View allAll Photos Tagged Absorption
"Flow is the mental state of operation in which a person performing an activity is fully immersed in a feeling of energized focus, full involvement, and enjoyment in the process of the activity. In essence, flow is characterized by complete absorption in what one does."
Taken at Harrington in Cumbria in 2010
Dashilan, Beijing
July 2012
China
Urban life
Ricoh GR Digital IV
Please do not reproduce or use this picture without my explicit permission.
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Cell was Dr. Gero's greatest and final creation - and the only one not technically an android. His first appearance was like a horror movie, as he drained an entire town of life, levaing nothing but empty husks in his wake.
Yeah, I like Cell's first form the most.
In "Absorption" project the ideas of holiness and darkness merged together.
Project inspired by the movies about exorcism and gothic modern trends.
It makes us think about the fact that everything has its double side and question reality.
More pictures from the project
Leica M6 TTL
Leica Elmarit 28mm f/2.8 III
Ilford Delta 100
Kodak HC-110 Dil E (1+47)
7 min 30 sec 20°C
Scan from negative film
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC
by navema
Marble, ebony socle inlaid with marble .
Permoser's grimacing and contorted stone figures on the Zwinger Palace in Dresden embody the German Baroque in sculpture. This agonizingly expressive bust of Marsyas, carved in Italy early in his career, reveals his absorption of the style of Gian Lorenzo Bernini and forecasts the distinctive manner Permoser would develop in his native country. The tortured expression of the screaming satyr Marsyas, flayed alive after losing a musical contest with the god Apollo, responds especially to Bernini's Damned Soul of 1619. The savage face riven by clenched brows and eyes squinting in pain, however, is distinctly the sculptor's own creation. Deliberately rough, flamelike hair contrasts excruciatingly precise details like the torn tongue. The bust's unfinished back and emplacement for a bracket suggest that it was originally intended for a niche, perhaps in a palace courtyard.
ABOUT THE ARTIST:
Balthasar Permoser (born in Kammer bei Waging, Salzburg; today a part of the bavarian town Traunstein, on 13 August 1651–died in Dresden on 18 February 1732) was among the leading sculptors of his generation, whose evolving working styles spanned the late Baroque and early Rococo.
Permoser was trained first in Salzburg, in the workshop of Wolf Weißenkirchner the Younger and in Vienna, where he learned the art of ivory carving, before he left in 1675 on a trip to Florence to work for Giovanni Battista Foggini, in whose studio he remained fourteen years, maturing his style. Called to Dresden in 1689 by Johann Georg III, Elector of Saxony, he executed two monumental garden sculptures of Hercules. In 1697, on the way to Italy once more, he remained almost a year in his old haunts during which he sculpted the atlantes for the west doorway of the Hofstallung in Salzburg. In the years 1704–1710 he worked at the Schloß Charlottenburg near Berlin.
Then he returned to Dresden to collaborate with the architect Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann on the Zwinger palace, built 1710–28 for Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony, where he provided full-blown Roman Baroque sculptural details; for the Wallpavillon he provided six of the twelve festive, flexing, grimacing atlantes for which he is most remembered. For the Zwinger he also provided the sculptures for the Nymphenbad fountain.
His most famous independent, free-standing sculpture is an over-lifesize marble Apotheosis of Prince Eugene (1718–21; Österreichische Galerie Belvedere, Vienna), where the main figure, depicted with the attributes of Hercules, and secondary figures of Fame and a fallen Turk are linked in a tour-de-force of complicated Berninian diagonals that did not satisfy Prince Eugene of Savoy's classicizing taste. His two polychromed wood figures of St Augustine and St Ambrose, made for the high altar of the Dresden Hofkirche (1725), are in the Stadtmuseum, Bautzen, while the sculptural pulpit he carved for the chapel of Augustus was relocated in the Hofkirche, begun in 1738. He also provided sculpture for the wall-tomb of Sophie of Saxony and Wilhelmine Ernestine of the Palatine, in the Freiberg Cathedral.
Permoser collaborated as a modeller in the Dresden workshops of Johann Melchior Dinglinger, court jeweller to Augustus; notable examplers of this kind of collaboration are the two sculptures of Moors by Permoser, encrusted with jewelled decor by Dinglinger, in the Neues Grünes Gewölbe, Dresden. Permoser provided models to be executed in polished red stoneware at Augustus' manufactory at Meissen, notably a series of commedia dell'arte figures, ca 1710–12, that are the precursors of the porcelain figurines made first at Meissen and copied by manufactories all over Europe.
His private works extended to portrait busts, Rococo collector's sculptures of polychromed wood or ivory, reliquaries that combined sculpture and architecture, and sentimental works for personal devotion. Permoser's pupil Paul Egell and Egell's pupil Johann Joachim Kändler carried Permoser's style forward into the mid-eighteenth century.
Cooled down a little after Richard's suggestion. Better I think. Taken in Eaton Park, Norwich this morning with their father's permission.
1-12-13 Wyndham Street Races
TOP SPEED REVIEW:
Not long ago, the Japanese motorcycles were considered the uncontested leaders of sport motorcycles and nobody had the guts to challenge them. However, this situation has changed after BMW entered the battle. Its first super sport bike, the S 1000RR was not only a completely newcomer, but it was also so strong and technological advanced that it made any other bike look like defenseless scooter.
THE ABS
The Kawasaki Ninja® ZX™-10R ABS superbike combines anti-lock braking with the numerous technological benefits of the class leading ZX-10R. And it does it with rider-sensitive, race-bred attributes derived from competing and winning at the highest levels.
Kawasaki has developed a new electronic steering damper for the 2013 ZX-10R ABS sportbike, in joint cooperation with Öhlins. Controlled by a dedicated ECU located under the gas tank cover, this new damper reacts to the rate of acceleration or deceleration, as well as rear wheel speed, to help provide the ideal level of damping force across a wide range of riding scenarios. The variable damping provides optimum rider feedback by enabling the use of lower damping forces during normal operation, without sacrificing the firm damping needed for high-speed stability. The result is a light and nimble steering feel at low speed, as well as superior damping at higher speeds or during extreme acceleration/deceleration. The anodized damper unit incorporates Öhlins’ patented twin-tube design to help ensure stable damping performance and superior kickback absorption. It is mounted horizontally at the front of the fuel tank and requires very few additional components and ads almost no weight compared to last year’s steering damper.
At first, anti-lock braking might seem a touch out of place on a purebred sportbike. But this system was designed from the start to maximize performance. And when you consider the many benefits provided by the amazing electronic and hardware technology available today, it begins to make a lot of sense.
Think of it: You’re braking for a blind, decreasing-radius corner after a long day of sport riding. Shadows are long and you’re tired, so you don’t notice a patch of sand until it’s too late to correct. But instead of tucking as you continue braking through the sand, your front tire maintains most of its traction, as the anti-lock braking system intervenes until the surface improves – allowing you to arc gracefully into the corner, a little wiser and a lot more intact physically than you might have been riding a non-ABS motorcycle.
Kawasaki calls its anti-lock system KIBS – or Kawasaki Intelligent anti-lock Brake System. The use of “intelligent” is apropos, too, considering just how smart the KIBS is. It all starts with the smallest and lightest ABS unit ever built for a motorcycle, one designed by Bosch specifically with sport bikes in mind. It’s nearly 50 percent smaller than current motorcycle ABS units, and 800 grams lighter, adding only about 7 pounds of weight compared to the non-ABS machine, a pound of which is accounted for by the larger battery.
KIBS is a multi-sensing system, one that collects and monitors a wide range of information taken from wheel sensors (the same ones collecting data on the standard ZX-10R for its S-KTRC traction control system) and the bike’s ECU, including wheel speed, caliper pressure, engine rpm, throttle position, clutch actuation and gear position. The KIBS’s ECU actually communicates with the bike’s engine ECU and crunches the numbers, and when it notes a potential lock-up situation, it tells the Bosch ABS unit to temporarily reduce line pressure, allowing the wheel to once again regain traction.
Aside from this system’s ultra-fast response time, it offers a number of additional sport-riding benefits, including rear-end lift suppression during hard braking, minimal kickback during ABS intervention, and increased rear brake control during downshifts. The high-precision pressure control enables the system to maintain high brake performance, proper lever feel and help ensure the ABS pulses are minimized.
Needless to say that the Japanese manufacturers were highly intrigued and the first samurai who challenged the Germans to a duel was Kawasaki.
Kawasaki’s anti S 1000RR weapon is the Ninja ZX - 10R. Packing a lot of advanced features and modern technologies, the bike is fast enough to compete with success against the German oppressor.
Despite the fact that nothing changed for the 2013 model year, except for some color schemes, the Ninja continues to be ahead of the pack when it comes to sporty performances.
Build on a nimble, lightweight chassis, The Kawasaki Ninja ZX - 10R ABS is “blessed” with a powerful 998cc inline four engine which cranks out 197 hp at 11500 rpm.
Among the most important features offered by the Ninja ZX - 10R, you’ll find the advanced Sport-Kawasaki Traction Control (S-KTRC) and an intelligent ABS system which comes as an option ($1000).
ENGINE & PERFORMANCE:
The rest of the 2013 Ninja ZX-10R ABS is equally advanced. Complete with a powerful engine and lightweight chassis, it also boasts a highly advanced and customizable electronic system that allows riders to harness and experience the ZX-10R ABS’s amazing blend of power and razor-edge handling. The system is called Sport-Kawasaki Traction Control.
Motorcyclists have forever been challenged by traction-related issues, whether on dirt, street or track. And when talking about the absolute leading edge of open-class sport bike technology, where production street bikes are actually more capable than full-on race bikes from just a couple years ago, more consistent traction and enhanced confidence is a major plus.
The racing-derived S-KTRC system works by crunching numbers from a variety of parameters and sensors – wheel speed and slip, engine rpm, throttle position, acceleration, etc. There’s more data gathering and analysis going on here than on any other Kawasaki in history, and it’s all in the name of helping racers inch closer to the elusive “edge” of maximum traction than ever before. The S-KTRC system relies on complex software buried in the ZX-10R’s Electronic Control Unit (ECU); the only additional hardware is the lightweight speed sensors located on each wheel.
Unlike the KTRC system on Kawasaki’s Concours™ 14 ABS sport tourer, which primarily minimizes wheel slip on slick or broken surfaces as a safety feature, the S-KTRC system is designed to maximize performance by using complex analysis to predict when traction conditions are about to become unfavorable. By quickly but subtly reducing power just before the amount of slippage exceeds the optimal traction zone, the system – which processes every data point 200 times per second – maintains the optimum level of tire grip to maximize forward motion. The result is significantly better lap times and enhanced rider confidence – exactly what one needs when piloting a machine of this caliber.
The S-KTRC system offers three different modes of operation, which riders can select according to surface conditions, rider preference and skill level: Level 1 for max-grip track use, Level 2 for intermediate use, and Level 3 for slippery conditions. An LCD graph in the high-tech instrument cluster displays how much electronic intervention is occurring in real time and a thumb switch on the left handlebar pod allows simple, on-the-go mode changes.
The potent ZX-10R engine is a 16-valve, DOHC, liquid-cooled inline-four displacing 998cc via 76 x 55mm bore and stroke dimensions. This powerplant is tuned to optimize power delivery, center of gravity and actual engine placement within the chassis. Torque peaks at an rpm range that helps eliminate power peaks and valleys that make it difficult for racers and track-day riders to open the throttle with confidence.
A primary goal of Kawasaki engineers was linear power delivery and engine manageability throughout all elements of a corner: the entry, getting back to neutral throttle at mid-corner, and heady, controllable acceleration at the exit. Peak torque was moved to a higher rpm range, which eliminates the power peaks and valleys that make it difficult for racers and track-day riders to open the throttle with confidence.
Large intake valves complemented by wide, polished intake ports allow for controllable power delivery and engine braking, just the thing to smooth those racetrack corner entries and exits. Camshafts built from chromoly steel further contribute to optimized engine braking and more controllable power delivery. Lightweight pistons mount to light and strong connecting rods. Compression is a full 13.0:1.
A race-style cassette transmission allows simple trackside ratio changes. An adjustable back-torque limiting clutch assembly is fitted, which allows worry-free downshifts and corner-entry calmness.
Cramming all that fuel and air into this amazing engine is a ram air-assisted fuel injection system featuring large throttle bodies (47mm) and sub-throttle valves, a large capacity airbox (9 liters), secondary injectors that improve top-end power characteristics, and a large ram-air intake that’s positioned close to the front of the bike for efficient airbox filling and power.
The final piece of the ZX-10R’s power-production formula is a race-spec exhaust system featuring a titanium header assembly, hydroformed collectors, a large-volume pre-chamber containing two catalyzers and a highly compact silencer. Due to the header’s race-spec design, riders and racers looking for more closed-course performance need only replace the slip-on muffler assembly.
CHASSIS & SUSPENSION:
With the engine producing a massive quantity of usable and controllable power, engineers looked to the chassis to help refine handling and overall road/track competency. The aluminum twin-spar frame is an all-cast assemblage of just seven pieces that features optimized flex characteristics for ideal rider feedback, cornering performance and light weight. Like the frame, the alloy swingarm is an all-cast assembly, with rigidity matching that of the frame itself.
Chassis geometry offers excellent stability and handling quickness. The front end geometry – with rake at 25 degrees and trail at 107mm (4.21 in.) – allows light, quick handling and complements the engine’s controllable power and the frame and swingarm’s flex characteristics.
Highly advanced suspension at both ends helps as well. Up front is a 43mm open-class version of the Big Piston Fork (BPF). Featuring a piston design nearly twice the size of a conventional cartridge fork, the BPF offers smooth action, less stiction, light weight and enhanced damping performance on the compression and rebound circuits. This compliance results in more control and feedback for the rider – just what you need when carving through a rippled sweeper at your local track or negotiating a decreasing-radius corner on your favorite backroad.
Suspension duties on the ZX-10R are handled by a Horizontal Back-Link design that positions the shock and linkage above the swingarm. Benefits include mass centralization, good road holding, compliance and stability, smooth action in the mid-stroke and good overall feedback. The fully adjustable shock features a piggyback reservoir and dual-range (low- and high-speed) compression damping.
Lightweight gravity-cast three-spoke wheels complement the tire fitment. Up front, Tokico radial-mount calipers grasp 310mm petal discs and a 220mm disc is squeezed by a lightweight single-piston caliper in back. The result is powerful stops with plenty of rider feedback and the added confidence of the KIBS ABS system.
DESIGN & ERGONOMICS:
Finally, Kawasaki engineers wrapped all this technology in bodywork as advanced and stylish as anything on this side of a MotoGP grid. The curvy edges and contrasting colored and black parts create a sharp, aggressive image. Line-beam headlights grace the fairing while LED turn signals are integrated into the mirror assemblies. Convenient turn-signal couplers allow easy mirror removal for track-day use. The rear fender assembly holding the rear signal stalks and license plate frame is also easily removable for track days. High-visibility LED lamps are also used for the taillight and position marker.
The instrumentation is highlighted by an LED-backlit bar-graph tachometer set above a multi-featured LCD info screen with numerous sections and data panels. A wide range of information is presented, including vehicle speed, odometer, dual trip meters, fuel consumption, Power Mode and S-KTRC level, low fuel, water temperature and much more. For track use, the LCD display can be set to “race” mode which moves the gear display to the center of the screen.
The ZX-10R’s ergonomics are designed for optimum comfort and control. A 32-inch saddle, adjustable footpegs and clip-ons mean that this is a hard-core sport bike you can actually take on an extended sport ride – and still be reasonably comfortable doing so.
The old saying, “power is nothing without control” is certainly apt where open-class sport bikes are concerned. But when you factor in all the engine, chassis and ergonomic control designed into the 2013 Ninja ZX-10R, you begin to realize you’re looking at one very special motorcycle – one that can take you places you’ve never been before.
Genuine Kawasaki Accessories are available through authorized Kawasaki dealers.
SPECS:
Engine Four-Stroke, Liquid-Cooled, DOHC, Four Valves Per Cylinder, Inline-Four
Displacement 998cc
Bore X Stroke 76.0 X 55.0 mm
Compression Ratio13.0:1
Fuel System DFI® With Four 47mm Keihin Throttle Bodies With Oval Sub-Throttles, Two Injectors Per Cylinder
Ignition TCBI With Digital Advance And Sport-Kawasaki Traction Control (S-KTRC)
Transmission Six-Speed
Final Drive Chain
Rake/Trail 25 Deg / 4.2 In.
Front Tire Size 120/70 ZR17
Rear Tire Size 190/55 ZR17
Wheelbase 56.1 In.
Front Suspension / Wheel Travel 43 mm Inverted Big Piston Fork (BPF), Adjustable Rebound And Compression Damping, Spring Preload Adjustability/ 4.7 in.
Rear Suspension / Wheel Travel
Horizontal Back-Link With Gas-Charged Shock, Stepless, Dual-Range (Low-/High-Speed) Compression Damping, Stepless Rebound Damping, Fully Adjustable Spring Preload / 5.5 In.
Front Brakes Kawasaki Intelligent Anti-Lock Braking (KIBS), Dual Semi-Floating 310 mm Petal Discs With Dual Four-Piston Radial-Mount Calipers
Rear Brakes KIBS-Controlled, Single 220 mm Petal Disc With Aluminum Single-Piston Caliper
Fuel Capacity 4.5 Gal.
Seat Height 32.0 In.
Curb Weight 443.2 Lbs.
Overall Length 81.7 In.
Overall Width 28.1 In.
Overall Height 43.9 In.
Color Choices - Lime Green/Metallic Spark Black, Pearl Flat White/Metallic Spark Black
Source: www.topspeed.com/motorcycles/motorcycle-reviews/kawasaki/...
798 District, Beijing, July 2012
China
798 is a revamped industrial complex turned hip outdoor museum featuring many modern Chinese artists as well as Western artists. 3 Years ago it was a lot smaller than the 798 i encountered this time around. A very modern, liberal and energetic environment for the formal official Beijing
Canon 550D
Please do not reproduce or use this picture without my explicit permission.
If you ask nicely I will probably say yes, just ask me first!
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Please contact me!
Please no glossy awards, scripted comments and big thumbnails back to your own work.
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Lanzarote: 8m under water, just in that depth where the absorption of light changes colours. I think, it was because the beautiful sunshine outside, that we could get the orange in this depth (normaly the first colour which may disappear even in a depth of 5m. Living sea stars love eating sea hedgehogs.
Beijing
July 2012
China
Urban life
Canon 550D
Please do not reproduce or use this picture without my explicit permission.
If you ask nicely I will probably say yes, just ask me first!
If you happen to be in one of my frames and have any objections to this.
Please contact me!
Please no glossy awards, scripted comments and big thumbnails back to your own work.
I will remove them..
It looks almost trivial, but it was not so easy to make these measurements since they cover considerably more than just the visible spectrum. For both the far UV and the infrared, I had to use a quartz cuvette to cover the range and getting a lamp to emit down to 200nm is not something you can achieve by picking up a bulb in the local 'Homebase'.
However, it is a plot that merits some deep consideration. Note how closely our own visual sensitivity coincides with the plateau of almost total transmission of light.
As we pass into the infrared, the transmission starts to decrease rapidly and we find the water to be opaque above about 1300nm — and this is only a 1cm water depth! This opacity in the infrared is not due to impurities, it is due to the absorption of energy by vibrations within the water molecule itself. The bonds between the oxygen and the two hydrogen atoms allow vibrations whose harmonics extend through the infrared band (weakly) into the red and orange. See the extremely informative website by Martin Chaplin at:
Because of these vibrations and also molecular rotations, the high opacity of water extends throughout the infrared, microwave and radio spectrum until we reach the long radio wavelengths that are used to communicate with nuclear submarines (the "ULF" referred to the "The Hunt for Red October").
The narrow band of wavelengths which contains our visual capability and the bulk of the radiation coming from our star, the Sun, is almost the only part of the spectrum where water is transparent.
As we look into the ultraviolet, impurities begin to cloud the water until we reach about 200nm where the light is energetic enough to start moving electrons around the molecule and away from it. Water then remains opaque well into the X-ray region.
The left hand edge of this plot shows the effect of impurities below about 350nm and is beginning to show the effects of the photons of UV light interacting directly with electrons in the water molecule.
The transparent visible band contains biological absorptions, notably those of chlorophyll, that are essential to almost all of the life on our planet. If water was not transparent in this region, there would be no oxygen in the atmosphere and we would not be here.
Bristol Omnibus Co's three Leyland-engined Bristol FLF Lodekkas were the first made for any operator. It did not subsequently become a numerous type. The new engine option was a consequence of the absorption of Bristol Commercial Vehicles into the Leyland empire. Eventually ...twenty years later... it was to prove the kiss of death. The first of Bristol's three FLF6Ls went to the "country" fleet and was always allocated to Bath: the remaining two became part of the Bristol "city" fleet and were placed at Winterstoke Road. In February 1977 both became part of the Traffic Pool and went to Muller Road depot.
I seem to remember that both the city examples were withdrawn and then hurriedly reinstated to plug gaps caused by vehicle and spares shortages. Note that the bus has no fleetname or advertising. From the little square "puncture repair" in the centre of the front dome, I would guess that two-way radio equipment had been salvaged. The bus is seen at the 73 terminus at Church Road, Filton (always "Filton church"), on Wednesday 24th May 1978. The bus served out another year and was finally withdrawn on 31st May 1979.
The show must go on, even though the audience seems uninterested in this spectacular physics demonstration of centrifugal and centripetal forces. It exemplifies Newtonian laws of motion and Lagrangian mechanics.
O yeah, and it involves a Hula Hoop too, I guess.
Amsterdam
June 2012
The Netherlands
Urban life in the Netherlands
Ricoh GRD IV
Please do not reproduce or use this picture without my explicit permission.
If you ask nicely I will probably say yes, just ask me first!
If you happen to be in one of my frames and have any objections to this.
Please contact me!
Please no glossy awards, scripted comments and big thumbnails back to your own work.
I will remove them..
Barnard 150 (LDN1082), is a dark (absorption) nebula located in the constellation of Cepheus.
Due to its shape it’s also known as The Seahorse Nebula. Dark nebulae are clouds of dense interstellar material that obscures the light from objects behind it, such as background stars.
Name: Anna Maire
Age: 27
Species: Human/Mutant
Abilities: Absorption of memories, skills, and powers through skin-to-skin contact (the longer the contact occurs, the longer Rogue will retain the abilities or memories. If she maintains contact long enough, the absorption becomes permanent), super strength and flight, Expert at martial arts and unarmed combat.
Testing out the cuvette holder I just designed and printed today. Upper spectrum is through the nano particle containing cuvette, lower spectrum is the tungsten reference.
On a clear day, the deepest blue sky is found on a great circle passing through the zenith (the meridian) at at an angular distance of about 90 degrees from the Sun. The precise position on this circle depends on the altitude of the Sun and the aerosol content of the atmosphere.
This experiment compares this daylight blue, resulting from Rayleigh scattering (I have since named it "Pandemic Blue"), with the fundamentally different blue of the zenith sky at sunset. Within the colour range of maximum human visual sensitivity, the twilight is very significantly bluer and has a distinctly different hue that will cause artists to choose a different blue pigments for daylight and twilight scenes.
The bold blue line spectrum in the plot is obtained with the Sun at an altitude of 40° on a clear morning in June. The detector (a Sekonic C-7000 Spectromaster) was pointed at an altitude of 50° on the meridian on the opposite side of the zenith to the Sun. The C-7000 is built to measure spectral irradiance by integrating the light from an entire hemisphere on a plane surface perpendicular to the pointing direction. For these measurements, the device was masked and baffled to limit the region observed to a region of approximately 20° diameter on the sky. The vertical scale on the plot refers to the spectral radiance from this region of sky.
The dashed black line represents the Planck function reported by the C-7000 device as a Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT) of over 25,000K.
The spectrally-coloured region on the plot is the measurement of a clear sky at the zenith close to sunset (a Solar altitude of +1.8°) with the same device. The sky is considerably fainter at this time and the spectrum shown here has been scaled up by a factor of 140. The prominent dip in the orange region of this spectrum is due to the absorption by ozone gas in the atmosphere that becomes very prominent at twilight when the Sun's light has to travel such a long path through the atmosphere at this time of day.
It can be seen that, within the blue to yellow region of the spectrum, the twilight colour is a very deep blue but also carries a tinge of deep red which is absent on the daytime sky. The ideal pigment to represent this time of day is ultramarine, originally derived from ground lapis lazuli from Afghanistan. The blue colour of lapis lazuli comes from the trisulphur anion s3- whose three sulphur atoms form a molecular ion that is similar to the structure of the three oxygens in gaseous ozone. The absorption spectrum of the trisulphur ion in the solid rock is remarkably similar to the orange absorption band of ozone in the atmosphere!
A young Sri Lankan boy drawing at an arts exhibition.
"Every child is an artist. The problem is how to remain an artist once we grow up." - Pablo Picasso.
VU, Amsterdam
March 2012
The Netherlands
Urban life in the Netherlands
Ricoh GRD IV
Please do not reproduce or use this picture without my explicit permission.
If you ask nicely i will probably say yes, just ask me first!
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All rights reserved
Apparently, the deep amber color of the fantastic whisky Aberlour a'bunadh is due to absorption and subsequent fluorescence.
The Hague
May 2012
The Netherlands
Urban life in the Netherlands
Ricoh GRD IV
Please do not reproduce or use this picture without my explicit permission.
If you ask nicely i will probably say yes, just ask me first!
If you happen to be in one of my frames and have any objections to this.
Please contact me!
All rights reserved
Amsterdam
May 2012
The Netherlands
Urban life in the Netherlands
Ricoh GRD IV
Please do not reproduce or use this picture without my explicit permission.
If you ask nicely i will probably say yes, just ask me first!
If you happen to be in one of my frames and have any objections to this.
Please contact me!
All rights reserved
This is about the colour of water, a subject that interests me. Both pure water - seen against a light-coloured background - and transparent (few air bubbles) ice have a beautiful pure blue colour when seen in sufficient depth. The layer of either ice or water needs to be at least a metre thick before the colour becomes clearly apparent. The picture here - taken by me in 2006 from a kayak near the landward end of Glacier Bay in Alaska - shows the beautiful pale, transcucent blue of the glacier ice as it calves into the sea.
Why is the water blue and not transparent like pure clear glass? It is not due to an impurity, it is due to an intrinstic property of the water molecule itself: one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms (H_2O, where the "_" indicates that the following character is a subscript). The hydrogen atoms - about 16 times less massive then the oxygen atom - can vibrate in a number of different ways. The hydrogens sit next to the oxygen, not in a straight line but bent with an angle of almost 105 degrees separating them. They can vibrate along the line joining them to the oxygen, either symetrically (both together) or antisymetrically (like a boxer punching with one arm followed by the other): these are called 'stretch' modes. The two hydrogens can also 'bend', changing their separation angle around 105 degrees. There are other vibration modes but they are not really relevant to the colour.
Because the hydrogen atoms are so light, their vibrations are very fast and, unlike most other molecules, extend from the infrared into the frequencies occupied by red, yellow and green light. Combinations of different vibrations produce a series of 'absorption bands' extending from the infrared down through the visible red and, with decreasing strength, into the green part of the spectrum. The result of this is that deep water or thick ice has much of its red and eventually yellow and green light absorbed, leaving the blue light to travel without hindrance.
The rather complex-looking diagram here shows what these bands look like in water vapour, liquid water and ice. They are all measurements made with my JAZ spectrometer.
Focussing first on the liquid water (the pale blue line), you can see that a few cm of water is perfectly transparent (100%) in the visible spectrum (up to 700nm) and only as we look into the near infrared does it begin to be absorbed strongly. This measurement was made through a path of 5.5cm of water but, with a metre or two, the absorption would extend further towards the green - to the left of the diagram. Ice (the brown line) is similar in its effect although the dips are shifted a bit towards the red - basically because the vibrations of the hydrogen atoms are inhibited by the neighbouring water molecules in the solid. The positions of the water bands are marked by the light blue 'X' and '+' symbols (the difference being due to the different combinations of vibrations).
The vapour bands (seen in the dark blue spectrum) are furthest to the blue (left) because the hydrogen atoms are less affected by neighbouring molecules in the gas phase. They are marked with the dark blue circles and triangles. This water vapour spectrum was obtained at sunset when the Sun has to shine through a very long path of air. This maximises the strength of the absorptions which are due mostly to water but also to other gases such as oxygen and ozone. The features in the solar spectrum as well as the ozone absorption have been removed from this 'telluric' spectrum (see: www.eso.org/sci/publications/messenger/archive/no.143-mar... ). The ozone actually has a huge effect on the colour of the twilight sky: but that is another story! The molecular oxygen bands have been marked with the green squares. On the left hand side, there are also some quite strong absorptions due to the O_4 'dimer': a loose and temporary coupling between two oxygen molecules. These dimer bands are shown overlayed on the blue spectrum.
Water is seen not only in absorption. In a hydrocarbon gas flame, here from a butane kitchen blowtorch, the same vapour bands are seen in emission (the red spectrum). Water emission bands can also be seen in the spectra of comets as they near the Sun. The positions of all the 'flame' bands are marked with the red diamonds.
The final spectrum in this diagram is the transmission of an emerald pebble (green line) . The emerald crystal structure contains 'channels' which are big enough to contain almost 'free' water molecules which reveal themselves here as the dip at a wavelength of 960nm.
The water molecule behaves in a wonderfully complex way, giving water the most amazing and life-enabling properties. These spectra give a mere glimpse of the full set of complexities!
Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are almost wholly carnivorous, and live mainly within the Arctic Circle. Adult males can grow up to 3 metres in length, and weigh up to 700 kg.
Although their fur is white (this one has been rolling on the soil, hence the browny tinge), their skin is actually black, which assists heat absorption.
The ultimate Yogi, the diety of salvation, the highest source of attaining a state of bliss and absolute energy for man, Shiva is the personification of enlightenment - the state of nirvana, a freedom from suffering and the transcendence of the mind to the spiritual realm of limitless joy.
Shiva signifies absolute action and at the same time He is the stillness in the movement and the absorption of co-existing contradictions - the absolute reality beyond time, space and reason. He is the conciousness which bestows bliss and the eternal experience of energy, the portrayal of the potential energy contained in every atom.
The dance of Shiva is the divine motion that goes on inside every atom and the universe as a whole - the spectacular celestial dance, the display of all movements that occur in the inside and the outside of us. Represented in the form of a cylinder, the most stable and elementary shape in creation, He sustains all creation and is the source of all energies emanating from what he represents - Silence and Space.
As described on an audio CD titled The Chants of Shiva. Author - Anonymous.
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Om Namah Shivaya is a popular mantra (chant/prayer) in Hinduism.
Its translation is "adoration (namas) to Shiva", preceded by the mystical syllable "Om".
The meaning of the Namaḥ Śivāya mantra was explained by Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami:
Namaḥ Śivāya is the most holy name of God Śiva, recorded at the very center of the Vedas and elaborated in the Śaiva Agamas.
Na is the Lord's concealing grace, Ma is the world, Śi stands for Śiva, Va is His revealing grace, Ya is the soul. The five elements, too, are embodied in this ancient formula for invocation. Na is earth, Ma is water, Śi is fire, Vā is air, and Ya is ether, or Ākāśa. Many are its meanings.
Namaḥ Śivaya has such power, the mere intonation of these syllables reaps its own reward in salvaging the soul from bondage of the treacherous instinctive mind and the steel bands of a perfected externalized intellect. Namaḥ Śivāya quells the instinct, cuts through the steel bands and turns this intellect within and on itself, to face itself and see its ignorance. Sages declare that mantra is life, that mantra is action, that mantra is love and that the repetition of mantra, japa, bursts forth wisdom from within.
The book "The Ancient Power of Sanskrit Mantra and Ceremony: Volume I" by Thomas Ashley-Farrand defines Om Namah Shivaya as:
"This mantra has no direct translation. The sounds relate directly to the principles which govern each of the first five chakras on the spine...Earth, water, fire, air, ether. Notice that this does not refer to the chakras themselves which have a different set of seed sounds, but rather, the principles which govern those chakras in their place. A very rough, non-literal translation could be something like, 'Om and salutations to that which I am capable of becoming.' This mantra will start one out on the path of subtle development of spiritual attainments. It is the beginning on the path of Siddha Yoga, or the Yoga of Perfection of the Divine Vehicle."
"Na" refers to the Gross Body (annamayakosa), "Ma" refers to the Pranic Body (pranamayakosa), "Shi" or "Chi" refers to the Mental Body (manonmayakosa), "Va" refers to the Intellectual Body (vignanamayakosa) and "Ya" refers to the Blissful Body (anandamayakosa) and "OM" or the "silence" beyond these syllables refers to the Soul or Life within.
________________________________________________________________________
The metaphoric representations of Shiva as per the Holy scriptures:
Shiva's form:
Shiva has a Trident in the right lower arm, with a crescent moon on his head. He is said to be fair like camphor or like an ice clad mountain. He has fire and Damaru (drum) and Mala (beads) or a kind of weapon. In some depictions, he wears five serpents as ornaments, and a garland of skulls. He is pressing with his feet the demon Muyalaka, a dwarf holding a cobra. He faces south. Panchakshara (five syllables/elements) itself is his body. It is believed that Shiva became a god through meditating everyday.
Third eye:
Shiva is often depicted with a third eye, with which he burned Desire (Kāma) to ashes, called "Tryambakam", which occurs in many scriptural sources. It is said to symbolize him as the destroyer of all evil and ignorance.
Crescent moon:
Shiva bears on his head the crescent moon. The epithet "Chandraśekhara" - "Having the moon as his crest" (chandra = "moon"; śekhara = "crest, crown") refers to this feature. The crescent moon is shown on the side of the Lord's head as an ornament. The waxing and waning phenomenon of the moon symbolizes the time cycle through which creation evolves from the beginning to the end. Since the Lord is the Eternal Reality, He is beyond time. Thus, the crescent moon is only one of His ornaments. The wearing of the crescent moon in his head indicates that He has controlled the mind perfectly, is the master of time and is Himself timeless.
Sacred Ganges:
The Ganges river flows from the matted hair of Shiva. The epithet Gaṅgādhara ("bearer of the river Gaṅgā") refers to this feature. The Gaṅgā (Ganges), one of the major rivers of the country, is said to have made her abode in Shiva's hair. The flow of the Ganges is said to represent the nectar of immortality as well as signify the flow of scriptural teachings passing wisdom from one generation to the next.
Tiger skin:
He is often shown seated upon a tiger skin, an honour reserved for the most accomplished of Hindu ascetics, the Brahmarishis. Tiger represents lust. His sitting on the tiger’s skin indicates that He has conquered lust and is fearless.
Serpents:
Shiva is often shown garlanded with a snake. His wearing of serpents on the neck denotes wisdom and eternity. It is also said to signify the ego, which once mastered can be worn as an ornament.
Deer Skin:
Represents that He has removed the "Chanchalata" (tossing) of the mind. Deer jumps from one place to another swiftly. The mind also jumps from one object to another.
Trident:
Shiva's particular weapon is the trident. Held in His right hand it represents the three Gunas (qualities) — Sattva, Rajas and Tamas - Knowledge, Desire and Implementation. That is the emblem of sovereignty. He rules the world through these three Gunas.
Drum
The Damaru (hourglass shaped drum) in His left hand represents the Eternal Sound. It represents OM from which all languages are formed. It is He who formed the Sanskrit language out of the Damaru sound. With this language He gave us the teachings of the Holy Scriptures to guide us through life.
Beads:
The wearing of the beads denotes purity, sometimes with a rosary in the right hand denoting concentration.
Nandī:
Nandī, is the name of the bull that serves as Shiva's mount. Shiva's association with cattle is reflected in his name Paśupati, or Pashupati, translated "lord of cattle" or "lord of animals". The bull represents Dharma (righteousness). Lord Siva rides on the bull. This denotes that Lord Siva is the protector of Dharma, is an embodiment of Dharma or righteousness.
The Hague
June 2012
The Netherlands
Former Synagoge turned Mosque in de Wagenstraat.
Even today the weak and underprivileged seek alms at houses of prayer.
Urban life in the Netherlands
Ricoh GRD IV
Please do not reproduce or use this picture without my explicit permission.
If you ask nicely I will probably say yes, just ask me first!
If you happen to be in one of my frames and have any objections to this.
Please contact me!
Please no glossy awards, scripted comments and big thumbnails back to your own work.
I will remove them...
What are the benefits and advantages of Virgin Coconut Oil to Your Health ?
Why drink Virgin Coconut Oil? (Must read) Sinusitis & Alergy, Chronic Tiredness & Asthma
Protection from disease Dandruff and hair fall
Advantages of VCO & Metabolism and Energy Remove excess fat- Obesity
Remedial, Substance digestion and absorption Prostate Enlargement, Ulcer and constipation
Mother's milk & MCFA,pregnancy & Your baby Acute myocardial infarction deterrent
Anti aging, Scars on skin elasticity, Protect & treat skin High blood & Diabetes
Cracked heel, Accident wound, wound and sore Cancer , AIDS Treatment & other Researches
Prof.Dr.Mary G.Enig Director, Nutritional Science Division,
Enig Associates, Inc. 11120 New Hampshire Avenue
500 Silver Spring, MD 20904-2633 U.S.
"Coconut oil is the important and beneficial food for 21st century . With the availability of clinical and scientific information of its healthy qualities of antimicrobial virgin coconut oil particularly and coconut oil in generally, makes it very attractive."
“Virgin Coconut Oil is most salutary oil in the world"
Dr. Bruce Fife (Doctor Naturopati – USA)
" Virgin Coconut Oil has anti virus, anti bacteria, anti fungus and anti natural parasite characteristics can control a variety of diseases "
Dr. John J. Kabara (Universiti Michigan –USA)
" Virgin coconut oil stand strong alone as the most salutary oil that you can use. It contains nutritional value and research treasure that is really valuable. I really indeed want you make virgin coconut oil as part of your daily nutrition's plan "
Dr. Mark Atkinson, Holistic Medical Physician
MBBS Bsc (Hons) FRIPHH FCMA BETD SAC DIP
(Clinical Nutrition)
Dr Joseph Mercola
(Author of Total Health Programand Rachael Droege)
6 ways for your
skin to really look young
1-Control from excessive exposure to sunlight.
2-Avoid from practicing a 'yo-yo diet'.
3-Use Virgin Coconut Oil
Using virgin coconut oil as a lotion is the ideal method to control your skin's youthfulness. It does not only prevent the formation of harmful free radicals, but it also act to protect it from free radical. In fact it is also capable of sustaining the skin from whitehead and other skin problem due to aging factor and excessive exposure to sunlight.
Virgin coconut oil is capable of strengthening the 'connective' tissue of the skin, thereby helping to stop the skin from slack and wrinkle. It contains certain elements that is capable of restoring damaged skin or preventing the skin from contracting a disease.
Virgin coconut oil not only give temporary relief to the skin, but it also helps to restore and improve the skin, and that cannot be done by any other types of lotion. It functioned to r5estore the youthfulness of your skin by removing the external dead skin cells. Virgin coconut oil will penetrate deep into the underlayer skin and will reinforce that layer of tissue. Finally your skin will be soft and healthy.
If you want the maximum restorative effect, you must choose those oil that is genuinely of high quality, free from chemicals, no bleaching and non hydrogenated. All these are available in virgin coconut oil.
4-Rest your face muscles
5-Take plenty of Omega-3.
6-Avoid smoking.
Hj.Ishak Basiran
(Mechanical Engineer)
M.Director Desaku Maju Marketing, Desaku Trading, Mudah Niaga & Teknologi Desa Hijau Sdn Bhd.
Dr.AH.Bambang Setiaji, MSc
(Expert Virgin Coconut oil Nusantara)
Lecturer Fakulti Kimia Matematik dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universiti Gadjah Mada Indonesia
Everyday drink Virgin Coconut Oil @ Black Seed Oil @ Honey- What you will get?
Relieve breathing– dilute phlegm and cleanse the respiratory tract and throat.
Ease defecation and urination – overcome constipation & uncomfortable urination and remove toxin through excrement.
Increase the metabolism rate on the whole body cells– Virgin coconut oil will be diffused on as the energy component inside the body – your body will consider stronger.
In the ileum and colon, it destroys the harmful organism like viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoan (worm). The digestion will achieve maximum level.
Reduce the condition of being easily hungry – when the digestion achieves maximum level, the body will gain more nutrition and energy.
Therefore the body weight is controlled – don't need to eat much and often.
Reduce body fat – the body weight decreases to suit the person's body.
Not easily infected by diseases – with the strengthening of the body immunity system.
Reduce the stickiness of the blood platelet – the stickiness of the platelet is the contributing factor of the plaque formation in the blood vessel.
Reduce the risk of heart attack and high blood pressure – avoid the formation of plaque in the blood vessel especially the blood vessel to the heart.
Speeds up the process of repairing the damaged cells – restore the flexibility, tenderness and fineness of skin.
THE LONG TERM EFFECT ON THE BODY FOR CONSUMING VIRGIN COCONUT OIL
Reduce the cholesterol level – it does not contain cholesterol. Therefore it is the best alternative to other oils that have high high cholesterol level.
Control diabetes - the pancreas is more efficient to secrete insulin while the cell work more efficiently to diffuse the needed sugar.
Overcome degenerative disease and old age problem - the natural anti oxidant in virgin coconut oil is the free radical formation obstructer.
Does not increase the stickiness level of platelet in the blood – overcome plaque formation in the vessel which is the factor of heart attack.
The body is more resistant to diseases because VCO has anti virus, anti bacteria, anti fungus and anti protozoan agents.
Restore the flexibility, softness of skin – it speeds up the process of building new cells, besides protecting it from ultra violet radiation.
Stimulate new hair growth and guard against dandruff –the hair cell will gain adequate energy and nutrients for maximum growth.
Prevent allergy – virgin coconut oil acts as an anti histamine agent.
Prevent the risk of cancer disease – virgin coconut oil destroys the presence of any pathogen. Therefore leucocytes can act maximally destroy the cancer cells, because the leucocytes is not capable of attacking the pathogen organisms.
Overcome snoring – because the respiratory tract and uvula will be flexible and elastic due to the existence of new cells.
As a Source of Food, Energy and Health
VIRGIN COCONUT OIL
Ø Does not burden the pancreas
Ø Medium Chain Fatty Acid (MCFA – easily digested)
Ø Digested by only the saliva enzyme and in stomach (very good for those who have digestive disorder, metabolic problem, premature infant that the body system is under growth.
Ø Transmitted to the liver producing maximum energy.
Ø Produce instant energy. It can pass through the membrane cell of mitochondria without the enzyme.
Ø Cells become efficient.
Ø Act to prevent the formation of free radical.
Ø The poisonous trans fatty acid that destroy the body system is not produced.
Ø No cholesterol.
Ø Contain about 45-55 % of lauric acid.
Ø Have antivirus, antibacterial, antifungal, anti protozoan properties.
Ø On skin, it acts as the additional shield against the dangerous ultra violet (UV) radiation (longer skin's youthfulness) and prevent from the bacterial infection (prevent skin disease infection) besides speeding up the formation of new cells (flexibility and softness of skin is more obvious.
Ø Acts as anti cancer and anti histamine (prevent allergy).
Ø Increase metabolism. (Cells have more energy, makethem more efficient).
Ø Improve endurance.
Ø Improve the digestive system. (will not easily get hungry, no need to eat much and the body weight is controlled naturally).
Ø Improve the digestion of vitamins and minerals (good for old folks).
VEGETABLE OIL
Ø Burdening to the pancreas.
Ø Long Chain Fatty Acid ( only certain LCFA can be digested)
Ø Need pancreatic enzyme and various enzymes to be broken down into small units.
Ø It needs specific enzyme to enable it to permeate mitochondria membrane cell - thus it generates energy slower than Virgin Coconut Oil.
Ø Cells not efficient.
Ø Free radical is easily formed.
Ø It is being processed through deodorization, bleaching, dehydrogenation, which in the process, produces trans fatty acid that is known to be harmful to the human body.
Ø Contain cholesterol.
Ø Almost no beneficial acid.
ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION PREVENTION
As explain earlier, coconut oil does not increase the blood cholesterol level or triglyceride level or excessive blood clot. It even stimulate the metabolism, thereby lowering the cholesterol level. Research result from 1970 to 1980 showed that coconut oil is good for the heart although at that time the unsaturated fat is blamed for increasing the risk of myocardial infarction. It is proven that taking coconut oil greatly influence towards the decline in the risk of myocardial infarction compared with other edible oil. Coconut oil can also reduce the accumulation of body fat, increasing lifespan, lessen blood clot formation, reduce free radicals in the cells, reduce the cholesterol level in the blood and heart, adding antioxidant in the cells and reduce the possibility of acute myocardial infarction of the society. By consuming coconut oil the risk of heart attack can be reduced.
Based on this evidence coconut oil therefore is good for the heart or at least harmless to the heart. However it is a fact that coconut oil is not only harmless but play an important role in fighting against acute myocardial infarction. Because of its extraordinary role, it is expected to become a new weapon in fighting against acute myocardial infarction.
ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND HYPERTENSION
To understand how coconut oil can help prevent acute myocardial infarction, we must possess the basic knowledge of how a heart disease develop. Acute myocardial infarction is caused by the hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) that happened as a result of plaque formation. Most people say atherosclerosis is caused by too much cholesterol in the blood. This idea call cholesterol hypothesis or lipid from acute myocardial infarction. Presently this idea still is widely spread in popular media by the Soya bean industries, in fact this theory is already obsolete, with the clinical observation and academic research it had been displaced by the response to injury hypothesis.
What causes the formation of plaque and atherosclerosis to develop? Generally it is always thought that hardening of the vein is usually associated with cholesterol. However cholesterol does not only stay freely in the blood vessels but can settle abruptly anywhere in the vessel. Cholesterol is used by the body to patch and repair wounds on the wall of blood vessels. In fact cholesterol is not really required for the formation of plaque in the atherosclerosis. Contrary to popular belief, the key component of blood vessel plaque is not cholesterol but protein especially the network of wounds. Several blood vessels that suffer atherosclerosis contain a small amount of cholesterol or none at all. According to response to injury hypothesis, part of the atherosclerosis develop as a result of wound on the inner wall of the blood vessel. Wound can happen due several reasons such as poisoning, free radicals, virus or bacteria. If the cause of the wound is not removed, it will cause further damage and as long as the complication and inflammation continue, the network will continue developing. Blood coagulant protein called platelets circulate freely in the blood. When it meets the wound it will become sticky and stick with one another in the damaged network to facilitate remedy. This is how blood clot is form. Wound from whatever source will trigger the platelet to coagulate and the cells in the blood vessel will release element to stimulate the growth of muscle cells in the wall. A complex combination of network wound, platelet, calcium, cholesterol and triglyceride work together to cure the wound. Therefore from the fiber network, it is clear that not only cholesterol that form the basic element in plaque. Calcium accumulation in plaque caused the hardening of blood vessel and this is the characteristic of atherosclerosis.
Contrary to popular belief, plaque does not only stick to the internal wall along the blood vessel just like mud does in the garden hose. But plaque grow inside the wall of a blood vessel, and it is part of the wall. The wall of a blood vessel is surrounded by a layer of strong muscle fiber coiling around it to prevent the plaque from spreading. Because plaques grow and developed, but it is unable to propagate outwards, it therefore presses inwards and close the vessel passage, narrowing down the bloodstream and restricting the blood flow.
Platelets gather around the wound to form blood clot. It seals the vent of the damage tube. But if the blood is inclined to clot, it will finally obstruct the blood flow. Finally the vessel narrowed down by the plaque will because clog by the blood clot and this in turn will stop the blood flow. If this happen to the coronary vessel it is known as heart attack. If it happened to carotid vessel going to the brain, the result is what is called stroke. Atherosclerosis cause acute myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular interference.
PROSTATE ENLARGEMENT
Generally adult male has risk in attack prostate disruption during his life. Most common prostate disruption is benign prostaic hyperplasia (BHP) or prostate enlargement. Almost 50% old man among 40-59 year and 90% people those aged between 70-80 year stricken phenomenon BHP. The disease distributed when someone ageing. Is known that lifestyle plays a vital role happened this BHP, and it make main problem in western country. Man who lives in developed country who are less advanced where local food production and consumption usually has been undisturbed by this disease. Yet disease actual cause BHP this not yet leak. Theory most popular concentrate to male hormone dihydrostestosterone (DHT) as his cause. Believed that when we ageing greater testerone are transformed into collected DHT in prostate. Affairs this resulted prostate grow, and it pressing urethra, (fund whereby urine flowing) and bladder until cause often urinate and interference urinate, especially at night, this situation often in knit with gland inflammation. Although it is not cancer ailment, but that potential as upholder happen this disease, (cancer).
Medical that reasonable to BHP is by prevent change testerone become DHT. Finasteride is a medicine function by this way and has proven effective. Herb medication popular and are believed get prevent poisonous influence DHT's formation that excess is saw palmetto. This subtropical climate can found in American region South-East. Indian's person indigenous Florida and his early people use berries and this crop as medicine people to cure disruption reproduction, or vessel disease urinate and influenza. To woman are used to mother's milk and defuse menstruation painful.
Present research that saw palmetto berries powerfully effective in lessen disruption BHP. Relatively proscar (BHP's drug that many formulation), saw palmetto more effective in defuse prostate phenomenon. Lot of scrutiny have pointed out that saw palmetto powerfully effective almost 90% to menstrual period among week 4 to week 6 . Instead proscar only effective in defuse his phenomenon less 37% after drug taking during per years. Convince that saw palmetto had no side effects. Instead proscar may cause impotency, desire decline (libido) sexual and disabled birth. Saw palmetto have solicited his reputation among the physicians alternative health and conventional as a effective medication to BPH. It make a herb has been admitted by conventional medication as secure and effective.
Medication influences saw palmetto can be found especially from fat tamarind in berry. Attract to be observed that saw palmetto make cluster palm and berries and it make among coconut species. Obtain many fat tamarind to saw palmetto berries make similar MCFA with MCFA in coconut. Dr Jon Kabara, biochemist fat (lipid), declared that fat tamarind saw palmetto barriers cope pursue formation DHT hormone. Then be also with fat tamarind to coconut oil. A conclusion is necessarily equal coconut oil effective it even more effective in preventing and cure BPH like extract saw palmetto.
DIABETES DISEASE. (DIABETES)
Among a number of modern society diseases is diabetes. This disease have increased less from a century ago to the need serious attention. Now diabetes become sixth-largest killer in America. Diabetes does not just cause death but can cause other disease such as kidney pain, acute myocardial infarction, high-blood-pressure, stroke, cataract, nerve damage, hearing loss and blindness. Calculated that 45% risky inhabitants this disease (diabetes).
By easier diabetes are disease that related with sugar inside the body in whose know as blood sugar or blood glucose. Every cell inside body should get glucose to spur metabolic. Cell use glucose to strengthen growth process and recovery. When eat food, digestive system change a lot of food become glucose then free in bloodstream. Hormone insulin, issued by gland pancreas, arrange glucose from the blood to be channeled into the cell until operational as fuel. If cell not get glucose total that sufficient cell will become 'hunger' and finally will die. To this moment, network and organs of the body will suffer damage. That is really happened to the diabetes patient.
There are two types diabetes, namely diabetes type I and diabetes type II. Diabetes type I sometimes considered as diabetes youth, namely diabetes which had been dependent insulin. Diabetes this type is ordinary originated during child and it is because by incapacity pancreas to issue total insulin needed by person. While diabetes type II also known as diabetes who do not rely to insulin. Diabetes this kind only occurred when person already adult and it happen because cell not able to absorb normal rate insulin issued by pancreas. In these circumstances insulin may regard as key to a key mango to singles door. Insulin with role as key, open mango key (enter into the cell) and then open the gate to facilitate glucose enter. If his mango's key make from material that are not quality and it damage, key is no longer function, door will not be able to open. This happens to sufferer diabetes tipe II. Insulin available cannot longer open the gate because his mango's key damaged. To both type diabetes this glucose level in the blood increase whereas his cell malfunction.
To diabetes tipe I pancreas not able to produce insulin rate that adequate to deliver glucose ply to all cells inside body. The treatment is with make insulin injection once or more a day with sugar low nutrition table that the tight. Was reported that around 90% sufferer diabetes have been from tipe II and 85% from it caused by obesity. This both tipe diabetes, diet very important whether to patient that stay to the moment disease start though in his handling. While type of food eaten also really influence patient either it enhance or protect
A interesting facts, persons that stay in the archipelago Pacific who practice traditional diet never reportedly catch diabetes ill. Yet when them leave his natural food and replace him with westernized food, all manner type of disease come, and in about is diabetes. For example what that happened in Nautu Island people in South-pacific. During their centuries just rely to food based upon on banana, tuber and coconut.
Yet after being found in their earth phosphate patching his revenue bring to prosperity and their changing lifestyles, majority of the population replace banana, tuber and coconut with food from fine powder, sugar and vegetable oil that while his process already experienced many modify. Consequently emerge disease have never seem before it like diabetes and others. Reportedly World Health Organization (WHO), almost half Nautu's Island urban population that age 30-64 years get diabetes disease.
Doctors have successfully helped patients to operate diabetes with organize patient practice low-fat diet, high carbohydrate. Through diet they get limit fat intake until 30% calorie. Complex carbohydrates as perfect grain and vegetables comprise from 50% to 60% calorie. Medium carbohydrate as fine powder and sugar should avoid. This is because carbohydrate pay tension that not duly to pancreas and this will increase in blood sugar to level that jeopardizes. Reason to fat reduction and also sweet food are gaining body weight reduction. This is because body weight problem is main cause diabetes. In addition other reason to low-fat diet is reduce the acute myocardial infarction risk that general effect from diabetes illness.
Lastly, researchers has shown that flute vegetable oil excessive recruitment cause disease diabetes. This matter was strengthen with a proof study to on animal where it have successfully raised diabetes with only feeding fat content poly unsaturated fat that substantial. Then with only limiting fat intake, that animals has undergone remedial from his disease (diabetes). In a conclusion powerfully effective low-fat diet in the handling diabetes.
Latest suggestion is lessen or limit all fats. Unsaturated mono fat as olive oil, subtly influence diabetes, then approved use at reasonable rates. Yet because all fats including high olive oil caloric content, then his recruitment not are encouraged. However seem unsaturated poly oil classified oil as problem occur. This scrutiny shows that when unsaturated poly fat from diet enclose in cellular arrangement, cell ability to get disturbed glucose. In other words 'mango key' to cell open the gate supply glucose to be entered aggravate his state when too much unsaturated poly oil in take in food. Then insulin not afford open the gate. Unsaturated poly fat oxidizable easily and destroyed by free radicals. With all type of fat, including unsaturated poly oil, used as obstacle hedge supply membrane cell. Unsaturated poly fat oxidizable in membrane cell can influence by detrimental his cellular function, including his ability in permit hormone, glucose and other substance to flow into and outwards his cell. Then thereof, diet high to vegetable unsaturated poly oil distillation increase diabetes. Diet low to oil will help dispel his symptom because all fat potential to increase body weight. Then would be excellent to avoiding him.
In this regard still there fat which can be eaten by diabetes sufferer without foreboding. The fat is coconut oil. Coconut oil not cause diabetes and it get help arrange blood sugar, felled at lessen influence diabetes. Nautu's people take many coconut oil during several generations and was never found diabetes, yet when they replace with eating from other oil his result is disaster.
Attractive one item of coconut oil not claim enzyme production insulin from pancreas. With reduction to process inside the body during lunch time, whereas insulin was still being taken out with many, then would facilitate organs of the body function more efficient. Coconut oil also help give energy to cell because it have been absorbed easily without need enzyme or insulin. Coconut oil has proven can improve secretion insulin and blood glucose. Coconut oil to improving food and improve action and insulin capacity send glucose repeat among cell, when compared with other oil.
In Journal of the Indian Medicine Association reports that diabetes type II in India have increased when person neglect oil traditional, because more selective vegetable unsaturated poly oil that has promoted “good for the heart”. The authors having commentary on the relationship between unsaturated poly oil with diabetes and organize enhance consumption coconut oil as method to prevent diabetes.
A diabetes consequence are diminished energy that related with incapacity cell to get glucose that is required. Without glucose to strengthen cellular activity, metabolic becomes slow and all body fell weak.
Athletic were organized as a method to help diabetes sufferer operate in blood sugar. The reason why beneficial athletic is that it enhance metabolic. Faster metabolic amount will stimulate insulin production increase that is required and enhance glucose absorption in cells. Therefore it can help diabetes sufferer type I though diabetes sufferer type II.
Coconut oil can also increase metabolic amount that cause body fire more calories that mean will add body weight reduction. Therefore decrease body weight can do with only increasing coconut oil into the food. MCFA to coconut oil mail directly to heart are transformed into energy instead of inside the body as fat network.
Diabetes sufferer as good it avoiding consumption all fats, except coconut oil, because it get help stabilize blood glucose rate and help lessen excess body weight. Not extreme if reputedly that coconut oil is as good oil it eaten diabetes sufferer.
Ulcer and Constipation
Some of the ulcers are usually caused by Herpes virus simplex type 2. It will attack when the person's immunity is low such as during fever, cold, diabetes, when menstruating, stress and others, while constipation is caused by lack water, fiber, drug/chemical reaction, incorrect toilet habit, cancer of the intestine, after operation or pregnancy.
Generally by taking Virgin Coconut Oil it will ease the pain, besides reducing inflammation and swelling of the ulcer sufferer. The high content of lauric and capric acid in virgin coconut oil (with antimicrobial characteristics) help to enhance the body's resistance besides acting as an antibiotic in the body. For those suffering from constipation, Virgin Coconut Oil can ease the bowel and help to treat internal wound such as pile.
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Quinine in tonic water. This shows the absorption to both the first and second singlet electronic states and the fluorescence from the lowest vibrational level of the first excited state.
Discovered by Sir John Herschel in 1845 (Herschel, J.F.W., Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London (1845) 133:143–145), quinine was the first fluorophore to be discovered.
IR HDR. IR converted Canon Rebel XTi. AEB +/-2 total of 3 exposures processed with Photomatix. Levels adjusted in PSE.
High Dynamic Range (HDR)
High-dynamic-range imaging (HDRI) is a high dynamic range (HDR) technique used in imaging and photography to reproduce a greater dynamic range of luminosity than is possible with standard digital imaging or photographic techniques. The aim is to present a similar range of luminance to that experienced through the human visual system. The human eye, through adaptation of the iris and other methods, adjusts constantly to adapt to a broad range of luminance present in the environment. The brain continuously interprets this information so that a viewer can see in a wide range of light conditions.
HDR images can represent a greater range of luminance levels than can be achieved using more 'traditional' methods, such as many real-world scenes containing very bright, direct sunlight to extreme shade, or very faint nebulae. This is often achieved by capturing and then combining several different, narrower range, exposures of the same subject matter. Non-HDR cameras take photographs with a limited exposure range, referred to as LDR, resulting in the loss of detail in highlights or shadows.
The two primary types of HDR images are computer renderings and images resulting from merging multiple low-dynamic-range (LDR) or standard-dynamic-range (SDR) photographs. HDR images can also be acquired using special image sensors, such as an oversampled binary image sensor.
Due to the limitations of printing and display contrast, the extended luminosity range of an HDR image has to be compressed to be made visible. The method of rendering an HDR image to a standard monitor or printing device is called tone mapping. This method reduces the overall contrast of an HDR image to facilitate display on devices or printouts with lower dynamic range, and can be applied to produce images with preserved local contrast (or exaggerated for artistic effect).
In photography, dynamic range is measured in exposure value (EV) differences (known as stops). An increase of one EV, or 'one stop', represents a doubling of the amount of light. Conversely, a decrease of one EV represents a halving of the amount of light. Therefore, revealing detail in the darkest of shadows requires high exposures, while preserving detail in very bright situations requires very low exposures. Most cameras cannot provide this range of exposure values within a single exposure, due to their low dynamic range. High-dynamic-range photographs are generally achieved by capturing multiple standard-exposure images, often using exposure bracketing, and then later merging them into a single HDR image, usually within a photo manipulation program). Digital images are often encoded in a camera's raw image format, because 8-bit JPEG encoding does not offer a wide enough range of values to allow fine transitions (and regarding HDR, later introduces undesirable effects due to lossy compression).
Any camera that allows manual exposure control can make images for HDR work, although one equipped with auto exposure bracketing (AEB) is far better suited. Images from film cameras are less suitable as they often must first be digitized, so that they can later be processed using software HDR methods.
In most imaging devices, the degree of exposure to light applied to the active element (be it film or CCD) can be altered in one of two ways: by either increasing/decreasing the size of the aperture or by increasing/decreasing the time of each exposure. Exposure variation in an HDR set is only done by altering the exposure time and not the aperture size; this is because altering the aperture size also affects the depth of field and so the resultant multiple images would be quite different, preventing their final combination into a single HDR image.
An important limitation for HDR photography is that any movement between successive images will impede or prevent success in combining them afterwards. Also, as one must create several images (often three or five and sometimes more) to obtain the desired luminance range, such a full 'set' of images takes extra time. HDR photographers have developed calculation methods and techniques to partially overcome these problems, but the use of a sturdy tripod is, at least, advised.
Some cameras have an auto exposure bracketing (AEB) feature with a far greater dynamic range than others, from the 3 EV of the Canon EOS 40D, to the 18 EV of the Canon EOS-1D Mark II. As the popularity of this imaging method grows, several camera manufactures are now offering built-in HDR features. For example, the Pentax K-7 DSLR has an HDR mode that captures an HDR image and outputs (only) a tone mapped JPEG file. The Canon PowerShot G12, Canon PowerShot S95 and Canon PowerShot S100 offer similar features in a smaller format.. Nikon's approach is called 'Active D-Lighting' which applies exposure compensation and tone mapping to the image as it comes from the sensor, with the accent being on retaing a realistic effect . Some smartphones provide HDR modes, and most mobile platforms have apps that provide HDR picture taking.
Camera characteristics such as gamma curves, sensor resolution, noise, photometric calibration and color calibration affect resulting high-dynamic-range images.
Color film negatives and slides consist of multiple film layers that respond to light differently. As a consequence, transparent originals (especially positive slides) feature a very high dynamic range
Tone mapping
Tone mapping reduces the dynamic range, or contrast ratio, of an entire image while retaining localized contrast. Although it is a distinct operation, tone mapping is often applied to HDRI files by the same software package.
Several software applications are available on the PC, Mac and Linux platforms for producing HDR files and tone mapped images. Notable titles include
Adobe Photoshop
Aurora HDR
Dynamic Photo HDR
HDR Efex Pro
HDR PhotoStudio
Luminance HDR
MagicRaw
Oloneo PhotoEngine
Photomatix Pro
PTGui
Information stored in high-dynamic-range images typically corresponds to the physical values of luminance or radiance that can be observed in the real world. This is different from traditional digital images, which represent colors as they should appear on a monitor or a paper print. Therefore, HDR image formats are often called scene-referred, in contrast to traditional digital images, which are device-referred or output-referred. Furthermore, traditional images are usually encoded for the human visual system (maximizing the visual information stored in the fixed number of bits), which is usually called gamma encoding or gamma correction. The values stored for HDR images are often gamma compressed (power law) or logarithmically encoded, or floating-point linear values, since fixed-point linear encodings are increasingly inefficient over higher dynamic ranges.
HDR images often don't use fixed ranges per color channel—other than traditional images—to represent many more colors over a much wider dynamic range. For that purpose, they don't use integer values to represent the single color channels (e.g., 0-255 in an 8 bit per pixel interval for red, green and blue) but instead use a floating point representation. Common are 16-bit (half precision) or 32-bit floating point numbers to represent HDR pixels. However, when the appropriate transfer function is used, HDR pixels for some applications can be represented with a color depth that has as few as 10–12 bits for luminance and 8 bits for chrominance without introducing any visible quantization artifacts.
History of HDR photography
The idea of using several exposures to adequately reproduce a too-extreme range of luminance was pioneered as early as the 1850s by Gustave Le Gray to render seascapes showing both the sky and the sea. Such rendering was impossible at the time using standard methods, as the luminosity range was too extreme. Le Gray used one negative for the sky, and another one with a longer exposure for the sea, and combined the two into one picture in positive.
Mid 20th century
Manual tone mapping was accomplished by dodging and burning – selectively increasing or decreasing the exposure of regions of the photograph to yield better tonality reproduction. This was effective because the dynamic range of the negative is significantly higher than would be available on the finished positive paper print when that is exposed via the negative in a uniform manner. An excellent example is the photograph Schweitzer at the Lamp by W. Eugene Smith, from his 1954 photo essay A Man of Mercy on Dr. Albert Schweitzer and his humanitarian work in French Equatorial Africa. The image took 5 days to reproduce the tonal range of the scene, which ranges from a bright lamp (relative to the scene) to a dark shadow.
Ansel Adams elevated dodging and burning to an art form. Many of his famous prints were manipulated in the darkroom with these two methods. Adams wrote a comprehensive book on producing prints called The Print, which prominently features dodging and burning, in the context of his Zone System.
With the advent of color photography, tone mapping in the darkroom was no longer possible due to the specific timing needed during the developing process of color film. Photographers looked to film manufacturers to design new film stocks with improved response, or continued to shoot in black and white to use tone mapping methods.
Color film capable of directly recording high-dynamic-range images was developed by Charles Wyckoff and EG&G "in the course of a contract with the Department of the Air Force". This XR film had three emulsion layers, an upper layer having an ASA speed rating of 400, a middle layer with an intermediate rating, and a lower layer with an ASA rating of 0.004. The film was processed in a manner similar to color films, and each layer produced a different color. The dynamic range of this extended range film has been estimated as 1:108. It has been used to photograph nuclear explosions, for astronomical photography, for spectrographic research, and for medical imaging. Wyckoff's detailed pictures of nuclear explosions appeared on the cover of Life magazine in the mid-1950s.
Late 20th century
Georges Cornuéjols and licensees of his patents (Brdi, Hymatom) introduced the principle of HDR video image, in 1986, by interposing a matricial LCD screen in front of the camera's image sensor, increasing the sensors dynamic by five stops. The concept of neighborhood tone mapping was applied to video cameras by a group from the Technion in Israel led by Dr. Oliver Hilsenrath and Prof. Y.Y.Zeevi who filed for a patent on this concept in 1988.
In February and April 1990, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the first real-time HDR camera that combined two images captured by a sensor3435 or simultaneously3637 by two sensors of the camera. This process is known as bracketing used for a video stream.
In 1991, the first commercial video camera was introduced that performed real-time capturing of multiple images with different exposures, and producing an HDR video image, by Hymatom, licensee of Georges Cornuéjols.
Also in 1991, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the HDR+ image principle by non-linear accumulation of images to increase the sensitivity of the camera: for low-light environments, several successive images are accumulated, thus increasing the signal to noise ratio.
In 1993, another commercial medical camera producing an HDR video image, by the Technion.
Modern HDR imaging uses a completely different approach, based on making a high-dynamic-range luminance or light map using only global image operations (across the entire image), and then tone mapping the result. Global HDR was first introduced in 19931 resulting in a mathematical theory of differently exposed pictures of the same subject matter that was published in 1995 by Steve Mann and Rosalind Picard.
On October 28, 1998, Ben Sarao created one of the first nighttime HDR+G (High Dynamic Range + Graphic image)of STS-95 on the launch pad at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. It consisted of four film images of the shuttle at night that were digitally composited with additional digital graphic elements. The image was first exhibited at NASA Headquarters Great Hall, Washington DC in 1999 and then published in Hasselblad Forum, Issue 3 1993, Volume 35 ISSN 0282-5449.
The advent of consumer digital cameras produced a new demand for HDR imaging to improve the light response of digital camera sensors, which had a much smaller dynamic range than film. Steve Mann developed and patented the global-HDR method for producing digital images having extended dynamic range at the MIT Media Laboratory. Mann's method involved a two-step procedure: (1) generate one floating point image array by global-only image operations (operations that affect all pixels identically, without regard to their local neighborhoods); and then (2) convert this image array, using local neighborhood processing (tone-remapping, etc.), into an HDR image. The image array generated by the first step of Mann's process is called a lightspace image, lightspace picture, or radiance map. Another benefit of global-HDR imaging is that it provides access to the intermediate light or radiance map, which has been used for computer vision, and other image processing operations.
21st century
In 2005, Adobe Systems introduced several new features in Photoshop CS2 including Merge to HDR, 32 bit floating point image support, and HDR tone mapping.
On June 30, 2016, Microsoft added support for the digital compositing of HDR images to Windows 10 using the Universal Windows Platform.
HDR sensors
Modern CMOS image sensors can often capture a high dynamic range from a single exposure. The wide dynamic range of the captured image is non-linearly compressed into a smaller dynamic range electronic representation. However, with proper processing, the information from a single exposure can be used to create an HDR image.
Such HDR imaging is used in extreme dynamic range applications like welding or automotive work. Some other cameras designed for use in security applications can automatically provide two or more images for each frame, with changing exposure. For example, a sensor for 30fps video will give out 60fps with the odd frames at a short exposure time and the even frames at a longer exposure time. Some of the sensor may even combine the two images on-chip so that a wider dynamic range without in-pixel compression is directly available to the user for display or processing.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-dynamic-range_imaging
Infrared Photography
In infrared photography, the film or image sensor used is sensitive to infrared light. The part of the spectrum used is referred to as near-infrared to distinguish it from far-infrared, which is the domain of thermal imaging. Wavelengths used for photography range from about 700 nm to about 900 nm. Film is usually sensitive to visible light too, so an infrared-passing filter is used; this lets infrared (IR) light pass through to the camera, but blocks all or most of the visible light spectrum (the filter thus looks black or deep red). ("Infrared filter" may refer either to this type of filter or to one that blocks infrared but passes other wavelengths.)
When these filters are used together with infrared-sensitive film or sensors, "in-camera effects" can be obtained; false-color or black-and-white images with a dreamlike or sometimes lurid appearance known as the "Wood Effect," an effect mainly caused by foliage (such as tree leaves and grass) strongly reflecting in the same way visible light is reflected from snow. There is a small contribution from chlorophyll fluorescence, but this is marginal and is not the real cause of the brightness seen in infrared photographs. The effect is named after the infrared photography pioneer Robert W. Wood, and not after the material wood, which does not strongly reflect infrared.
The other attributes of infrared photographs include very dark skies and penetration of atmospheric haze, caused by reduced Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering, respectively, compared to visible light. The dark skies, in turn, result in less infrared light in shadows and dark reflections of those skies from water, and clouds will stand out strongly. These wavelengths also penetrate a few millimeters into skin and give a milky look to portraits, although eyes often look black.
Until the early 20th century, infrared photography was not possible because silver halide emulsions are not sensitive to longer wavelengths than that of blue light (and to a lesser extent, green light) without the addition of a dye to act as a color sensitizer. The first infrared photographs (as distinct from spectrographs) to be published appeared in the February 1910 edition of The Century Magazine and in the October 1910 edition of the Royal Photographic Society Journal to illustrate papers by Robert W. Wood, who discovered the unusual effects that now bear his name. The RPS co-ordinated events to celebrate the centenary of this event in 2010. Wood's photographs were taken on experimental film that required very long exposures; thus, most of his work focused on landscapes. A further set of infrared landscapes taken by Wood in Italy in 1911 used plates provided for him by CEK Mees at Wratten & Wainwright. Mees also took a few infrared photographs in Portugal in 1910, which are now in the Kodak archives.
Infrared-sensitive photographic plates were developed in the United States during World War I for spectroscopic analysis, and infrared sensitizing dyes were investigated for improved haze penetration in aerial photography. After 1930, new emulsions from Kodak and other manufacturers became useful to infrared astronomy.
Infrared photography became popular with photography enthusiasts in the 1930s when suitable film was introduced commercially. The Times regularly published landscape and aerial photographs taken by their staff photographers using Ilford infrared film. By 1937 33 kinds of infrared film were available from five manufacturers including Agfa, Kodak and Ilford. Infrared movie film was also available and was used to create day-for-night effects in motion pictures, a notable example being the pseudo-night aerial sequences in the James Cagney/Bette Davis movie The Bride Came COD.
False-color infrared photography became widely practiced with the introduction of Kodak Ektachrome Infrared Aero Film and Ektachrome Infrared EIR. The first version of this, known as Kodacolor Aero-Reversal-Film, was developed by Clark and others at the Kodak for camouflage detection in the 1940s. The film became more widely available in 35mm form in the 1960s but KODAK AEROCHROME III Infrared Film 1443 has been discontinued.
Infrared photography became popular with a number of 1960s recording artists, because of the unusual results; Jimi Hendrix, Donovan, Frank and a slow shutter speed without focus compensation, however wider apertures like f/2.0 can produce sharp photos only if the lens is meticulously refocused to the infrared index mark, and only if this index mark is the correct one for the filter and film in use. However, it should be noted that diffraction effects inside a camera are greater at infrared wavelengths so that stopping down the lens too far may actually reduce sharpness.
Most apochromatic ('APO') lenses do not have an Infrared index mark and do not need to be refocused for the infrared spectrum because they are already optically corrected into the near-infrared spectrum. Catadioptric lenses do not often require this adjustment because their mirror containing elements do not suffer from chromatic aberration and so the overall aberration is comparably less. Catadioptric lenses do, of course, still contain lenses, and these lenses do still have a dispersive property.
Infrared black-and-white films require special development times but development is usually achieved with standard black-and-white film developers and chemicals (like D-76). Kodak HIE film has a polyester film base that is very stable but extremely easy to scratch, therefore special care must be used in the handling of Kodak HIE throughout the development and printing/scanning process to avoid damage to the film. The Kodak HIE film was sensitive to 900 nm.
As of November 2, 2007, "KODAK is preannouncing the discontinuance" of HIE Infrared 35 mm film stating the reasons that, "Demand for these products has been declining significantly in recent years, and it is no longer practical to continue to manufacture given the low volume, the age of the product formulations and the complexity of the processes involved." At the time of this notice, HIE Infrared 135-36 was available at a street price of around $12.00 a roll at US mail order outlets.
Arguably the greatest obstacle to infrared film photography has been the increasing difficulty of obtaining infrared-sensitive film. However, despite the discontinuance of HIE, other newer infrared sensitive emulsions from EFKE, ROLLEI, and ILFORD are still available, but these formulations have differing sensitivity and specifications from the venerable KODAK HIE that has been around for at least two decades. Some of these infrared films are available in 120 and larger formats as well as 35 mm, which adds flexibility to their application. With the discontinuance of Kodak HIE, Efke's IR820 film has become the only IR film on the marketneeds update with good sensitivity beyond 750 nm, the Rollei film does extend beyond 750 nm but IR sensitivity falls off very rapidly.
Color infrared transparency films have three sensitized layers that, because of the way the dyes are coupled to these layers, reproduce infrared as red, red as green, and green as blue. All three layers are sensitive to blue so the film must be used with a yellow filter, since this will block blue light but allow the remaining colors to reach the film. The health of foliage can be determined from the relative strengths of green and infrared light reflected; this shows in color infrared as a shift from red (healthy) towards magenta (unhealthy). Early color infrared films were developed in the older E-4 process, but Kodak later manufactured a color transparency film that could be developed in standard E-6 chemistry, although more accurate results were obtained by developing using the AR-5 process. In general, color infrared does not need to be refocused to the infrared index mark on the lens.
In 2007 Kodak announced that production of the 35 mm version of their color infrared film (Ektachrome Professional Infrared/EIR) would cease as there was insufficient demand. Since 2011, all formats of color infrared film have been discontinued. Specifically, Aerochrome 1443 and SO-734.
There is no currently available digital camera that will produce the same results as Kodak color infrared film although the equivalent images can be produced by taking two exposures, one infrared and the other full-color, and combining in post-production. The color images produced by digital still cameras using infrared-pass filters are not equivalent to those produced on color infrared film. The colors result from varying amounts of infrared passing through the color filters on the photo sites, further amended by the Bayer filtering. While this makes such images unsuitable for the kind of applications for which the film was used, such as remote sensing of plant health, the resulting color tonality has proved popular artistically.
Color digital infrared, as part of full spectrum photography is gaining popularity. The ease of creating a softly colored photo with infrared characteristics has found interest among hobbyists and professionals.
In 2008, Los Angeles photographer, Dean Bennici started cutting and hand rolling Aerochrome color Infrared film. All Aerochrome medium and large format which exists today came directly from his lab. The trend in infrared photography continues to gain momentum with the success of photographer Richard Mosse and multiple users all around the world.
Digital camera sensors are inherently sensitive to infrared light, which would interfere with the normal photography by confusing the autofocus calculations or softening the image (because infrared light is focused differently from visible light), or oversaturating the red channel. Also, some clothing is transparent in the infrared, leading to unintended (at least to the manufacturer) uses of video cameras. Thus, to improve image quality and protect privacy, many digital cameras employ infrared blockers. Depending on the subject matter, infrared photography may not be practical with these cameras because the exposure times become overly long, often in the range of 30 seconds, creating noise and motion blur in the final image. However, for some subject matter the long exposure does not matter or the motion blur effects actually add to the image. Some lenses will also show a 'hot spot' in the centre of the image as their coatings are optimised for visible light and not for IR.
An alternative method of DSLR infrared photography is to remove the infrared blocker in front of the sensor and replace it with a filter that removes visible light. This filter is behind the mirror, so the camera can be used normally - handheld, normal shutter speeds, normal composition through the viewfinder, and focus, all work like a normal camera. Metering works but is not always accurate because of the difference between visible and infrared refraction. When the IR blocker is removed, many lenses which did display a hotspot cease to do so, and become perfectly usable for infrared photography. Additionally, because the red, green and blue micro-filters remain and have transmissions not only in their respective color but also in the infrared, enhanced infrared color may be recorded.
Since the Bayer filters in most digital cameras absorb a significant fraction of the infrared light, these cameras are sometimes not very sensitive as infrared cameras and can sometimes produce false colors in the images. An alternative approach is to use a Foveon X3 sensor, which does not have absorptive filters on it; the Sigma SD10 DSLR has a removable IR blocking filter and dust protector, which can be simply omitted or replaced by a deep red or complete visible light blocking filter. The Sigma SD14 has an IR/UV blocking filter that can be removed/installed without tools. The result is a very sensitive digital IR camera.
While it is common to use a filter that blocks almost all visible light, the wavelength sensitivity of a digital camera without internal infrared blocking is such that a variety of artistic results can be obtained with more conventional filtration. For example, a very dark neutral density filter can be used (such as the Hoya ND400) which passes a very small amount of visible light compared to the near-infrared it allows through. Wider filtration permits an SLR viewfinder to be used and also passes more varied color information to the sensor without necessarily reducing the Wood effect. Wider filtration is however likely to reduce other infrared artefacts such as haze penetration and darkened skies. This technique mirrors the methods used by infrared film photographers where black-and-white infrared film was often used with a deep red filter rather than a visually opaque one.
Another common technique with near-infrared filters is to swap blue and red channels in software (e.g. photoshop) which retains much of the characteristic 'white foliage' while rendering skies a glorious blue.
Several Sony cameras had the so-called Night Shot facility, which physically moves the blocking filter away from the light path, which makes the cameras very sensitive to infrared light. Soon after its development, this facility was 'restricted' by Sony to make it difficult for people to take photos that saw through clothing. To do this the iris is opened fully and exposure duration is limited to long times of more than 1/30 second or so. It is possible to shoot infrared but neutral density filters must be used to reduce the camera's sensitivity and the long exposure times mean that care must be taken to avoid camera-shake artifacts.
Fuji have produced digital cameras for use in forensic criminology and medicine which have no infrared blocking filter. The first camera, designated the S3 PRO UVIR, also had extended ultraviolet sensitivity (digital sensors are usually less sensitive to UV than to IR). Optimum UV sensitivity requires special lenses, but ordinary lenses usually work well for IR. In 2007, FujiFilm introduced a new version of this camera, based on the Nikon D200/ FujiFilm S5 called the IS Pro, also able to take Nikon lenses. Fuji had earlier introduced a non-SLR infrared camera, the IS-1, a modified version of the FujiFilm FinePix S9100. Unlike the S3 PRO UVIR, the IS-1 does not offer UV sensitivity. FujiFilm restricts the sale of these cameras to professional users with their EULA specifically prohibiting "unethical photographic conduct".
Phase One digital camera backs can be ordered in an infrared modified form.
Remote sensing and thermographic cameras are sensitive to longer wavelengths of infrared (see Infrared spectrum#Commonly used sub-division scheme). They may be multispectral and use a variety of technologies which may not resemble common camera or filter designs. Cameras sensitive to longer infrared wavelengths including those used in infrared astronomy often require cooling to reduce thermally induced dark currents in the sensor (see Dark current (physics)). Lower cost uncooled thermographic digital cameras operate in the Long Wave infrared band (see Thermographic camera#Uncooled infrared detectors). These cameras are generally used for building inspection or preventative maintenance but can be used for artistic pursuits as well.