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Millets are a group of highly variable small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal crops or grains for fodder and human food. Millets are important crops in the semiarid tropics of Asia and Africa (especially in India, Mali, Nigeria, and Niger), with 97% of millet production in developing countries. The crop is favored due to its productivity and short growing season under dry, high-temperature conditions.
The most widely grown millet is pearl millet, which is an important crop in India and parts of Africa. Finger millet, proso millet, and foxtail millet are also important crop species. In the developed world, millets are less important. For example, in the United States, only proso millet is significant, and it is mostly grown for bird seed.
While millets are indigenous to many parts of the world, it is believed that they had an evolutionary origin in tropical western Africa, as that is where the greatest number of both wild and cultivated forms exist. Millets have been important food staples in human history, particularly in Asia and Africa. They have been in cultivation in East Asia for the last 10,000 years.
DESCRIPTION
Consumption of the minor millets has been practiced since the beginning of the ancient civilizations of the world. Generally, the millets are small-grained, annual, warm-weather cereals belonging to grass family. They are highly tolerant to extreme weather conditions such as drought and are nutritious compared to the major cereals such as rice and wheat. They contain low phytic acid and are rich in dietary fiber, iron, calcium, and B vitamins. Moreover, these millets release sugar slowly in the blood and also diminish the glucose absorption. These properties of the minor millets made the present consumers attracted to the consumption of millet.
MILLET VARIETIES
MAJOR MILLETS (the most widely cultivated species)
Eragrostideae tribe:
- Eleusine coracana: finger millet (also known as ragi, nachani,mandua or Kezhvaragu in India), fourth-most cultivated millet
Paniceae tribe:
- Panicum miliaceum: proso millet (syn. : common millet, broom corn millet, hog millet or white millet, "chena" or Chin' in Hindi, "Pani-varagu" in Tamil, "Baragu" in Kannada), third-most cultivated millet
- Pennisetum glaucum: pearl millet (also known as Sajjalu in Andhra Pradesh, Sajje in Kannada and kambu as referred by other South Indian states and bajra in Hindi), the most cultivated millet
- Setaria italica: foxtail millet, the second-most cultivated millet (also known as korralu in Andhra Pradesh and thinai in Tamil Nadu and kang or rala in Maharashtra, kakum in Hindi)
Andropogoneae tribe : Sorghum is also counted as major millets and known as jonna in Andhra Pradesh, Jolla' in Kannada, cholam in Tamil Nadu and Jowar in Hindi
MINOR MILLETS
Andropogoneae tribe:
- Coix spp.: Job's tears
Eragrostideae tribe :
- Eragrostis tef: teff
Paniceae tribe :
- Digitaria spp.: white fonio, black fonio, raishan, Polish millet
- Echinochloa spp.: Japanese barnyard millet, Indian barnyard millet (syn.: sawa millet) (also known as kodisama in Andhra Pradesh and kuthirai vaali in Tamil Nadu and bhagar or varai in Maharashtra), burgu millet
- Panicum sumatrense : little millet (also known as samalu in Telugu and samai in Tamil Nadu)
- Paspalum scrobiculatum: kodo millet (also known as varigalu in Andhra Pradesh and varagu in Tamil Nadu)
- Urochloa spp. (also known as Brachiaria): browntop millet, Guinea millet
HISTORY
Foxtail Millet is known to have been the first domesticated millet. Chinese legends attribute the domestication of millet to Shennong, the legendary Emperor of China. Similarly, millets have been mentioned in some of the oldest extant Yajurveda texts, identifying foxtail millet (priyangava), Barnyard millet (aanava) and black finger millet (shyaamaka), indicating that millet consumption was very common, pre-dating to 4500 BC, during the Indian Bronze Age. Specialized archaeologists called palaeoethnobotanists, relying on data such as the relative abundance of charred grains found in archaeological sites, hypothesize that the cultivation of millets was of greater prevalence in prehistory than rice, especially in northern China and Korea. Millets also formed important parts of the prehistoric diet in Indian, Chinese Neolithic and Korean Mumun societies. Broomcorn (Panicum miliaceum) and foxtail millet were important crops beginning in the Early Neolithic of China. For example, some of the earliest evidence of millet cultivation in China was found at Cishan (north). Cishan dates for common millet husk phytoliths and biomolecular components have been identified around 8300–6700 BC in storage pits along with remains of pit-houses, pottery, and stone tools related to millet cultivation. Evidence at Cishan for foxtail millet dates back to around 6500 BC. A 4,000-year-old well-preserved bowl containing well-preserved noodles made from foxtail millet and broomcorn millet was found at the Lajia archaeological site in China.
Palaeoethnobotanists have found evidence of the cultivation of millet in the Korean Peninsula dating to the Middle Jeulmun pottery period (around 3500–2000 BC). Millet continued to be an important element in the intensive, multicropping agriculture of the Mumun pottery period (about 1500–300 BC) in Korea. Millets and their wild ancestors, such as barnyard grass and panic grass, were also cultivated in Japan during the Jōmon period some time after 4000 BC.
Millet made its way from China to the Black Sea region of Europe by 5000 BC. The cultivation of common millet as the earliest dry crop in East Asia has been attributed to its resistance to drought, and this has been suggested to have aided its spread.
Pearl Millet was domesticated in the Sahel region of West Africa, where its wild ancestors are found. Evidence for the cultivation of Pearl Millet in Mali dates back to 2500 BC, and Pearl Millet is found in South Asia by 2300 BC
Finger Millet is originally native to the highlands of East Africa, and was domesticated before the third millennium BC. It's cultivation had spread to South India by 1800 BC.
Research on millets is carried out by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in Telangana, India, and by the USDA-ARS at Tifton, Georgia, United States.
PRODUCTION
Pearl millet is one of the two major crops in the semiarid, impoverished, less fertile agriculture regions of Africa and southeast Asia. Millets are not only adapted to poor, droughty, and infertile soils, but they are also more reliable under these conditions than most other grain crops. This has, in part, made millet production popular, particularly in countries surrounding the Sahara Desert in western Africa.
Millets, however, do respond to high fertility and moisture. On a per hectare basis, millet grain produced per hectare can be two to four times higher with use of irrigation and soil supplements. Improved breeds of millet improve their disease resistance and can significantly enhance farm yield productivity. There has been cooperation between poor countries to improve millet yields. For example, 'Okashana 1', a variety developed in India from a natural-growing millet variety in Burkina Faso, doubled yields. This breed was selected for trials in Zimbabwe. From there it was taken to Namibia, where it was released in 1990 and enthusiastically adopted by farmers. Okashana 1 became the most popular variety in Namibia, the only non-Sahelian country where pearl millet – locally known as mahangu – is the dominant food staple for consumers. 'Okashana 1' was then introduced to Chad. The breed has significantly enhanced yields in Mauritania and Benin.
India is the world's largest producer of millet. In the 1970s, all of the millet crops harvested in India were used as a food staple. By the 2000s, the annual millet production had increased in India, yet per capita consumption of millet had dropped by between 50% to 75% in different regions of the country. As of 2005, most millet produced in India is being used for alternative applications such as livestock fodder and alcohol production. Indian organizations are discussing ways to increase millet use as food to encourage more production; however, they have found that some consumers now prefer the taste of other grains.
In 2010, the average yield of millet crops worldwide was 0.83 tonnes per hectare. The most productive millet farms in the world were in France, with a nationwide average yield of 3.3 tonnes per hectare in 2010.
ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES
Millets are traditionally important grains used in brewing millet beer in some cultures, for instance by the Tao people of Orchid Island and in Taiwan. Various peoples in East Africa brew a drink from millet or sorghum known as ajono, a traditional brew of the Teso. The fermented millet is prepared in a large pot with hot water and people share the drink by sipping it through long straws.
Millet is also the base ingredient for the distilled liquor rakshi in Nepal and the indigenous alcoholic drink of the Sherpa, Tamang, Rai and Limbu people, tongba, in eastern Nepal. In Balkan countries, especially Romania and Bulgaria, millet is used to prepare the fermented drink boza.
AS A FOOD SOURCE
Millets are major food sources in arid and semiarid regions of the world, and feature in the traditional cuisine of many others. In western India, sorghum (called jowar, jola, jonnalu, jwaarie, or jondhahlaa in Gujarati, Kannada, Telugu, Hindi and Marathi languages, respectively; mutthaari, kora, or pangapullu in Malayalam; or cholam in Tamil) has been commonly used with millet flour (called jowari in western India) for hundreds of years to make the local staple, hand-rolled (that is, made without a rolling pin) flat bread (rotla in Gujarati, bhakri in Marathi, or roti in other languages). Another cereal grain popularly used in rural areas and by poor people to consume as a staple in the form of roti. Other millets such as ragi (finger millet) in Karnataka, naachanie in Maharashtra, or kezhvaragu in Tamil, "ragulu" in Telugu, with the popular ragi rottiand Ragi mudde is a popular meal in Karnataka. Ragi, as it is popularly known, is dark in color like rye, but rougher in texture.
Millet porridge is a traditional food in Russian, German, and Chinese сuisines. In Russia, it is eaten sweet (with milk and sugar added at the end of the cooking process) or savoury with meat or vegetable stews. In China, it is eaten without milk or sugar, frequently with beans, sweet potato, and/or various types of squash. In Germany, it is also eaten sweet, boiled in water with apples added during the boiling process and honey added during the cooling process.
Per capita consumption of millets as food varies in different parts of the world with consumption being the highest in Western Africa. In the Sahel region, millet is estimated to account for about 35 percent of total cereal food consumption in Burkina Faso, Chad and the Gambia. In Mali and Senegal, millets constitute roughly 40 percent of total cereal food consumption per capita, while in Niger and arid Namibia it is over 65 percent (see mahangu). Other countries in Africa where millets are a significant food source include Ethiopia, Nigeria and Uganda. Millet is also an important food item for the population living in the drier parts of many other countries, especially in eastern and central Africa, and in the northern coastal countries of western Africa. In developing countries outside Africa, millet has local significance as a food in parts of some countries, such as China, India, Burma and North Korea.
The use of millets as food fell between the 1970s and the 2000s, both in urban and rural areas, as developing countries such as India have experienced rapid economic growth and witnessed a significant increase in per capita consumption of other cereals.
People affected by gluten-related disorders, such as coeliac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity and wheat allergy sufferers, who need a gluten-free diet, can replace gluten-containing cereals in their diets with millet.
It is a common ingredient in seeded bread.
Millets are also used as bird and animal feed.
GRAZING MILLET
In addition to being used for seed, millet is also used as a grazing forage crop. Instead of letting the plant reach maturity it can be grazed by stock and is commonly used for sheep and cattle.
Millet is a C4 plant which means it has good water efficiency and utilizes high temperature and is therefore a summer crop. A C4 plant uses a different enzyme in photosynthesis from C3 plants and this is why it improves water efficiency.
In southern Australia millet is used as a summer quality pasture, utilizing warm temperatures and summer storms. Millet is frost sensitive and is sown after the frost period, once soil temperature has stabilised at 14 °C or more. It is sown at a shallow depth.
Millet grows rapidly and can be grazed 5–7 weeks after sowing, when it is 20–30 cm high. The highest feed value is from the young green leaf and shoots. The plant can quickly come to head, so it must be managed accordingly because as the plant matures the value and palatability of feed reduces.
The Japanese millets (Echinochloa esculenta) are considered the best for grazing and in particular Shirohie, a new variety of Japanese millet, is the best suited variety for grazing. This is due to a number of factors: it gives better regrowth and is later to mature compared to other Japanese millets; it is cheap – cost of seed is $2–$3 per kg and sowing rates are around 10 kg per hectare for dryland production; it is quick to establish; it can be grazed early; and it is suitable for both sheep and cattle.
Compared to forage sorghum, which is grown as an alternative grazing forage, animals gain weight faster on millet and it has better hay or silage potential, although it produces less dry matter. Lambs do better on millet compared to sorghum. Millet does not contain prussic acid which can be in sorghum. Prussic acid poisons animals by inhibiting oxygen utilisation by the cells and is transported in the blood around the body — ultimately the animal will die from asphyxia. There is no need for additional feed supplements such as sulphur or salt blocks with millet.
The rapid growth of millet as a grazing crop allows flexibility in its use. Farmers can wait until sufficient late spring / summer moisture is present and then make use of it. It is ideally suited to irrigation where livestock finishing is required.
NUTRITION
In a 100 gram serving, raw millet provides 378 calories and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of protein, dietary fiber, several B vitamins and numerous dietary minerals, especially manganese at 76% DV (USDA nutrient table). Raw millet is 73% carbohydrates, 4% fat and 11% protein (table).
Millet contains no gluten, so is not suitable for raising bread.
WIKIPEDIA
Petroleum makes the world go round, doesn't it...
If this were a "Tardis" (a magical phone booth for transporting "Dr. Who") all of our transportation fantasies could come true! Maybe Algore will start working on that soon so we can all be saved from our Doomsday devices. Until then... "Fill 'er up!"
A question for you to ponder... If all the polar ice melted, would it be enough to flood the planet? Do you really believe it could? Let's leave aside the calculations about the mass of the ice versus the size of the planet for absorption of all that liquid runoff, because it's at least partially irrelevant and easy enough for even a child to prove. When's the last time you had a cup of ice water overflow because the ice melted? Ever happened to you? The proposition that polar ice melting will flood the planet could hardly be more absurd. Anyone with a glass of ice water can see it for themselves. Admittedly this only accounts for the seaborn ice that's not over the land, yet the seaborn ice is a huge factor in the overall equation accounting for from thousands to tens of thousands of square miles of ice.
Algore would've had a coronary if he'd have been around at the end of the last Ice Age wouldn't he have? All that "man made" global warming with neither a computer, nor a microphone with which to convince the lowly peons of their imminent demise. Only God knows how mankind has ever made it this far without having to move our huts out of the rising salt water. Ohhhh... maybe we just moved the huts. My bad! (...or did all "intelligent" life die at the end of the last Ice Age?)
The earth has a well established history of repeating itself in it's weather patterns, which demonstrates that it heals itself and finds an equilibrium. We've gone from warming periods to Ice Ages and back again. If it could be proven that we are in "another" warming trend, it wouldn't be a cause for alarm. Our life spans just aren't long enough to see both ends of the cycle so we are easily manipulated by the so called experts. The fact is that in the '70's they were telling us we were bringing the next Ice Age upon ourselves by our car driving/polluting ways. In all fairness, I might have missed an Ice Age between then and now... I've been known to miss things like that when I wasn't paying attention. We're a lot smarter now though, aren't we?
The "hypothetical" problem is a "manufactured" political problem about how to deal with lost titles to land (political boundaries)... it's not an environmental problem. It's about the "hypothetical" problem of people being displaced from their property by rising sea levels. I don't know anyone stupid enough to drown because they couldn't figure out how to move to higher ground. Do you know anyone like that? Think about the presumptions that have been made about your level of intelligence in order to convince you of the danger of "man made" global warming. Do they think we're daft? I think they just might... I think they're counting on it.
So... What about all this talk about "Carbon Dioxide"?
We need greenhouse gases to survive on this planet. CO2 is a greenhouse gas. They taught us in school that plants need Carbon Dioxide to live, and that they need it as humans need Oxygen to live. This is a truly symbiotic relationship. This is not a parasitic relationship. If it were a parasitic relationship we would only take and and give nothing in return. We would only drain the life out of the host organism until it died (or we died). Plants clean the air for humans, humans clean the air for plants. If we stopped producing CO2 (that's what we exhale along with animals and cars) plant life could die. It's a symbiotic relationship that we have. To add a little bit of "green" parlance to the discussion feel free to substitute the word "sustainable" for the word "symbiotic" as in this case the connotations are consistent.
Methane is another greenhouse gas that humans produce along with animals, rice paddies, and volcanoes. Yes, rice paddies produce greenhouse gases! There, I said it! Even some plant life and the earth itself produce greenhouses gases and then we have all the animals that are producing greenhouse gases 24 hours a day, 7 days a week right alongside us. Greenhouse gases are to plants what strawberry syrup is to humans! How could you even think of depriving plant life of such a treat? Have a heart! en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field
Ready for another greenhouse gas? How about "water vapor"? That's right, water vapor is a greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases are a vital part of the process of photosynthesis.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis maintains livable conditions for both plants and humans. Yes, we "need" greenhouse gases to live in this world as we know it. I shouldn't be so presumptuous about what you were taught in school... Maybe these were "Inconvenient Truths" that were never taught in your classroom. Maybe they were too busy teaching propaganda films. We've long joked about politicians who would tax us on the air we breathe if they could only figure out how to do it. Think about that, let it sink in... "Our" politicians (yours and mine) are trying to tax us on the air we breathe! Do you support them in this? Are you doing it "for the children"? Are you being manipulated???
If your friends could use a refresher on common sense send them here! ...and don't allow the politicians to steal both your tax money and your common sense!
Everyone join in! Three cheers for critical thinking skills! Pass them on! Just do it quick; they tell us that soon we'll be up to our eyeballs in seawater!
P.S. Please leave a note about where you saw this if you're so inclined. I've had many viewers outside of flickr.com and I'm curious to know where it's being seen. Thanks
Taipei, Peace Park
Taiwan
2013
Urban Life in Taiwan
Nikon D7100 + 35mm 1.8
Latest blogpost: thecovertphotographer.wordpress.com/2013/08/29/in-transit...
Amsterdam
June 2012
The Netherlands
Urban life in the Netherlands
Ricoh GRD IV
Please do not reproduce or use this picture without my explicit permission.
If you ask nicely I will probably say yes, just ask me first!
If you happen to be in one of my frames and have any objections to this.
Please contact me!
Please no glossy awards, scripted comments and big thumbnails back to your own work.
I will remove them..
Byland was founded as a Savigniac house in 1134, but with the absorption of the Savigniac Congregation in 1147, it was brought within the Cistercian family, and together with Fountains and Rievaulx, described as one of the 'three shining lights of the North'. Today, the abbey remains include one of the largest cloisters in England, which was glazed in the 15th century to keep out the cold. Excavation has recovered 13th-century floor tiles in the church (right), as well as the only stone lectern base in England.
C. V. Raman's famous paper on his observation of the colour of the sea whilst travelling by ship from England to India in 1921 is available from the Royal Society ( rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/101/708/64 ). It is a wonderful illustration of Raman's intense curiosity and analytical combination of theory and experiment. It marks the beginning of his interest in molecular scattering which, seven years later, resulted in his discovery with Krishnan of the inelastic molecular scattering that later took his name and won him the Nobel prize for physics.
There is much confusion in the literature about the causes of the colour of the sea - especially about the role of Raman scattering (of which Raman was of course unaware at this date). It is now realised, in the age of remote sensing of the ocean by satellite, that Raman scattering does play a relatively minor role in the red part of the spectrum. However the predominant effect is from molecular density fluctuations first described by Einstein and Smoluchowski in 1905 and 1906 respectively.
It is interesting to see if we really understand the colour of the ocean under a clear sky as seen from space: The Blue Planet, or the "Blue Marble" as NASA calls it.
See: visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=57723
and, more specifically, we can look at: eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/57000/57723/gl...
We should consider looking vertically downwards (the Gulf of Mexico in this case) with a high Sun - but not vertical (behind us) since we want to avoid the 'glint' (seen in this image round about the Baja peninsula). Assume the air is perfectly clear, i.e. no aerosols and no water vapour. Below the atmosphere is a calm sea of infinite depth with no suspended particulate matter: pure water.
Looking at the western globe image (actually a 'true colour' composite), we see that the Gulf water surface appears to be a very dark blue, a colour that is a combination of the light coming from the atmosphere and from the body and surface of the underlying water. Looking to the west (over the Pacific), the blue becomes lighter due predominantly to the increasing airmass as we move away from the vertical: more 'blue sky'.
The images shown above are the separate blue (left) and red (right) channels (B and R from the RGB (tiff) composite) from NASA'a western hemisphere Blue Marble. They show particularly clearly the effects of Rayleigh scattering from the clear parts of the sky and also the relatively higher luminosity emerging from the ocean in the blue part of the spectrum (compare the sea with the brightness of Florida).
The light coming from the clear sky is almost (modulo a different scattering angle) the same as a clear zenith sky seen from sea level - which is Rayleigh scattered sunlight. There will be a contribution from Raman scattering as well (the Ring Effect) but this will have little perceptible effect on the colour we see since the main result of this is a slight filling in of Fraunhofer spectral absorption lines. Since we have assumed no water vapour, the only remaining 'selective' (Raman's terminology) absorption will be due to O2, O3 and O4 which, apart from O2 in the far red, is very small. The attenuation of the scattered sunlight by extinction is small since both the Sun and our viewing angle see an airmass ~ 1. The atmosphere is essentially a single scattering screen.
The surface of the calm sea will reflect about 2% of the skylight back. The specular reflection of the Sun can sometimes bs seen as a 'glint'.
Within the body of the (pure) water we have the processes that Raman describes in his 1922 paper: selective absorption by liquid water at redder wavelengths, due to vibrational overtones in the water molecule, and elastic molecular scattering from fluctuations in the density of water molecules. This latter effect is like Rayleigh scattering from gas molecules but includes the interference resulting from phase relationships (coherence) between photons scattered by neighbouring molecules. There is also, of course the (inelastic) molecular scattering that Raman had not at that time discovered!
As in the atmosphere, the main effect of Raman scattering is to fill in absorption lines but this has little effect on the colour. Raman scattering is, however, sufficiently important in the sea that it is taken into account when measuring sea colour from satellites and retrieving information about particulate matter, including chlorophyll ( onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1029/2002GL014955/asset/... ). By down-scattering copious blue photons to redder wavelengths, the Raman scattering has its greatest fractional effect on water colour at red wavelengths where the selective absorption by water is large and the scattered red light is very weak. It is fascinating that in deep water (> a few 100m), fish have developed effective camouflage for downwelling blue light. However, some predatory fish have developed extreme red visual sensitivity that allows them to break this camouflage by using the very weak, isotropic red light that results from multiple Raman scattering of the copious blue photons (see: "The Optics of Life", Sönke Johnsen, Princeton University Press, 2012, p198).
The scattered light emerging from Sun-illuminated water comes mostly from around unit optical depth (tau) at each wavelength. The physical depth associated with tau = 1 in pure water is at its greatest value of about 50m at a blue wavelength of 480nm. This means that there is very little light emerging from deeper than a few hundred metres. In a way, the resulting spectrum is analogous to the sweep of twilight colours from red through pale apple-green to deep blue, the combination of the scattering source function tau(lam) ~ 1/lam^4, and the extinction sink function exp(-tau(lam)) results in the green-blue peak in the backscattered light that Raman describes.
This is illustrated in the plot above which is derived from Table 1 in Raman's paper where he presents the expected luminosity emerging from deep, sunlight-illuminated water expressed in terms of the brightness of a clear zenith sky (orange line) at each wavelength: corresponding to an 8km atmospheric path. In our diagram, a measurement of the flux from a blue sky (blue line) has been shown, normalised to 8km near 555nm. The green line is the product of these two curves (with the sky normalised now to unity near 555nm) and therefore represents the emergent flux/nm of light from an illuminated ocean. The weakness of the red light is due to the intrinsic absorption of water in the vibronic overtone bands - which increase in strength towards the red - and the the blue elastic scattering of water molecules in the green and blue. I reiterate that there is no Raman scattering in this plot and, if there were, it would make little difference.
So the bottom line is that the blue of the water is due predominantly to elastic molecular scattering, strongest in the blue, and to the intrinsic absorption of the red light exciting the internal vibrations of the water molecule. This results in a markedly different spectrum from that of the blue sky.
The addition of water vapor and aerosols to the atmosphere and particulate matter to the ocean will produce a range of effects that keep the Earth Resource community gainfully occupied, but I don't intend to discuss those here. However, look at some of the brilliant turquoise shallow waters on the Blue Marble!
I used After Effects to make a 3D Hypercubus Cross, obviously inspired by Dali's famous painting. I found some fantastic free textures on Flickr Creative Commons created by J.L.Jones under the pseudonym SkeletalMess . Thanks Jerry for sharing your wonderful work, also available with much much more on the Shadowhouse Creations Blog.
I manipulated the textures, trimmed, rotated, lightened, darkened and recut them all to 1000x1000 pixels squares to make the sides of all the cubes. Well, the cubes actually have only the 4 visible sides. I took two shots with the virtual camera moving it sideways some, and came up with this stereo pair. Click here for a full screen version: homepage.mac.com/gaudel/WEBIMAGES/3Dhypercubuscross2500.jpg
I added the four little cubes to the Cross, changed the lighting in AfterEffects to make it glow, added a checkerboard floor made 3D with AfterEffects, and photographed Jesus and Mary Magdalene in 3D on a black stage. Mary was shot up close with a 28 mm, Jesus from a distance with a longer zoom. I assembled the pair on a black background, did a rough placement, and then adjusted them moving the left and right images in space forward and backward by sliding them sideways. There is actually a good deal of latitude. That's a pretty good start, and the depth is good. Click here to look at a full screen image:
homepage.mac.com/gaudel/WEBIMAGES/3DHYPERCUBUS2500.jpg
Now I need to add to it.
Since MM would not go behind the frame, I decided to leave her in front, enlarge the black canvas, and move the frame back. I added a new floor, the lighted globe in the night sky, the mummified Holy Spirit dove hovering, Adam's monkey skull at the foot of the Cross, and the poppy pod on an old mini cushion/scapular embroidered with IHS. Then I made the canvas even wider, and added Old Joseph in a polio brace and crutches to keep MM company... It became too much, and the Hypercubus Cross was getting lost. Click here for a full screen version:
homepage.mac.com/gaudel/WEBIMAGES/3DHYPERCUBUS+JOSEPH-SMA...
I cut out Joseph, removed the floor inside the frame, added a dark sky with red clouds I lifted off a picture on Flickr by , added another globe as a "Saturn" way back and a monstrance near the foot of the cross, moved Adam's Chimp skull forward. Finally, I went to South Alabama to visit family, and shot my first outdoor 3D pictures. A red Barn cut out from its background was dropped in the distance. All the pieces were strengthened and sharpened wit Topaz.
Perfect, I think I will leave it alone now and call it finished. How about a very special Dalinian title: "Stereoscopic Apparition of the Holy Spirit Hovering Over Mary Magdalene in Contemplation of a Vision of an Otherworldly Hypercubus Crucifixion Induced by the Absorption of Laudanum". Click here for the full screen version:
homepage.mac.com/gaudel/WEBIMAGES/3DHYPERCUBUS-3D-SHARP-Z...
A prototype of an acoustic absorption movable panel passed here in the early stages of development. I had to say that it worked very well, hope to try a more definitive and well finished piece in the future.
This is a measurement of the vibronic band spacing in the absorption spectrum of the ozonide ion O3- in fluorite from the Hilton mine in Cumbria. The data are from two measurements using visible (green line) and near-UV (orange line) Ocean Optics spectrometers.
The technique, described in a previous post (see first comment below), involves the normalisation of the absorbance spectra using a polynomial fit to the overall band shape and then a fitting of the period of a sinusoid to give an estimate of Delta-k = 870 +/- 5 cm-1.
A band spacing of 800 - 900 cm-1 was found by Andrews (1975, scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jcp/63/10/10.1063/1... ) for the O3- in Li and Na compounds.
This is an ISO CAB… anything less than this is a foam filled box that will not provide your FOH mixer the control needed to deliver the sound you want to achieve. Always look to A&S for the Superior Solution.
Water is very transparent in the blue but the absorption increases towards the red end of the spectrum due to vibrational transitions in the water molecule, H_2O. The swimming pool in the photograph is 2.1m deep and the sides and bottom are a light grey colour (almost white). The blue water in the left-hand image is due to this intrinsic absorption of red light.
In the normal visible colour image on the left, the water is very transparent and you see clearly to the bottom. The light returning from the bottom to your eye dominates over the image of the wall and trees reflected from the surface of the water (although you can still see them weakly)
The image on the right is taken with my Sony DSC-F717 camera in 'night-shot' mode with an RG780 IR filter. This has a bandpass shown in the spectrum above as 'Bandpass_RG780' which is the faint brown dashed line which peaks close to 800nm (the dashed red curve is the bandpass for an alternative filter, RG715, which accepts shorter wavelength light). This plot also shows the transmission of 5.5cm depth of water from my own observation (black line) and two papers published by: D. J. Segelstein, "The complex refractive index of water," University of Missouri-Kansas City, 1981 and by G. M. Hale and M. R. Querry, "Optical constants of water in the 200nm to 200µm wavelength region," Appl. Opt., 12, 555-563, 1973 (dark and light blue lines respectively - but note that their measurements were for highly pure water). At 800nm, the water absorbs a significant amount of light: 10% for just a few centimetres of depth.
This means that essentially no IR light reaches the bottom of the pool and so the water looks black: it is an almost perfect absorber. With no light emerging from the pool, the reflections from the surface are much more prominent: hence you see the wall and trees clearly - as well as the two leaves floating on the surface.
Water is extremely opaque over almost the entire electromagnetic spectrum from X-rays through to metre-length radio waves. The only exception is what we call the 'water hole' in the visible part of the spectrum where the transparency is very high. This remarkable property of water is crucial for the delevopment of photosynthetic life on the Earth since, without it, sunlight could not reach below the water surface or, indeed, even into water-containing plant leaves. The bright foliage at this wavelength contributes to the visibility of the reflection.
Since the main photosynthetic action of chlorophyll uses light at around 680nm, seaweeds growing at depths below a few metres need the presence of 'auxilliary pigments' to harvest bluer light for them. This is why deep-growing seaweeds are usually brown or reddish due to the addition of pigments such as phycoerythrin.
In a flash, the visible spectrum of the Sun changed from absorption to emission on March 9 during the total solar eclipse. That fleeting moment, at the beginning the total eclipse phase, is captured by telephoto lens and diffraction grating in this image from clearing skies over Ternate, Indonesia. At left, the overwhelming light from the Sun is just blocked by the lunar disk. The normally dominant absorption spectrum of the solar photosphere is hidden. What remains, spread by the diffraction grating into the spectrum of colors to the right of the eclipsed Sun, are individual eclipse images. The images appear at each wavelength of light emitted by atoms along the thin visible arc of the solar chromosphere and in an enormous prominence extending beyond the Sun's upper limb. The brightest images, or strongest chromospheric emission lines, are due to Hydrogen atoms that produce the red hydrogen alpha emission at the far right and blue hydrogen beta emission to the left. In between, the bright yellow emission image is caused by atoms of Helium, an element only first discovered in the flash spectrum of the Sun. via NASA ift.tt/1pma33F
I once dated a woman with children, and it was at that time that I experienced something of an epiphany. It was through observing the curious, explorative, and absorptive nature of the child that I recognized that I had long since abandoned such passion and fervour for attention to detail. It seemed that with the passage of time, things were no longer new, and I had come to take for granted the ordinary, the mundane, that which was already known, understood, and accounted for.
There is something so compelling about witnessing a child learning, for the first time, the basic truths and natural processes of the universe that they are so new to—truths and natural processes we have long since accepted (or rejected) as a matter of course. It was as though I was time travelling back into my own childhood and observing myself, for I still recalled, to varying degrees of mental clarity, many detailed memories of my own childhood. This experience revealed to me a cross-generational bond and quintessential oneness that we all seem to share. As I looked upon the newest generation behind me, it occurred to me that my parent’s generation ahead, and theirs further ahead still, had already looked behind and in front of themselves as I now was.
The child has a voracious, insatiable appetite for knowledge, play, exploration, and experience. They are brimming and burgeoning with an endless stream of questions, and they are compelled to a perception of any and all things tangible and then some. Yet, they care very little, by comparison to ourselves, about superficies. They are not yet afraid to be silly, to pursue joy for the sake pursuing joy, and they are not afraid to be themselves. There is wisdom in children, you know.
The scene of this photograph was a novelty to me. The strips of bright LED lights shifted through a myriad of vibrant colour and seemed to be activated by a series of infrared motion detectors in each corner. I was intrigued, but how best to photograph something so…”mundane?” Moments later, the little girl and her mother showed up, apparently on their way to the nearby city library. When I made this photograph, I became cognizant that in actuality, I wasn’t merely photographing the little girl—I was photographing myself.
In a flash, the visible spectrum of the Sun changed from absorption to emission on March 9 during the total solar eclipse. That fleeting moment, at the beginning the total eclipse phase, is captured by telephoto lens and diffraction grating in this image from clearing skies over Ternate, Indonesia. At left, the overwhelming light from the Sun is just blocked by the lunar disk. The normally dominant absorption spectrum of the solar photosphere is hidden. What remains, spread by the diffraction grating into the spectrum of colors to the right of the eclipsed Sun, are individual eclipse images. The images appear at each wavelength of light emitted by atoms along the thin visible arc of the solar chromosphere and in an enormous prominence extending beyond the Sun's upper limb. The brightest images, or strongest chromospheric emission lines, are due to Hydrogen atoms that produce the red hydrogen alpha emission at the far right and blue hydrogen beta emission to the left. In between, the bright yellow emission image is caused by atoms of Helium, an element only first discovered in the flash spectrum of the Sun. via NASA
Title: Technician at work, UV-634 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer mono calibration, Varian Techtron, 679 Springvale Road, Mulgrave
Author / Creator: Sievers, Wolfgang, 1913-2007 photographer.
Date: 1974.
Varian Techtron was the result of a merger between the Australian company Techtron and the American firm Varian Associates in 1967. The Springvale Road site (then in Springvale North, but now in Mulgrave) was established by Techtron and is still in use, but now as Agilent Technologies (which acquired Varian in 2009). Techtron Appliances was established in 1938 and it and its successor companies have produced a variety of electronic and analytic equipment for industry and scientific research, notably including Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometers (AAS) to CSIRO specifications.
See locale on Google Maps.
Subjects:
Varian Techtron Employees.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy Calibration.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy Instruments.
Industrial technicians.
Portrait photographs.
Gelatin silver prints.
Index terms:
Australia; Victoria; Wolfgang Sievers; Mulgrave; technicians; atomic absorption spectroscopy; Varian Techtron
Notes:
Job number inscribed in pencil on reverse of image: 4314 AE
Vintage print with the photographer's studio stamp on reverse.
Title taken from information supplied by Varian Australia, courtesy of the photographer.
Printed by Wolfgang Sievers at an unknown date from his negative made in 1974.
Copyright status: This work is in copyright
Conditions of use: Copyright restrictions apply.
For Copyright queries, please contact the National Library of Australia.
Source: SLV
Identifier(s): Accession no: H2000.195/244
Source / Donor: Purchased 2000.
Series / Collection: Wolfgang Sievers collection.
Link to online item:
handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/308721
Link to this record:
search.slv.vic.gov.au/permalink/f/1fe7t3h/SLV_ROSETTAIE18...
search.slv.vic.gov.au/permalink/f/1fe7t3h/SLV_VOYAGER1757464
Amsterdam
June 2012
The Netherlands
Tourists..
They certainly liven up the place :)
But busy though..
Urban life in the Netherlands
Ricoh GRD IV
Please do not reproduce or use this picture without my explicit permission.
If you ask nicely I will probably say yes, just ask me first!
If you happen to be in one of my frames and have any objections to this.
Please contact me!
Please no glossy awards, scripted comments and big thumbnails back to your own work.
I will remove them...
Spectroscopy Absorptions.
Conceitos de óptica molecular luz de atividade compostos bioquímicos exposta,
углерод наблюдается физическое вращающиеся энантиомеры решение разделить центры раскол,
Bezeichnen Symmetriezentren abnehm mehrere Gruppen physikalische Gewicht Diastereomeren angegeben,
προβάλλοντας τύπους κάθετες γραμμές φασματομετρία ταχύτητα ακόρεστα υπέρυθρη μάζας αρωματικών ανησυχίες,
nitroalkanes reunion carboxylic reactiones derivationes structurae nucleophiles acida Chemiae synthesis,
curbate intelegerea mecanismelor de unire a lui orbital electroni de memorare ocupe poziții indică,
combinando trasferimento di idrogeno protonazione electronegativity controllo positivo passi carbocationi terziari forme,
Efekty nukleofilowość wodoru cząsteczki naładowane elektrony atakuje mocne równowagi podstawienia włączyć,
メチル基と反応の終了は、合成リングに取り組む一般的なエーテル化合物の酸安定性.
Steve.D.Hammond.
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Local community terracing to encourage maximum water absorption into the land, reducing run-off and soil erosion.
================
Nestlé is happy for you to use this image to illustrate a news story, blog or article. Please credit the photo: © Nestlé
Christophe Higy and Philipp Gutfreund from the Institut Laue-Langevin prepare a sample for research they’re conducting on beam line CG-2 at the High Flux Isotope Reactor, or the General-Purpose Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Diffractometer instrument. They are investigating conformation changes of polyelectrolyte chains in LbL-films upon absorption at solid interfaces. Image Credit: Genevieve Martin/ORNL.
Organic dyes with strong near infrared absorption are layered onto a substrate to create organic photovoltaics inside Stephen Forrest’s lab at the G.G. Brown Building on North Campus in Ann Arbor, MI on July 28, 2020.
These semi-transparent OPVs are attractive energy conversion devices for integration onto window panes, skylights, and building facades, providing an opportunity for increasing solar energy harvesting on building surfaces.
Photo: Robert Coelius/University of Michigan Engineering, Communications & Marketing
Deep Longitudinal ~ Strike Phase
The deep longitudinal kinetic chain is an energy absorption system. As we interact with gravity, in relationship with the swing phase, we are essentially falling forward. The strike phase of the gait absorbs kinetic energy to be retranslated into the stance phase, the lateral kinetic chain.
*
Mobility
I’m wondering if the word mobility is misunderstood.
Mobility is not just about passive or active range of motion (ROM). ROM is the measurable range a joint has available. However, it is important to ask the question whether that available range is safe for the structure. The answer to that question must take into consideration that the structure needs stability, or more importantly, dynamic stability which helps keep the structure safe.
Dynamic stability is the availability of muscular activation that supports the structure during movement. It does this by activating the fascial system to create a dynamic supportive environment for three-dimensional movement: some tissues are shortening, others are staying in a relatively neutral position, while other tissues are lengthening. This is known as concentric, isometric, and eccentric contraction. The players involved need to participate in their role by creating a safe, dynamically changing environment.
Having ROM without dynamic stability is potentially dangerous for the structure. When movement deviates, or the demands on the structure require dynamic stability, and that stability is not available, the nervous system’s motor control center and reflexive movement strategies must come up with a solution to keep the structure safe from real or perceived threat of injury. At that moment when a strategy is derived, the nervous system learns a compensation pattern. This is a coping strategy. It is a necessary survival method to ensure adaptation to a changing environment. This is why I talk about compensations potentially having both positive and negative attribute
[via "Applied Anatomy" on fb]
On July 26, Ambassador Daniel Shapiro visited the diverse “melting pot” city of Netanya, where he met with new immigrants who contribute to the city's vibrancy and success. During his visits to Ulpan Habenleumi and the Dora Community Center, Ambassador Shapiro highlighted the important contributions immigrants make both in the United States and Israel. The Ambassador enjoyed interacting with new immigrants from the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia, shared their stories, and witnessed their cultural performances. Ambassador Shapiro was warmly hosted by Mayor Miriam Fierberg-Ikar, who showed him the impressive advances the city has made in the past decade in business and tourism. The Ambassador also got to spend some quality time playing with special needs children at the Beit-Guy Day Care center, and witnessed the new techniques and extraordinary care provided to the children there.
On July 26, Ambassador Daniel Shapiro visited the diverse “melting pot” city of Netanya, where he met with new immigrants who contribute to the city's vibrancy and success. During his visits to Ulpan Habenleumi and the Dora Community Center, Ambassador Shapiro highlighted the important contributions immigrants make both in the United States and Israel. The Ambassador enjoyed interacting with new immigrants from the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia, shared their stories, and witnessed their cultural performances. Ambassador Shapiro was warmly hosted by Mayor Miriam Fierberg-Ikar, who showed him the impressive advances the city has made in the past decade in business and tourism. The Ambassador also got to spend some quality time playing with special needs children at the Beit-Guy Day Care center, and witnessed the new techniques and extraordinary care provided to the children there.
Example of vintage asbestos advertising, marketed toward the sound-absorption quality of asbestos fiber. Not just for fireproofing, spray-applied asbestos materials were used in a wide variety of applications.
In a flash, the visible spectrum of the Sun changed from absorption to emission on March 9 during the total solar eclipse. That fleeting moment, at the beginning the total eclipse phase, is captured by telephoto lens and diffraction grating in this image from clearing skies over Ternate, Indonesia. At left, the overwhelming light from the Sun is just blocked by the lunar disk. The normally dominant absorption spectrum of the solar photosphere is hidden. What remains, spread by the diffraction grating into the spectrum of colors to the right of the eclipsed Sun, are individual eclipse images. The images appear at each wavelength of light emitted by atoms along the thin visible arc of the solar chromosphere and in an enormous prominence extending beyond the Sun's upper limb. The brightest images, or strongest chromospheric emission lines, are due to Hydrogen atoms that produce the red hydrogen alpha emission at the far right and blue hydrogen beta emission to the left. In between, the bright yellow emission image is caused by atoms of Helium, an element only first discovered in the flash spectrum of the Sun. via NASA ift.tt/1pma33F
The setting Sun on June 30, 2014 as it set into a hazy or dusty sky and turned deep red/magenta, above the horizon clouds. I shot this through the 66mm William Optics apo refractor with the Canon 60Da camera at ISO 100. This is a composite of two exposures: longer for the sky and shorter for the Sun and details on the disk. A large sunspot group is on the eastern limb. This was shot without a filter -- atmospheric extinction dimmed the Sun enough naturally.
This is a digitally-modified version of the accompanying Northern General image. NCL 64L was one of thirty Willowbrook-bodied Daimler Fleetlines ordered by Maidstone & District Motor Services but diverted to Northern General. Although legally owned by the latter, it entered service as Gateshead & District fleet number 2824 in 1972. It was renumbered 4258 in 1975 and transferred to Northern on absorption of the Gateshead fleet the following year. After withdrawal in 1978, it was sold to Citybus, Belfast for further service and was withdrawn the following year after being maliciously damaged (14-Feb-13).
See my complete collection of Northern General Group Buses here:
www.flickr.com/photos/northernblue109/sets/72157626362372...
Strictly Copyright: You are encouraged to provide links to this image but it would be an offence to post it elsewhere without the express permission of the copyright owner