Absorption photos on Flickr

South Korea - Seoul - Calligraphy - 2 by Manfred Sommer

Calligraphy is a visual art related to writing. It is the design and execution of lettering with a broad tip instrument, brush, among other writing instruments. A contemporary calligraphic practice can be defined as, "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious, and skillful manner".

Modern calligraphy ranges from functional inscriptions and designs to fine-art pieces where the letters may or may not be readable.[1][page needed] Classical calligraphy differs from typography and non-classical hand-lettering, though a calligrapher may practice both.

Calligraphy continues to flourish in the forms of wedding and event invitations, font design and typography, original hand-lettered logo design, religious art, announcements, graphic design and commissioned calligraphic art, cut stone inscriptions, and memorial documents. It is also used for props and moving images for film and television, testimonials, birth and death certificates, maps, and other written works.

TOOLS

The principal tools for a calligrapher are the pen and the brush. Calligraphy pens write with nibs that may be flat, round, or pointed. For some decorative purposes, multi-nibbed pens - steel brushes - can be used. However, works have also been created with felt-tip and ballpoint pens, although these works do not employ angled lines. There are some styles of calligraphy, like Gothic script, which require a stub nib pen.

Writing ink is usually water-based and is much less viscous than the oil-based inks used in printing. High quality paper, which has good consistency of absorption, enables cleaner lines, although parchment or vellum is often used, as a knife can be used to erase imperfections and a light-box is not needed to allow lines to pass through it. Normally, light boxes and templates are used to achieve straight lines without pencil markings detracting from the work. Ruled paper, either for a light box or direct use, is most often ruled every quarter or half inch, although inch spaces are occasionally used. This is the case with litterea unciales (hence the name), and college-ruled paper often acts as a guideline well.

Common calligraphy pens and brushes are:

Quill

Dip pen

Ink brush

Qalam

Fountain pen

WORLD TRADITIONS

EUROPE

HISTORY

Western calligraphy is recognizable by the use of the Latin script. The Latin alphabet appeared about 600 BC, in Rome, and by the first century[clarification needed] developed into Roman imperial capitals carved on stones, Rustic capitals painted on walls, and Roman cursive for daily use. In the second and third centuries the uncial lettering style developed. As writing withdrew to monasteries, uncial script was found more suitable for copying the Bible and other religious texts. It was the monasteries which preserved calligraphic traditions during the fourth and fifth centuries, when the Roman Empire fell and Europe entered the Dark Ages.

At the height of the Empire, its power reached as far as Great Britain; when the empire fell, its literary influence remained. The Semi-uncial generated the Irish Semi-uncial, the small Anglo-Saxon. Each region developed its own standards following the main monastery of the region (i.e. Merovingian script, Laon script, Luxeuil script, Visigothic script, Beneventan script), which are mostly cursive and hardly readable.

Christian churches promoted the development of writing through the prolific copying of the Bible, particularly the New Testament and other sacred texts. Two distinct styles of writing known as uncial and half-uncial (from the Latin "uncia," or "inch") developed from a variety of Roman bookhands. The 7th-9th centuries in northern Europe were the heyday of Celtic illuminated manuscripts, such as the Book of Durrow, Lindisfarne Gospels and the Book of Kells.

Charlemagne's devotion to improved scholarship resulted in the recruiting of "a crowd of scribes", according to Alcuin, the Abbot of York. Alcuin developed the style known as the Caroline or Carolingian minuscule. The first manuscript in this hand was the Godescalc Evangelistary (finished 783) — a Gospel book written by the scribe Godescalc. Carolingian remains the one progenitor hand from which modern booktype descends.

In the eleventh century, the Caroline evolved into the Gothic script, which was more compact and made it possible to fit more text on a page. The Gothic calligraphy styles became dominant throughout Europe; and in 1454, when Johannes Gutenberg developed the first printing press in Mainz, Germany, he adopted the Gothic style, making it the first typeface.

In the 15th century, the rediscovery of old Carolingian texts encouraged the creation of the humanist minuscule or littera antiqua. The 17th century saw the Batarde script from France, and the 18th century saw the English script spread across Europe and world through their books.

In the mid-1600s French officials, flooded with documents written in various hands and varied levels of skill, complained that many such documents were beyond their ability to decipher. The Office of the Financier thereupon restricted all legal documents to three hands, namely the Coulee, the Rhonde, (known as Round hand in English) and a Speed Hand sometimes simply called the Bastarda.

While there were many great French masters at the time, the most influential in proposing these hands was Louis Barbedor, who published Les Ecritures Financière Et Italienne Bastarde Dans Leur Naturel circa 1650.

With the destruction of the Camera Apostolica during the sack of Rome (1527), the capitol for writing masters moved to Southern France. By 1600, the Italic Cursiva began to be replaced by a technological refinement, the Italic Chancery Circumflessa, which in turn fathered the Rhonde and later English Roundhand.

In England, Ayres and Banson popularized the Round Hand while Snell is noted for his reaction to them, and warnings of restraint and proportionality. Still Edward Crocker began publishing his copybooks 40 years before the aforementioned.

STYLE

Sacred Western calligraphy has some special features, such as the illumination of the first letter of each book or chapter in medieval times. A decorative "carpet page" may precede the literature, filled with ornate, geometrical depictions of bold-hued animals. The Lindisfarne Gospels (715–720 AD) are an early example.

As with Chinese or Islamic calligraphy, Western calligraphic script employed the use of strict rules and shapes. Quality writing had a rhythm and regularity to the letters, with a "geometrical" order of the lines on the page. Each character had, and often still has, a precise stroke order.

Unlike a typeface, irregularity in the characters' size, style, and colors increases aesthetic value, though the content may be illegible. Many of the themes and variations of today's contemporary Western calligraphy are found in the pages of The Saint John's Bible. A particularly modern example is Timothy Botts' illustrated edition of the Bible, with 360 calligraphic images as well as a calligraphy typeface.

INFLUENCES

Several other Western styles use the same tools and practices, but differ by character set and stylistic preferences. For Slavonic lettering, the history of the Slavonic and consequently Russian writing systems differs fundamentally from the one of the Latin language. It evolved from the 10th century to today.

EAST ASIA

The Chinese name for calligraphy is shūfǎ (書法 in Traditional Chinese, literally "the method or law of writing"); the Japanese name shodō (書道, literally "the way or principle of writing"); the Korean is seoye (Korean: 서예/書藝, literally "the art of writing"); and the Vietnamese is Thư pháp (書法, literally "the way of letters or words"). The calligraphy of East Asian characters is an important and appreciated aspect of East Asian culture.

HISTORY

In ancient China, the oldest Chinese characters existing are Jiǎgǔwén(甲骨文) characters carved on ox scapulae and tortoise plastrons, because the dominators in Shang Dynasty carved pits on such animals' bones and then baked them to gain auspice of military affairs, agricultural harvest, or even procreating and weather. During the divination ceremony, after the cracks were made, the characters were written with a brush on the shell or bone to be later carved.(Keightley, 1978). With the development of Jīnwén (Bronzeware script) and Dàzhuàn (Large Seal Script) "cursive" signs continued. Moreover, each archaic kingdom of current China had its own set of characters.

In Imperial China, the graphs on old steles - some dating from 200 BC, and in Xiaozhuan style - are still accessible.

About 220 BC, the emperor Qin Shi Huang, the first to conquer the entire Chinese basin, imposed several reforms, among them Li Si's character unification, which created a set of 3300 standardized Xiǎozhuàn（小篆） characters. Despite the fact that the main writing implement of the time was already the brush, few papers survive from this period, and the main examples of this style are on steles.

The Lìshū（隶书） style (clerical script) which is more regularized, and in some ways similar to modern text, have been also authorised under Qin Shi Huangdi.

Kǎishū style (traditional regular script)—still in use today—and attributed to Wang Xizhi (王羲之, 303–361) and his followers, is even more regularized. Its spread was encouraged by Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang (926–933), who ordered the printing of the classics using new wooden blocks in Kaishu. Printing technologies here allowed a shape stabilization. The Kaishu shape of characters 1000 years ago was mostly similar to that at the end of Imperial China. But small changes have been made, for example in the shape of 广 which is not absolutely the same in the Kangxi Dictionary of 1716 as in modern books. The Kangxi and current shapes have tiny differences, while stroke order is still the same, according to old style.

Styles which did not survive include Bāfēnshū, a mix made of Xiaozhuan style at 80%, and Lishu at 20%. Some variant Chinese characters were unorthodox or locally used for centuries. They were generally understood but always rejected in official texts. Some of these unorthodox variants, in addition to some newly created characters, compose the Simplified Chinese character set.

TECHNIQUE

Traditional East Asian writing uses the Four Treasures of the Study (文房四寶/文房四宝): the ink brushes known as máobǐ (毛笔) to write Chinese characters, Chinese ink, paper, and inkstone, known as the Four Friends of the Study (Korean: 문방사우) in Korea. In addition to these four tools, desk pads and paperweights are also used.

The shape, size, stretch, and hair type of the ink brush, the color, color density and water density of the ink, as well as the paper's water absorption speed and surface texture are the main physical parameters influencing the final result. The calligrapher's technique also influences the result. The calligrapher's work is influenced by the quantity of ink and water he lets the brush take, then by the pressure, inclination, and direction he gives to the brush, producing thinner or bolder strokes, and smooth or toothed borders. Eventually, the speed, accelerations, decelerations of the writer's moves, turns, and crochets, and the stroke order give the "spirit" to the characters, by greatly influencing their final shapes.

STYLES

Cursive styles such as xíngshū (semi-cursive or running script) and cǎoshū (cursive or grass script) are less constrained and faster, where more movements made by the writing implement are visible. These styles' stroke orders vary more, sometimes creating radically different forms. They are descended from Clerical script, in the same time as Regular script (Han Dynasty), but xíngshū and cǎoshū were used for personal notes only, and never used as a standard. The cǎoshū style was highly appreciated in Emperor Wu of Han reign (140–187 AD).

Examples of modern printed styles are Song from the Song Dynasty's printing press, and sans-serif. These are not considered traditional styles, and are normally not written.

INFLUENCES

Japanese and Korean calligraphies were greatly influenced by Chinese calligraphy. The Japanese and Korean people have also developed specific sensibilities and styles of calligraphy. For example, Japanese calligraphy go out of the set of CJK strokes to also include local alphabets such as hiragana and katakana, with specific problematics such as new curves and moves, and specific materials (Japanese paper, washi 和紙, and Japanese ink). In the case of Korean calligraphy, the Hangeul and the existence of the circle required the creation of a new technique which usually confuses Chinese calligraphers.

Temporary calligraphy is a practice of water-only calligraphy on the floor, which dries out within minutes. This practice is especially appreciated by the new generation of retired Chinese in public parks of China. These will often open studio-shops in tourist towns offering traditional Chinese calligraphy to tourists. Other than writing the clients name, they also sell fine brushes as souvenirs and lime stone carved stamps.

Since late 1980s, a few Chinese artists have branched out traditional Chinese calligraphy to a new territory by mingling Chinese characters with English letters; notable new forms of calligraphy are Xu Bing's square calligraphy and DanNie's coolligraphy or cooligraphy.

Mongolian calligraphy is also influenced by Chinese calligraphy, from tools to style.

Calligraphy has influenced ink and wash painting, which is accomplished using similar tools and techniques. Calligraphy has influenced most major art styles in East Asia, including ink and wash painting, a style of Chinese, Korean, Japanese painting, and Vietnamese painting based entirely on calligraphy.

SOUTH ASIA

INDIA

On the subject of Indian calligraphy, writes:

Aśoka's edicts (c. 265–238 BC) were committed to stone. These inscriptions are stiff and angular in form. Following the Aśoka style of Indic writing, two new calligraphic types appear: Kharoṣṭī and Brāhmī. Kharoṣṭī was used in the northwestern regions of India from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century of the Christian Era, and it was used in Central Asia until the 8th century.

In many parts of ancient India, the inscriptions were carried out in smoke-treated palm leaves. This tradition dates back to over two thousand years. Even after the Indian languages were put on paper in the 13th century, palm leaves where considered a preferred medium of writing owing to its longevity (nearly 400 years) compared to paper. Both sides of the leaves were used for writing. Long rectangular strips were gathered on top of one another, holes were drilled through all the leaves, and the book was held together by string. Books of this manufacture were common to Southeast Asia. The palm leaf was an excellent surface for penwriting, making possible the delicate lettering used in many of the scripts of southern Asia.

Burnt clay and copper were a favoured material for Indic inscriptions. In the north of India, birch bark was used as a writing surface as early as the 2nd century AD.

NEPAL

Ranjana script is the primary form of Nepalese calligraphy. The script itself, along with its derivatives (like Lantsa, Phagpa, Kutila) are used in Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan, Leh, Mongolia, coastal Japan, and Korea to write "Om mani padme hum" and other sacred Buddhist texts, mainly those derived from Sanskrit and Pali.

THAILAND

Sanskrit is the primary form of Thai calligraphy. Historically Thai calligraphy has been limited to sacred texts of the Pali Canon with few wider artistic applications where graphic calligraphy representing figures and objects is produced. Calligraphy appears on the personal flag of each member of the Thai royal family bearing its owner's initials in calligraphy. The most obvious place in the country where calligraphy is present is in graffiti. A few books have been published with calligraphic compositions.

TIBET

Calligraphy is central in Tibetan culture. The script is derived from Indic scripts. The nobles of Tibet, such as the High Lamas and inhabitants of the Potala Palace, were usually capable calligraphers. Tibet has been a center of Buddhism for several centuries, and that religion places a great deal of significance on written word. This does not provide for a large body of secular pieces, although they do exist (but are usually related in some way to Tibetan Buddhism). Almost all high religious writing involved calligraphy, including letters sent by the Dalai Lama and other religious and secular authority. Calligraphy is particularly evident on their prayer wheels, although this calligraphy was forged rather than scribed, much like Arab and Roman calligraphy is often found on buildings. Although originally done with a reed, Tibetan calligraphers now use chisel tipped pens and markers as well.

ISLAMIC WORLD

Islamic calligraphy (calligraphy in Arabic is khatt ul-yad خط اليد‎) has evolved alongside Islam and the Arabic language. As it is based on Arabic letters, some call it "Arabic calligraphy". However the term "Islamic calligraphy" is a more appropriate term as it comprises all works of calligraphy by the Muslim calligraphers from Andalusia in modern Spain to China.

Islamic calligraphy is associated with geometric Islamic art (arabesque) on the walls and ceilings of mosques as well as on the page. Contemporary artists in the Islamic world draw on the heritage of calligraphy to use calligraphic inscriptions or abstractions.

Instead of recalling something related to the spoken word, calligraphy for Muslims is a visible expression of the highest art of all, the art of the spiritual world. Calligraphy has arguably become the most venerated form of Islamic art because it provides a link between the languages of the Muslims with the religion of Islam. The Qur'an has played an important role in the development and evolution of the Arabic language, and by extension, calligraphy in the Arabic alphabet. Proverbs and passages from the Qur'an are still sources for Islamic calligraphy.

It is generally accepted that Islamic calligraphy excelled during the Ottoman era. Istanbul is an open exhibition hall for all kinds and varieties of calligraphy, from inscriptions in mosques to fountains, schools, houses, etc.

PERSIA

The history of calligraphy in Persia dates back to the pre-Islam era. In Zoroastrianism beautiful and clear writings were always praised.

It is believed that ancient Persian script was invented by about 600–500 BC to provide monument inscriptions for the Achaemenid kings. These scripts consisted of horizontal, vertical, and diagonal nail-shape letters, which is why it is called "script of nails/cuneiform script" (khat-e-mikhi) in Persian. Centuries later, other scripts such as "Pahlavi" and "Avestan" scripts were used in ancient Persia.

CONTEMPORARY SRIPTS

The Nasta'liq style is the most popular contemporary style among classical Persian calligraphy scripts; Persian calligraphers call it the "bride of calligraphy scripts". This calligraphy style has been based on such a strong structure that it has changed very little since. Mir Ali Tabrizi had found the optimum composition of the letters and graphical rules so it has just been fine-tuned during the past seven centuries. It has very strict rules for graphical shape of the letters and for combination of the letters, words, and composition of the whole calligraphy piece.

MAYAN CIVILIZATION

Mayan calligraphy was expressed via Mayan hieroglyphs; modern Mayan calligraphy is mainly used on seals and monuments in the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. Mayan hieroglyphs are rarely used in government offices; however in Campeche, Yucatán and Quintana Roo, Mayan calligraphy is written in Latin letters. Some commercial companies in southern Mexico use Mayan hieroglyphs as symbols of their business. Some community associations and modern Mayan brotherhoods use Mayan hieroglyphs as symbols of their groups.

Most of the archaeological sites in Mexico such as Chichen Itza, Labna, Uxmal, Edzna, Calakmul, etc. have glyphs in their structures. Carved stone monuments known as stele are common sources of ancient Mayan calligraphy.

MODERN CALLIGRAPHY

REVIVAL

After printing became ubiquitous from the 15th century, the production of illuminated manuscripts began to decline. However, the rise of printing did not mean the end of calligraphy.

The modern revival of calligraphy began at the end of the 19th century, influenced by the aesthetics and philosophy of William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement. Edward Johnston is regarded as being the father of modern calligraphy. After studying published copies of manuscripts by architect William Harrison Cowlishaw, he was introduced to William Lethaby in 1898, principal of the Central School of Arts and Crafts,who advised him to study manuscripts at the British Museum.

This triggered Johnston's interest in the art of calligraphy with the use of a broad edged pen. He began a teaching course in calligraphy at the Central School in Southampton Row, London from September 1899, where he influenced the typeface designer and sculptor Eric Gill. He was commissioned by Frank Pick to design a new typeface for London Underground, still used today (with minor modifications).

He has been credited for reviving the art of modern penmanship and lettering single-handedly through his books and teachings - his handbook on the subject, Writing & Illuminating, & Lettering (1906) was particularly influential on a generation of British typographers and calligraphers, including Graily Hewitt, Stanley Morison, Eric Gill and Anna Simons. Johnston also devised the simply crafted round calligraphic handwriting style, written with a broad pen, known today as the Foundational hand. Johnston initially taught his students an uncial hand using a flat pen angle, but later taught his hand using a slanted pen angle. He first referred to this hand as "Foundational Hand" in his 1909 publication, Manuscript & Inscription Letters for Schools and Classes and for the Use of Craftsmen.

SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENTS

Graily Hewitt taught at the Central School of Arts and Crafts and published together with Johnston throughout the early part of the century. Hewitt was central to the revival of gilding in calligraphy, and his prolific output on type design also appeared between 1915 and 1943. He is attributed with the revival of gilding with gesso and gold leaf on vellum. Hewitt helped to found the Society of Scribes & Illuminators (SSI) in 1921, probably the world's foremost calligraphy society.

Hewitt is not without both critics and supporters in his rendering of Cennino Cennini's medieval gesso recipes. Donald Jackson, a British calligrapher, has sourced his gesso recipes from earlier centuries a number of which are not presently in English translation. Graily Hewitt created the patent announcing the award to Prince Philip of the title of Duke of Edinburgh on November 19, 1947, the day before his marriage to Queen Elizabeth.

Johnston’s pupil, Anna Simons, was instrumental in sparking off interest in calligraphy in Germany with her German translation of Writing and Illuminating, and Lettering in 1910. Austrian Rudolf Larisch, a teacher of lettering at the Vienna School of Art, published six lettering books that greatly influenced German-speaking calligraphers. Because German-speaking countries had not abandoned the Gothic hand in printing, Gothic also had a powerful effect on their styles.

Rudolf Koch was a friend and younger contemporary of Larisch. Koch's books, type designs, and teaching made him one of the most influential calligraphers of the 20th century in northern Europe and later in the U.S. Larisch and Koch taught and inspired many European calligraphers, notably Karlgeorg Hoefer, and Hermann Zapf.

Contemporary typefaces used by computers, from word processors like Microsoft Word or Apple Pages to professional designers' software like Adobe InDesign, owe a considerable debt to the past and to a small number of professional typeface designers today.

Unicode provides "Script" and "Fraktur" Latin alphabets that can be used for calligraphy. See Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols.

WIKIPEDIA

43.f. 2013 Kawasaki ZX-10R. Redline @ 13,000rpm by 70_musclecar_RT+6

1-12-13 Wyndham Street Races

TOP SPEED REVIEW:

Not long ago, the Japanese motorcycles were considered the uncontested leaders of sport motorcycles and nobody had the guts to challenge them. However, this situation has changed after BMW entered the battle. Its first super sport bike, the S 1000RR was not only a completely newcomer, but it was also so strong and technological advanced that it made any other bike look like defenseless scooter.

THE ABS

The Kawasaki Ninja® ZX™-10R ABS superbike combines anti-lock braking with the numerous technological benefits of the class leading ZX-10R. And it does it with rider-sensitive, race-bred attributes derived from competing and winning at the highest levels.

Kawasaki has developed a new electronic steering damper for the 2013 ZX-10R ABS sportbike, in joint cooperation with Öhlins. Controlled by a dedicated ECU located under the gas tank cover, this new damper reacts to the rate of acceleration or deceleration, as well as rear wheel speed, to help provide the ideal level of damping force across a wide range of riding scenarios. The variable damping provides optimum rider feedback by enabling the use of lower damping forces during normal operation, without sacrificing the firm damping needed for high-speed stability. The result is a light and nimble steering feel at low speed, as well as superior damping at higher speeds or during extreme acceleration/deceleration. The anodized damper unit incorporates Öhlins’ patented twin-tube design to help ensure stable damping performance and superior kickback absorption. It is mounted horizontally at the front of the fuel tank and requires very few additional components and ads almost no weight compared to last year’s steering damper.

At first, anti-lock braking might seem a touch out of place on a purebred sportbike. But this system was designed from the start to maximize performance. And when you consider the many benefits provided by the amazing electronic and hardware technology available today, it begins to make a lot of sense.

Think of it: You’re braking for a blind, decreasing-radius corner after a long day of sport riding. Shadows are long and you’re tired, so you don’t notice a patch of sand until it’s too late to correct. But instead of tucking as you continue braking through the sand, your front tire maintains most of its traction, as the anti-lock braking system intervenes until the surface improves – allowing you to arc gracefully into the corner, a little wiser and a lot more intact physically than you might have been riding a non-ABS motorcycle.

Kawasaki calls its anti-lock system KIBS – or Kawasaki Intelligent anti-lock Brake System. The use of “intelligent” is apropos, too, considering just how smart the KIBS is. It all starts with the smallest and lightest ABS unit ever built for a motorcycle, one designed by Bosch specifically with sport bikes in mind. It’s nearly 50 percent smaller than current motorcycle ABS units, and 800 grams lighter, adding only about 7 pounds of weight compared to the non-ABS machine, a pound of which is accounted for by the larger battery.

KIBS is a multi-sensing system, one that collects and monitors a wide range of information taken from wheel sensors (the same ones collecting data on the standard ZX-10R for its S-KTRC traction control system) and the bike’s ECU, including wheel speed, caliper pressure, engine rpm, throttle position, clutch actuation and gear position. The KIBS’s ECU actually communicates with the bike’s engine ECU and crunches the numbers, and when it notes a potential lock-up situation, it tells the Bosch ABS unit to temporarily reduce line pressure, allowing the wheel to once again regain traction.

Aside from this system’s ultra-fast response time, it offers a number of additional sport-riding benefits, including rear-end lift suppression during hard braking, minimal kickback during ABS intervention, and increased rear brake control during downshifts. The high-precision pressure control enables the system to maintain high brake performance, proper lever feel and help ensure the ABS pulses are minimized.

Needless to say that the Japanese manufacturers were highly intrigued and the first samurai who challenged the Germans to a duel was Kawasaki.

Kawasaki’s anti S 1000RR weapon is the Ninja ZX - 10R. Packing a lot of advanced features and modern technologies, the bike is fast enough to compete with success against the German oppressor.

Despite the fact that nothing changed for the 2013 model year, except for some color schemes, the Ninja continues to be ahead of the pack when it comes to sporty performances.

Build on a nimble, lightweight chassis, The Kawasaki Ninja ZX - 10R ABS is “blessed” with a powerful 998cc inline four engine which cranks out 197 hp at 11500 rpm.

Among the most important features offered by the Ninja ZX - 10R, you’ll find the advanced Sport-Kawasaki Traction Control (S-KTRC) and an intelligent ABS system which comes as an option ($1000).

ENGINE & PERFORMANCE:

The rest of the 2013 Ninja ZX-10R ABS is equally advanced. Complete with a powerful engine and lightweight chassis, it also boasts a highly advanced and customizable electronic system that allows riders to harness and experience the ZX-10R ABS’s amazing blend of power and razor-edge handling. The system is called Sport-Kawasaki Traction Control.

Motorcyclists have forever been challenged by traction-related issues, whether on dirt, street or track. And when talking about the absolute leading edge of open-class sport bike technology, where production street bikes are actually more capable than full-on race bikes from just a couple years ago, more consistent traction and enhanced confidence is a major plus.

The racing-derived S-KTRC system works by crunching numbers from a variety of parameters and sensors – wheel speed and slip, engine rpm, throttle position, acceleration, etc. There’s more data gathering and analysis going on here than on any other Kawasaki in history, and it’s all in the name of helping racers inch closer to the elusive “edge” of maximum traction than ever before. The S-KTRC system relies on complex software buried in the ZX-10R’s Electronic Control Unit (ECU); the only additional hardware is the lightweight speed sensors located on each wheel.

Unlike the KTRC system on Kawasaki’s Concours™ 14 ABS sport tourer, which primarily minimizes wheel slip on slick or broken surfaces as a safety feature, the S-KTRC system is designed to maximize performance by using complex analysis to predict when traction conditions are about to become unfavorable. By quickly but subtly reducing power just before the amount of slippage exceeds the optimal traction zone, the system – which processes every data point 200 times per second – maintains the optimum level of tire grip to maximize forward motion. The result is significantly better lap times and enhanced rider confidence – exactly what one needs when piloting a machine of this caliber.

The S-KTRC system offers three different modes of operation, which riders can select according to surface conditions, rider preference and skill level: Level 1 for max-grip track use, Level 2 for intermediate use, and Level 3 for slippery conditions. An LCD graph in the high-tech instrument cluster displays how much electronic intervention is occurring in real time and a thumb switch on the left handlebar pod allows simple, on-the-go mode changes.

The potent ZX-10R engine is a 16-valve, DOHC, liquid-cooled inline-four displacing 998cc via 76 x 55mm bore and stroke dimensions. This powerplant is tuned to optimize power delivery, center of gravity and actual engine placement within the chassis. Torque peaks at an rpm range that helps eliminate power peaks and valleys that make it difficult for racers and track-day riders to open the throttle with confidence.

A primary goal of Kawasaki engineers was linear power delivery and engine manageability throughout all elements of a corner: the entry, getting back to neutral throttle at mid-corner, and heady, controllable acceleration at the exit. Peak torque was moved to a higher rpm range, which eliminates the power peaks and valleys that make it difficult for racers and track-day riders to open the throttle with confidence.

Large intake valves complemented by wide, polished intake ports allow for controllable power delivery and engine braking, just the thing to smooth those racetrack corner entries and exits. Camshafts built from chromoly steel further contribute to optimized engine braking and more controllable power delivery. Lightweight pistons mount to light and strong connecting rods. Compression is a full 13.0:1.

A race-style cassette transmission allows simple trackside ratio changes. An adjustable back-torque limiting clutch assembly is fitted, which allows worry-free downshifts and corner-entry calmness.

Cramming all that fuel and air into this amazing engine is a ram air-assisted fuel injection system featuring large throttle bodies (47mm) and sub-throttle valves, a large capacity airbox (9 liters), secondary injectors that improve top-end power characteristics, and a large ram-air intake that’s positioned close to the front of the bike for efficient airbox filling and power.

The final piece of the ZX-10R’s power-production formula is a race-spec exhaust system featuring a titanium header assembly, hydroformed collectors, a large-volume pre-chamber containing two catalyzers and a highly compact silencer. Due to the header’s race-spec design, riders and racers looking for more closed-course performance need only replace the slip-on muffler assembly.

CHASSIS & SUSPENSION:

With the engine producing a massive quantity of usable and controllable power, engineers looked to the chassis to help refine handling and overall road/track competency. The aluminum twin-spar frame is an all-cast assemblage of just seven pieces that features optimized flex characteristics for ideal rider feedback, cornering performance and light weight. Like the frame, the alloy swingarm is an all-cast assembly, with rigidity matching that of the frame itself.

Chassis geometry offers excellent stability and handling quickness. The front end geometry – with rake at 25 degrees and trail at 107mm (4.21 in.) – allows light, quick handling and complements the engine’s controllable power and the frame and swingarm’s flex characteristics.

Highly advanced suspension at both ends helps as well. Up front is a 43mm open-class version of the Big Piston Fork (BPF). Featuring a piston design nearly twice the size of a conventional cartridge fork, the BPF offers smooth action, less stiction, light weight and enhanced damping performance on the compression and rebound circuits. This compliance results in more control and feedback for the rider – just what you need when carving through a rippled sweeper at your local track or negotiating a decreasing-radius corner on your favorite backroad.

Suspension duties on the ZX-10R are handled by a Horizontal Back-Link design that positions the shock and linkage above the swingarm. Benefits include mass centralization, good road holding, compliance and stability, smooth action in the mid-stroke and good overall feedback. The fully adjustable shock features a piggyback reservoir and dual-range (low- and high-speed) compression damping.

Lightweight gravity-cast three-spoke wheels complement the tire fitment. Up front, Tokico radial-mount calipers grasp 310mm petal discs and a 220mm disc is squeezed by a lightweight single-piston caliper in back. The result is powerful stops with plenty of rider feedback and the added confidence of the KIBS ABS system.

DESIGN & ERGONOMICS:

Finally, Kawasaki engineers wrapped all this technology in bodywork as advanced and stylish as anything on this side of a MotoGP grid. The curvy edges and contrasting colored and black parts create a sharp, aggressive image. Line-beam headlights grace the fairing while LED turn signals are integrated into the mirror assemblies. Convenient turn-signal couplers allow easy mirror removal for track-day use. The rear fender assembly holding the rear signal stalks and license plate frame is also easily removable for track days. High-visibility LED lamps are also used for the taillight and position marker.

The instrumentation is highlighted by an LED-backlit bar-graph tachometer set above a multi-featured LCD info screen with numerous sections and data panels. A wide range of information is presented, including vehicle speed, odometer, dual trip meters, fuel consumption, Power Mode and S-KTRC level, low fuel, water temperature and much more. For track use, the LCD display can be set to “race” mode which moves the gear display to the center of the screen.

The ZX-10R’s ergonomics are designed for optimum comfort and control. A 32-inch saddle, adjustable footpegs and clip-ons mean that this is a hard-core sport bike you can actually take on an extended sport ride – and still be reasonably comfortable doing so.

The old saying, “power is nothing without control” is certainly apt where open-class sport bikes are concerned. But when you factor in all the engine, chassis and ergonomic control designed into the 2013 Ninja ZX-10R, you begin to realize you’re looking at one very special motorcycle – one that can take you places you’ve never been before.

Genuine Kawasaki Accessories are available through authorized Kawasaki dealers.

SPECS:

Engine Four-Stroke, Liquid-Cooled, DOHC, Four Valves Per Cylinder, Inline-Four

Displacement 998cc

Bore X Stroke 76.0 X 55.0 mm

Compression Ratio13.0:1

Fuel System DFI® With Four 47mm Keihin Throttle Bodies With Oval Sub-Throttles, Two Injectors Per Cylinder

Ignition TCBI With Digital Advance And Sport-Kawasaki Traction Control (S-KTRC)

Transmission Six-Speed

Final Drive Chain

Rake/Trail 25 Deg / 4.2 In.

Front Tire Size 120/70 ZR17

Rear Tire Size 190/55 ZR17

Wheelbase 56.1 In.

Front Suspension / Wheel Travel 43 mm Inverted Big Piston Fork (BPF), Adjustable Rebound And Compression Damping, Spring Preload Adjustability/ 4.7 in.

Rear Suspension / Wheel Travel

Horizontal Back-Link With Gas-Charged Shock, Stepless, Dual-Range (Low-/High-Speed) Compression Damping, Stepless Rebound Damping, Fully Adjustable Spring Preload / 5.5 In.

Front Brakes Kawasaki Intelligent Anti-Lock Braking (KIBS), Dual Semi-Floating 310 mm Petal Discs With Dual Four-Piston Radial-Mount Calipers

Rear Brakes KIBS-Controlled, Single 220 mm Petal Disc With Aluminum Single-Piston Caliper

Fuel Capacity 4.5 Gal.

Seat Height 32.0 In.

Curb Weight 443.2 Lbs.

Overall Length 81.7 In.

Overall Width 28.1 In.

Overall Height 43.9 In.

Color Choices - Lime Green/Metallic Spark Black, Pearl Flat White/Metallic Spark Black

Source: www.topspeed.com/motorcycles/motorcycle-reviews/kawasaki/...

This image is taken from United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 6, Nos. 1-4, 1912 by Medical Heritage Library, Inc.

1

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 6, Nos. 1-4, 1912

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1912

Language: eng

Table of Contents

Number 1

Preface v

Special articles:

The medical man and vital statistics, by J. D. Gatewood 1

A plea for more liberal nomenclature for the Naval Medical Service, by A.

W. Dunbar 22

Acid fast bacilli in the circulating blood of lepers, by G. B. Crow 26

The tenth convention of the second Hague conference of 1907, and its

relation to the evacuation of the wounded in naval warfare, by F. L. Pleadwell (second

paper) 34

A study of 3,268 venereal prophylactic treatments, by R. C. Holcomb and

D. C. Gather 52

A year's experience in venereal prophylaxis on board the U. S. S.

Georgia, July 1, 1910-June 30, 1911, by C. L. Moran 60

The recent advances in the prophylaxis and treatment of typhoid fever, by

M. W. Baker 62

United States Medical School laboratories:

The Naval Medical School collections, by P. E. Garrison 69

Additions to the helminthological collection, United States Naval

Medical School, September-November, 1911 72

Additions to the pathological collection, United States Naval Medical School,

September-November, 1911 72

Suggested devices:

Modification in shoe for prevention of blisters on the heel, by W. S.

Sims. . 73

An improved cot for hospital ships and sick bays aboard ship, by E. M. Blackwell

73

Clinical notes:

Umbilical hernia, by H. F. Strine 76

Report of a case resembling gangosa in which treponema pertenuis was present,

by P. S. Rossiter 78

Bunion operations, by A. M. Fauntleroy 79

Late positive Wassermann in syphilis and tuberculosis, by W. B. Grove.

... 81

Salvarsan in frambcesia, by G. F. Cottle 82

Salvarsan in filariasis, by G. F. Cottle 84

Current comment:

The twentieth annual meeting of the Association of Military Surgeons.

... 89

The ninth international Red Cross conference 90

Typhoid fever 91

Yellow fever at Honolulu 92

Opening of the Naval Hospital, Great Lakes training station, 92

Progress in medical sciences:

General medicine. —Pulmonary tuberculosis, experiences with, during

last year; possible infectious origin of pernicious anemia; differential diagnosis

in albuminuria; observations on urine of marathon runners; alcohol in dermal

therapeutics; baldness and its cures; relationship of syphilis and

tuberculosis; present status of salvarsan therapeutics; effect of salvarsan upon

the heart; utilization of Wassermann reaction in the Navy; possible specific

treatment of diabetes mellitus; bromidrosis and hyperidrosis

of the feet; by A. W. Dunbar and J. L. Neilson 93

Surgery. —Open treatment of transverse fracture of femoral shaft; cure

of prostatic obstruction; organization at main battle dressing station; by R.

Spear 107

Hygiene and sanitation. — A strength and endurance test; dangers to

health from automobile engine gases; decomposing power of bacteria in water; epidemic

due to Gartner bacillus; bacteriological investigation of ice cream in Boston;

emergency rations; accidents of decompression; merits of low protein diet;

concerning particles of albuminous substance in exhaled air; influence of

storage and preservatives upon dissolved oxygen in waters; bacteriological

examinations of oysters; by H. G.

Beyer and C.N. Fiske 113

Tropical medicine. — Preliminary report on method of preventing pernicious

malaria; recent advances in knowledge of sleeping sickness; experiments on the

cause of beriberi; action of quinine, salvarsan and atoxyl on Plasmodium

prrecox in canary birds; relationship between Gl. Morsitans and sleeping

sickness; by E. R. Stitt 124

Pathology and bacteriology. —Detection of tubercle bacilli in sputum; method

of infection in pneumonic plague; study of arteritis of syphilitic origin;

isolation of typhoid, paratyphoid and dysentery bacilli; bacteriological

examination of stools in quarantine protection against cholera; local

production of antibodies; by M. E. Higgins 130

Medical zoology.—Etiology of pellagra, by P. E. Garrison 136

Chemistry and pharmacy. —Determination of arsenic in urine after administering

salvarsan; method for detection of salvarsan; method for estimation of gastric

acidity; absorption of chloroform and other chlorinated hydrocarbons by men and

animals; by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge... 136

Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Acute nephritis following acute tonsillitis;

when to remove tonsils and what operation to be used; recent contributions to

knowledge of sympathetic ophthalmia; protest against indiscriminate use of

organic compounds of silver in ophthalmic practice; two cases of iritis treated

with salvarsan ; a quick and easy method for removal of eyeball; by E. M. Shipp

138

Reports and letters:

Sanitary report on Hampton Roads, Norfolk, and vicinity, by G. A. Lung.

149

Recent pellagra clinic at Columbia, S. C, by P. E. Garrison 152

A visit to the Finsen Institute, by R. B. Williams 157

Number 2

Preface vi

Special articles:

Lead poisoning from inhalation of red-lead laden dust. The possible frequency

of lead encephalopathy in such cases, by E. R. Stitt 161

Loss of life by drowning in naval warfare, by T. W. Richards 166

Etiology of gangosa, based upon complement fixation, by E. P. Halton. .

. 190

Further observations on the insane of the Navy, by Heber Butts 193

Roaches and their extermination by the use of sodium fluorid, by M. F. Gates

212

The prophylaxis of boils, by E. W. Phillips 214

Extract from sanitary report, U. S. S. Washington, by J. H. Iden 215

Comment, by J. D. Gatewood 216

Damage table for physical disability in the United States Navy, 1910. International

nomenclature, by C. N. Fiske 217

Indications for intubation and tracheotomy, by G. B. Trible 219

Report on methods of administration of and results obtained from

"salvarsan." Based upon the treatment of over 200 cases of syphilis

at the naval hospital, Mare Island, Cal., by J. A. Biello 221

Method used at naval hospital, Chelsea, Mass., by F. M. Furlong 225

Method used at naval hospital, Norfolk, Va., by W. M. Garton 225

Method used at naval hospital, New York, N. Y., by C. M. Oman 226

Distribution of tubercle bacilli in the sputa of tuberculous patients,

by R. W. King 227

United States Naval Medical School laboratories:

Specimens added to the helminthological collection, December, 1911-February,

1912 229

Specimens added to the pathological collection, December,

1911-February, 1912 231

Miscellaneous collection, December, 1911-February, 1912 231

Suggested devices:

An incubator for gelatine cultures, by F. L. Letts 233

Clinical notes:

Report of a case of perforation of the sigmoid by an ulcer, in a case

of dysentery (Flexner-Strong), by Raymond Spear and M. E. Higgins 235

Plastic operation of lip, by R. A. Bachmann 236

Removal of entire fibula, by J. L. Neilson 236

Frontal sinusitis, followed by double mastoiditis; operations, by G. B.

Trible 239

"Salvarsan " in syphilis, leprosy, and yaws, by W. M. Kerr

240

Two surgical cases occurring on the U. S. S. South Carolina, by R. B. Williams

242

1. Abscess of prostate, gangrene of scrotum, pyemia, death.

2. Tonsillitis; tonsillectomy, acute nephritis, uremia.

Surgical cases from the naval hospital, Norfolk, Va., by H. F. Strine

243

1. Lacerated kidney, nephrectomy.

2. Gastro-enterostomy.

3. Cholecystocolostomy; external biliary fistula; stricture of common duct.

4. Multiple abscess of liver.

Editorial comment:

Yellow fever on the Yorktown, by C. F. Stokes 249

The Naval Medical Bulletin 260

Hospital ships 250

Paresis and "line of duty " 253

Progress in medical sciences:

General medicine. — Relation of so-called Brill's disease to typhus

fever. Diagnostic importance of hemoptysis. Acute dilatation of the stomach in

pneumonia. Reaction induced by antityphoid vaccination, by A. W. Dunbar and J.

L. Neilfon 255

Surgery. —Organization of the medical service at the main dressing

station in battle, by H. G. Beyer. The error of overlooking ureteral or renal stones

under the diagnosis of appendicitis. The incision for lumbar

exposure of the kidney. Iodine as the sole dressing for operation

wounds. A review of recent methods for the radical cure of hernia. Studies in peritoneal

adhesions. The surgical treatment of colitis, by Raymond Spear and C. M. Oman

259

Hygiene and sanitation. —A symposium on the effects of athletics on

young men, by J. L. Neilson. Mosquito larvicides, by E. R. Stitt. Sur une cause

possible du gout empyreumatique de l'eau de boisson a bord des navires de

guerre, by C. L. Moran. Organic matter in expired air. Tests for freshness of

milk, by E. W. Brown. Experiments in book disinfection. The purification of

water by anhydrous chlorine. Oral hygiene (preliminary contribution on the care

of the mouth). On the survival of specific microorganisms in pupae and imagines

of musca domestica raised from experimentally infected larvae : Experiments

with B. typhosus. On the varieties of B. coli associated with the house fly, by

C. N. Fiske. 271

Tropical medicine. —A few words on the distribution of smallpox,

tuberculosis, and typhoid in the tropics. Do mosquitoes require blood as

nourishment in the development of their eggs? By E. R. Stitt 279

Pathology and bacteriology. —An attempt to differentiate the

diphtheroid group of organisms. The period of infectivity of the blood of

measles; an experimental demonstration of the presence of the virus of measles

in the mixed buccal and nasal secretions; the nature of the virus of measles; the

infectivity of the secretions and disquamating scales of measles. A new

conception of immunity. Complement in human serum, by M. E. Higgins 281

Medical zoology. —A comparative study of the ameba in the Manila water supply,

in the intestinal tract of healthy persons and in amebic dysentery. The Rocky

Mountain spotted fever tick, with special reference to the problems of its

control in Bitter Root Valley, Montana, by P. B. Garrison 283

Chemistry and pharmacy. —Some considerations on the absorption and excretion

of drugs. Detection of albumoses in urine. Estimation of free HC1 in gastric

contents by capillary method. Detection of albumin in urine by Merck's tablets.

Estimation of acetone in animal liquids. New test for bile in urine. Method for

determining formaldehyde. Indirect method for determining total volume of

gastric contents, by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge 286

Eye, ear, nose, and throat.—Abscess of the nasal septum. Observations upon

the treatment of gonorrheal conjunctivitis in the adult, by E. M. Shipp 291

Reports and letters:

Yellow fever occurring on board the U. S. S. Yorktown at Guayaquil, Ecuador,

extracts from a report on cases of, by C. B. Camerer 295

Report on military surgery at Foochow, China, by J. G. Omelvena 300

Notes on Camp Meyer, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, by L. W. Johnson 303

Special report on the general surgical department, Naval Hospital,

Norfolk, Va. Anesthesia. Prophylaxis of wound infection. Appendicitis. Post-operative

treatment, by H. F. Strine 305

American Public Health Association meeting (abstract of report on), by W.

H. Short 309

Number 3

Preface v

Special articles:

Leprosy, with notes on, and illustrations of the cases as they occurred

in the Tumon Leper Colony, Guam, Marianas, during the months of October and

November, 1911, by W. M. Kerr, assistant surgeon, United States Navy 313

Photographs of lepers, by G. F. Cottle, passed assistant surgeon,

United States Navy 342

Vision in relation to marksmanship, by E. J. Grow, surgeon, United States

Navy 344

Technique of a Wassermann test in which guinea-pig complement is not required;

Emery technique; Noguchi reagents, by E. R. Stitt, medical inspector, United

States Navy 362

Some minor sanitary defects in modern battleships, and their correction,

by F. L. Pleadwell, surgeon, United States Navy 309

Additional report of cases with unusual symptoms caused by contact with

some unknown variety of jelly fish, by E. H. Old, passed assistant surgeon,

United States Navy 377

The effects of high temperature on the personnel of the fire rooms of

naval vessels with special reference to heat cramps (myalgia thermica), by W.

L. Mann, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 380

Detection of methyl alcohol, by C. Schaffer, hospital steward, United States

Navy 392

United States Naval Medical School laboratories:

Additions to the helminthological collection 395

Additions to the pathological collection 395

Additions to the miscellaneous collection 396

Suggested devices:

A bunk locker, a tray, and a bracket stool for use in sick bays and

wards of hospital ships, by E. M. Blackwell, surgeon, United States Navy 397

A method for use in opsonic index work and vaccine standardization, by R.

E. Weaver, hospital steward, United States Navy 398

Clinical notes:

A note on a case of fish poisoning in Guam, by W. M. Kerr, assistant

surgeon, United States Navy 401

Two cases of climatic bubo, by E. W. Phillips, assistant surgeon,

United States Navy 402

Rupture of the left kidney (nephrectomy), by A. M. Fauntleroy, surgeon,

United States Navy 404

Abscess of the liver in a young infant, by F. E. Sellers, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 405

Appendectomy on a haemophiliac, by B. F. Jenness, passed assistant surgeon.

United States Navy 407

Editorial comment:

New accounting system at naval hospitals, by Surg. Gen. C. F. Stokes, United

States Navy 411

The relations of the American National Red Cross with the Medical

Department of the Navy in war 413

Progress in medical sciences:

General medicine. — Physical exercise and blood pressure. On the

identity of typhus fever and Brill's disease. Studies on the virus of typhus,

by A. W. Dunbar and J. L. Neilson 417

Surgery.— The prevention and treatment of ventral hernia. Technique and

remote results of vascular anastomoses. Accidents and deaths from exploratory

puncture of the pleura. The control of bleeding in brain operations. Surgical

pathology of the stomach and duodenum, by R. Spear and C. M. Oman 421

Hygiene and sanitation.— The physiological influence of ozone.

Influence of benzine, toluene, and light and heavy "benzines" on the

organism, by E. W. Brown. Disinfection experiments with perautan and paragan. A

new and rapid method of bacteriological water examination, its applicability to

the testing of filtered and well water. A mosquito larvacide disinfectant and

the methods of its standardization. The sterilization of milk bottles with

calcium hypochlorite. Apyrexial malaria carriers, by H. G. Beyer and O. N.

Kiske 431

Tropical medicine. — Cell-inclusions in the blood of a case of

blackwater fever. The estimation of the specific gravity of the blood and its

value in the treatment of cholera, by E. R. Stitt 436

Pathology and bacteriology.— A study of 35 strains of streptococci

isolated from samples of milk, by C. N. Fiske. Method for the quantitative determination

of fecal bacteria, by E. W. Brown. Pure cultivation of

spirochieta refringens, by M. E. Higgins 438

Chemistry and pharmacy. —On the diagnostic value of colloidal nitrogen

in the urine in cases of carcinoma. Determination of the quantity of residual

urine. Clarification of the urine in the estimation of sugar. On the excretion

of formaldehyde, ammonia, and hexamethylenamine. Organic compounds of the

aromatic series as cholagogucs, by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge 439

Eye, ear, nose, and throat. — An operation for glaucoma. Notes from an Indian

eye clinic. In the report from the St. Louis Ophthalmological Society in a

discussion on the antiseptic and germicidal properties of the silver salts.

Notes of three cases illustrating infection of the accessory sinuses by entry

of water into the nose during bathing. Three cases of chronic suppurative

otitis media, by G. B. Trible 441

Reports and letters:

An account of the sinking of the Japanese battleship Hatsuse in the

late Russo-Japanese war, by F. L. Pleadwell, surgeon, United States Navy.. 447

Organization, camp management, and sanitation in effect at the marine barracks,

Camp Elliott, Isthmus Canal Zone, Panama, April 15, 1910, to February 26, 1912,

by S. D. Butler, major, United States Marine Corps.. 458

Sanitary conditions in Samoa, by R. U. Reed, passed assistant surgeon, United

States Navy 462

Sanitary conditions in Guam, by C. P. Kindleberger, surgeon, United

States Navy 464

Number 4

Preface v

Special articles

A description of recent hospital construction in the United States

Navy, by A. W. Dunbar, surgeon, United States Navy 473

A few general principles of hospital construction, by F. W. Southworth,

S. B., architect 523

Ventilation of warships, by R. H. Robinson, naval constructor, United States

Navy 529

Plans and description of a hospital ship for the United States Navy, by

E. M. Blackwell, surgeon, United States Navy 539

A report on the prevalence of framboesia (yaws) in Guam, and its

connection with the etiology of gangosa, by W. M. Kerr, assistant surgeon,

United States Navy 549

Diagnosis and dosage in hookworm cases in the Navy, by J. F. Leys,

surgeon, United States Navy 552

Nitrous oxide-oxygen anesthesia, by H. F. Strine, surgeon, United

States Navy 555

A theoretical discussion of the character and genesis of thermic

myospasms, with further observations on myalgia thermica, by W. L. Mann, passed

assistant surgeon. United States Navy 558

Eight hundred and twenty complement-fixation tests on 461 patients, by E.

P. Huff, passed assistant surgeon. United States Navy 562

United States Naval Medical School laboratories:

Additions to the helminthological collection 575

Additions to the pathological collection 575

Additions to the miscellaneous collection 575

Suggested devices:

A simple method of securing shelf-bottle stoppers during target

practice, by H. S. Coombs, hospital apprentice, first class. United States

Navy. . . . 577

The rat guard used in the Philippine Islands, by C. Fox, passed assistant

surgeon, United States Public Health Service 577

Clinical notes:

Case reports from the United States naval hospital, Philadelphia, by G.

B. Crow, L. W. Johnson, A. J. Toulon, and C. W. Smith, passed assistant surgeons,

United States Navy 579

A case of very large stone in kidney without acute symptoms.

Pneumonia following an injury.

The effect of salvarsan on the average number of sick days from

syphilis.

A case of extensive adenocarcinoma.

A case of exceptionally severe syphilitic Irido-cyclltis with marked

changes in the interior of the eye and total loss of light perception.

An interesting case of gunshot wound, by J. M. Minter, passed assistant

surgeon, United States Navy 584

Fracture of humerus by muscular action, by R. G . Davis, assistant

surgeon, United States Navy 585

Editorial comment :

Participation of Medical Officers in Professional Conferences 587

Sight tests for seamen 588

Recent legislation affecting the Medical Department of the Navy 589

Naval Hospital Corps 590

Progress in medical sciences:

General medicine. —Bier's hypersemic treatment in gonorrhceal epididymitis,

by C. N . Fiske. Normal human blood serum in obstetric practice. The cutaneous

reaction of syphilis. Clinical experience with neosalvarsan. By A. W. Dunbar

and J. L. Neilson 591

Surgery. — Local anesthesia in traumatic surgery. Surgery of the bile

ducts. Vanadium steel bone plates and screws. Observations on the diagnosis of

renal tuberculosis, the indications for nephrectomy in its treatment, and the

technic of the operation. Pyloroplasty. By R. Spear and C. M. Oman 596

Hygiene and sanitation. —Notes on the ventilation of troopships in the Tropics.

The structure and functions of the foot. By H. G. Beyer and C. N. Fiske 608

Tropical medicine. — The antineuritic bases of vegetable origin in

relation to beriberi, with a method of isolation of torulin, the antineuritic

base of yeast, by J. L. Neilson 609

Pathology and bacteriology. —Double-stain method for the polar bodies

of diphtheria bacilli, by O. G. Huge. The examination of diphtheria specimens;

a new technique in staining with toluidin blue. A critical

study of the organisms cultivated from the lesions of human leprosy,

with a consideration of their etiological significance. By M. E. Higgins 611

Medical zoology. — Trypanosoma rhodesiense, a second species of

trypanosome producing sleeping sickness in man, by J. L. Neilson 612

Chemistry and pharmacy.— Studies in bacterial metabolism, by C. N. Fiske.

The definition of normal urine. The estimation of indican in urine. A new

method for the determination of total nitrogen in urine.

On the determination of ammonia in urine. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge

613

Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Tonsillectomy with consideration of its

complications. Protargol in antisepsis of the visual apparatus. The trachoma

question. Keratitis as a cause of myopia. By G. B. Trible 617

Reports and letters:

Fourth Provisional Regiment, United States Marines, Camp Thomas, North

Island, San Diego, Cal., by R. E. Hoyt, passed assistant surgeon, United States

Navy 623

Marine Expeditionary Force, Pekin, China, by R. B. Henry, assistant surgeon,

United States Navy 632

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FMC - Absorption by Tim van Zundert

4

The Federal Mogul site was certainly a first for me... whilst I've been do one or two derelict places, I've never actually... circumvented a fence knowingly breaking the law. It's been downhill ever since.

Again, I am in no way an urbexer. I am an anxious scaredy cat who gets scared by small noises.

There's generally not much left, in terms of equipment or 'stuff'. But here there was a huge mound of multi-coloured cables. I have no idea what the purpose of them was, but they're certainly not doing it now.

51.e. Brake lever adjustment set at #4 by 70_musclecar_RT+6