and the Hindu trinity of Vishnu, Shiva and Brahma to the east; on the western temple, Krishna raising Mount Govardhana to the west.
Connecting the Hall of Dancers and the wall of the second enclosure is a courtyard containing two libraries. The second eastern gopura projects into this courtyard; it is one of the few Angkorian gopuras with significant internal decoration, with garudas on the corners of the cornices. Buddha images on the columns were changed into hermits under Jayavarman VIII.
Between the second enclosure wall (85 by 76 m) and the first enclosure wall (62 by 55 m) on the eastern side is a row of later additions which impede access and hide some of the original decoration. The first enclosure is, as Glaize said, similarly, "choked with more or less ruined buildings". The enclosure is divided into four parts by a cruciform gallery, each part almost filled by these later irregular additions. The walls of this gallery, and the interior of the central sanctuary, are covered with holes for the fixing of bronze plates which would originally have covered them and the outside of the sanctuary—1500 tonnes was used to decorate the whole temple. At the centre of the temple, in place of the original statue of Lokesvara, is a stupa built several centuries after the temple's initial construction.
MICROBIAL DEGRADATION
Microbial biofilms have been found degrading sandstone at Angkor Wat, Preah Khan, and the Bayon and West Prasat in Angkor. The dehydration and radiation resistant filamentous cyanobacteria can produce organic acids that degrade the stone. A dark filamentous fungus was found in internal and external Preah Khan samples, while the alga Trentepohlia was found only in samples taken from external, pink-stained stone at Preah Khan.
WIKIPEDIA
Valencia College’s Spring 2022 Commencement ceremony at Addition Financial Arena on May 8, 2022 in Orlando, Fla.
LOS ANGELES - Members of the Los Angeles Fire Department who serve as Cadet Post Advisors were recognized today by the Board of Fire Commissioners. Our Cadet Program serves as a top tier youth program thanks to the countless hours and dedication by these members (with no additional compensation).
These individuals are sworn members of the LAFD, making a difference in the lives of those they serve on incidents day-to-day, yet they want to do more. When asked,most will tell you that they serve as Post Advisors so that they can make a difference in the lives of the youths of Los Angeles who are interested in the fire service.
The LAFD currently has 15 cadet posts throughout the four geographic bureaus, with a Lead Post Advisor and several supporting Assistant Advisors at each post. In addition to their daily work responsibilities, these dedicated members also sacrifice time in their off hours to share their experience and wisdom with the next generation of firefighters for the City of Los Angeles. These Post Advisors not only teach about the fire service, but the teach about life skills and give assistance with college applications. These members are mentors, parental figures, and confidants in the cadets' lives. They are role models that lead by example for these youths to look up to and follow.
Today's recognition cannot even begin to truly express the gratitude we have for our members who pour into the lives of the future of this department, our communities, and our city. The Cadet Program is one of the four youth programs currently offered by the LAFD that aim to increase our sustainability (in addition to the High School Magnet Program, the Youth F.I.R.E. Academy, and Girls Camp), and at the same time increase community resiliency.
Photo Use Permitted via Creative Commons - Credit: LAFD Photo | Harry Garvin.
Event: 012120 - Fire Commission Recognition
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#189 in TEAMPHOTOBLOG 2011 = Collar ties. One of my favorite parts of the addition are the oak beams with lights hidden in them.
I did manage to check everything off my list - with a few additions, of course!
1. Got a sweet Icy elf from pariszhenkpink
2. Got my Suzi Hysteric custom by milky robot
3. Got me plenty of Button Arcade
4. Got my Parson Grace custom middie by Milky Robot
5. Got some wild dresses for my wild girls from Shepuppy
6. Got a sweet curly HR girl to round out my collection
Now, I better work on my 2014 list. :)
Master suite bedroom gives interest with coffered details of beams on the ceiling. Light blue ceiling blends nicely with the soft pastel yellow walls and hardwood floors. Photography: John Umberger; Real Images
Contractor of the Year Award for Additions 2005
Chrysalis Award for Additon 2006
Featured in Simply Perfect Additions - Better Homes & Gardens Mag Spring 2007
In total, the master bedroom, two walk-in-closets, master bathroom, laundry closet, screened porch and exterior work only took spanned the course of three months.
301-875-2781
Date: 1960 December 19
Category: Vistas
Type: Image
Identifier: LP1776
Source: S.P. Public Works Album
Owner: South Pasadena Public Library
Previous Identifier: N/A
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Please direct questions and comments to the Local History Librarian (localhistory@southpasadenaca.gov).
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"Capitol Hill, in addition to being a metonym for the United States Congress, is the largest historic residential neighborhood in Washington, D.C., stretching easterly in front of the United States Capitol along wide avenues. It is one of the oldest residential neighborhoods in Washington, D.C., and, with roughly 35,000 people in just under 2 square miles (5 km2), it is also one of the most densely populated.
As a geographic feature, Capitol Hill rises near the center of the District of Columbia and extends eastward. Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant, as he began to develop his plan for the new federal capital city in 1791, chose to locate the "Congress House" (the Capitol building) on the crest of the hill at a site that he characterized as a "pedestal waiting for a monument." The Capitol building has been the home of the Congress of the United States and the workplace of many residents of the Capitol Hill neighborhood since 1800.
The Capitol Hill neighborhood today straddles two quadrants of the city, Southeast and Northeast. A large portion of the neighborhood is now designated as the Capitol Hill Historic District.
The name Capitol Hill is often used to refer to both the historic district and to the larger neighborhood around it. To the east of Capitol Hill lies the Anacostia River, to the north is the H Street corridor, to the south are the Southeast/Southwest Freeway and the Washington Navy Yard, and to the west are the National Mall and the city's central business district.
The Capitol building is surrounded by the Capitol Hill Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The Capitol Hill Historic District was expanded in 2015 to the north to include the blocks bordered by 2nd Street, F Street, 4th Street, and just south of H Street, NE, collectively known as the Swampoodle Addition.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia, also known as just Washington or simply D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. It is located on the east bank of the Potomac River, which forms its southwestern and southern border with the U.S. state of Virginia, and it shares a land border with the U.S. state of Maryland on its other sides. The city was named for George Washington, a Founding Father and the first president of the United States, and the federal district is named after Columbia, the female personification of the nation. As the seat of the U.S. federal government and several international organizations, the city is an important world political capital. It is one of the most visited cities in the U.S. with over 20 million annual visitors as of 2016.
The U.S. Constitution provides for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of Congress; the district is not a part of any U.S. state (nor is it one itself). The signing of the Residence Act on July 16, 1790, approved the creation of the capital district located along the Potomac River near the country's East Coast. The City of Washington was founded in 1791, and Congress held its first session there in 1800. In 1801, the territory, formerly part of Maryland and Virginia (including the settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria), officially became recognized as the federal district. In 1846, Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia, including the city of Alexandria; in 1871, it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the district. There have been efforts to make the city into a state since the 1880s, a movement that has gained momentum in recent years, and a statehood bill passed the House of Representatives in 2021.
The city is divided into quadrants centered on the Capitol, and there are as many as 131 neighborhoods. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 689,545, which makes it the 23rd most populous city in the U.S. as of 2020, the third most populous city in the Mid-Atlantic, and gives it a population larger than that of two U.S. states: Wyoming and Vermont. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek. Washington's metropolitan area, the country's sixth largest (including parts of Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia), had a 2020 estimated population of 6.3 million residents; and over 54 million people live within 250 mi (400 km) of the District.
The three branches of the U.S. federal government are centered in the district: Congress (legislative), the president (executive), and the Supreme Court (judicial). Washington is home to many national monuments and museums, primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 177 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of many international organizations, trade unions, non-profits, lobbying groups, and professional associations, including the World Bank Group, the International Monetary Fund, the Organization of American States, AARP, the National Geographic Society, the American Red Cross, and others.
A locally elected mayor and a 13-member council have governed the district since 1973. Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. The District of Columbia does not have representation in Congress, although D.C. residents elect a single at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives who has no vote. District voters choose three presidential electors in accordance with the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961." - info from Wikipedia.
The fall of 2022 I did my 3rd major cycling tour. I began my adventure in Montreal, Canada and finished in Savannah, GA. This tour took me through the oldest parts of Quebec and the 13 original US states. During this adventure I cycled 7,126 km over the course of 2.5 months and took more than 68,000 photos. As with my previous tours, a major focus was to photograph historic architecture.
Now on Instagram.
Habits
In addition to landing on the points set out to hunt, draw attention by whistling joke, fast. A bird answers another, after an interval. Very active in the early morning and late day, disappear during the hottest hours, moving to perches on the top, hidden by foliage. Territorial, living alone or in pairs, always in dry forest, riparian forest or cerrado. It is common in small clearings in forested areas, forest edges and clearings, usually on top of dead trees.
The Priory and Parish Church of Saint Mary is in Beddgelert, in the Snowdonia area of Gwynedd, Wales. It is a Grade II* listed building, on the site of one of the oldest Christian establishments in Wales. An early Christian community was established there in the 6th century AD which is mentioned by Gerald of Wales. An Augustinian priory was founded there in the 13th century and in the Middle Ages it grew substantially thanks to the support of important Welsh nobles including Prince Llewelyn.
The priory and many of its records were destroyed in 1283 or 1284 by a fire. As of the early 16th century it was Sir John Wynn (ancestor of the Barons Newborough who owned the priory in addition to Bardsey Island. In the 16th century, as part of the dissolution of the monasteries, the priory was closed in October 1535 and became a simple parish church. Remnants of the church's medieval past include transept arches and some of the stonework around the lancet windows. The Victorian era brought further modifications including the demolition of the north aisle and some new stained glass. The existing glass is dated only to the 19th and 20th centuries and includes work by Dunstan Powell (1920) and Trena Cox (1968).
The harpist and wrestler Marged ferch Ifan (1696-1793) was baptised here in 1696 and married in 1717
Afon Glaslyn (Welsh for 'River Glaslyn') is a river in Gwynedd, north-west Wales. While not of great significance in terms of its length (about 16 miles (26 km)), it is one of Gwynedd's primary rivers, and has greatly influenced the landscape in which it flows.
It has its source in Glaslyn, a cirque lake on the flanks of Snowdon. It is joined by Nant Traswnant which drains Pen-y-Pass and by Nant Cynnyd before entering the beautiful lake, Llyn Gwynant. The river then flows through Llyn Dinas before entering the village of Beddgelert. In the middle of the village it is joined by the substantial tributary, the River Colwyn which drains the south-western flank of Snowdon. The much enlarged river flows down past Gelert's grave before tumbling down into the Aberglaslyn Pass. This is a small rocky gorge close to the main road which provides easy public access to a most picturesque piece of Snowdonian scenery.
Passing through Pont Aberglaslyn, the river emerges from the gorge into the relatively flat agricultural land of Tremadog and Porthmadog. This wide flat valley – now called Traeth Mawr – was once the estuary of the Glaslyn before the Porthmadog Cob was created. This sealed off the mouth of the estuary, enabling the land to be reclaimed. Once the river has crossed under the railway line, it meanders in large pools and marshes before eventually passing through the tidal sluices on the Cob at the south-eastern end of the town of Porthmadog, and from there into Tremadog Bay. Further south, the River Dwyryd also drains into Tremadog Bay.
The first pair of breeding ospreys in Wales nest at Pont Croesor about 4 miles (6.4 km) upstream from Porthmadog where the RSPB have set up observation facilities. They first bred in 2005 and have returned every year since.
Fishing on the Glaslyn up to Beddgelert is controlled by the Glaslyn Angling Association.
Beddgelert is a village and community in the Snowdonia area of Gwynedd, Wales. The population of the community taken at the 2011 census was 455, and includes Nantmor and Nant Gwynant. It is reputed to be named after the legendary hound Gelert. The community is large and sparsely populated and covers 86 square kilometres.
The village stands in a valley at the confluence of the River Glaslyn and the River Colwyn. Just above the confluence of the rivers, in the centre of the village, is an old stone bridge with two arches. The River Gwynant also exists in the area, coinciding with the River Colwyn under what locals know as ‘Pont Bren’, creating the River Glaslyn. Many of the houses and hotels are built of local dark stone. To the west is Moel Hebog and its neighbours to the north and a series of hills rising to the top of Snowdon. A lane of the A4085 between Caernarfon (13 miles north) and Porthmadog (8 miles south) runs through the village.
The outdoor equipment company Gelert originated in Bryncir then moved to Beddgelert but later moved its headquarters to nearby Porthmadog.
The folk tale of the faithful hound "Gelert" is often associated with the village. A raised mound in the village is called "Gelert's Grave" and is a significant tourist attraction. But the grave was built by the late 18th-century landlord of the Goat Hotel, David Pritchard, who created it in order to encourage tourism. Similar legends can be found in other parts of Europe and Asia.
The village is probably named after an early Christian missionary and leader called Celert (or Cilert) who settled here early in the 8th century. The earliest record of the name Beddgelert appears on a document dated 1258, and the name recorded is "Bekelert". In a document of 1269 it is recorded as "Bedkelerd".
The Church of St. Mary stands at the end of Stryd yr Eglwys (Church Street). This was originally a part of an Augustinian Monastery (the chapel), but is all that remains since the rest of the monastery was burnt down during Edward I's war of conquest. Rebuilding was probably not completed at the time of the suppression of the monastery in about 1536. Parts of the building date from the 12th century and is still in active use today.
Beddgelert is a significant tourist attraction, its picturesque bridge crossing the River Colwyn just upstream of its confluence with the River Glaslyn. It is also the nearest village to the scenic Glaslyn gorge, an area of tumultuous river running between steep wooded hills. Much of the area is, however, becoming invaded by the alien plant, Rhododendron ponticum which provides a covering of pink blossom in May and June, but which is slowly blanketing out the native flora. Attempts have been made to control its spread by cutting and burning.
River levels on the River Glaslyn in Beddgelert are constantly monitored by the Natural Resources Wales, in order to give advance warning of flood conditions lower down the valley.
Beddgelert has a range of hotels with public bars, guesthouses, cafes, and restaurants. The car park in the village provides the easiest access route for climbing Moel Hebog, the mountain which directly overlooks the village.
Part of the restored Welsh Highland Railway runs through the village. In April 2009 the railway station was reopened to the public. The line links the village with Caernarfon to the north and Porthmadog to the south.
Other local attractions include the Sygun Copper Mine.
The village is also linked with the Rupert Bear stories, as Alfred Bestall wrote and illustrated some of the stories whilst he lived in the village, in a cottage at the foot of Mynydd Sygun.[8] There is even a small area known as ‘Rupert Garden’ in the village, dedicated to the Bear; a short walk from Alfred Bestall's old home.
Many films have made use of the scenery around Beddgelert; most notably The Inn of the Sixth Happiness, starring Ingrid Bergman. Other more modern films such as Tomb Raider 2: Lara Croft and the Cradle of Life have also been filmed here; starring Angelina Jolie.
Gwynedd is a county in the north-west of Wales. It borders Anglesey across the Menai Strait to the north, Conwy, Denbighshire, and Powys to the east, Ceredigion over the Dyfi estuary to the south, and the Irish Sea to the west. The city of Bangor is the largest settlement, and the administrative centre is Caernarfon. The preserved county of Gwynedd, which is used for ceremonial purposes, includes the Isle of Anglesey.
Gwynedd is the second largest county in Wales but sparsely populated, with an area of 979 square miles (2,540 km2) and a population of 117,400. After Bangor (18,322), the largest settlements are Caernarfon (9,852), Bethesda (4,735), and Pwllheli (4,076). The county has the highest percentage of Welsh speakers in Wales, at 64.4%, and is considered a heartland of the language.
The geography of Gwynedd is mountainous, with a long coastline to the west. Much of the county is covered by Snowdonia National Park (Eryri), which contains Wales's highest mountain, Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa; 3,560 feet, 1,090 m). To the west, the Llŷn Peninsula is flatter and renowned for its scenic coastline, part of which is protected by the Llŷn AONB. Gwynedd also contains several of Wales's largest lakes and reservoirs, including the largest, Bala Lake (Llyn Tegid).
The area which is now the county has played a prominent part in the history of Wales. It formed part of the core of the Kingdom of Gwynedd and the native Principality of Wales, which under the House of Aberffraw remained independent from the Kingdom of England until Edward I's conquest between 1277 and 1283. Edward built the castles at Caernarfon and Harlech, which form part of the Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd World Heritage Site. During the Industrial Revolution the slate industry rapidly developed; in the late nineteenth century the neighbouring Penrhyn and Dinorwic quarries were the largest in the world, and the Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales is now a World Heritage Site. Gwynedd covers the majority of the historic counties of Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire.
In the past, historians such as J. E. Lloyd assumed that the Celtic source of the word Gwynedd meant 'collection of tribes' – the same root as the Irish fine, meaning 'tribe'. Further, a connection is recognised between the name and the Irish Féni, an early ethnonym for the Irish themselves, related to fían, 'company of hunting and fighting men, company of warriors under a leader'. Perhaps *u̯en-, u̯enə ('strive, hope, wish') is the Indo-European stem. The Irish settled in NW Wales, and in Dyfed, at the end of the Roman era. Venedotia was the Latin form, and in Penmachno there is a memorial stone from c. AD 500 which reads: Cantiori Hic Iacit Venedotis ('Here lies Cantiorix, citizen of Gwynedd'). The name was retained by the Brythons when the kingdom of Gwynedd was formed in the 5th century, and it remained until the invasion of Edward I. This historical name was revived when the new county was formed in 1974.
Gwynedd was an independent kingdom from the end of the Roman period until the 13th century, when it was conquered by England. The modern Gwynedd was one of eight Welsh counties created on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. It covered the entirety of the historic counties of Anglesey and Caernarfonshire, and all of Merionethshire apart from Edeirnion Rural District (which went to Clwyd); and also a few parishes of Denbighshire: Llanrwst, Llansanffraid Glan Conwy, Eglwysbach, Llanddoged, Llanrwst and Tir Ifan.
The county was divided into five districts: Aberconwy, Arfon, Dwyfor, Meirionnydd and Anglesey.
The Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 abolished the 1974 county (and the five districts) on 1 April 1996, and its area was divided: the Isle of Anglesey became an independent unitary authority, and Aberconwy (which included the former Denbighshire parishes) passed to the new Conwy County Borough. The remainder of the county was constituted as a principal area, with the name Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire, as it covers most of the areas of those two historic counties. As one of its first actions, the Council renamed itself Gwynedd on 2 April 1996. The present Gwynedd local government area is governed by Gwynedd Council. As a unitary authority, the modern entity no longer has any districts, but Arfon, Dwyfor and Meirionnydd remain as area committees.
The pre-1996 boundaries were retained as a preserved county for a few purposes such as the Lieutenancy. In 2003, the boundary with Clwyd was adjusted to match the modern local government boundary, so that the preserved county now covers the two local government areas of Gwynedd and Anglesey. Conwy county borough is now entirely within Clwyd.
A Gwynedd Constabulary was formed in 1950 by the merger of the Anglesey, Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire forces. A further amalgamation took place in the 1960s when Gwynedd Constabulary was merged with the Flintshire and Denbighshire county forces, retaining the name Gwynedd. In one proposal for local government reform in Wales, Gwynedd had been proposed as a name for a local authority covering all of north Wales, but the scheme as enacted divided this area between Gwynedd and Clwyd. To prevent confusion, the Gwynedd Constabulary was therefore renamed the North Wales Police.
The Snowdonia National Park was formed in 1951. After the 1974 local authority reorganisation, the park fell entirely within the boundaries of Gwynedd, and was run as a department of Gwynedd County Council. After the 1996 local government reorganisation, part of the park fell under Conwy County Borough, and the park's administration separated from the Gwynedd council. Gwynedd Council still appoints nine of the eighteen members of the Snowdonia National Park Authority; Conwy County Borough Council appoints three; and the Welsh Government appoints the remaining six.
There has been considerable inwards migration to Gwynedd, particularly from England. According to the 2021 census, 66.6% of residents had been born in Wales whilst 27.1% were born in England.
The county has a mixed economy. An important part of the economy is based on tourism: many visitors are attracted by the many beaches and the mountains. A significant part of the county lies within the Snowdonia National Park, which extends from the north coast down to the district of Meirionnydd in the south. But tourism provides seasonal employment and thus there is a shortage of jobs in the winter.
Agriculture is less important than in the past, especially in terms of the number of people who earn their living on the land, but it remains an important element of the economy.
The most important of the traditional industries is the slate industry, but these days only a small percentage of workers earn their living in the slate quarries.
Industries which have developed more recently include TV and sound studios: the record company Sain has its HQ in the county.
The education sector is also very important for the local economy, including Bangor University and Further Education colleges, Coleg Meirion-Dwyfor and Coleg Menai, both now part of Grŵp Llandrillo Menai.
The proportion of respondents in the 2011 census who said they could speak Welsh.
Gwynedd has the highest proportion of people in Wales who can speak Welsh. According to the 2021 census, 64.4% of the population aged three and over stated that they could speak Welsh,[7] while 64.4% noted that they could speak Welsh in the 2011 census.
It is estimated that 83% of the county's Welsh-speakers are fluent, the highest percentage of all counties in Wales.[9] The age group with the highest proportion of Welsh speakers in Gwynedd were those between ages 5–15, of whom 92.3% stated that they could speak Welsh in 2011.
The proportion of Welsh speakers in Gwynedd declined between 1991 and 2001,[10] from 72.1% to 68.7%, even though the proportion of Welsh speakers in Wales as a whole increased during that decade to 20.5%.
The Annual Population Survey estimated that as of March 2023, 77.0% of those in Gwynedd aged three years and above could speak Welsh.
Notable people
Leslie Bonnet (1902–1985), RAF officer, writer; originated the Welsh Harlequin duck in Criccieth
Sir Dave Brailsford (born 1964), cycling coach; grew up in Deiniolen, near Caernarfon
Duffy (born 1984), singer, songwriter and actress; born in Bangor, Gwynedd
Edward II of England (1284–1327), born in Caernarfon Castle
Elin Fflur (born 1984), singer-songwriter, TV and radio presenter; went to Bangor University
Bryn Fôn (born 1954), actor and singer-songwriter; born in Llanllyfni, Caernarfonshire.
Wayne Hennessey (born 1987), football goalkeeper with 108 caps for Wales; born in Bangor, Gwynedd
John Jones (c. 1530 – 1598), a Franciscan friar, Roman Catholic priest and martyr; born at Clynnog
Sir Love Jones-Parry, 1st Baronet (1832–1891), landowner and politician, co-founder of the Y Wladfa settlement in Patagonia
T. E. Lawrence (1888–1935), archaeologist, army officer and inspiration for Lawrence of Arabia, born in Tremadog
David Lloyd George (1863–1945), statesman and Prime Minister; lived in Llanystumdwy from infancy
Sasha (born 1969), disc jockey, born in Bangor, Gwynedd
Sir Bryn Terfel (born 1965), bass-baritone opera and concert singer from Pant Glas
Sir Clough Williams-Ellis (1883–1978), architect of Portmeirion
Owain Fôn Williams, (born 1987), footballer with 443 club caps; born and raised in Penygroes, Gwynedd.
Hedd Wyn (1887–1917), poet from the village of Trawsfynydd; killed in WWI