View allAll Photos Tagged AFFIRMATION
Bringing out the beauty in the studio.
If you like my work please follow me or you can click here to see my Official Portrait Portfolio.
This turned out to be one of the most joyous, life affirming places that we've visited on our travels. The sparkling, late summer sunshine, the arresting modern architecture set amid so much history, the superb collection of early 20th century paintings on the 5th floor, and the throng of tourists and Parisians enjoying themselves on a Saturday combined to make this a most memorable afternoon.
"Centre Georges Pompidou commonly shortened to Centre Pompidou; also known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex building in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement of Paris, near Les Halles, rue Montorgueil and the Marais. The Place Georges Pompidou in front of the museum is noted for the presence of street performers, such as mimes and jugglers. In the spring, miniature carnivals are installed temporarily into the place in front with a wide variety of attractions: bands, caricature and sketch artists, tables set up for evening dining, and even skateboarding competitions.
The nearby Stravinsky Fountain (also called the Fontaine des automates), on Place Stravinsky, features sixteen whimsical moving and water-spraying sculptures by Jean Tinguely and Niki de Saint-Phalle, which represent themes and works by composer Igor Stravinsky. The black-painted mechanical sculptures are by Tinguely, the colored works by de Saint-Phalle. The fountain opened in 1983.
It houses the Bibliothèque publique d'information (Public Information Library), a vast public library, the Musée National d'Art Moderne, which is the largest museum for modern art in Europe, and IRCAM, a centre for music and acoustic research. Because of its location, the Centre is known locally as Beaubourg. It is named after Georges Pompidou, the President of France from 1969 to 1974 who commissioned the building, and was officially opened on 31 January 1977 by President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.
The sculpture, Horizontal by Alexander Calder, a free-standing mobile that is twenty-five feet high, was placed in 2012 in front of the Centre Pompidou.
The Centre was designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano; British architect Richard Rogers; and Italian architect Gianfranco Franchini, assisted by Ove Arup & Partners.The project was awarded to this team in an architectural design competition, whose results were announced in 1971. It was the first time in France that international architects were allowed to participate. World-renowned architects Oscar Niemeyer, Jean Prouvé and Philip Johnson made up the jury which would select one design out of the 681 entries.
National Geographic described the reaction to the design as "love at second sight." An article in Le Figaro declared "Paris has its own monster, just like the one in Loch Ness." But two decades later, while reporting on Rogers' winning the Pritzker Prize in 2007, The New York Times noted that the design of the Centre "turned the architecture world upside down" and that "Mr. Rogers earned a reputation as a high-tech iconoclast with the completion of the 1977 Pompidou Centre, with its exposed skeleton of brightly coloured tubes for mechanical systems. The Pritzker jury said the Pompidou "revolutionized museums, transforming what had once been elite monuments into popular places of social and cultural exchange, woven into the heart of the city.".
Initially, all of the functional structural elements of the building were colour-coded: green pipes are plumbing, blue ducts are for climate control, electrical wires are encased in yellow, and circulation elements and devices for safety (e.g., fire extinguishers) are red."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou
...
This turned out to be one of the most joyous, life affirming places that we've visited on our travels. The sparkling, late summer sunshine, the arresting modern architecture set amid so much history, the superb collection of early 20th century paintings on the 5th floor, and the throng of tourists and Parisians enjoying themselves on a Saturday combined to make this a most memorable afternoon.
"Centre Georges Pompidou commonly shortened to Centre Pompidou; also known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex building in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement of Paris, near Les Halles, rue Montorgueil and the Marais. The Place Georges Pompidou in front of the museum is noted for the presence of street performers, such as mimes and jugglers. In the spring, miniature carnivals are installed temporarily into the place in front with a wide variety of attractions: bands, caricature and sketch artists, tables set up for evening dining, and even skateboarding competitions.
The nearby Stravinsky Fountain (also called the Fontaine des automates), on Place Stravinsky, features sixteen whimsical moving and water-spraying sculptures by Jean Tinguely and Niki de Saint-Phalle, which represent themes and works by composer Igor Stravinsky. The black-painted mechanical sculptures are by Tinguely, the colored works by de Saint-Phalle. The fountain opened in 1983.
It houses the Bibliothèque publique d'information (Public Information Library), a vast public library, the Musée National d'Art Moderne, which is the largest museum for modern art in Europe, and IRCAM, a centre for music and acoustic research. Because of its location, the Centre is known locally as Beaubourg. It is named after Georges Pompidou, the President of France from 1969 to 1974 who commissioned the building, and was officially opened on 31 January 1977 by President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.
The sculpture, Horizontal by Alexander Calder, a free-standing mobile that is twenty-five feet high, was placed in 2012 in front of the Centre Pompidou.
The Centre was designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano; British architect Richard Rogers; and Italian architect Gianfranco Franchini, assisted by Ove Arup & Partners.The project was awarded to this team in an architectural design competition, whose results were announced in 1971. It was the first time in France that international architects were allowed to participate. World-renowned architects Oscar Niemeyer, Jean Prouvé and Philip Johnson made up the jury which would select one design out of the 681 entries.
National Geographic described the reaction to the design as "love at second sight." An article in Le Figaro declared "Paris has its own monster, just like the one in Loch Ness." But two decades later, while reporting on Rogers' winning the Pritzker Prize in 2007, The New York Times noted that the design of the Centre "turned the architecture world upside down" and that "Mr. Rogers earned a reputation as a high-tech iconoclast with the completion of the 1977 Pompidou Centre, with its exposed skeleton of brightly coloured tubes for mechanical systems. The Pritzker jury said the Pompidou "revolutionized museums, transforming what had once been elite monuments into popular places of social and cultural exchange, woven into the heart of the city.".
Initially, all of the functional structural elements of the building were colour-coded: green pipes are plumbing, blue ducts are for climate control, electrical wires are encased in yellow, and circulation elements and devices for safety (e.g., fire extinguishers) are red."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou
...
...that every life leaves behind an echo that is audible to those who take the trouble to listen." - Amitav Ghosh
* Positive Affirmation Day *
¡Today I choose thoughts that support me and nourish me!
* Afirmación Positiva del Día *
¡Hoy elijo pensamientos que me apoyen y me nutran!
(Elda - Alicante * Alacant - Comunidad Valenciana * Pais Valencià - Spain)
Be glad for the things I have, Spread a little cheer where ever I can. and Always look for the good. I haven't done resolutions for almost twenty years. But I do aspire to maintain a positive outlook on life with all the crap it keeps sending my way.I can't stand to see a frown. It is a challenge to me to turn every frown I see into a smile. I am always reaching for bubbles of happines. I carry a small bottle of bubbles every where I go. They ALWAYS make people smile. A little smile can change a persons day. and "I" get to share it.
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For: Mondays challenge for January 18th 2010
"in one picture illustrate your one word that describes your New Year's resolution, dream, ASPIRATION or goal"
. . . and use that one word as your title.
See other Challengers here:
Monday Photo Challenges and Thursday Retreads
www.flickr.com/groups/1091826@N21/
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I was not able to get out to take the photograph I wanted to take, so I created this one from the two below. Using standard "Paint" program that comes with Windows for editing and PS8 for the "artist brush" effects
I know there is a lot to read here, but looking it up keeps me out of trouble. :D
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Long before Dr Norman Vincent Peel and “The Power of Positive Thinking”
Or what ever the current “guru” might be, There was a little girl….
Who learned the best part of the Bible and MOST important teachings of it.
In The face of adversity I have ALWAYS found at least one good thing. Though there have been times I had to look really hard for it. But then that is the key to aspiring to have a perpetual Positive attitude. One MUST LOOK for the good especially in the midst of most difficult situations. Prepare for the bad but look for and expect the Good. And That is what I aspire and have alway aspired to do.
Mona Loldwoman
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POLLYANNA
a Pollyanna,
"one who finds cause for gladness in the most difficult situations," 1921, in allusion to Pollyanna Whittier, child heroine of U.S. novelist Eleanor Hodgman Porter's "Pollyanna" (1913) and "Pollyanna Grows Up" (1915), noted for keeping her chin up during disasters.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2001 Douglas Harper
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POLLYANNA SYNDROME
Psychologists and ministers who use the derogatory term, “Pollyanna Syndrome” never read the book. That little girl didn’t deny the bad events in her life. She just didn’t wallow in self-pity and make everybody else miserable. And she based her philosophy on Christ’s teachings
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Positive Thinking; Pollyanna Syndrome
By Frances Hall
Why do we have such a downer on Pollyanna? After all, she is just a little girl with a big dose of positive mental attitude. Instead of mocking, may we should learn something from her. I’m not saying we have to turn into Pollyanna, but when you think about it, positive thinking is the only sensible way forward. Our thinking creates our reality, so isn’t it just a bit daft to be creating our reality based on negative thinking? When we realise this, we understand we cannot afford the luxury of negative thinking.
As Einstein said, “we are boxed in by the boundary conditions of our thinking”. Mind management is essentially the key to life management, and we all have the power to choose what we think. It may take time and effort to break the habit of negative thinking, but that is just what it is, a habit. So the trick is to cultivate a new habit of looking for the positive. And the first step is to catch yourself when you are thinking negatively. It may shock you just how many of those 60,000 thoughts that run through your mind every day are of the negative variety. Perhaps when you catch yourself thinking negatively, you can turn it into a positive “but”. Whatever it is, look hard for something way to turn it around by seeing an advantage. Focus on the fact that your outer world reflects your inner world.
so which way would you rather think………… Create the habit of positive thinking
A good tool for this is daily affirmations. These are sayings repeated on a daily basis to manifest a more positive reality. It is a way of harnessing the power of words for your benefit because your reality starts with a thought. Help the mind along a more positive path. Just remember the rule with affirmations is that they must be personal, present and positive, for example “today I achieve everything I want effortlessly” rather than “today I will not have any problems”. You can start with something simple like “I choose happiness” or “I create my own reality”. You can write them, say them, sing them, it’s up to you, but a minimum of six times a day is good.
As the saying goes, whether you tell yourself you can or tell yourself you can’t do something you are right. So what have you got to lose by thinking positive?
Frances Hall
After many years working in film and music, Frances changed career direction to find what for her is a more fulfilling way to live. Now an accredited life coach, massage therapist and writer, she is doing what she’d rather be doing - helping people get the most out of their lives. Her intention is to “Liberate, Inspire, Focus, Empower.
check out: www.lifematters.gb.com
Article Source: EzineArticles.com/?expert=Frances_Hal
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AND if you'd like to read my favorite part of the book....
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Pollyanna By Eleanor H, Porter
From the book Pollyanna; part of Chapter 22
"Oh, he always said he was, of course, but 'most always he said, too, that he wouldn't STAY a minister a minute if 'twasn't for the rejoicing texts."
"The--WHAT?" The Rev. Paul Ford's eyes left the leaf and gazed wonderingly into Pollyanna's merry little face.
“Well, , that's what father used to call 'em," she laughed. "Of course the Bible didn't name 'em that. But it's all those that begin 'Be glad in the Lord,' or 'Rejoice greatly,' or 'Shout for joy,' and all that, you know--such a lot of 'em. Once, when father felt specially bad, he counted 'em. There were eight hundred of ‘em.
“eight hundred.!”
“Yes--that told you to rejoice and be glad, you know; that's why father named 'em the 'rejoicing texts.”
“Oh.!" There was an odd look on the minister's face. His eyes had fallen to the words on the top paper in his hands--"But woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites!" "And so your father--liked those 'rejoicing texts,' " he murmured
“Oh yes” nodded Pollyanna, emphatically. "He said he felt better right away, that first day he thought to count 'em. He said if God took the trouble to tell us eight hundred times to be glad and rejoice, He must want us to do it--SOME. And father felt ashamed that he hadn't done it more. After that, they got to be such a comfort to him, you know, when things went wrong; when the Ladies' Aiders got to fight--I mean, when they DIDN'T AGREE about something," corrected Pollyanna, hastily. "Why, it was those texts, too, father said, that made HIM think of the game--he began with ME on the crutches--but he said 'twas the rejoicing texts that started him on it.”
“And what game might that be?" asked the minister
"About finding something in everything to be glad about, you know. As I said, he began with me on the crutches." And once more Pollyanna told her story--this time to a man who listened with tender eyes and understanding ears.
A little later Pollyanna and the minister descended the hill, hand in hand. Pollyanna's face was radiant. Pollyanna loved to talk, and she had been talking now for some time: there seemed to be so many, many things about the game, her father, and the old home life that the minister wanted to know.
At the foot of the hill their ways parted, and Pollyanna down one road, and the minister down another, walked on alone.
In the Rev. Paul Ford's study that evening the minister sat thinking. Near him on the desk lay a few loose sheets of paper--his sermon notes. Under the suspended pencil in his fingers lay other sheets of paper, blank--his sermon to be. But the minister was not thinking either of what he had written, or of what be intended to write. In his imagination he was far away in a little Western town with a missionary minister who was poor, sick, worried, and almost alone in the world--but who was poring over the Bible to find how many times his Lord and Master had told him to "rejoice and be glad.”
After a time, with a long sigh, the Rev. Paul Ford roused himself, came back from the far Western town, and adjusted the sheets of paper under his hand "Matthew twenty-third; 13--14 and 23," he wrote; then, with a gesture of impatience, he dropped his pencil and pulled toward him a magazine left on the desk by his wife a few minutes before. Listlessly his tired eyes turned from paragraph to paragraph until these words arrested them: "A father one day said to his son, Tom, who, he knew, had refused to fill his mother's woodbox that morning: 'Tom, I'm sure you'll be glad to go and bring in some wood for your mother.' And without a word Tom went. Why? Just because his father showed so plainly that he expected him to do the right thing. Suppose he had said: 'Tom, I overheard what you said to your mother this morning, and I'm ashamed of you. Go at once and fill that woodbox!' I'll warrant that woodbox, would be empty yet, so far as Tom was concerned!"
On and on read the minister--a word here, a line there, a paragraph somewhere else.
"What men and women need is encouragement. Their natural resisting powers should be strengthened, not weakened. . . . Instead of always harping on a man's faults, tell him of his virtues. Try to pull him out of his rut of bad habits. Hold up to him his better self, his REAL self that can dare and do and win out! . . . The influence of a beautiful, helpful, hopeful character is contagious, and may revolutionize a whole town. . . . People radiate what is in their minds and in their hearts. If a man feels kindly and obliging, his neighbors will feel that way, too, before long. But if he scolds and scowls and criticizes--his neighbors will return scowl for scowl, and add interest! . . . When you look for the bad, expecting it, you will get it. When you know you will find the good--you will get that. . . . Tell your son Tom you KNOW he'll be glad to fill that woodbox--then watch him start, alert and interested!"
The minister dropped the paper and lifted his chin. In a moment he was on his feet, tramping the narrow room back and forth, back and forth. Later, some time later, he drew a long breath, and dropped himself in the chair at his desk.
"God helping me, I'll do it!" he cried softly. "I'll tell all my Toms I KNOW they'll be glad to fill that woodbox! I'll give them work to do, and I'll make them so full of the very joy of doing it that they won't have TIME to look at their neighbors' woodboxes!" And he picked up his sermon notes, tore straight through the sheets, and cast them from him, so that on one side of his chair lay "But woe unto you," and on the other, "scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites!" while across the smooth white paper before him his pencil fairly flew--after first drawing one black line through Matthew twenty-third; 13--14 and 23 .”
Thus it happened that the Rev. Paul Ford's sermon the next Sunday was a veritable bugle-call to the best that was in every man and woman and child that heard it; and its text was one of Pollyanna's shining eight hundred.
“Be glad in the Lord and rejoice, ye righteous, and shout for joy all ye that are upright in heart."
END OF CHAPTER
If perhaps you'd like to read the entie book, It is available online through:
Classic Book Library : Pollyanna
classicbook.info/books/pollyanna/index.html
Main page
Classic Book Library -The Classics Online
Genres:
Historical Fiction
Romance
Children's Literature
History
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Science
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pollyanna 30a
I made these today up in my Studio, Aug 10 2011.
After watching a few of Mary Ann Moss' videos.. I had to play with paint, paper and thread!
I created these Affirmation Cards, what do you think??
Yesterday I went up to Encanto Park to check it out for a possible location for a photo shoot. While there I happened upon these two girls celebrating their Quinceañera. I actually felt sorry for them because all I saw was them being lined up for photo after photo by the photographer. All very staged poses; I like things that look a bit more spontaneous and fun.
The Quinceañera or Quince años ("fifteen years" in English), in Latin American culture, is a coming of age ceremony held on a girl's fifteenth birthday. The term "Quinceaños" refers to the birthday of the celebrant and the term "Quinceañera" refers to the celebrant herself. Like many other coming of age ceremonies, the Quinceaños is associated with the Quinceañera "becoming a senorita".
The celebration carries religious significance for Spanish-speaking Roman Catholics. The celebration begins with a religious ceremony in which the Quinceañera affirms her faith. It is customary for the Quinceañera to receive gifts that are religious in nature such as a cross or medal, a Bible (prayer book), rosary, or scepter, and these gifts are often a part of the ceremony.
After the conclusion of the Roman Catholic religious ceremony, a reception is held either in the Quinceañera's home or in a banquet hall. Decor of this reception often resembles that of a wedding. The Quinceañera's court is typically comprised of her "Padrinos" (godparents) and a “Chambelan," (literally, "chamberlain") a young man who is her companion and date for the evening. The Chambelan typically has the first dance with the Quinceañera, a traditional ballroom waltz called a "Vals". The Chambelan initiates the Vals by requesting a dance with the Quinceañera to a classical song, followed by dances requested with her by her father or another close male relative such as an uncle or older brother, and then her Godfather. Following these initial presentation dances, the guests join the dance floor as well. Some Latino cultures have the girl's first dance begin with her father as her partner, and then he is cut in on by her escort. Godparents play a significant role in the preparations for the Quinceaños, often handling arrangements for the party, church and celebration. The event is the culmination of their responsibility in the church to oversee the religious upbringing of their goddaughter. Also the quinceañosis a celebration to remember her age and that soon she will be woman, but still is a young woman.
This turned out to be one of the most joyous, life affirming places that we've visited on our travels. The sparkling, late summer sunshine, the arresting modern architecture set amid so much history, the superb collection of early 20th century paintings on the 5th floor, and the throng of tourists and Parisians enjoying themselves on a Saturday combined to make this a most memorable afternoon.
"Centre Georges Pompidou commonly shortened to Centre Pompidou; also known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex building in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement of Paris, near Les Halles, rue Montorgueil and the Marais. The Place Georges Pompidou in front of the museum is noted for the presence of street performers, such as mimes and jugglers. In the spring, miniature carnivals are installed temporarily into the place in front with a wide variety of attractions: bands, caricature and sketch artists, tables set up for evening dining, and even skateboarding competitions.
The nearby Stravinsky Fountain (also called the Fontaine des automates), on Place Stravinsky, features sixteen whimsical moving and water-spraying sculptures by Jean Tinguely and Niki de Saint-Phalle, which represent themes and works by composer Igor Stravinsky. The black-painted mechanical sculptures are by Tinguely, the colored works by de Saint-Phalle. The fountain opened in 1983.
It houses the Bibliothèque publique d'information (Public Information Library), a vast public library, the Musée National d'Art Moderne, which is the largest museum for modern art in Europe, and IRCAM, a centre for music and acoustic research. Because of its location, the Centre is known locally as Beaubourg. It is named after Georges Pompidou, the President of France from 1969 to 1974 who commissioned the building, and was officially opened on 31 January 1977 by President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.
The sculpture, Horizontal by Alexander Calder, a free-standing mobile that is twenty-five feet high, was placed in 2012 in front of the Centre Pompidou.
The Centre was designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano; British architect Richard Rogers; and Italian architect Gianfranco Franchini, assisted by Ove Arup & Partners.The project was awarded to this team in an architectural design competition, whose results were announced in 1971. It was the first time in France that international architects were allowed to participate. World-renowned architects Oscar Niemeyer, Jean Prouvé and Philip Johnson made up the jury which would select one design out of the 681 entries.
National Geographic described the reaction to the design as "love at second sight." An article in Le Figaro declared "Paris has its own monster, just like the one in Loch Ness." But two decades later, while reporting on Rogers' winning the Pritzker Prize in 2007, The New York Times noted that the design of the Centre "turned the architecture world upside down" and that "Mr. Rogers earned a reputation as a high-tech iconoclast with the completion of the 1977 Pompidou Centre, with its exposed skeleton of brightly coloured tubes for mechanical systems. The Pritzker jury said the Pompidou "revolutionized museums, transforming what had once been elite monuments into popular places of social and cultural exchange, woven into the heart of the city.".
Initially, all of the functional structural elements of the building were colour-coded: green pipes are plumbing, blue ducts are for climate control, electrical wires are encased in yellow, and circulation elements and devices for safety (e.g., fire extinguishers) are red."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou
...
Good Clean Memes for every occasion! You are free to copy and post any of our memes.
We are looking for guest posts and interviewing members about their favorite inspirational and cheerful quotes!!
good-memes.com Great stuff to share every day! @fernowl33 @BruceRWitt1 @sallykwitt
The U.S. Military Academy hosted an Affirmation Ceremony for the Class of 2024, on Aug. 14, 2022, at Eisenhower Hall on West Point, N.Y. The Sunday evening before the first day of class, the Cow Class (Juniors) recite the Cadet oath and affirm their commitment to complete the next two years of study and serve their five-year active duty service obligation, followed by three years of Reserve duty. (U.S. Army by Sgt. 1st Class Luisito Brooks)
The word Allah
The Semitic language which is spoken in the celestial spheres, is the language in which the angels and God address each other. Adam Safi-Allah spoke the same language in paradise. Adam and eve then came into the world and settled in Arabia. Their children also spoke the same language. Then as a result of the descendants of Adam spreading in the world, this language passed from Arabic, Persian, Latin and into English and God was then known by different names in the different languages. As Adam lived in Arabia, there are many words of the Semitic language which are still found in the Arabic language. God addressed the Prophets, Adam as Adam Safi-Allah, Noah as Nuh Nabi-Allah, Abraham as Ibraheem Khalil-Allah, Moses as Musa Kalim-Allah, Jesus as I’sa Ruh-Allah and Mohammed Rasul-Allah. All these titles, in the Semitic language were written on the Tablet before the arrival of the Prophets. This is why the Prophet Mohammed said: “I was a Prophet even before I came in to this world.”
Many people believe that the word Allah is a name given by Muslims, this is not so.
The Prophet Mohammed’s fathers name was Abd-Allah, at a time when Islam did not exist. Prior to the advent of Islam the Name Allah was announced with the title of every Prophet. When the souls were created, the first Name on their tongue was Allah and when the soul entered the body of Adam, it said, Ya-Allah, and only then it entered the body. Many religions understand this enigma and chant the Name Allah and many others because of doubt are deprived of the Name.
Any name which is used to point towards God is worthy of respect.
In other words, which points towards God. The mystical effect of the Name of God has been diversified due to the different names. Every letter of the alphabet has a separate numeric value. This is also a celestial knowledge. All the numeric values are connected with all of the human race. Occasionally the numeric values do not agree with the astronomical calculations as a result of which people become afflicted. Many people go to astrologers and experts of this knowledge and have charts prepared based on the stars. They name their children on this basis.
Just as the letters (a, b, j, d,) (1, 2, 3, 4) when added have the numerical value of ten. Similarly every name has a separate numeric value. As God has been given so many different names, this has caused a conflict between the numeric value of the different names. If all the people called upon God by the same name, then despite the fact that they would all have separate religions, they would all be united inwardly. They too, like Nanak Sahib and Baba Farid would then say:
“All the souls have been created by the light of God, even though their environment and communities are separate.”
The angels that are assigned tasks in the world are also taught the languages of the people of the world.
It is important for the people of every Prophet that they recite, chant and affirm the Title of their Prophet which was granted by God to the Prophet at his time, for the recognition, spiritual grace and purification of his people. The recital and affirmation should be in the same method and in the language of their Prophet.
The entry of any individual into any religion is subject to the condition that the individual accepts and affirms the Title of the Prophet of that religion. Just as the affirmation and the verbal vows are a condition of any marriage.
Entry into the heavens has been made subject to the acceptance and affirmation of the Titles of the Prophets. In the western world many Muslims and Christians have no knowledge of their Prophet’s Title furthermore many do not even know their Prophets original name (in the original language of the Prophet.)
People who only verbalize the affirmation of their Prophet’s Title rely upon their good deeds. Those that reject and do not affirm their Prophet’s Title are refused entry to paradise. Those individuals in whose hearts the affirmation of their Prophet’s Title has descended (entered) they will enter paradise without any accountability.
The revealed celestial Scriptures, whichever language they are in so long as they are in the original form, are a means to finding God. Where the texts and the translations that have been adulterated, just as adulterated flour is harmful for the stomach, the adulterated books have become harmful and people of the same religion and the same of Prophet have divided into so many sects.
To be sure of the straight and guided path it is better that you are guided by the Light (of God) also.
The method of producing light.
In prehistoric times stones would be rubbed together to make fire. Whereas a spark can also be produced by rubbing two metals together. In a similar way electricity is made from water. Similarly by the friction of the blood inside the human body, in other words electric energy is produced by the vibrating heartbeat. In every human being there is present, approximately one and a half volts of electricity due to which the body is energetic. As the heartbeat slows in old age, this reduces the electricity in the body and this in turn also causes a reduction of the energy level in the body.
Firstly, the heartbeat has to be made vibrant and pronounced. Some do this by dancing, some by sports and exercise and some people try to do this by meditating and chanting the Name of God Allah.
When the heartbeat becomes vibrant and pronounced then by chanting the Name Allah try to synchronize it with every heartbeat. Alternatively try to synchronize Allah with one heartbeat and Hu with the other. Some time by placing your hand on the heart and when you feel your heartbeat, again try to synchronize the Name Allah by chanting it with the rythm of the heartbeat and imagine that the Name Allah is entering the heart.
The chanting of Allah Hu is better and more effective but if anyone has an objection, or a fear of chanting Hu, then instead of being deprived one should solely use the Name Allah, repetitively in the chanting. It is beneficial for people who chant and practice this discipline and who read mantras to physically remain as clean as possible as the:
“disrespectful are unfulfilled and the respectful are fulfilled.”
The first method for producing light.
Write Allah on a paper in black ink, and do this exercise for as long as you wish on a daily basis. Soon thereafter, the Word Allah will be transported from the paper and hover over the eyes. Then with one-pointed concentration, attempt to transport the word from the eyes to the heart.
The second method for producing light.
Write Allah on a zero watt bulb, in yellow. Whilst you are awake or just before sleep, concentrate and try to absorb it into the eyes. When it appears on the eyes then try to transport it to the heart.
The third method for producing light.
This method is for those people who have perfect spiritual guides and teachers and who due to their spiritual connection are spiritually assisted by them.
Sit alone and imagine that your index finger is a pen. Using your finger and with your concentration, attempt to write Allah on your heart. Call upon your spiritual teacher (spiritually), so that he too may, hold your finger, and write Allah on your heart. Continue to do this exercise everyday, until you see Allah written on your heart.
By the first and second method, the Name Allah becomes inscribed on the heart, just as it was written and seen by you but when it becomes synchronized with the heartbeat, then it slowly starts to shine. In the synchronized method, the assistance of the spiritual teacher is provided and for this reason it is seen shining and well written on the heart right from the beginning.
Many Prophets and Saints have come into the world, and just for the sake of testing this, if you feel it appropriate, concentrate or call upon all of them when you are practicing your meditation.
Whilst concentrating on any Prophet or Saint, during your meditating practice, if the rhythm of your heartbeat increases, in its vibration or you feel an improvement then this means that your destiny (spiritual fruits) lies with that Prophet or Saint.
Thereafter it is beneficial to concentrate on that same person whenever you practice your meditation as spiritual grace is transferred in this way, because every Saint is spiritually connected to a Prophet, even if that Prophet is not physically living.
The spiritual fruit (grace) of every illuminated person is in the hands of one Saint or another. It is essential that the Saint is living. Sometimes a very fortunate person is gifted with celestial spiritual grace by a perfect Saint who is not living, but this is very rare. However Saints not living in our human realm can provide worldly spiritual grace and assistance to people from their tombs. This is known as Owaisi spiritual grace.
The recipients of such spiritual grace often get entangled in their spiritual insights, visions and dreams because the spiritual guide providing the assistance is in the spiritual realm and so too is Satan and the recognition of the two becomes difficult.
Along with the spiritual grace it is important to have knowledge, for which a living Saint is more appropriate. If a person (Saint) possesses spiritual grace but is without knowledge, that person is known as a Majzoob (Godly but abstracted due to the complete absorption into the Essence of God and who is not in full control of his faculties).
A person (Saint) having spiritual grace and knowledge is known as a Mehboob (literally, loved one). Such people (Saints) as a result of their knowledge provide worldly spiritual assistance as well as spiritual grace and benefit. Whereas the Majzoobs are known to provide worldly spiritual assistance to people by their unusual but accepted practices of shouting obscenities and poking people with their wooden sticks.
If any (Prophet or Saint) appears but does not help or assist you then put Gohar Shahi to the test.
You may belong to any religion, there is no condition in this respect as long as the individual is not eternally ill-fated.
Many people have received the spiritual grace of Qalb meditation from the Moon. This is obtained when there is a full Moon from the East. Look at it with concentration and when you see the image of Gohar Shahi on it say Allah, Allah, Allah three times and you will be blessed with this spiritual grace. Thereafter without any fear or reservation practice the meditation as described.
Believe (the fact) that the image on the Moon has spoken to many people in many different languages. You can try looking and speaking to it also.
About Muraqba
(transcendental meditation)
(Literally. journey. Meditation in which the soul leaves the human body)
Many people without having acquired the illumination of the spiritual entities (‘Lata’if/Shaktian’) and without attaining spiritual strength and prowess try to engage in this meditation. They either fail to reach the meditative state or become the subject of Satanic interference. This type of meditation is for illuminated people, whose spiritual entity of the self has been purified and the Qalb has been cleansed. The practice or attempt at this type of meditation is foolish no matter what type of physical worship is used to achieve this. To collect and gather the strength of the soul and the spiritual entities and then to travel to a place is what is known as meditation.
Sainthood is the one fourtieth part of Prophecy.
Every dream, meditative journey, inspiration or revelation of a Prophet is accurate and authentic and does not need verification. Only fourty out of a hundred dreams, meditative journeys, inspirations and revelations of Saints are accurate the remaining sixty percent are inaccurate.
God cannot be understood without knowledge
The lowest type of meditative journey is started only after the illumination and awakening of the spiritual entity of the Qalb. This is impossible without first achieving the meditation of the Qalb (meditation with the vibrating heartbeat synchronized with the Name Allah). It takes one jerk or shake to bring the person out of this meditative state and back to consciousness. The faculty of the augury (foretelling the future by reading verses or looking into designated books) is also connected to the Qalb.
The next stage is the meditative journey of the soul. It takes three jerks or shakes to return a person back to normality from this meditative state.
The third stage of the meditative journey is done by the spiritual entity, Anna and the soul together. The soul travels along with the spiritual entity Anna, to the realm of souls just as the Archangel Gabriel accompanied the Prophet Mohammed to the realm of souls.
People who are in this meditative state are sometimes even taken to be buried in their graves and they are unaware of this happening to them. Such a meditative state and journey was taken by the “Companions of the Cave” as a result of which they remained asleep in the cave for more than three hundred years.
When this meditative state and journey was undertaken by the Sheikh, Abdul-Qadir al-Jilani, in the jungle, the occupants of the jungle would regard the Sheikh as dead and would take him to a grave for burial but the meditative journey would break just before the burial (the Sheikh would return to consciousness).
How to recognize a special inspiration and revelation from God.
When a person has awakened and illuminated the spiritual entities in the chest and is worthy of receiving the rays of the Grace of God, then at that point God communicates with that person. God is All-Powerful and can do as he pleases and thus communicate with the human being in any way fit, but he has made a special method for his recognition so that his friends can be saved from the deception of Satan.
Firstly, text in the Semitic language appears on the seekers heart and its translation is seen in the language of the seekers mother-tongue. The text is white and shiny and the eyes close automatically and look at the text (internally). The text then passes the Qalb and moves towards the spiritual entity Sirri as a result of which it shines even more. Then the text moves towards the spiritual entity, Akhfa and from here it shines more and then moves onto the tongue. The voice then spontaneously starts to repeat that text.
If this inspiration is from Satan then an illuminated heart will dull the text and if the text is strong and prominent then the spiritual entities Sirri or Akhfa destroy that text. Further if due to the weakness of the spiritual entities the text does arrive at the tongue, then the voice will prevent it from being spoken into words.
This type of inspiration is for special types of Saints, whereas in respect of ordinary Saints, God sends messages to them through the angels or other spiritual entities. When the Archangel Gabriel accompanies the special and inspired text, this is known as revelation which is confined to the Prophets.
For more detail visit www.goharshahi.org or visit asipk.com and for videos visit HH rags
Graffiti (plural; singular graffiti or graffito, the latter rarely used except in archeology) is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (see also mural).
Graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban "problem" for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions
"Graffiti" (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form "graffito" are from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). The term "graffiti" is used in art history for works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is "sgraffito", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into them. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek γράφειν—graphein—meaning "to write".
The term graffiti originally referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Historically, these writings were not considered vanadlism, which today is considered part of the definition of graffiti.
The only known source of the Safaitic language, an ancient form of Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.
Some of the oldest cave paintings in the world are 40,000 year old ones found in Australia. The oldest written graffiti was found in ancient Rome around 2500 years ago. Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was not considered vandalism.
Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:
Wet with cool dew drops
fragrant with perfume from the flowers
came the gentle breeze
jasmine and water lily
dance in the spring sunshine
side-long glances
of the golden-hued ladies
stab into my thoughts
heaven itself cannot take my mind
as it has been captivated by one lass
among the five hundred I have seen here.
Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its walis, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.
Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the grottesche style of decoration.
There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.
Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.
The oldest known example of graffiti "monikers" found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, Who is Bozo Texino?.
In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:
During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".
Modern graffiti art has its origins with young people in 1960s and 70s in New York City and Philadelphia. Tags were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti. Eventually, throw-ups and pieces evolved with the desire to create larger art. Writers used spray paint and other kind of materials to leave tags or to create images on the sides subway trains. and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.
While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic Norman Mailer—others, including New York City mayor Ed Koch, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight. The ‘taggers’ called what they did ‘writing’—though an important 1974 essay by Mailer referred to it using the term ‘graffiti.’
Contemporary graffiti style has been heavily influenced by hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti; however, there are many other traditions of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges.
An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "Clapton is God" in reference to the guitarist Eric Clapton. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington, north London in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall.
Films like Style Wars in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983
Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture
Main article: Commercial graffiti
With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.
In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".
Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration". Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities". Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York". The "sprawling metropolis", of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti"; Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples", and to "Brazil's chronic poverty", as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture". In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently". Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised", that is South American graffiti art.
Prominent Brazilian writers include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.
Graffiti in the Middle East has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in Egypt, Lebanon, the Gulf countries like Bahrain or the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel.
Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist Banksy has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in Palestine where some of his works are located in the West Bank barrier and Bethlehem.
There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.
The modern-day graffitists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color.
Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface.
Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis
Tagging is the practice of someone spray-painting "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface" in a handstyle unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti.
Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffitists. yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists.
Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Asger Jorn, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up"
Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal
In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.
Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffitists Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffitists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville.
Graffitist believes that art should be on display for everyone in the public eye or in plain sight, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery. Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere form sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc. Art to them is for everyone and should be showed to everyone for free.
Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing what one feels in the moment. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism. And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous or to hinder prosecution.
With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.
Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.
Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.
Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the Finnish graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat publishing a photograph of a Peugeot 208 in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.
Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.
Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store.
Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product.
Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture.
The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.
I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely.
The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.
Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest. The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.
Berlin human rights activist Irmela Mensah-Schramm has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.
In Serbian capital, Belgrade, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former general of Serb army and war criminal, convicted at ICTY for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnian War, Ratko Mladić, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thank to your mother". Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past". Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of Bosnian genocide denial, at Balkan Diskurs magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which young are being exposed to celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".
There are numerous examples of genocide denial through celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans inhabited by Serbs using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave. Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that Interior Minister of Serbia, Aleksandar Vulin decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement". Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with graffiti creators and their supporters, blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism in that way, and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.
Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.
A spatial code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the herald of more serious criminal activity to come. A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.
By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.
Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.
In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan.
A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine Time Out, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti.
From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Doğançay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent ..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing ...) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.
In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.
Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris.
Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs. A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.
In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.
Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China, Graffiti is generally accepted in Beijing, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.
In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially.
In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."
In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.
In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined two million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.
In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.
In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.
In Budapest, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image.
To back the campaign, 123 Members of Parliament (MPs) (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."
In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.
In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.
Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".
Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at Camperdown (2009)
In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffitists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[108][109] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.
Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.
Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.
In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.
Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.
Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.
To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.
When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.
This turned out to be one of the most joyous, life affirming places that we've visited on our travels. The sparkling, late summer sunshine, the arresting modern architecture set amid so much history, the superb collection of early 20th century paintings on the 5th floor, and the throng of tourists and Parisians enjoying themselves on a Saturday combined to make this a most memorable afternoon.
"Centre Georges Pompidou commonly shortened to Centre Pompidou; also known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex building in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement of Paris, near Les Halles, rue Montorgueil and the Marais. The Place Georges Pompidou in front of the museum is noted for the presence of street performers, such as mimes and jugglers. In the spring, miniature carnivals are installed temporarily into the place in front with a wide variety of attractions: bands, caricature and sketch artists, tables set up for evening dining, and even skateboarding competitions.
The nearby Stravinsky Fountain (also called the Fontaine des automates), on Place Stravinsky, features sixteen whimsical moving and water-spraying sculptures by Jean Tinguely and Niki de Saint-Phalle, which represent themes and works by composer Igor Stravinsky. The black-painted mechanical sculptures are by Tinguely, the colored works by de Saint-Phalle. The fountain opened in 1983.
It houses the Bibliothèque publique d'information (Public Information Library), a vast public library, the Musée National d'Art Moderne, which is the largest museum for modern art in Europe, and IRCAM, a centre for music and acoustic research. Because of its location, the Centre is known locally as Beaubourg. It is named after Georges Pompidou, the President of France from 1969 to 1974 who commissioned the building, and was officially opened on 31 January 1977 by President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.
The sculpture, Horizontal by Alexander Calder, a free-standing mobile that is twenty-five feet high, was placed in 2012 in front of the Centre Pompidou.
The Centre was designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano; British architect Richard Rogers; and Italian architect Gianfranco Franchini, assisted by Ove Arup & Partners.The project was awarded to this team in an architectural design competition, whose results were announced in 1971. It was the first time in France that international architects were allowed to participate. World-renowned architects Oscar Niemeyer, Jean Prouvé and Philip Johnson made up the jury which would select one design out of the 681 entries.
National Geographic described the reaction to the design as "love at second sight." An article in Le Figaro declared "Paris has its own monster, just like the one in Loch Ness." But two decades later, while reporting on Rogers' winning the Pritzker Prize in 2007, The New York Times noted that the design of the Centre "turned the architecture world upside down" and that "Mr. Rogers earned a reputation as a high-tech iconoclast with the completion of the 1977 Pompidou Centre, with its exposed skeleton of brightly coloured tubes for mechanical systems. The Pritzker jury said the Pompidou "revolutionized museums, transforming what had once been elite monuments into popular places of social and cultural exchange, woven into the heart of the city.".
Initially, all of the functional structural elements of the building were colour-coded: green pipes are plumbing, blue ducts are for climate control, electrical wires are encased in yellow, and circulation elements and devices for safety (e.g., fire extinguishers) are red."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou
...
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This turned out to be one of the most joyous, life affirming places that we've visited on our travels. The sparkling, late summer sunshine, the arresting modern architecture set amid so much history, the superb collection of early 20th century paintings on the 5th floor, and the throng of tourists and Parisians enjoying themselves on a Saturday combined to make this a most memorable afternoon.
"Centre Georges Pompidou commonly shortened to Centre Pompidou; also known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex building in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement of Paris, near Les Halles, rue Montorgueil and the Marais. The Place Georges Pompidou in front of the museum is noted for the presence of street performers, such as mimes and jugglers. In the spring, miniature carnivals are installed temporarily into the place in front with a wide variety of attractions: bands, caricature and sketch artists, tables set up for evening dining, and even skateboarding competitions.
The nearby Stravinsky Fountain (also called the Fontaine des automates), on Place Stravinsky, features sixteen whimsical moving and water-spraying sculptures by Jean Tinguely and Niki de Saint-Phalle, which represent themes and works by composer Igor Stravinsky. The black-painted mechanical sculptures are by Tinguely, the colored works by de Saint-Phalle. The fountain opened in 1983.
It houses the Bibliothèque publique d'information (Public Information Library), a vast public library, the Musée National d'Art Moderne, which is the largest museum for modern art in Europe, and IRCAM, a centre for music and acoustic research. Because of its location, the Centre is known locally as Beaubourg. It is named after Georges Pompidou, the President of France from 1969 to 1974 who commissioned the building, and was officially opened on 31 January 1977 by President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.
The sculpture, Horizontal by Alexander Calder, a free-standing mobile that is twenty-five feet high, was placed in 2012 in front of the Centre Pompidou.
The Centre was designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano; British architect Richard Rogers; and Italian architect Gianfranco Franchini, assisted by Ove Arup & Partners.The project was awarded to this team in an architectural design competition, whose results were announced in 1971. It was the first time in France that international architects were allowed to participate. World-renowned architects Oscar Niemeyer, Jean Prouvé and Philip Johnson made up the jury which would select one design out of the 681 entries.
National Geographic described the reaction to the design as "love at second sight." An article in Le Figaro declared "Paris has its own monster, just like the one in Loch Ness." But two decades later, while reporting on Rogers' winning the Pritzker Prize in 2007, The New York Times noted that the design of the Centre "turned the architecture world upside down" and that "Mr. Rogers earned a reputation as a high-tech iconoclast with the completion of the 1977 Pompidou Centre, with its exposed skeleton of brightly coloured tubes for mechanical systems. The Pritzker jury said the Pompidou "revolutionized museums, transforming what had once been elite monuments into popular places of social and cultural exchange, woven into the heart of the city.".
Initially, all of the functional structural elements of the building were colour-coded: green pipes are plumbing, blue ducts are for climate control, electrical wires are encased in yellow, and circulation elements and devices for safety (e.g., fire extinguishers) are red."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou
...
This turned out to be one of the most joyous, life affirming places that we've visited on our travels. The sparkling, late summer sunshine, the arresting modern architecture set amid so much history, the superb collection of early 20th century paintings on the 5th floor, and the throng of tourists and Parisians enjoying themselves on a Saturday combined to make this a most memorable afternoon.
"Centre Georges Pompidou commonly shortened to Centre Pompidou; also known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex building in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement of Paris, near Les Halles, rue Montorgueil and the Marais. The Place Georges Pompidou in front of the museum is noted for the presence of street performers, such as mimes and jugglers. In the spring, miniature carnivals are installed temporarily into the place in front with a wide variety of attractions: bands, caricature and sketch artists, tables set up for evening dining, and even skateboarding competitions.
The nearby Stravinsky Fountain (also called the Fontaine des automates), on Place Stravinsky, features sixteen whimsical moving and water-spraying sculptures by Jean Tinguely and Niki de Saint-Phalle, which represent themes and works by composer Igor Stravinsky. The black-painted mechanical sculptures are by Tinguely, the colored works by de Saint-Phalle. The fountain opened in 1983.
It houses the Bibliothèque publique d'information (Public Information Library), a vast public library, the Musée National d'Art Moderne, which is the largest museum for modern art in Europe, and IRCAM, a centre for music and acoustic research. Because of its location, the Centre is known locally as Beaubourg. It is named after Georges Pompidou, the President of France from 1969 to 1974 who commissioned the building, and was officially opened on 31 January 1977 by President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.
The sculpture, Horizontal by Alexander Calder, a free-standing mobile that is twenty-five feet high, was placed in 2012 in front of the Centre Pompidou.
The Centre was designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano; British architect Richard Rogers; and Italian architect Gianfranco Franchini, assisted by Ove Arup & Partners.The project was awarded to this team in an architectural design competition, whose results were announced in 1971. It was the first time in France that international architects were allowed to participate. World-renowned architects Oscar Niemeyer, Jean Prouvé and Philip Johnson made up the jury which would select one design out of the 681 entries.
National Geographic described the reaction to the design as "love at second sight." An article in Le Figaro declared "Paris has its own monster, just like the one in Loch Ness." But two decades later, while reporting on Rogers' winning the Pritzker Prize in 2007, The New York Times noted that the design of the Centre "turned the architecture world upside down" and that "Mr. Rogers earned a reputation as a high-tech iconoclast with the completion of the 1977 Pompidou Centre, with its exposed skeleton of brightly coloured tubes for mechanical systems. The Pritzker jury said the Pompidou "revolutionized museums, transforming what had once been elite monuments into popular places of social and cultural exchange, woven into the heart of the city.".
Initially, all of the functional structural elements of the building were colour-coded: green pipes are plumbing, blue ducts are for climate control, electrical wires are encased in yellow, and circulation elements and devices for safety (e.g., fire extinguishers) are red."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou
...
This turned out to be one of the most joyous, life affirming places that we've visited on our travels. The sparkling, late summer sunshine, the arresting modern architecture set amid so much history, the superb collection of early 20th century paintings on the 5th floor, and the throng of tourists and Parisians enjoying themselves on a Saturday combined to make this a most memorable afternoon.
"Centre Georges Pompidou commonly shortened to Centre Pompidou; also known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex building in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement of Paris, near Les Halles, rue Montorgueil and the Marais. The Place Georges Pompidou in front of the museum is noted for the presence of street performers, such as mimes and jugglers. In the spring, miniature carnivals are installed temporarily into the place in front with a wide variety of attractions: bands, caricature and sketch artists, tables set up for evening dining, and even skateboarding competitions.
The nearby Stravinsky Fountain (also called the Fontaine des automates), on Place Stravinsky, features sixteen whimsical moving and water-spraying sculptures by Jean Tinguely and Niki de Saint-Phalle, which represent themes and works by composer Igor Stravinsky. The black-painted mechanical sculptures are by Tinguely, the colored works by de Saint-Phalle. The fountain opened in 1983.
It houses the Bibliothèque publique d'information (Public Information Library), a vast public library, the Musée National d'Art Moderne, which is the largest museum for modern art in Europe, and IRCAM, a centre for music and acoustic research. Because of its location, the Centre is known locally as Beaubourg. It is named after Georges Pompidou, the President of France from 1969 to 1974 who commissioned the building, and was officially opened on 31 January 1977 by President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.
The sculpture, Horizontal by Alexander Calder, a free-standing mobile that is twenty-five feet high, was placed in 2012 in front of the Centre Pompidou.
The Centre was designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano; British architect Richard Rogers; and Italian architect Gianfranco Franchini, assisted by Ove Arup & Partners.The project was awarded to this team in an architectural design competition, whose results were announced in 1971. It was the first time in France that international architects were allowed to participate. World-renowned architects Oscar Niemeyer, Jean Prouvé and Philip Johnson made up the jury which would select one design out of the 681 entries.
National Geographic described the reaction to the design as "love at second sight." An article in Le Figaro declared "Paris has its own monster, just like the one in Loch Ness." But two decades later, while reporting on Rogers' winning the Pritzker Prize in 2007, The New York Times noted that the design of the Centre "turned the architecture world upside down" and that "Mr. Rogers earned a reputation as a high-tech iconoclast with the completion of the 1977 Pompidou Centre, with its exposed skeleton of brightly coloured tubes for mechanical systems. The Pritzker jury said the Pompidou "revolutionized museums, transforming what had once been elite monuments into popular places of social and cultural exchange, woven into the heart of the city.".
Initially, all of the functional structural elements of the building were colour-coded: green pipes are plumbing, blue ducts are for climate control, electrical wires are encased in yellow, and circulation elements and devices for safety (e.g., fire extinguishers) are red."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou
...
Le 23 février 1794, une quarantaine de prisonniers sont extraits de leurs cachots de Bourgneuf-en-Retz pour être conduits au port du Collet. Tous ont été capturés les jours précédents lors des battues menées par les soldats républicains en forêt de Princé et dans les marais de Saint-Cyr qui servaient de refuges aux Vendéens du Pays de Retz. Et tous doivent être transférés vers Nantes par voie de mer, plus sûre que la route. Mais des vents contraires ont retardé le départ de trois jours.
Pendant ce temps un nouvel ordre tombe. Il est signé par l’adjudant-général Lefaivre, un ancien de l’armée de Mayence, qui affirmera que Haxo lui-même en était à l’origine :
Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité.
Bourgneuf, 5 ventôse, an deuxième de la République une et indivisible.
Il est ordonné à Pierre Macé, capitaine du bâtiment Le Destin, de faire remettre à terre la nommée Jeanne Biclet, femme de Jean Piraud, et le surplus sera conduit par lui à la hauteur de Pierre-Moine ; là, il les fera jeter à la mer comme rebelles à la loi et, après cette opération, il retournera à son poste.
Le « surplus » est constitué de 41 personnes, deux vieillards (dont l’un, âgé de 78 ans, est aveugle), 12 femmes, le reste rassemblant des jeunes filles et des enfants, dont 5 bébés.
Les prisonniers s’embarquent ainsi dans la soirée du 23, à bord du chasse-marée le Destin, commandé par Pierre Macé. Arrivés le lendemain sur le lieu de leur supplice, au milieu de la baie de Bourgneuf, les malheureux sont précipités par-dessus bord. Certaines petites victimes qui surnagent sont assommées à coups de rames.
Leurs bourreaux pensaient les noyer dans l’oubli, mais l’Histoire a malgré tout retenu les noms de la moitié de ces martyrs, comme les sœurs Rousseau : Marie (4 ans), Françoise (3 ans), Aimée-Rosalie (2 ans) et Anne (1 an).
Il faudra attendre les lendemains de Thermidor pour que les responsables de cette atrocité soient dénoncés, le 1er octobre 1794. Emprisonnés à Paris, ils sont finalement acquittés à la fin de l’année. L’amnistie d’octobre 1795 les blanchira, comme tous les crimes commis sous la Terreur.
The city of Bonn, founded by the Romans about 25kms south of Cologne. Bonn was the capital of Western Germany (BRD), following the first chancellor, Konrad Adenauer, a native of that area. Bonn actually became the capital, designated the "temporary seat of the Federal institutions," in 1949. as the Bundestag affirmed Berlin's status as the German capital.
After the German unification Bonn lost the status. Since 1990 Berlin was made the capital of Germany again.
A church existed here already in merovingian times, later rebuilt, enlarged and part of collegiate. It was dedicated to Saint Cassius and Saint Florentius, two members of the legendary Theban Legion (-> Saint Maurice).
The old collegiate church got demolished in 1050 and construction of the church, seen today, started. The eastern apse was consecrated in 1153, the center was rebvuilt after a fire in 1239.
Unfortunately the "Bonner Münster" was closed for renovation end of 2017.
This turned out to be one of the most joyous, life affirming places that we've visited on our travels. The sparkling, late summer sunshine, the arresting modern architecture set amid so much history, the superb collection of early 20th century paintings on the 5th floor, and the throng of tourists and Parisians enjoying themselves on a Saturday combined to make this a most memorable afternoon.
"Centre Georges Pompidou commonly shortened to Centre Pompidou; also known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex building in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement of Paris, near Les Halles, rue Montorgueil and the Marais. The Place Georges Pompidou in front of the museum is noted for the presence of street performers, such as mimes and jugglers. In the spring, miniature carnivals are installed temporarily into the place in front with a wide variety of attractions: bands, caricature and sketch artists, tables set up for evening dining, and even skateboarding competitions.
The nearby Stravinsky Fountain (also called the Fontaine des automates), on Place Stravinsky, features sixteen whimsical moving and water-spraying sculptures by Jean Tinguely and Niki de Saint-Phalle, which represent themes and works by composer Igor Stravinsky. The black-painted mechanical sculptures are by Tinguely, the colored works by de Saint-Phalle. The fountain opened in 1983.
It houses the Bibliothèque publique d'information (Public Information Library), a vast public library, the Musée National d'Art Moderne, which is the largest museum for modern art in Europe, and IRCAM, a centre for music and acoustic research. Because of its location, the Centre is known locally as Beaubourg. It is named after Georges Pompidou, the President of France from 1969 to 1974 who commissioned the building, and was officially opened on 31 January 1977 by President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.
The sculpture, Horizontal by Alexander Calder, a free-standing mobile that is twenty-five feet high, was placed in 2012 in front of the Centre Pompidou.
The Centre was designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano; British architect Richard Rogers; and Italian architect Gianfranco Franchini, assisted by Ove Arup & Partners.The project was awarded to this team in an architectural design competition, whose results were announced in 1971. It was the first time in France that international architects were allowed to participate. World-renowned architects Oscar Niemeyer, Jean Prouvé and Philip Johnson made up the jury which would select one design out of the 681 entries.
National Geographic described the reaction to the design as "love at second sight." An article in Le Figaro declared "Paris has its own monster, just like the one in Loch Ness." But two decades later, while reporting on Rogers' winning the Pritzker Prize in 2007, The New York Times noted that the design of the Centre "turned the architecture world upside down" and that "Mr. Rogers earned a reputation as a high-tech iconoclast with the completion of the 1977 Pompidou Centre, with its exposed skeleton of brightly coloured tubes for mechanical systems. The Pritzker jury said the Pompidou "revolutionized museums, transforming what had once been elite monuments into popular places of social and cultural exchange, woven into the heart of the city.".
Initially, all of the functional structural elements of the building were colour-coded: green pipes are plumbing, blue ducts are for climate control, electrical wires are encased in yellow, and circulation elements and devices for safety (e.g., fire extinguishers) are red."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou
...
www.arqueologiadelperu.com/in-rare-interview-colombian-re...
Bogotá, Colombia (AP) – In a landmark television interview, the rarely-seen leader of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) reaffirmed the commitment of Latin America's oldest insurgency to abandon the battlefield even while shying from a six-month deadline to sign a final peace accord.
Rodrigo Londoño said he has always considered himself an "enemy" of putting artificial dates on negotiations, fearing it could backfire against the rebels if a target is missed. But he said he eventually was persuaded to put aside those objections and join Colombian president Juan Manuel Santos in making a pledge to reach a final deal by March because he trusts the president, whom he called an "ally of peace."
"If there's political will, we can do it earlier, but six months may also be too short," Londoño said in his first interview since peace talks began in Cuba three years ago.
The interview aired Tuesday night was as significant for its very existence as for any revelations made by the normally secretive Londoño, who is better known by the alias Timochenko.
Until last week, when he shook hands with President Santos in Havana to announce a breakthrough agreement on the thorny issue of punishment for war crimes during a half-century of fighting, the veteran guerrilla commander had been something of a sphinx to Colombians. When he was seen at all, it was only in videotaped messages from the jungle battlefield dressed in military fatigues and railing against Colombia's U.S.-backed "oligarchy."
But in a speech alongside Santos and again in the interview aired Tuesday with Venezuelan-based network Telesur, Londoño tired to cast a softer image, wearing a white guayabera shirt and sporting his trademark salt-and-pepper beard neatly groomed.
In a heavily edited conversation with a leftist former Colombian senator, Piedad Cordoba, Londoño reminisced about his decision to run off with the rebels while still a teenager 40 years ago. And he spoke of a desire to one day return to the coffee-growing town where he was raised by a peasant communist father and devout Catholic mother.
Asked if he would ask the FARC's many victims for forgiveness, Londoño said tactical "errors" in the heat of battle were made on all sides, but that he had nothing to apologize for.
"Whoever asks for forgiveness it's because they regret something, and I don't regret anything," he said.
Without presenting any proof or details, he said the FARC early in the peace process had had the opportunity to assassinate Santos but desisted from carrying out an attack because the group's then-leader, alias Alfonso Cano, was against provoking more bloodshed while dialogue was underway. Cano was later killed in a military air attack.
Londoño said he is no longer dedicating energy to warfare and in the spirit of reconciliation would even meet with former President Alvaro Uribe, a harsh critic of the talks whose U.S.-backed military offensive last decade decimated the FARC's ranks.
The rebel leader also played down speculation that some of the FARC's estimated 6,500 troops would not adhere to a peace accord. Critics say many former fighters will dedicate themselves to drug trafficking and extortion, lucrative activities the group uses to fund its insurgency, instead of handing over their weapons for an uncertain future in which they'll be required to confess their abuses to special tribunals.
"I give you my full assurances, that there's not a single guerrilla, neither commander or combatant, that's in disagreement," said Londoño.
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This turned out to be one of the most joyous, life affirming places that we've visited on our travels. The sparkling, late summer sunshine, the arresting modern architecture set amid so much history, the superb collection of early 20th century paintings on the 5th floor, and the throng of tourists and Parisians enjoying themselves on a Saturday combined to make this a most memorable afternoon.
"Centre Georges Pompidou commonly shortened to Centre Pompidou; also known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex building in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement of Paris, near Les Halles, rue Montorgueil and the Marais. The Place Georges Pompidou in front of the museum is noted for the presence of street performers, such as mimes and jugglers. In the spring, miniature carnivals are installed temporarily into the place in front with a wide variety of attractions: bands, caricature and sketch artists, tables set up for evening dining, and even skateboarding competitions.
The nearby Stravinsky Fountain (also called the Fontaine des automates), on Place Stravinsky, features sixteen whimsical moving and water-spraying sculptures by Jean Tinguely and Niki de Saint-Phalle, which represent themes and works by composer Igor Stravinsky. The black-painted mechanical sculptures are by Tinguely, the colored works by de Saint-Phalle. The fountain opened in 1983.
It houses the Bibliothèque publique d'information (Public Information Library), a vast public library, the Musée National d'Art Moderne, which is the largest museum for modern art in Europe, and IRCAM, a centre for music and acoustic research. Because of its location, the Centre is known locally as Beaubourg. It is named after Georges Pompidou, the President of France from 1969 to 1974 who commissioned the building, and was officially opened on 31 January 1977 by President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.
The sculpture, Horizontal by Alexander Calder, a free-standing mobile that is twenty-five feet high, was placed in 2012 in front of the Centre Pompidou.
The Centre was designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano; British architect Richard Rogers; and Italian architect Gianfranco Franchini, assisted by Ove Arup & Partners.The project was awarded to this team in an architectural design competition, whose results were announced in 1971. It was the first time in France that international architects were allowed to participate. World-renowned architects Oscar Niemeyer, Jean Prouvé and Philip Johnson made up the jury which would select one design out of the 681 entries.
National Geographic described the reaction to the design as "love at second sight." An article in Le Figaro declared "Paris has its own monster, just like the one in Loch Ness." But two decades later, while reporting on Rogers' winning the Pritzker Prize in 2007, The New York Times noted that the design of the Centre "turned the architecture world upside down" and that "Mr. Rogers earned a reputation as a high-tech iconoclast with the completion of the 1977 Pompidou Centre, with its exposed skeleton of brightly coloured tubes for mechanical systems. The Pritzker jury said the Pompidou "revolutionized museums, transforming what had once been elite monuments into popular places of social and cultural exchange, woven into the heart of the city.".
Initially, all of the functional structural elements of the building were colour-coded: green pipes are plumbing, blue ducts are for climate control, electrical wires are encased in yellow, and circulation elements and devices for safety (e.g., fire extinguishers) are red."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou
...
This turned out to be one of the most joyous, life affirming places that we've visited on our travels. The sparkling, late summer sunshine, the arresting modern architecture set amid so much history, the superb collection of early 20th century paintings on the 5th floor, and the throng of tourists and Parisians enjoying themselves on a Saturday combined to make this a most memorable afternoon.
"Centre Georges Pompidou commonly shortened to Centre Pompidou; also known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex building in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement of Paris, near Les Halles, rue Montorgueil and the Marais. The Place Georges Pompidou in front of the museum is noted for the presence of street performers, such as mimes and jugglers. In the spring, miniature carnivals are installed temporarily into the place in front with a wide variety of attractions: bands, caricature and sketch artists, tables set up for evening dining, and even skateboarding competitions.
The nearby Stravinsky Fountain (also called the Fontaine des automates), on Place Stravinsky, features sixteen whimsical moving and water-spraying sculptures by Jean Tinguely and Niki de Saint-Phalle, which represent themes and works by composer Igor Stravinsky. The black-painted mechanical sculptures are by Tinguely, the colored works by de Saint-Phalle. The fountain opened in 1983.
It houses the Bibliothèque publique d'information (Public Information Library), a vast public library, the Musée National d'Art Moderne, which is the largest museum for modern art in Europe, and IRCAM, a centre for music and acoustic research. Because of its location, the Centre is known locally as Beaubourg. It is named after Georges Pompidou, the President of France from 1969 to 1974 who commissioned the building, and was officially opened on 31 January 1977 by President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.
The sculpture, Horizontal by Alexander Calder, a free-standing mobile that is twenty-five feet high, was placed in 2012 in front of the Centre Pompidou.
The Centre was designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano; British architect Richard Rogers; and Italian architect Gianfranco Franchini, assisted by Ove Arup & Partners.The project was awarded to this team in an architectural design competition, whose results were announced in 1971. It was the first time in France that international architects were allowed to participate. World-renowned architects Oscar Niemeyer, Jean Prouvé and Philip Johnson made up the jury which would select one design out of the 681 entries.
National Geographic described the reaction to the design as "love at second sight." An article in Le Figaro declared "Paris has its own monster, just like the one in Loch Ness." But two decades later, while reporting on Rogers' winning the Pritzker Prize in 2007, The New York Times noted that the design of the Centre "turned the architecture world upside down" and that "Mr. Rogers earned a reputation as a high-tech iconoclast with the completion of the 1977 Pompidou Centre, with its exposed skeleton of brightly coloured tubes for mechanical systems. The Pritzker jury said the Pompidou "revolutionized museums, transforming what had once been elite monuments into popular places of social and cultural exchange, woven into the heart of the city.".
Initially, all of the functional structural elements of the building were colour-coded: green pipes are plumbing, blue ducts are for climate control, electrical wires are encased in yellow, and circulation elements and devices for safety (e.g., fire extinguishers) are red."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou
...
This turned out to be one of the most joyous, life affirming places that we've visited on our travels. The sparkling, late summer sunshine, the arresting modern architecture set amid so much history, the superb collection of early 20th century paintings on the 5th floor, and the throng of tourists and Parisians enjoying themselves on a Saturday combined to make this a most memorable afternoon.
"Centre Georges Pompidou commonly shortened to Centre Pompidou; also known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex building in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement of Paris, near Les Halles, rue Montorgueil and the Marais. The Place Georges Pompidou in front of the museum is noted for the presence of street performers, such as mimes and jugglers. In the spring, miniature carnivals are installed temporarily into the place in front with a wide variety of attractions: bands, caricature and sketch artists, tables set up for evening dining, and even skateboarding competitions.
The nearby Stravinsky Fountain (also called the Fontaine des automates), on Place Stravinsky, features sixteen whimsical moving and water-spraying sculptures by Jean Tinguely and Niki de Saint-Phalle, which represent themes and works by composer Igor Stravinsky. The black-painted mechanical sculptures are by Tinguely, the colored works by de Saint-Phalle. The fountain opened in 1983.
It houses the Bibliothèque publique d'information (Public Information Library), a vast public library, the Musée National d'Art Moderne, which is the largest museum for modern art in Europe, and IRCAM, a centre for music and acoustic research. Because of its location, the Centre is known locally as Beaubourg. It is named after Georges Pompidou, the President of France from 1969 to 1974 who commissioned the building, and was officially opened on 31 January 1977 by President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.
The sculpture, Horizontal by Alexander Calder, a free-standing mobile that is twenty-five feet high, was placed in 2012 in front of the Centre Pompidou.
The Centre was designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano; British architect Richard Rogers; and Italian architect Gianfranco Franchini, assisted by Ove Arup & Partners.The project was awarded to this team in an architectural design competition, whose results were announced in 1971. It was the first time in France that international architects were allowed to participate. World-renowned architects Oscar Niemeyer, Jean Prouvé and Philip Johnson made up the jury which would select one design out of the 681 entries.
National Geographic described the reaction to the design as "love at second sight." An article in Le Figaro declared "Paris has its own monster, just like the one in Loch Ness." But two decades later, while reporting on Rogers' winning the Pritzker Prize in 2007, The New York Times noted that the design of the Centre "turned the architecture world upside down" and that "Mr. Rogers earned a reputation as a high-tech iconoclast with the completion of the 1977 Pompidou Centre, with its exposed skeleton of brightly coloured tubes for mechanical systems. The Pritzker jury said the Pompidou "revolutionized museums, transforming what had once been elite monuments into popular places of social and cultural exchange, woven into the heart of the city.".
Initially, all of the functional structural elements of the building were colour-coded: green pipes are plumbing, blue ducts are for climate control, electrical wires are encased in yellow, and circulation elements and devices for safety (e.g., fire extinguishers) are red."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou
...
www.twitter.com/Memoire2cite « Non aux bidonvilles, non aux villes-bidon. L'urbanisme est un acte politique au service du peuple ». L'Atelier populaire des Beaux-Arts, en mai 1968, cristallise derrière ce slogan le mécontentement croissant face à la fabrique de la ville et à la multiplication de ce qu’on commence à appeler les Grands Ensembles. Délinquance juvénile, ennui, dépression, prostitution, ségrégation spatiale et sous-équipement... tels sont les symptômes d'une nouvelle maladie qui, selon L'Echo Régional du 22 mars 1962, frappe les villes dans les années 1960 : la « sarcellite ». Ce jugement très sévère sur les Grands Ensembles est partagé à la fois par les sociologues comme par les géographes voire par les politiques à en juger par le titre d'une note interne de la Commission Nationale du Logement en 1975 : « Grands Ensembles, grands problèmes ».Les quelques albums pour enfants qui entendent parler de l'époque dans laquelle leurs jeunes lecteurs vivent reprennent en cœur cette image austère de tours et de barres grises sans charmes. À l'instar de C'est le bouquet, de Claude Roy et Alain Le Foll édité en 1963 par Robert Delpire, l'extension horizontale de la fleur qui parvient à pousser à travers le béton et dans laquelle les habitants de la cité viennent se lover s'oppose à l'empilement des appartements dans les nombreuses tours. De la même façon, le troisième album des « Barbapapas », série créée en 1968, dénonce ces grandes barres grises qui brisent le rêve et l’imagination. Pourtant, face à cette critique qui met en avant davantage l'aspect esthétique ou inesthétique, une série, parue aux éditions La Farandole, fait résistance et entend porter un tout autre regard sur les Grands Ensembles et notamment sur le cadre de vie de ses habitants. Les six albums de la série « Nicole », réalisés entre 1969 et 1978, sont une idée d'Andrée Clair, auteure confirmée et militante communiste, mise en images par la toute jeune illustratrice débutante Bernadette Després.
La série des Nicole constitue probablement le témoignage d’un autre courant né dans les années 1960 mais qui s’affirme au sein de la gauche française et particulièrement du PCF après 1968 : il s’agit de la « Deuxième Gauche ». Dans cet article, il s’agira donc de montrer en quoi cette série peut être rattachée à ce nouveau courant et comment elle fait rupture avec le discours habituel sur les Grands Ensembles. Pour ce faire, nous entreprendrons d'abord de décrire la représentation des Grands Ensembles dans le paysage pictural français des albums pour enfants à la fin des années 1960. Ensuite, l’intentionnalité éditoriale qui a donné le jour à la série des « Nicole » dans la collection « Mille Images » sera interrogée. Enfin, les représentations et le discours socio-spatial original portés par la série sur les Grands Ensembles seront analysés. Grands chantiers, grands ensembles
1 « Quarante mille voisins », Cinq colonnes à la Une, Radiodiffusion de la Télévision Française, 2 dé (...)
« Dans quelques années, quand vous traverserez la banlieue parisienne, c’est en hélicoptère sans doute que vous irez. Et partout, vous survolerez des villes dans le genre de celle-ci. On les appelle les Grands Ensembles. On les appelle les villes-dortoirs. Elles doivent permettre aux familles de vivre loin de l’agitation et de l’air malsain des grandes cités. Elles existent dans le monde entier. Les urbanistes et les sociologues leur consacrent des volumes et des congrès1. »
C’est par ces mots que le journaliste de l’émission de télévision, Cinq colonnes à la Une, Pierre Tchernia, survolant en hélicoptère Sarcelles, présente en 1960 ce phénomène urbanistique original et sans réel précédent en France si l’on considère la vitesse de sa diffusion et l’ampleur des chantiers occasionnés. Le Ministère de la Reconstruction et de l’Urbanisme fut le moteur de ces constructions d’habitations mécanisées, préfabriquées et montées en série qui répondaient à une demande urgente de logements au lendemain de la Seconde guerre mondiale. Le Ministère se dota d’un arsenal de lois et de programmes de construction comme le programme de logements économique de première nécessité en 1955 et le décret du 31 décembre 1958 qui créa des Zones à Urbaniser en Priorité (ZUP) aux marges des grandes villes. Entre 1953 et 1978, ce sont 300 000 logements par an qui furent ainsi ouverts à l’habitation à loyer modéré. Plus de six millions de logements furent construits au total. L’émission de Cinq Colonnes à la Une se situe près de cinq ans après l’ouverture des premiers chantiers et l’on sent déjà dans le ton du journaliste le doute s’installer. « Elles doivent permettre aux familles de vivre loin de l’agitation et de l’air malsain des grandes cités », nous dit-il. Ces constructions commanditées par l’Etat, ayant recours aux méthodes de construction les plus modernes doivent améliorer les conditions de vie des habitants. Mais d’ailleurs comment nommer ces habitations ? On sent que le journaliste hésite : « grands ensembles », « villes dortoirs » ? En 1963, le géographe Yves Lacoste entreprend de donner une définition : Yves Lacoste, « Un problème complexe et débattu : les Grands Ensembles », Bulletin de l’Association (...)
Le Grand Ensemble apparaît comme une unité d’habitation relativement autonome formée de bâtiments collectifs, édifiés dans un assez bref laps de temps, en fonction d’un plan global qui comprend plus de 1000 logements environ2.
Raphaële Bertho, « Les grands ensembles », Études photographiques, 31, printemps 2014, [en ligne], (...)
cf. à ce propos Raphaële Bertho, op. cit.
Par « bâtiments collectifs », il faut comprendre une architecture de barres et de tours édifiées sur des zones d’implantation assez vastes ayant en commun d’appartenir à une même opération de grande envergure et visant à offrir des logements à loyer relativement bon marché. Raphaële Bertho souligne qu’avec le début des années 1960, « de réalisations glorieuses d’une Nation tournée vers l’avenir, [les grands ensembles] deviennent les symboles d’un État planificateur imbu de sa puissance3. » C’est d’ailleurs cette « toute puissance » qui est donnée à voir dans les premières images de Cinq Colonnes à la Une par une vue oblique depuis l’hélicoptère. L’observateur domine la création, l’aménagement et l’organisation humains. C’est tout le génie de l’architecte-urbaniste qui est mis en exergue ici dans ces images qui reprennent d’ailleurs une représentation très fréquente4 de ces manifestations bétonnées de la « modernisation triomphante ». Raphaële Bertho insiste sur l’image de cet « urbanisme nouveau » des Grands Ensembles qui est donnée par les services de l’État :
Dominique Gauthey, « Les archives de la reconstruction (1945-1979) », Etudes géographiques, n°3, no (...)
Raphaële Bertho, op. cit.
Les Grands Ensembles y sont présentés comme l’anticipation en actes d’une ville pensée et prévue pour l’homme, cités idéales où l’on retrouve l’importance accordée au soleil, à l’espace et à la verdure dans le credo moderniste. Une orientation manifeste, que l’on observe notamment dans la mise en scène des clichés lors des Salons des arts ménagers dans les années 1950, lesquels sont les vecteurs privilégiés de cette « planification intégrale du bonheur5 » auprès du public. Celui-ci est ainsi accueilli par la vision d’enfants profitant des espaces de loisirs nouvellement aménagés dans ces “cités radieuses”.Les enfants ont ainsi toute leur place dans ces projets modernes. Ces derniers sont en grande partie construits pour eux, part de la population française la plus nombreuse dans ce tout début de baby-boom. Louis Caro, « Psychiatres et sociologues dénoncent la folie des grands ensembles », Sciences et Vie(...)
L’Humanité du 5 novembre 1963.
Pourtant dès 1959, les grands ensembles sont mis sur la sellette. Dans Science et Vie, Louis Caro consacre un article entier à la formation des bandes de voyous dans les Grands Ensembles7. Dans les années 1962-1963, Sarcelles et ses avatars subissent de sévères critiques depuis qu’un des occupants d’une tour s’est défenestré. Les médias commencent à parler de « sarcellite », une maladie qui toucherait les habitants de Sarcelles et de tous les Grands Ensembles. Ainsi est-elle définie dans les colonnes de L’Humanité en 1963 : « Sarcellite, total désenchantement, indifférence à la vie sociale, ennui insurmontable, aboutissant à la dépression nerveuse dans les cas bénins, au suicide dans les cas aigus8. » Dès lors, les grands ensembles ne sont plus aussi radieux pour les enfants qui y habitent et il conviendrait peut-être de grandir ailleurs qu’à l’ombre des tours et des barres de béton armé. Claude Roy, Alain Le Fol, C’est le bouquet ! Gallimard, 1979, p.9.
10C’est à cette même époque que l’édition pour enfants s’intéresse au sujet et principalement certaines petites maisons d’édition. En 1963, Robert Delpire publie une histoire écrite par Claude Roy et mise en images par Alain Le Fol : C’est le bouquet ! Deux enfants, Claudelun et Claudelune, habitent au neuvième étage d’une tour d’un « Grand Ensemble de 2000 maisons avec un total de 200 000 appartements9 » situé tout près de Paris. La famille qui vivait jusque là dans des « coins-recoins-celliers-et-machin » au cœur de Paris, avait subi la crise du logement et était venue s’installer en banlieue dans des habitations imaginées par un Architecte malin :
L’Architecte, avec sa règle graduée, son équerre et sa bouteille d’encre de Chine, l’Architecte avait pensé à tout. Il avait prévu un vide-épluchures et vide-bouteilles, un vide-poussière et un vide-enfants. Mais il n’avait pas prévu les gens, et les gens s’ennuyaient dans tout ce ciment, ce verre, et ce vent, dans ces grands appartements tous pareils, qui ressemblaient à des cages à mouches empilées dans le ciel.
Roy, Cana, C’est le bouquet ! (1963), p. 10-11. © GallimardLa description qui est faite par Claude Roy d’un grand ensemble rejoint en tout point les griefs formulés contre ces grandes constructions grises : la tristesse, la monotonie, le fonctionnalisme poussé à l’excès. Les illustrations d’Alain Le Fol jouent sur l’opposition des constructions grises atoniques et de la « nature » multicolore. Cette opposition est développée tout au long de l’histoire, d’abord avec l’Oiseau Moqueur qui voit s’installer la famille, ensuite avec la croissance d’une plante semée accidentellement par l’un des deux enfants. Au début de l’histoire, la tour est perçue comme un supplice, une punition infligée aux enfants. L’Oiseau Moqueur se demande d’ailleurs : « Qu’est-ce qu’ils ont donc fait pour avoir mérité d’être enfermés dans ces cages-à-gens11 ? » Plus loin, lorsque la Mère veut calmer ses enfants qui semblent tourner en rond dans l’appartement, « elle les mettait dans le vide-enfants et ils allaient s’ennuyer sur le tas de sable à enfants à air conditionné ». À la fin, la fraxilumèle, cette plante aux couleurs merveilleuses, a dépassé les tours et envahi le Grand Ensemble. Elle est devenue l’aire de jeu la plus réjouissante dans laquelle enfants et adultes se retrouvent et s’amusent. On retrouvera cette même opposition entre la grisaille du béton et les couleurs liées au rêve et à l’enchantement dans un album de 1979 publié par le Père Castor, Fleur de béton de Michel Gansel et Monique Touvay. Dans cet ouvrage, trois jeunes garçons d’une cité HLM sortent de l’école et vont rendre visite à un de leur camarade malade et alité. Pour lui remonter le moral, ils lui confectionnent une grande fleur multicolore.Gansel, Touvay, Fleur de béton (1979), p. 4-5. © Père Castor/Flammarion
En 1968, Talus Taylor, un biologiste de San Francisco, rencontre à Paris une jeune architecte française, Annette Tison. Tous les deux imaginent sur une nappe de la brasserie Zeyer, place d’Alésia, un personnage hors norme, protéiforme, d’un rose très vif : Barbapapa. Ce dernier est né d’une graine et a pris naissance dans la Terre. Le premier album est publié en 1970 par la toute récente maison d’édition de l’École des loisirs. Deux ans plus tard, Barbapapa qui s’est construit une famille multicolore doit fuir une ville livrée à la démolition. Il est alors relogé dans de Grands Ensembles où il vit très mal l’entassement et l’ennui. La famille Barbapapa quitte alors la ville pour aller s’installer à la campagne.
Tison, Taylor, La Maison de Barbapapa (1972), p. 8-9. © Le Dragon d’or Ces trois ouvrages sont assez représentatifs du peu d’albums qui évoquent et représentent les grands ensembles entre 1960 et 1970. Le discours est toujours le même : éloigner les enfants de la « sarcellite » qui ne peut être qu’inéluctable dans ces grandes constructions que l’on s’emploie à représenter grises et tristes, sans joie et sans vie. Ce discours sera d’ailleurs maintenu bien après 1968. Cependant, à côté de cette production rare de quelques petits éditeurs et du silence des grandes maisons d’édition pour la jeunesse telles qu’Hachette, la série des « Nicole » a su attirer notre attention. Son discours sur les Grands Ensembles est à la fois très favorable et très engagé.
Sous le béton, la plage ! Nicole au quinzième étage est la première aventure d’une série de six éditée par La Farandole en 1969. Nicole et sa famille viennent d’emménager dans un appartement situé au quinzième étage d’une tour HLM. La jeune fille s’extasie, apprécie le confort et passe sa journée à la fenêtre à regarder la ville depuis le quinzième étage. Dans le deuxième album, Nicole et l’ascenseur (1971), c’est la diversité régnant dans cette tour de dix-huit étages qui est célébrée. Nicole dans le grand pré (1973) et Nicole et l’étoile de mer (1978) montrent qu’au cœur des Grands Ensembles existent des espaces verts de loisirs dans lesquels les enfants peuvent s’ébattre et s’épanouir au contact de la nature. Dans Nicole ne voit plus rien (1975), une panne d’électricité, aléa du modernisme, plonge la cité HLM dans le noir. Enfin Nicole et Djamila (1976) traite de la découverte de l’altérité au sein de ces grands ensembles qui ont accueilli une grande partie de la population immigrée venue offrir son travail en France depuis le milieu des années 1950. Ces six albums couvrent près de dix ans. La série se termine en 1978 et correspond, presque par hasard, avec la fin des politiques publiques des Grands Ensembles. Tous les albums en donnent une vision extrêmement positive. Aucune des illustrations ne montre de la grisaille, bien au contraire, tous les albums utilisent des couleurs très vives. L’illustratrice, Bernadette Després, n’a jamais recours au noir ou au gris pour dessiner les contours des Grands Ensembles mais au jaune d’or ou au bleu. La série toute entière, appartenant à la collection « Mille images » de la maison d’édition communiste La Farandole, est consacrée au bonheur de vivre dans les Grands Ensembles. On serait alors tenté de croire qu’il s’agit d’une prise de position politique éditoriale très marquée, rendant hommage à l’amélioration de la vie de la classe ouvrière. Cependant, il n’en est rien. D’autres ouvrages, publiés par La Farandole à la même époque que la série des Nicole, ont un discours très critique sur les Grands Ensembles.: Garonnaire, La Tour part en voyage (1974), couverture. © La Farandole
Prenons par exemple La Tour part en voyage de Jean Garonnaire en 1974. Les habitants d’une tour attristés par la vie au milieu de la cité HLM décident de desceller leur tour du sol pour l’emmener à la campagne, au milieu des bois et des prairies fleuries. Nous retrouvons ici encore une opposition ville/campagne, anthropisation/nature, qui semble être le courant dominant dans la littérature de jeunesse de l’époque qui veut bien s’intéresser à ce phénomène urbain. Il en va de même pour Grégoire et la grande cité (1979) de Jean-Pierre Serenne et Sylvia Maddonni où, dès la couverture, l’opposition cité HLM/champs fleuris est annoncé. : Serenne, Maddonni, Grégoire et la grande cité (1979), couverture. © La Farandole La ligne idéologique de La Farandole n’est donc pas fixée sur ce sujet à l’instar, d’ailleurs, de la ligne politique des membres du parti communiste français au sein duquel les avis sur la question des Grands Ensembles sont très partagés. Rappelons que L’Humanité fut l’un des premiers quotidiens à parler de « sarcellite » et que la jeunesse communiste de mai 1968 revendique davantage un urbaniste au service du peuple que le contraire. Il faut donc bien l’admettre, la série des « Nicole » est une œuvre originale dans le paysage de la littérature de jeunesse de cette époque et elle doit davantage son idéologie marquée pour les Grands Ensembles au militantisme de son auteure, Andrée Clair, qu’à celui de la maison d’édition ou du parti politique auquel elle se trouve rattachée. Hélène Bonnefond, « Les années "Lilenstein" de La Farandole », La Revue des livres pour enfants, n° (...) Ce à quoi semblent véritablement attachées Paulette Michel, l’épouse de Jean Jérôme, membre dirigeant du PCF, et Madeleine Gilard, les deux fondatrices de La Farandole en 1955, est une forme de « parler vrai » et de « montrer vrai ». Ceci peut se concevoir comme une véritable ligne éditoriale novatrice au milieu des années 1950. Hélène Bonnefond note que chez certains petits éditeurs comme La Farandole mais aussi Delpire, Harlin Quist ou l’École des Loisirs, « de plus en plus se développe l’idée que la jeunesse est un lectorat qui ne doit pas être restreint à des lectures angéliques, qu’il est capable de lire des histoires qui sont le reflet de la réalité sociale, culturelle, scientifique ou historique ». Sébastien Jolis, « Du logement au cadre de vie. Mobilisations associatives et vie sociale dans les (...)
22Comme le montre Sébastien Jolis14, au sein même du PCF, le regard sur les Grands Ensembles change au lendemain de mai 1968. La rupture est même consommée le 25 novembre de cette même année, après la journée nationale d’étude sur les équipements sociaux et culturels. En effet, si certains continuent à remettre en cause le financement par l’État de projets immobiliers collectifs, minimisant la place allouée aux équipements socio-culturels, d’autres, issus de la « Deuxième Gauche », qui s’étaient opposés au totalitarisme et au colonialisme, défendent une gestion partagée par les usagers des ZUP, une sorte de réappropriation des Grands Ensembles par la culture et les usagers eux-mêmes. C’est très sûrement avec la connaissance de cette faille au sein du PCF qu’il faut lier et comprendre le travail d’Andrée Clair dans la série des Nicole.
Andrée Clair, de son vrai nom Renée Jung, est née en 1916. Elle grandit dans la banlieue parisienne où son père est contrôleur des PTT et sa mère femme au foyer. Elle fait des études d’ethnologie à la Sorbonne puis part à Brazzaville où elle décroche un poste d’ethnologue assistante. Elle reste en Afrique pendant plusieurs années et y exerce plusieurs emplois liés à l’enseignement. Militante communiste, en 1949 elle est rapatriée d’office pour avoir contribué au développement du mouvement syndical africain. Elle retourne en Afrique après les indépendances et, de 1961 à 1974, elle devient conseillère culturelle du président Hamani Diori au Niger. Forcée de rentrer en France après le renversement de ce dernier, elle s’installe à Paris puis à Dreux où elle décèdera en 1982. Andrée Clair, « Pourquoi et pour qui j’écris ? », Enfance, tome 9, n°3, 1956, p.75.
Elle collabore avec les éditions de La Farandole depuis 1957. Elle écrit pour la jeunesse des romans et des albums qui ont très souvent pour toile de fond l’Afrique : Eau ficelée et ficelle de fumée (1957), Aminatou (1959), Dijé (1961), Les Découvertes d’Alkassoum (1964). Andrée Clair est une véritable militante engagée dans la vie sociale. En 1956, dans un numéro de la revue Enfance, elle écrit : « Pourquoi j’écris ? Pour remettre les choses en place. Autant que je le peux. Pour qui ? Pour les enfants, parce que... 15». Comme elle le dit elle-même, c’est la « rage » qui la pousse à écrire, celle de dénoncer le faux :
Ce n’est pas drôle d’avoir honte de la couleur de sa peau. Ce n’est pas drôle de découvrir que ce que vous avez toujours cru est faux. La rage déborda. Il fallait que je dise aux gens ce qu’était l’Afrique, l’enseignement, le racisme permanent, la vie de chaque jour. Il fallait dire la vérité. Cette vérité si difficile à trouver ici, pour qui n’a que de « bonnes » lectures. Comment le dire, sinon en écrivant ? Pour qui écrire, sinon pour des enfants ? J’avais été trompée. Je voulais détromper @ Le projet des « Nicole » naît de cette même rage d’expliquer aux enfants. Dans un entretien que j’ai pu avoir avec l’illustratrice, Bernadette Després m’a appris que le premier volume de la série, Nicole au quinzième étage, était une réaction à l’ouvrage de Claude Roy et Alain Le Fol, C’est le bouquet ! Pour Andrée Clair, il fallait donner une autre image des cités. Elle regardait C’est le bouquet ! comme une littérature bourgeoise adressée à des enfants qui ne connaissaient pas et ne connaîtraient sans doute jamais les Grands Ensembles.
« Je tiens à l’absolue exactitude de ce que j’écris [...] : géographie, ethnologie, milieu, ambiance17 », écrit encore Andrée Clair. Lorsqu’elle a l’idée du personnage de Nicole et de sa première aventure, La Farandole lui fait rencontrer une jeune illustratrice qui travaille pour la maison depuis quatre ans, Bernadette Després. Cette dernière a la même envie que son auteure : dessiner la vie des enfants au plus près de la réalité, ne pas chercher à leur mentir. Dès leur première rencontre en 1968, Andrée Clair entreprend de faire découvrir à Bernadette Després ces Grands Ensembles qu’elle devra dessiner, elle qui a grandi dans le VIIe arrondissement de Paris. Andrée Clair a une amie qui vit au quinzième étage d’une tour HLM dans le quartier de l’Argonne à Orléans. Elle y emmène Bernadette Després, lui fait voir la ville du haut de la tour. Bernadette Després prend tout en notes, fait des croquis de l’appartement. Andrée Clair supervise le travail de l’illustratrice de façon à être au plus proche de la réalité, s’accordant parfois la liberté de gommer les signes religieux comme la cathédrale d’Orléans qui est remplacée par un château fort. Andrée Clair, comme tous les auteurs de littérature pour enfants de La Farandole, fait partie du co (...)
Andrée Clair mise donc sur la sérialité ainsi que sur des histoires vraies18 de tous les jours pour accrocher ses jeunes lecteurs et faire passer un certain nombre de valeurs. Cette intentionnalité, elle l’exprimait déjà en 1956 :
Je suis contre la guerre (d’oppression, de conquête) et pour les résistants. Je suis contre le racisme, la bêtise, les mesquineries, la méchanceté. Je suis pour la beauté, la gaieté, l’amitié, la dignité, la lucidité. Pour la joie et l’enthousiasme. Pour ce qui est simple et sain, réel et humain. C’est dans ce sens que je veux entrainer mes lecteurs. Cette intentionnalité, quasi idéologique, est à la fois sociale et spatiale dans la mesure où elle est, dans le cas de la série « Nicole », liée à un lieu : les Grands Ensembles. Le travail d’illustratrice de Bernadette Després devient très important dès lors qu’il s’agit de créer un iconotexte dans lequel le récit textuel veut être en interdépendance avec le récit iconique.
Le Paradis des enfants Dans le discours iconotextuel de la série des « Nicole », trois arguments majeurs sont développés en faveur des Grands Ensembles : l’amélioration du niveau de vie des habitants, les bienfaits du vivre ensemble et une sorte d’égalité au droit à la ville. Ce sont ces trois arguments que nous souhaiterions développer ici à partir de quelques planches extraites de la série et qui nous semblent révélateurs du tournant que put représenter 1968. Clair, Després, Nicole au quinzième étage (1969), p.2-3. © La Farandole @ Andrée Clair, Bernadette Després, Nicole au quinzième étage, La Farandole, 1969, p.2.
30« J’habite au quinzième étage. Depuis une semaine, depuis le 4 décembre. Avant, nous habitions une pièce et une cuisine, au rez-de-chaussée, au fond d’une cour. C’était tout petit et on ne voyait jamais le soleil20 ». Ainsi commence Nicole au quinzième étage. Et dès la première double page, l’illustratrice joue sur les oppositions : l’enfermement et l’exiguïté des petites maisons entassées sur la page de gauche (p. 3) contrastent avec l’élévation et la prise d’espace sur la page de droite (p. 4). Le Grand Ensemble est une conquête spatiale et la petite famille de Nicole (son père, sa mère, sa grande sœur et son petit frère) vont dorénavant vivre à cinq dans un trois pièces-cuisine. Clair, Després, Nicole au quinzième étage (1969), p.4-5. © La Farandole
Cette conquête spatiale continue à la double-page suivante (p. 5-6). Sur la page de gauche, Nicole regarde le nouveau quartier à ses pieds desservi par une ligne de chemin de fer et une route à grande circulation. Sur la page de droite, une vue cavalière de l’appartement laisse deviner son agencement : « Notre appartement a trois pièces, une cuisine, une salle d’eau, un couloir, un séchoir, des placards. Quelle place !21 ». L’appartement est fonctionnel : les pièces de « long séjour » (chambres, salle de séjour, cuisine), donnant toutes sur l’extérieur, s’organisent autour de pièces dites de « court séjour », aveugles (buanderie, toilettes, salle de bain). Ce logement répond aux exigences du moment, telles qu’elles ont pu être définies dès la Reconstruction par des architectes comme Auguste Perret : confort (ensoleillement, chambres des enfants et des parents séparées), modernité (cuisine équipée, sanitaires, eau courante, électricité) et flexibilité (cloisons fines permettant un réaménagement de l’espace). Les tours sont équipées d’un indispensable ascenseur pour desservir les dix-huit étages. Cette couleur très visible sur les originaux se transforme en un orange vif sur les épreuves.
32« Nous avons notre chambre pour nous toutes seules. Nous avons chacun notre lit. Luc, le tout petit frère, dort dans la chambre de papa et maman. Le soir, nous dînons dans la salle de séjour. À midi, papa mange à la cantine de son usine. Luc se régale avec sa bouillie et son fruit, puis maman, Janine et moi, nous déjeunons dans la cuisine. Elle est claire. Dans toutes les pièces, il y a des grandes fenêtres. Quand il y a du soleil, il entre partout22. » À plusieurs reprises le texte insiste sur le gain de place, sur l’amélioration des conditions de vie apportées à une famille ouvrière. L’omniprésence du soleil se retrouve dans les images dans lesquelles Bernadette Després a eu abondamment recours à la couleur or23. Les traits de crayons donnent à ces couleurs un effet de scintillement.
Clair, Després, Nicole ne voit plus rien (1975), p.8-9. © La Farandole Andrée Clair, Bernadette Després, Nicole ne voit plus rien, La Farandole, 1975, p.6 Andrée Clair, op. cit., p.77.
Dans Nicole ne voit plus rien, l’aléa d’une panne d’électricité plonge la tour entière dans le noir. Le modernisme a ses limites ! « Mais... il n’y a plus de lumières nulle part. Oh !... c’est une panne d’électricité. Ce n’est que ça ! Maintenant qu’elle sait, Nicole n’a presque plus peur24. » Dans cette aventure, Nicole, restée seule à la maison, va devoir surmonter ses peurs en regardant par la fenêtre, en continuant à accomplir ses tâches. L’accident est appréhendé de manière optimiste et constitue pour Andrée Clair une véritable leçon de vie. « J’affirme que l’optimisme, la gaieté, l’entrain sont une forme de courage25 », déclare-t-elle en 1956. Les Grands Ensembles sont également pour Andrée Clair des espaces de mixité sociale où la diversité et la découverte de l’altérité sont bien réelles. L’exemple de Nicole et l’ascenseur en est un premier aperçu. Dans la tour où habite Nicole, les ascenseurs sont en panne. La mère de Nicole, qui revient du marché, doit monter les quinze étages à pied avec ses courses et son enfant en bas âge. Arrivée au dixième étage, les sacs se renversent et toutes les provisions tombent dans les escaliers. Cet accident devient une formidable occasion pour les habitants de la tour de venir en aide à la famille de Nicole. La majeure partie de l’histoire se déroule dans la cage d’escalier qui s’enroule autour des ascenseurs. De cette longue colonne vertébrale de la tour, Bernadette Després en fait un espace multigénérationnel, où les habitants se rencontrent et s’entraident. On sait combien la découverte de l’altérité est un aspect très cher à Andrée Clair. Les Grands Ensembles sont justement des lieux qui permettent la rencontre de l’Autre. C’est d’ailleurs tout le propos de l’album Nicole et Djamila, paru en 1976. Le père de Nicole arrive un soir à la maison avec une petite fille, Djamila. Son père a eu un accident du travail et sa mère est encore à la maternité. Djamila va donc passer quelques jours dans la famille de Nicole. Les deux fillettes qui semblent avoir le même âge vont partager la même chambre. cf. Yves Gastaut, « La flambée raciste de 1973 en France », Revue européenne des migrations interna (...) On ne peut éviter de replacer cet album dans son contexte historique. L’album est publié en 1976 au moment où la France connaît une flambée raciste et ce depuis la première crise économique de 1973. Face à la montée du chômage, l’État réglemente de manière plus drastique l’immigration en fermant les frontières26 et en multipliant les ordres de quitter le territoire national. Des affrontements racistes éclatent entre les partisans de l’Ordre Nouveau, favorable au retour des immigrés, et des partisans du PCF, à Paris et à Lyon. À Grasse et à Marseille, dans le courant de l’automne et de l’été 1973, des agressions racistes contre des Algériens font cinquante morts et près de trois cents blessés. Nous avons déjà évoqué précédemment le dégoût d’Andrée Clair pour le racisme et la bêtise humaine. Ce cinquième album de la série correspond encore à ce qu’écrivait Andrée Clair en 1956 : Andrée Clair, op. cit., p.76.
Ne pas insister sur les différences qui, si apparentes soient-elles, restent superficielles : peau, cheveux, forme des maisons ou art culinaire ; mais faire remarquer discrètement ce qui est semblable : causes de joie ou de tristesse, ennuis, soucis de chaque jour. Insister sur la richesse du cœur, de la pensée, de l’art. [...] Expliquer, toujours expliquer @ Clair, Després, Nicole et Djamila (1976), couverture. © La Farandole Dès la couverture, Bernadette Després montre davantage ce qui réunit les deux fillettes que ce qui pourrait les séparer : toutes les deux ont le sourire et jouent à la poupée dans la chambre de Nicole où de nombreux jouets sont éparpillés sur le sol. Rien dans l’image ne laisse entendre que la fillette aux cheveux longs est une petite Algérienne si ce n’est dans le titre. Le rapprochement entre les deux fillettes est doublé par le rapprochement de leurs deux poupées.: Clair, Després, Nicole et Djamila (1976), p.8 © La Farandole Andrée Clair, Bernadette Després, op. cit., 1976, p.9. Les différences de culture sont très discrètes. L’image panoramique des pages 8-9 représente une scène de table : le père de Djamila a été invité chez les parents de Nicole. Les convives partagent un plat unique qui ressemble à un hachis Parmentier. Dans un phylactère émanant du père de Djamila, Bernadette Després a dessiné un repas chez les parents de Djamila : « On n’a pas encore fêté la naissance de Karim. Samedi, nous invitons des amis. Ma femme voudrait que vous veniez. Moi aussi28. » Retour de bon procédé, les convives partagent un couscous. D’après Bernadette Després, Andrée Clair avait absolument tenu à ce que la famille algérienne soit assise sur des chaises et non par terre de façon à ce qu’on ne puisse pas se moquer d’eux. Pour terminer cette analyse de la série des « Nicole », un dernier aspect qui ne semble pas évident au premier coup d’œil le devient dès lors que l’on abandonne le point de vue contemporain et que l’on se replace dans le contexte de cette fin des années 1960. La série semble redéfinir la ville. Du haut de sa tour Nicole voit la ville se déployer, sortir de ses anciennes limites. La périphérie, les banlieues qu’elle habite s’étendent avec le développement des Grands Ensembles. Le phénomène peut parler à n’importe quel enfant dans la mesure où il est général à la France entière. Ces transformations fondamentales, ces transmutations de la ville industrielle en une forme tentaculaire, perceptibles dans les albums de la série, un philosophe les décrit, les analyse et s’en alerte en 1968, c’est Henri Lefebvre Henri Lefebvre, Le Droit à la ville, Anthropos, 1968 (2009), p. 8. Le Droit à la ville paraît en mars 1968. Dans cet ouvrage, Lefebvre décrit le processus « d’implosion-explosion » que subissent toutes les villes des grands pays industriels : « Les gens se déplacent vers des périphéries lointaines, résidentielles ou productives. Des bureaux remplacent les logements dans les centres urbains29. » Au terme de « ville », qu’il conserve pour parler des villes industrielles d’avant 1945, le philosophe préfère le terme de « tissu urbain » ou « d’urbain ». Cette réalité nouvelle affirme l’éclatement de la ville classique en périphéries industrielles, pavillonnaires ou faites de grands ensembles et le grignotement progressif de la campagne. Lefebvre alerte des dangers potentiels de cette urbanisation « capitaliste » qui subordonne la campagne à l’urbain, qui empêche l’appropriation par ses habitants, qui créé des îlots de pauvreté à la marge et qui renforce une centralité soumise à l’argent. Pour Lefebvre, les habitants des quartiers périphériques, dénués selon lui d’urbanité, se verraient spolier leur « droit à la ville ». Est-ce l’impression qui se dégage des planches de la série des Nicole ? Non. Nicole et le grand pré (1973), Nicole et l’étoile de mer (1978).Sébastien Jolis, op. cit., p. 42. On pourrait dire, bien au contraire, qu’à travers les différentes aventures de Nicole dans sa cité HLM, Andrée Clair revendique un « droit à la ville pour tous ». La famille de Nicole, en occupant un humble deux pièces au fond d’une cour dans le centre-ville, se trouvait finalement à la marge de la ville, ne pouvant profiter d’aucune des innovations offertes par la modernisation. Habiter les Grands Ensembles a permis à cette famille d’y avoir accès et, en même temps, de jouir des services de la ville. La cité HLM, située en périphérie, n’est pas déconnectée du centre-ville : les moyens de transport (lignes de bus, chemin de fer) sont régulièrement représentés dans les histoires. Le lien avec la « nature » est toujours maintenu. Dans deux des albums de la série30, Nicole passe ses loisirs dans un « centre aéré » situé à proximité de chez elle : le Grand Pré. Pour ce centre aéré, Andrée Clair s’est inspirée du centre aéré de la ville de Saint-Pierre-des-Corps (Indre-et-Loire), Les Grands Arbres. Ce centre a été créé en 1964, en bord de Loire, à quelques mètres de Grands Ensembles, et continue à recevoir les enfants de la ville sous des tentes plantées au milieu d’une prairie ombragée. Il constitue un élément, voire une infrastructure paysagère, sur lequel les partisans de la « Deuxième Gauche » vont s’appuyer pour modifier le regard porté au Grands Ensembles après 1968. En mobilisant l’attention sur le cadre de vie, ils défendent « une amélioration de leur condition d’habitat, en rejetant l’idée d’un divorce entre les habitants et leur habitat en grand ensemble31 ». Clair, Després, Nicole et Djamila (1976), p.3. (détail) © La Farandol Enfin, à de nombreuses occasions, Bernadette Després représente la vue depuis la fenêtre de la cuisine ou de la chambre de Nicole : il s’agit du centre-ville, de son château et de ses vieilles maisons, de sa gare et de ses usines. Cette vue est, au même titre que les quelques images accrochées au mur et qui représentent la montagne ou la campagne, un tableau. Cette vue de la ville quasi-omniprésente dans les albums est la manifestation d’une sorte d’appropriation de la ville. À la différence des images encadrées, le centre-ville lui est bien réel, aisément accessible, à portée d’œil et de main La cité HLM n’est pas un espace sans vie, sans âme. Elle est, sous la plume d’Andrée Clair et les pinceaux de Bernadette Després une émanation de la ville, une partie parfaitement connectée au reste du tissu urbain. Elle est le lieu qui donne aux classes populaires « droit à la ville ». Voilà en quelques mots l’intentionnalité socio-spatiale qui est présente à travers les six volumes de la série des Nicole. Cette intentionnalité, on l’a vu, n’est pas éditoriale mais est propre à une auteure engagée et militante, défendant le réalisme au nom d’un certain nombre de valeurs telles que la tolérance, le droit au bonheur, l’amélioration du niveau de vie pour tous Peu d’ouvrages pour enfants se sont intéressés au phénomène des Grands Ensembles et quand ce fut le cas, ce fut presque tout le temps pour les dénigrer et en présenter les dangers. La série des Nicole apparaît alors comme une exception, une originalité, qui entend s’adresser aux enfants et, à travers eux, aux adultes qu’ils deviendront. Pour Andrée Clair, écrire pour les enfants c’est les aider à grandir.
Andrée Clair, op. cit., p.76. En parlant de Moudaïna ou Deux enfants au cœur de l’Afrique (1952), Andrée Clair écrivait : « Il reste toujours quelque chose des livres d’enfants que l’on a aimés. Les lecteurs de ce livre ne pensent peut-être plus aux enfants noirs comme ils y penseraient s’ils ne l’avaient pas lu. C’est un point de gagné contre le racisme et contre la bêtise. Car jamais deux monstruosités n’ont été si bien ensemble que ces deux-là32 » Marie-Claude Monchaux, Écrits Pour nuire, Paris, UNI, 1985, p. 12 Ibid., p. 54.
47La série des « Nicole » entendait « parler vrai » aux enfants. Ce « parler vrai », ce « montrer vrai » de la société et de ce qui entoure l’enfant a pu passer, aux yeux de certains critiques conservateurs, pour de la littérature de jeunesse subversive. En 1985, par exemple, Marie-Claude Monchaux, dans Écrits pour nuire, mène une campagne à charge contre ce « volontaire pourrissement qu’on constate dans les livres pour enfants depuis 196833 ». Ce qu’elle reproche à ces éditeurs comme La Farandole c’est de priver les enfants du « droit sacré du rêve34 » p. 54.
Je demande pour eux des îles, et des amours enfantines qui s’épanouissent avec les couleurs de la vie la plus belle, car ils ont le droit de l’espérer autrement que par le truchement d’un droit syndical. […] Mais non, on lui coupe dès huit ans sous le pied l’herbe naissante ! La vie, mon petit, c’est ce petit HLM, ces petits sentiments, ces petits frôlements de peau à peau, ces petits amours dont on change, cet air mesuré et qui empeste les frites, ces mamans qui pour l’instant n’ont pas de petit ami, ces petits couplets sur le droit de grève @ Un débat idéologique post-68 est ici manifestement présent. Pour Andrée Clair, en revanche, il n’y a absolument pas d’aliénation du droit au rêve. Seulement, elle affirme que le rêve peut prendre sa place au milieu du béton et des tours où règnent diversité, altérité et mixité.
www.dailymotion.com/video/xw6lak?playlist=x34ije -Rue neuve 1956 la reconstruction de la France dix ans après la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale, villes, villages, grands ensembles réalisation : Jack Pinoteau , Panorama de la reconstruction de la France dix ans après la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale, ce film de commande évoque les villes et villages français détruits puis reconstruits dans un style respectant la tradition : Saint-Malo, Gien, Thionville, Ammerschwihr, etc. ainsi que la reconstruction en rupture avec l'architecture traditionnelle à Châtenay-Malabry, Arles, Saint Étienne, Évreux, Chambéry, Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, Abbeville, Le Havre, Marseille, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Dunkerque. Le documentaire explique par exemple la manière dont a été réalisée la reconstruction de Saint-Malo à l'intérieur des rempart de la vieille ville : "c'est la fidélité à l'histoire et la force du souvenir qui a guidé l'architecte". Dans le même esprit à Gien, au trois quart détruite en 1940, seul le château construit en 1494 pour Anne de Beaujeu, fille aînée de Louis XI, fut épargné par les bombardements. La ville fut reconstruite dans le style des rares immeubles restant. Gien est relevé de ses ruines et le nouvel ensemble harmonieux est appelé « Joyau de la Reconstruction française ».
Dans un deuxième temps est abordé le chapitre de la construction des cités et des grands ensembles, de l’architecture du renouveau qualifiée de "grandiose incontestablement". S’il est précisé "on peut aimer ou de ne pas aimer ce style", l’emporte au final l’argument suivant : les grands ensembles, c'est la campagne à la ville, un urbanisme plus aéré, plus vert." les films caravelles 1956, Réalisateur : Jack Pinoteau (connu pour être le metteur en scène du film Le Triporteur 1957 qui fit découvrir Darry Cowl)
www.dailymotion.com/video/xuz3o8?playlist=x34ije ,
Film d'archive actualités de 1952 Reconstruction de la France sept ans après la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale état des lieux de la crise du logement , Actualités de 1952.
Sept ans après la fin de la seconde guerre Mondiale état des lieux de la reconstruction de la France et de la crise du logement à l’œuvre, pénurie de logement, logements insalubres. Les actualités montrent des images d'archives de la destruction de la France, les Chars de la division Leclerc qui défilent sur les Champs Elysees. Le commentaire dénonce la lenteur de la reconstruction et notamment des manifestations qui ont eu lieue à Royan afin d''accélérer la reconstruction de la ville détruite.
Le film montre à Strasbourg, Mulhouse, des réalisation moderne de grands ensembles et des images d'archive de la reconstruction du Havre de Saint Nazaire.
Le film se termine à Marseille sur les réalisation nouvelles autour du vieux port puis on assiste à l'inauguration de la Cité Radieuse par le ministre de la Reconstruction et de l'Urbanisme Eugène Claudius-Petit en présence de son architecte Le Corbusier à qui le ministre remet la cravate de commandeur de la légion d'honneur. www.dailymotion.com/video/xk1g5j?playlist=x34ije Brigitte Gros - Urbanisme - Filmer les grands ensembles 2016 - par Camille Canteux chercheuse au CHS -Centre d'Histoire Sociale - Jeanne Menjoulet - Ce film du CHS daté de 2014 www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDUBwVPNh0s … L'UNION SOCIALE POUR L'HABITAT le Musée des H.L.M. musee-hlm.fr/ / - www.union-habitat.org/ / - www.institutfrancais.com/sites/default/files/dp_expositio... archives-histoire.centraliens.net/pdfs/revues/rev625.pdf tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00554230/document
This turned out to be one of the most joyous, life affirming places that we've visited on our travels. The sparkling, late summer sunshine, the arresting modern architecture set amid so much history, the superb collection of early 20th century paintings on the 5th floor, and the throng of tourists and Parisians enjoying themselves on a Saturday combined to make this a most memorable afternoon.
"Centre Georges Pompidou commonly shortened to Centre Pompidou; also known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex building in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement of Paris, near Les Halles, rue Montorgueil and the Marais. The Place Georges Pompidou in front of the museum is noted for the presence of street performers, such as mimes and jugglers. In the spring, miniature carnivals are installed temporarily into the place in front with a wide variety of attractions: bands, caricature and sketch artists, tables set up for evening dining, and even skateboarding competitions.
The nearby Stravinsky Fountain (also called the Fontaine des automates), on Place Stravinsky, features sixteen whimsical moving and water-spraying sculptures by Jean Tinguely and Niki de Saint-Phalle, which represent themes and works by composer Igor Stravinsky. The black-painted mechanical sculptures are by Tinguely, the colored works by de Saint-Phalle. The fountain opened in 1983.
It houses the Bibliothèque publique d'information (Public Information Library), a vast public library, the Musée National d'Art Moderne, which is the largest museum for modern art in Europe, and IRCAM, a centre for music and acoustic research. Because of its location, the Centre is known locally as Beaubourg. It is named after Georges Pompidou, the President of France from 1969 to 1974 who commissioned the building, and was officially opened on 31 January 1977 by President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.
The sculpture, Horizontal by Alexander Calder, a free-standing mobile that is twenty-five feet high, was placed in 2012 in front of the Centre Pompidou.
The Centre was designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano; British architect Richard Rogers; and Italian architect Gianfranco Franchini, assisted by Ove Arup & Partners.The project was awarded to this team in an architectural design competition, whose results were announced in 1971. It was the first time in France that international architects were allowed to participate. World-renowned architects Oscar Niemeyer, Jean Prouvé and Philip Johnson made up the jury which would select one design out of the 681 entries.
National Geographic described the reaction to the design as "love at second sight." An article in Le Figaro declared "Paris has its own monster, just like the one in Loch Ness." But two decades later, while reporting on Rogers' winning the Pritzker Prize in 2007, The New York Times noted that the design of the Centre "turned the architecture world upside down" and that "Mr. Rogers earned a reputation as a high-tech iconoclast with the completion of the 1977 Pompidou Centre, with its exposed skeleton of brightly coloured tubes for mechanical systems. The Pritzker jury said the Pompidou "revolutionized museums, transforming what had once been elite monuments into popular places of social and cultural exchange, woven into the heart of the city.".
Initially, all of the functional structural elements of the building were colour-coded: green pipes are plumbing, blue ducts are for climate control, electrical wires are encased in yellow, and circulation elements and devices for safety (e.g., fire extinguishers) are red."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou
...
This turned out to be one of the most joyous, life affirming places that we've visited on our travels. The sparkling, late summer sunshine, the arresting modern architecture set amid so much history, the superb collection of early 20th century paintings on the 5th floor, and the throng of tourists and Parisians enjoying themselves on a Saturday combined to make this a most memorable afternoon.
"Centre Georges Pompidou commonly shortened to Centre Pompidou; also known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex building in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement of Paris, near Les Halles, rue Montorgueil and the Marais. The Place Georges Pompidou in front of the museum is noted for the presence of street performers, such as mimes and jugglers. In the spring, miniature carnivals are installed temporarily into the place in front with a wide variety of attractions: bands, caricature and sketch artists, tables set up for evening dining, and even skateboarding competitions.
The nearby Stravinsky Fountain (also called the Fontaine des automates), on Place Stravinsky, features sixteen whimsical moving and water-spraying sculptures by Jean Tinguely and Niki de Saint-Phalle, which represent themes and works by composer Igor Stravinsky. The black-painted mechanical sculptures are by Tinguely, the colored works by de Saint-Phalle. The fountain opened in 1983.
It houses the Bibliothèque publique d'information (Public Information Library), a vast public library, the Musée National d'Art Moderne, which is the largest museum for modern art in Europe, and IRCAM, a centre for music and acoustic research. Because of its location, the Centre is known locally as Beaubourg. It is named after Georges Pompidou, the President of France from 1969 to 1974 who commissioned the building, and was officially opened on 31 January 1977 by President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.
The sculpture, Horizontal by Alexander Calder, a free-standing mobile that is twenty-five feet high, was placed in 2012 in front of the Centre Pompidou.
The Centre was designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano; British architect Richard Rogers; and Italian architect Gianfranco Franchini, assisted by Ove Arup & Partners.The project was awarded to this team in an architectural design competition, whose results were announced in 1971. It was the first time in France that international architects were allowed to participate. World-renowned architects Oscar Niemeyer, Jean Prouvé and Philip Johnson made up the jury which would select one design out of the 681 entries.
National Geographic described the reaction to the design as "love at second sight." An article in Le Figaro declared "Paris has its own monster, just like the one in Loch Ness." But two decades later, while reporting on Rogers' winning the Pritzker Prize in 2007, The New York Times noted that the design of the Centre "turned the architecture world upside down" and that "Mr. Rogers earned a reputation as a high-tech iconoclast with the completion of the 1977 Pompidou Centre, with its exposed skeleton of brightly coloured tubes for mechanical systems. The Pritzker jury said the Pompidou "revolutionized museums, transforming what had once been elite monuments into popular places of social and cultural exchange, woven into the heart of the city.".
Initially, all of the functional structural elements of the building were colour-coded: green pipes are plumbing, blue ducts are for climate control, electrical wires are encased in yellow, and circulation elements and devices for safety (e.g., fire extinguishers) are red."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou
...
Escalier à vis d'un immeuble art nouveau (jugendstil) situé au n°12 de la rue Alberta (Alberta Iela) à Riga en Lettonie.
L'immeuble est classé par les historiens d'art dans l'art nouveau de tendance romantisme national, un mouvement intellectuel visant à affirmer la culture et les traditions de la Lettonie face à l'impérialisme russe.
Architectes : K. Pekshens (ou Peksens) (1859-1928) et Eijens Laube
Cet immeuble érigé en 1903 était en son temps un des bâtiments les plus modernes de Riga, avec le chauffage central et l'adduction d'eau chaude. Son escalier à vis est célèbre. La façade de l'immeuble est ornée de motifs stylisés représentant des plantes et des animaux de Lettonie.
L'un des deux architectes K. Pekshens y habitait, un musée d'art nouveau a été installé dans ce qui fut son appartement au rez-de-chaussée.
site du musée
This turned out to be one of the most joyous, life affirming places that we've visited on our travels. The sparkling, late summer sunshine, the arresting modern architecture set amid so much history, the superb collection of early 20th century paintings on the 5th floor, and the throng of tourists and Parisians enjoying themselves on a Saturday combined to make this a most memorable afternoon.
"Centre Georges Pompidou commonly shortened to Centre Pompidou; also known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex building in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement of Paris, near Les Halles, rue Montorgueil and the Marais. The Place Georges Pompidou in front of the museum is noted for the presence of street performers, such as mimes and jugglers. In the spring, miniature carnivals are installed temporarily into the place in front with a wide variety of attractions: bands, caricature and sketch artists, tables set up for evening dining, and even skateboarding competitions.
The nearby Stravinsky Fountain (also called the Fontaine des automates), on Place Stravinsky, features sixteen whimsical moving and water-spraying sculptures by Jean Tinguely and Niki de Saint-Phalle, which represent themes and works by composer Igor Stravinsky. The black-painted mechanical sculptures are by Tinguely, the colored works by de Saint-Phalle. The fountain opened in 1983.
It houses the Bibliothèque publique d'information (Public Information Library), a vast public library, the Musée National d'Art Moderne, which is the largest museum for modern art in Europe, and IRCAM, a centre for music and acoustic research. Because of its location, the Centre is known locally as Beaubourg. It is named after Georges Pompidou, the President of France from 1969 to 1974 who commissioned the building, and was officially opened on 31 January 1977 by President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.
The sculpture, Horizontal by Alexander Calder, a free-standing mobile that is twenty-five feet high, was placed in 2012 in front of the Centre Pompidou.
The Centre was designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano; British architect Richard Rogers; and Italian architect Gianfranco Franchini, assisted by Ove Arup & Partners.The project was awarded to this team in an architectural design competition, whose results were announced in 1971. It was the first time in France that international architects were allowed to participate. World-renowned architects Oscar Niemeyer, Jean Prouvé and Philip Johnson made up the jury which would select one design out of the 681 entries.
National Geographic described the reaction to the design as "love at second sight." An article in Le Figaro declared "Paris has its own monster, just like the one in Loch Ness." But two decades later, while reporting on Rogers' winning the Pritzker Prize in 2007, The New York Times noted that the design of the Centre "turned the architecture world upside down" and that "Mr. Rogers earned a reputation as a high-tech iconoclast with the completion of the 1977 Pompidou Centre, with its exposed skeleton of brightly coloured tubes for mechanical systems. The Pritzker jury said the Pompidou "revolutionized museums, transforming what had once been elite monuments into popular places of social and cultural exchange, woven into the heart of the city.".
Initially, all of the functional structural elements of the building were colour-coded: green pipes are plumbing, blue ducts are for climate control, electrical wires are encased in yellow, and circulation elements and devices for safety (e.g., fire extinguishers) are red."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou
...
A song, not a pop song or rock for these two young guys at 21 years old each, penned and sang via their own drum. Absolutely heart felt lyrics and themes that astounded me because of their young years and they llived perhaps 3klms from from my home.
Regardless of not following the usual music scene, they suddenly found themselves on the world stage.
Lyrics............
"Affirmation"
I believe the sun should never set upon an argument
I believe we place our happiness in other people's hands
I believe that junk food tastes so good because it's bad for you
I believe your parents did the best job they knew how to do
I believe that beauty magazines promote low self-esteem
I believe I'm loved when I'm completely by myself alone
I believe in Karma what you give is what you get returned
I believe you can't appreciate real love until you've been burned
I believe the grass is no more greener on the other side
I believe you don't know what you've got until you say goodbye
I believe you can't control or choose your sexuality
I believe that trust is more important than monogamy
I believe your most attractive features are your heart and soul
I believe that family is worth more than money or gold
I believe the struggle for financial freedom is unfair
I believe the only ones who disagree are millionaires
I believe in Karma what you give is what you get returned
I believe you can't appreciate real love until you've been burned
I believe the grass is no more greener on the other side
I believe you don't know what you've got until you say goodbye
I believe forgiveness is the key to your unhappiness
I believe that wedded bliss negates the need to be undressed
I believe that God does not endorse TV evangelists
I believe in love surviving death into eternity
I believe in Karma what you give is what you get returned
I believe you can't appreciate real love until you've been burned
I believe the grass is no more greener on the other side
I believe you don't know what you've got until you say goodbye.
One of their songs, was what I chose to play for my second marriage for our wedding waltz.
Monumenta 2016
08 Mai 2016 - 18 Juin 2016
Grand Palais, Nef
Depuis 2007, des artistes contemporains de renommée internationale investissent la Nef du Grand Palais avec des oeuvres magistrales conçues pour l’occasion. Après Anselm Kiefer, Richard Serra, Christian Boltanski, Anish Kapoor, Daniel Buren et Ilya et Emilia Kabakov, Huang Yong Ping relève le défi en 2016.
Représentant de l’avant-garde artistique chinoise, il imagine une installation spectaculaire, qui est aussi une réflexion sur les transformations de notre monde.
ANALYSE DE L’ŒUVRE
Les thèmes du pouvoir et du commerce sont abordés ici, comme souvent dans la démarche de Huang Yong Ping. Originaire d’une ville portuaire de la Chine du Sud-Est, au trafic de 34 millions de tonnes de marchandises, l’artiste est sans doute fasciné par l’expression de cette puissance.
Selon les mots du commissaire Jean de Loisy, l’installation Empires évoque un paysage symbolique de la puissance économique mondiale d’aujourd’hui : ses ports, du Havre à Shanghai, et le commerce maritime, étendu à toutes les mers du globe. Les empires d’hier à aujourd’hui sont des pouvoirs politiques, militaires, religieux et économiques. De nouveaux empires ont supplanté les autres, mais ils disparaîtront eux aussi.
En déambulant dans Monumenta 2016, le visiteur découvre plusieurs montagnes composées d’empilements, plus ou moins hauts, de conteneurs. Une grue les domine de sa hauteur, tandis qu’un serpent colossal, à l’échelle de la Nef, se déploie sur tout cet ensemble, créant ainsi une forme d’unité. Son squelette de métal fait écho à la structure de la verrière du Grand Palais ; il guide le regard et dynamise la composition. Sa gueule menaçante semble en position d’attaque. Sa proie? Peut-être est-elle sa propre queue ou bien le bicorne de Napoléon Ier, immense, posé au sommet d’un arc de triomphe de conteneurs. Placé au centre de la composition, il symbolise la puissance de l’empire. Les entretiens qui suivent révèlent les aspects artistiques et symboliques de cette création, dont le projet est en germe depuis 2006, avant même l’invention de Monumenta!
SYMBOLIQUE DU DRAGON DANS LE MONDE CHINOIS
Créature mixte dans la culture chinoise, le dragon est doté d’une tête de lion, de cornes, d’un corps de serpent muni de quatre pattes griffues. Il trouve refuge au fond des cavernes dans la mer, attendant un signal pour s’envoler et rejoindre le monde céleste. Protecteur, le dragon est celui qui justifie le mandat céleste de l’empereur. Ce dernier lui fait des offrandes afin d’obtenir la pluie et ainsi la fertilité, afin que son pouvoir soit affirmé aux yeux de tous. A contrario, l’animal fabuleux peut être le signe de la chute d’une dynastie: surgissant de l’eau et provoquant inondations et destructions… Dans le passé, la découverte fortuite d’ossements de dinosaures était interprétée comme celle d’os de dragon.
For as long as I can recall I've heard rumors about a supposed scavenger hunt that takes place on Tom Sawyer's Island at the Magic Kingdom. As the story goes, in the morning cast member's would hide paintbrushes around the island for guests to find. Upon turning in these paintbrushes the guests would receive a special gift.
I don't know where or when I started hearing these tales - but what I do know is that the stories never came from official sources or first hand accounts. These stories were always told by someone who had a friend who had a friend who knew a guy...
As I got older and continued to visit WDW I chalked the story up to that of an urban legend. Over time though I noticed a subtle shift had taken place. Instead of hearing the story from others I somehow inadvertently became the story teller. It was I now recalling the tale of hidden paint brushes stashed around Tom Sawyer's Island. Stories I heard from a friend, of a friend, who knew this guy...
I told the story with as much skepticism as it often received, as in all my years of visiting Tom Sawyer's Island I had never ONCE found nor heard of anyone finding a hidden paintbrush. That was until 8:30am on March 30, 2006.
While strolling along Tom Sawyer Island with a buddy of mine we stumbled upon what for me was an unbelievable sight. There sitting right out in the open on a barrel near Aunt Polly's was a paintbrush. I picked it up like it was some holy grail, and while somewhat flabbergasted I attempted to explain to my friend the significance of what I was now holding in my hand - proof that for all this time the scavenger hunt was real.
We continued on our was as I wildly ranted on how incredible a discovery this was to me. He laughed at my excitement before bending down on the side of the trail and picking up a second paintbrush. He was now a true believer.
Not wanting to horde the brushes we handed one over to a family before departing Tom Sawyer's Island. Imagine the confusion the family must have felt as a visibly excited stranger handed them a seemingly random paintbrush and attempted to convince them to turn the brush in to a castmember upon leaving the island. I wouldn't be surprised if they dropped the brush on the spot the second I walked away.
When our raft docked back in Frontierland I handed the remaining brush over to a castmember who smiled and gave us a cheerful, "Congratulations". That was my final affirmation that the story was real. The castmember then presented us with a priority entrance certificate for either Splash Mountain or Big Thunder Mountain Railroad, though the bigger prize was the adventure itself.
So, next time you find yourself on Tom Sawyer's Island be on the lookout for Tom' Scavenger Hunt. Oh, and if some wild-eyed stranger tries to hand you a paintbrush in a huff of excitement - please be kind :)
Have a great day & thanks for stopping by.
This turned out to be one of the most joyous, life affirming places that we've visited on our travels. The sparkling, late summer sunshine, the arresting modern architecture set amid so much history, the superb collection of early 20th century paintings on the 5th floor, and the throng of tourists and Parisians enjoying themselves on a Saturday combined to make this a most memorable afternoon.
"Centre Georges Pompidou commonly shortened to Centre Pompidou; also known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex building in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement of Paris, near Les Halles, rue Montorgueil and the Marais. The Place Georges Pompidou in front of the museum is noted for the presence of street performers, such as mimes and jugglers. In the spring, miniature carnivals are installed temporarily into the place in front with a wide variety of attractions: bands, caricature and sketch artists, tables set up for evening dining, and even skateboarding competitions.
The nearby Stravinsky Fountain (also called the Fontaine des automates), on Place Stravinsky, features sixteen whimsical moving and water-spraying sculptures by Jean Tinguely and Niki de Saint-Phalle, which represent themes and works by composer Igor Stravinsky. The black-painted mechanical sculptures are by Tinguely, the colored works by de Saint-Phalle. The fountain opened in 1983.
It houses the Bibliothèque publique d'information (Public Information Library), a vast public library, the Musée National d'Art Moderne, which is the largest museum for modern art in Europe, and IRCAM, a centre for music and acoustic research. Because of its location, the Centre is known locally as Beaubourg. It is named after Georges Pompidou, the President of France from 1969 to 1974 who commissioned the building, and was officially opened on 31 January 1977 by President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.
The sculpture, Horizontal by Alexander Calder, a free-standing mobile that is twenty-five feet high, was placed in 2012 in front of the Centre Pompidou.
The Centre was designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano; British architect Richard Rogers; and Italian architect Gianfranco Franchini, assisted by Ove Arup & Partners.The project was awarded to this team in an architectural design competition, whose results were announced in 1971. It was the first time in France that international architects were allowed to participate. World-renowned architects Oscar Niemeyer, Jean Prouvé and Philip Johnson made up the jury which would select one design out of the 681 entries.
National Geographic described the reaction to the design as "love at second sight." An article in Le Figaro declared "Paris has its own monster, just like the one in Loch Ness." But two decades later, while reporting on Rogers' winning the Pritzker Prize in 2007, The New York Times noted that the design of the Centre "turned the architecture world upside down" and that "Mr. Rogers earned a reputation as a high-tech iconoclast with the completion of the 1977 Pompidou Centre, with its exposed skeleton of brightly coloured tubes for mechanical systems. The Pritzker jury said the Pompidou "revolutionized museums, transforming what had once been elite monuments into popular places of social and cultural exchange, woven into the heart of the city.".
Initially, all of the functional structural elements of the building were colour-coded: green pipes are plumbing, blue ducts are for climate control, electrical wires are encased in yellow, and circulation elements and devices for safety (e.g., fire extinguishers) are red."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou
...