View allAll Photos Tagged 46B
Houses Ladder 16, Medic 46B and ES 5 at Aramingo Avenue and Huntingdon Street in Port Richmond. Ladder 16 is celebrating it's 100th Anniversary this year.
Title: Odessa
Alternative Title: Odesa
Creator: Unknown
Date: Spring 1918
Part Of: Der Vormarsch der Flieger Abteilung 27 in der Ukraine
Place: Odesa, Odes'ka oblast, Ukraine
Description: A photograph of the Odesa harbor.
Physical Description: 1 photographic print: gelatin silver; 12 x 17 cm. on 34 x 44 cm. mount
File: ag1982_0048x_46b_sm_opt.jpg
Rights: Please cite DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University when using this file. A high-resolution version of this file may be obtained for a fee. For details see the sites.smu.edu/cul/degolyer/research/permissions/ web page. For other information, contact degolyer@smu.edu.
Both the full portfolio and the 263 individual photographs, scanned at a higher resolution, are available.
View the full portfolio: digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/eaa/id/668
View the individual photographs: digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/search/collection/eaa/sear...
For more information and to view the image in high resolution, see: digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/eaa/id/605
View the Europe, Asia, and Australia: Photographs, Manuscripts, and Imprints Collection
Thank you for 6.4 million views 2017-2021
The above image is a scan from an original Kodachrome™ slide. The default size is 2000 x 1250 pixels, so clicking on the photo will enlarge it for better viewing.
The original image comes from my slide collection, amassed over the past 40+ years. They are a combination of my own photographs and ones acquired over those years.
I created this Photostream in 2017 for the purpose of holding my slide collection as an archive, as otherwise they would just remain in binders and boxes, not being enjoyed by anyone, myself included.
Comments are welcome.
Aircraft MSN: 24124
Type & Series: Boeing 737-46B
Registration: G-BOPK
Operator: Novair
Location (when available): Zürich ZRH
If the Location is blank, and you can identify it, you are welcome to leave a comment below.
Remarks:
My websites:
Detail of a miniature of Dante and Virgil witnessing Vanno Fucci, the pillager of a church in Pistoia, being attacked by the monster Cacus, who is half-centaur and half-dragon, and Dante and Virgil speaking to three other souls, tormented by snakes and lizards, in illustration of Canto XXV.
London BL Yates Thompson 36 fol-46b Vanno Fucci, monster Cacus et al
To mark the end of crew operations (driver and conductor) at Catford garage, the powers that be very generously let this RM and preserved RT1702 out on a variety of routes for the final few days. RM2046 and RT1702 were both used in service on Route 75 (9th), 47 (10th), 185 (11th), 54 (12th) and the 36B on the 13th March - the final day of crew operations.
RM2046 (ALM 46B) is seen here parked up in Tooley Street near London Bridge on Titan Route 47. The photographer took the return ride back to Lewisham. Although taken in the early 90s, I think this shot could almost be from the 1970s, give or take a few minor details.
RML2046 (ALM 46B) new: 2/5RM9, AEC AV690
10/64 new to Aldenham
11/64 N into service
65-6 N
11/67 N to Aldenham repaint, and return
1968 N
from last bodyswap with B2008
PD w/d from service
1980s-90s TL allocated?
6/94 exported to Argentina
And more on Route 47 here: www.londonbuses.co.uk/_routes/current/047.html
As an aside, Catford garage (TL) was one of the original garages operated by Thomas Tilling:
TL - Tilling Lewisham, TC - Tilling Croydon, TB - Tilling Bromley survived into London Transport days.
Catford garage was opened on 11th May 1914 and was not very old when requisitioned for the war effort. It did not re-open until 1920 when Thomas Tilling's Lewisham operation moved there due to space constraints at his other garage.
Thomas Tilling gained an agreement in 1923 to double the size of Catford and in addition the roof has been raised twice, first in 1930 to enable double deck buses to use the garage and again in 1948 to accommodate AEC Regent III RTs. The garage was modernised again in 1970.
Taken with a Nikon F-501 SLR and 75-200mm zoom lens [Scanned from the original negative with no digital restoration]
You can see a random selection of my bus photographs here on Flickriver: www.flickriver.com/photos/southallroutemaster/random/
Alfa Romeo 158
Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.
bussola Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando l'omonimo motore Alfa Romeo, vedi Alfa Romeo 158 (motore).
Alfa Romeo 158
1938 Alfa Romeo Tipo 158 Alfetta.jpg
L' Alfa Romeo 158 come era al debutto nel 1950.
Descrizione generale
CostruttoreItalia Alfa Romeo
CategoriaFormula 1
SquadraAlfa Romeo
Progettata daGioacchino Colombo e Luigi Bazzi
SostituisceAlfa Romeo Grand Prix
Sostituita daAlfa Romeo 159
Descrizione tecnica
Meccanica
MotoreAlfa Romeo 158
TrasmissioneCambio manuale a 4 marce
Dimensioni e pesi
Lunghezza4280 mm
Larghezza1473 mm
Altezza1164 mm
Passo2502 mm
Peso630 kg
Altro
CarburanteRoyal Dutch Shell
PneumaticiPirelli
AvversarieMaserati 4CLT/48
ERA 1.5 L6c
Risultati sportivi
DebuttoGran Premio di Gran Bretagna 1950
PilotiLuigi Fagioli
Juan Manuel Fangio
Nino Farina
Reg Parnell
Consalvo Sanesi
Piero Taruffi
Palmares
CorseVittoriePoleGiri veloci
7555
Campionati piloti1 (1950)
L'Alfa Romeo 158 è una autovettura di Formula 1 prodotta dalla Alfa Romeo dal 1938 al 1950, poi nel 1951 come sostituto al Gran Premio di Monza.
Indice [nascondi]
1 La nascita
2 I Gran Premi
3 Note
4 Altri progetti
La nascita[modifica | modifica wikitesto]
Nota anche come Alfetta per le ridotte dimensioni, è entrata, nella storia dell'automobilismo sportivo moderno, come la monoposto più longeva (ha corso, infatti, sui circuiti di tutto il mondo, per ben 13 anni, dal 1938 al 1950, nelle sue varie versioni, ma mantenendo l'impianto costruttivo originario) ed anche, come quella che ha conseguito il maggior numero di successi nei Gran Premi automobilistici. Nasce nella primavera del 1937, nelle officine della Scuderia Ferrari, che, a quei tempi, era il reparto sperimentale della Alfa Romeo, su progetto di Gioacchino Colombo, e con la preziosa collaborazione, specie per la parte riguardante le sospensioni ed il cambio, dell'ingegnere Alberto Massimino. La sigla 158 stava ad indicare, secondo una consuetudine del tempo, la cilindrata, di 1500 cc, ed il numero dei cilindri, 8; il motore era sovralimentato, con un compressore volumetrico Roots monostadio. Fin dalle prime prove al banco dimostra notevoli doti di potenza ed affidabilità, arrivando a sviluppare 180 CV, a 6.500 giri al minuto, potenza che, alla sua prima apparizione in pista, giunge a 195 CV, a 7.000 giri/minuto.
I Gran Premi[modifica | modifica wikitesto]
Una 158.
L'Alfa Romeo 158 debutta ufficialmente alla Coppa Ciano di Livorno del 7 agosto 1938, su un percorso cittadino di 5,800 m da ripetere 25 volte, per un totale di 145 km, ed è subito vincente, con Emilio Villoresi 1°, e Clemente Biondetti 2°. L'evoluzione successiva (modello B), porta la data del 1939, e, con una potenza cresciuta a 225 CV, a 7.500 giri/minuto, si aggiudica la Coppa Ciano di Livorno, del 30 luglio 1939, e la XV Coppa Acerbo di Pescara, del 13 agosto 1939, con Clemente Biondetti. Purtroppo, il clima prebellico impedirà a questa vettura di correre oltrefrontiera.
Nel 1940, a causa dello scoppio della seconda guerra mondiale, le gare automobilistiche si ridussero drasticamente, ed ancora di più l'anno successivo, 1941, svolgendosi quasi esclusivamente nel Sud America, con una ridotta presenza di mezzi e piloti europei.
A guerra terminata, nel 1946, si torna a gareggiare e l'Alfetta, ulteriormente alleggerita e potenziata rispetto all'anteguerra (modello 158/46; 254 CV; 7.500 giri/minuto; peso di 630 kg), si aggiudica, con Nino Farina, il I Grand Prix des Nations di Ginevra, del 21 luglio, piazzando anche al 2º posto Carlo Felice Trossi ed al 3° Jean-Pierre Wimille. Vince anche, con Achille Varzi, il III Gran Premio del Valentino, che si svolge a Torino il 1º settembre (2°Jean-Pierre Wimille, anche lui su Alfetta), e, con Carlo Felice Trossi, si aggiudica il III Circuito di Milano, del 30 settembre, con Achille Varzi 2°, e Consalvo Sanesi 3°, anche loro su Alfetta.
Nel 1947, grazie alla adozione di un compressore volumetrico Roots a 2 stadi, la potenza viene ulteriormente elevata a 275 CV, sempre a 7.500 giri/minuto (modello 158/46B), e, in quell'anno, si aggiudica: il VII Grand Prix de Suisse, dell'8 giugno, a Bremgarten, con Jean-Pierre Wimille (2° Achille Varzi, e 3° Carlo Felice Trossi, sempre su Alfetta); il VII Grand Prix de Belgique, del 29 giugno, sul circuito di Spa-Francorchamps, sempre con Jean-Pierre Wimille (2° Achille Varzi, e 3° Carlo Felice Trossi, anche loro su Alfetta); il I Gran Premio di Bari, del 13 luglio, con Achille Varzi (2° si piazza Consalvo Sanesi con una seconda vettura); il XVII Gran Premio d'Italia, del 7 settembre, al Parco Sempione di Milano. La vittoria va a Carlo Felice Trossi, mentre altre 3 Alfette si piazzano al 2º posto, con Achille Varzi, al 3°, con Consalvo Sanesi, ed al 4° con Alessandro Gaboardi.
Nel 1948, a stagione inoltrata, la potenza sale ulteriormente, fino a 315 CV, sempre a 7.500 giri/minuto (modello 158/47). In quest'anno, si aggiudica: l'VIII Grand Prix de Suisse, del 4 luglio, a Bremgarten, con Carlo Felice Trossi vincente davanti a Jean-Pierre Wimille, anch'esso su Alfetta (nelle prove dello stesso GP, Achille Varzi si era schiantato con la sua Alfetta perdendo la vita); il XXXV Grand Prix de l'Automobile Club de France, del 18 luglio, a Reims-Gueux, con Jean-Pierre Wimille primo, davanti a Consalvo Sanesi e Alberto Ascari, tutti con la stessa vettura; il XVIII Gran Premio d'Italia, che si svolge nel Parco del Valentino, il 5 settembre, e che vede vincente, ancora una volta, Jean-Pierre Wimille; il I Gran Premio dell'Autodromo di Monza, che si corre a Monza, il 17 ottobre, e che vede l'ennesima vittoria di Jean-Pierre Wimille, davanti a Carlo Felice Trossi, Consalvo Sanesi, e Piero Taruffi, tutti e 4 su Alfa Romeo 158.
Il 1949 si apre nel peggiore dei modi, per l'Alfetta e per l'automobilismo mondiale: infatti, il 28 gennaio, durante le prove del Gran Premio Juan Domingo Peron, sul circuito del Parco Palermo di Buenos Aires, muore in un incidente, alla guida di una Gordini, Jean-Pierre Wimille, promettente pilota, che tanti successi aveva mietuto negli anni precedenti alla guida dell'Alfetta, e sul quale la casa milanese puntava anche per quell'anno. E, poco dopo, anche Carlo Felice Trossi morirà, per un male incurabile. In pochi mesi, la squadra corse dell'Alfa, dominatrice degli ultimi 3 anni di gare, è praticamente scomparsa. Si decide, pertanto, di non partecipare ad alcun Gran Premio.
Nel 1950 avviene il debutto dell'Alfetta nel 1º Campionato del Mondo di Formula 1, con una squadra completamente nuova, che vede schierati due piloti italiani, Nino Farina, ed il non più giovane Luigi Fagioli, classe 1898, ed un pilota argentino, quasi quarantenne, ma di cui si dice un gran bene, tale Juan Manuel Fangio. Con una potenza di 350 CV, a 8.600 giri/minuto, e con un peso di soli 700 kg, che porta il rapporto peso/potenza al notevole (per quei tempi) valore di 2 kg/CV, l'Alfa Romeo 158 non ha praticamente rivali, aggiudicandosi 6 dei 7 Gran Premi di questa prima stagione mondiale (si considerano 6 Gran Premi, perché alla 500 Miglia di Indianapolis, anche se introdotta nel circuito mondiale, non parteciparono né piloti né macchine europee). Il 7º Gran Premio della stagione, il XXI Gran Premio d'Italia, ultima prova del mondiale 1950, che si svolge il 3 settembre sul circuito di Monza, se lo aggiudica, al debutto, la Alfa Romeo 159, naturale evoluzione della 158, con, alla guida, Nino Farina, che si aggiudica anche il 1º titolo di campione del mondo di Formula 1.
I numeri di questa prima ed ultima avventura mondiale della Alfa Romeo 158, giunta alla sua tredicesima stagione, sono i seguenti: primi 3 posti nel Gran Premio di Gran Bretagna del 13 maggio 1950, con Nino Farina davanti a Luigi Fagioli, e, a seguire, Reg Parnell; 1º posto nel Gran Premio di Monaco del 21 maggio 1950, con Juan Manuel Fangio; primi due posti nel Gran Premio di Svizzera, del 4 giugno 1950, con Nino Farina ancora davanti a Luigi Fagioli; primi due posti nel Gran Premio del Belgio del 18 giugno 1950, con Fangio davanti a Fagioli; primi due posti nel Gran Premio di Francia del 2 luglio 1950, con Fangio che precede, ancora una volta, Fagioli; 3º posto con Fagioli, nell'ultimo appuntamento mondiale del Gran Premio d'Italia del 3 settembre. E poi, ancora, 5 giri veloci in 5 Gran Premi, e 5 pole position. Le doti principali di questa vettura, come riferirono tutti i grandi piloti che ebbero modo di condurla, furono potenza, velocità, affidabilità, estrema maneggevolezza.[1]
Note[modifica | modifica wikitesto]
^ Alfa Romeo 158 'Alfetta'. URL consultato il 05 ottobre 2013.
Alfa Romeo 158/159 Alfetta
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Alfa Romeo 158, 159, 159A, 159B, 159M
Alfa Romeo 159 Formula 1 car
Alfa Romeo 159 Formula 1 car
CategoryVoiturette (1938–1947)
Formula One (1948–1951)
ConstructorAlfa Romeo
Designer(s)Gioacchino Colombo
Successor177
Technical specifications
ChassisSingle-seater, tubular frame
Suspension (front)Trailing arm, transverse leaf springs, hydraulic dampers
Suspension (rear)
Swing axle*, transverse leaf spring, hydraulic dampers
*De-Dion-axle was one of the last modifications 1951.
EngineAlfa Romeo 158/159 1,479 cc (90.3 cu in), straight-8, Roots-type supercharger**, front mounted.
** 158: single stage – 190 bhp (142 kW) @ 6500 rpm (voit), 350 bhp (261 kW) @ 8500 rpm (F1); 159: two stage – 425 bhp (317 kW) @ 9300 rpm
TransmissionAlfa 4-speed manual
FuelShell (98.5 % methanol, 1 % Castor oil, 0.5 % water)
TyresPirelli
Competition history
Notable entrantsAlfa Romeo SpA
Notable drivers(GP)
Emilio Villoresi
Achille Varzi
Giuseppe Farina
Carlo Felice Trossi
Jean-Pierre Wimille
Consalvo Sanesi
Alberto Ascari
(F1)
1. Giuseppe Farina
2. Juan Manuel Fangio
3. Luigi Fagioli (1950)
3. Felice Bonetto (1951)
Reg Parnell, Consalvo Sanesi, Piero Taruffi (1950)
Emmanuel de Graffenried, Luigi Fagioli, Paul Pietsch, Consalvo Sanesi (1951)
Debut1938 Coppa Ciano Junior (158)
1951 BRDC International Trophy (159)
RacesWinsPolesF.Laps
41 (GP)
13 (F1)37 (GP)
10 (F1)10 (F1)13 (F1)
Constructors' ChampionshipsNot applicable before 1958
Drivers' Championships2 (1950 – Giuseppe Farina
1951 – Juan Manuel Fangio)
The 1.5L supercharged straight-8 159 engine.
Drivers place.
Alfa Romeo 159 at Nürburgring
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alfa Romeo 158/159.
The Alfa Romeo 158/159, also known as the Alfetta (Little Alfa in Italian[1]), is one of the most successful racing cars ever produced. The 158 and its derivative, the 159, took 47 wins from 54 Grands Prix entered.[2] It was originally developed for the pre-World War II voiturette formula (1937) and has a 1.5 litre straight-8 supercharged engine. Following World War II, the car was eligible for the new Formula One introduced in 1947. In the hands of drivers such as Nino Farina, Juan-Manuel Fangio and Luigi Fagioli, it dominated the first two seasons of the World Championship of Drivers.
Contents [hide]
1 Overview
2 Race victories
3 Complete Formula One World Championship results
4 Notes
Overview[edit]
The first version of this successful racing car, the 158, was made during 1937/1938. The main responsibility for engineering was given to Gioacchino Colombo.[3]
The car's name refers to its 1.5 litre engine and eight cylinders.[4] The voiturette class was for racing cars with 1.5 litre engines, standing in the same relation to the top 'Grand Prix' formula (usually for 3 litre engines) as the GP2 series does to Formula One today. Alfa's 3 litre racing cars in 1938 and 1939 were the Tipo 308, 312 and 316.
The 158 debuted with the works Alfa Corse team at the Coppa Ciano Junior in August 1938 at Livorno, Italy, where Emilio Villoresi took the car's first victory. At that time the 1479.56 cc (58.0 x 70.0 mm) engine produced around 200 bhp (150 kW) at 7000 rpm.[5] with the help of a single-stage Roots blower. More success came at the Coppa Acerbo, Coppa Ciano and Tripoli Grand Prix in May 1940.[6] Soon World War II stopped development of the car for six years. After the war the engine was developed further to push out 254 bhp (189 kW) in 1946.
In 1947, the Alfetta was put back into service. The new rules allowed 1500 cc supercharged and 4500 cc naturally aspirated engines. The 158 was modified again, this time to produce over 300 bhp (220 kW) and was denoted as Tipo 158/47. The car made a tragic debut in the 1948 Swiss Grand Prix where Achille Varzi lost control of his car and was killed. Another loss for the team came in practice for the 1949 Buenos Aires Grand Prix, where Jean-Pierre Wimille was killed in an accident (driving with Simca-Gordini).[7]
In 1950, the 158 was eligible for the new Formula One European Championship. The car won every race in which it competed during that first season of Formula One; it was incredible that a car which had originated in 1938 was so victorious, most likely because all the other constructors (as few as there were) had less money to build and develop their cars and the Alfa had so much development time. The Alfa Romeo team included talented drivers such as Giuseppe Farina and Juan Manuel Fangio, the latter of whom later won the World Drivers' Championship five times.
At the end of the 1950 season, a further updated version known as the 159 was produced, which was used for the 1951 season. This version had reworked rear suspension, the old swing axle was replaced with a De-Dion axle and the engine produced around 420 bhp (313 kW) at 9600 rpm. But this amount of power out of a small engine with a big supercharger came at a price- it had horrendous fuel consumption. It did 1 1/2 miles to the gallon- compared to the Talbot-Lagos of the time which did 10 miles to the gallon. The reason for this was because the simplistically designed engine had been virtually unmodified, while bigger superchargers had been added over time. The British Grand Prix at Silverstone was the first Formula One Grand Prix not won by an Alfa primarily because Fangio and Farina both had to stop twice simply to re-fuel their cars- and the Ferrari of José Froilán González did better on fuel and would go on to win the race, with Fangio second. Still, the Alfa had the edge on performance and with wins in Switzerland, France and Spain, Fangio won his first of five championships that year. For their second-to-last World Championship race (until 1979), the Italian Grand Prix at Monza, Alfa Romeo introduced a new evolution version known as the 159M, the "M" standing for Maggiorata ("enlarged").[8]
After an unsuccessful bid by Alfa Romeo to obtain government assistance to meet development costs, the team announced their retirement from Grand Prix racing at the end of 1951.[9] This, combined with problems for other Formula One teams lead to a decree by the FIA that all Grand Prix races counting towards the World Championship of Drivers in 1952 and 1953 would be for cars complying with Formula Two rather than Formula One .[9]
The car's last Grand Prix win came in 1953 at Merano Grand Prix, Italy.[4]
Race victories[edit]
DateTypeRaceLocationClassDriver
August 7, 1938158Coppa CianoLivornoVoituretteEmilio Villoresi
September 11, 1938158Milan Grand PrixMonzaVoituretteEmilio Villoresi
July 30, 1939158Coppa CianoLivornoVoituretteGiuseppe Farina
August 13, 1939158Coppa AcerboPescaraVoituretteClemente Biondetti
August 20, 1939158Swiss Grand PrixBremgartenVoituretteGiuseppe Farina
May 12, 1940158Tripoli Grand PrixLibyaVoituretteGiuseppe Farina
July 21, 1946158Grand Prix of NationsGeneva-Giuseppe Farina
September 1, 1946158Valentino Grand PrixTurin, Valentino Parknon-Champ. F1Achille Varzi
September 30, 1946158Milan Grand PrixMilan, Sempione Park-Carlo Felice Trossi
June 8, 1947158Swiss Grand PrixBremgarten-Jean-Pierre Wimille
June 29, 1947158European Grand PrixSpa-Jean-Pierre Wimille
July 13, 1947158Bari Grand PrixBari-Achille Varzi
September 7, 1947158Italian Grand PrixMilan, Sempione Park-Carlo Felice Trossi
July 4, 1948158Swiss Grand PrixBremgarten-Carlo Felice Trossi
July 18, 1948158French Grand PrixReims-Jean-Pierre Wimille
September 5, 1948158Italian Grand PrixTurin, Valentino Park-Jean-Pierre Wimille
October 17, 1948158Autodrome Grand PrixMonza-Jean-Pierre Wimille
April 16, 1950158San Remo Grand PrixOspedaletti-Juan Manuel Fangio
May 13, 1950158European Grand PrixSilverstoneFormula OneGiuseppe Farina
May 21, 1950158Monaco Grand PrixMonacoFormula OneJuan Manuel Fangio
June 4, 1950158Swiss Grand PrixBremgartenFormula OneGiuseppe Farina
June 18, 1950158Belgian Grand PrixSpaFormula OneJuan Manuel Fangio
July 2, 1950158French Grand PrixReimsFormula OneJuan Manuel Fangio
July 9, 1950158Bari Grand PrixBari-Giuseppe Farina
July 30, 1950158Grand Prix of NationsGeneva-Juan Manuel Fangio
August 15, 1950158Coppa AcerboPescara-Juan Manuel Fangio
August 26, 1950158International TrophySilverstonenon-Champ. F1Giuseppe Farina
September 3, 1950158Italian Grand PrixMonzaFormula OneGiuseppe Farina
May 27, 1951159Swiss Grand PrixBremgartenFormula OneJuan Manuel Fangio
June 2, 1951159Ulster TrophyDundrod-Giuseppe Farina
June 17, 1951159Belgian Grand PrixSpaFormula OneGiuseppe Farina
July 1, 1951159French Grand PrixReimsFormula OneLuigi Fagioli/Juan Manuel Fangio
October 28, 1951159Spanish Grand PrixPedralbesFormula OneJuan Manuel Fangio
September 2, 1951159Bari Grand PrixBari-Juan Manuel Fangio
1953159Merano Grand PrixItaly-Juan Manuel Fangio
Complete Formula One World Championship results[edit]
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position, results in italics indicate fastest lap)
YearChassisEngineTyresDrivers12345678PointsWCC
1950158Alfa Romeo 158 1.5 L8PGBRMON500SUIBELFRAITA88-*
Giuseppe Farina1Ret1471
Juan Manuel FangioRet1Ret11Ret
Luigi Fagioli2Ret2223
Reg Parnell3
Gianbattista GuidottiDNS
Consalvo SanesiRet
Piero TaruffiRet
1951159Alfa Romeo 158 1.5 L8PSUI500BELFRAGBRGERITAESP75-*
Giuseppe Farina315RetRet33
Juan Manuel Fangio19122Ret1
Toulo de Graffenried5Ret6
Consalvo Sanesi4Ret106f
Gianbattista GuidottiDNS
Luigi Fagioli1
Felice Bonetto4Ret35
Paul PietschRet
* The Constructors' Championship was not awarded until 1958.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "THE ORIGINS OF THE ALFA ROMEO 158/159" (DOC). enzociliberto.it. Archived from the original on 2006-01-18. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
Jump up ^ Sparrow, David; John Tipler. Alfa Romeo Legends. ISBN 1-85532-646-9.
Jump up ^ "The Golden Era Of Grand Prix Racing". kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman. Archived from the original on 19 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
^ Jump up to: a b Borgeson, Griffith. The Alfa Romeo Tradition. ISBN 0-85429-875-4.
Jump up ^ "Grand Prix Cars – Alfa Romeo 158". ddavid.com/formula1. Archived from the original on 7 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
Jump up ^ "1938 Alfa Romeo 158 Alfetta". supercars.net. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
Jump up ^ "Jean-Pierre Wimille: The man who would have been champion...". grandprix.com. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
Jump up ^ "The Alfetta's last call". forix.com. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
^ Jump up to: a b Mike Lang, Grand Prix, Volume 1, 1950 to 1965, Haynes Publishing Group, 1981, page 39
Museo Nicolus, Villafranca Area (2013) - All uploads from Italy
Lockheed F-104G, MM6514 Italy Air Force marked in Anniversiry markings \50
Photo selection
F-104G, MM6514 Italy Air Force
T-33A, MM51-9145/3-145 Italy Air Force
Fiat G.46B Unknown ID
Blaydon Racers branded Mercedes-Benz Citaro 5332 (BJ10VUR) is pictured in Gateshead Interchange on the 46B.
© All rights reserved. Images are copyrighted to myself. Photographs lifted from my photostream and being reused elsewhere without my permission or being credited, will not be tolerated. Links to the image on Flickr may be posted.
Scan of a slide taken 03/02/91 during the event marking the 35th anniversary of RM1's first revenue earning run, which was on Route Two on 8th February 1956
RM2046 had the distinction of being the last Routemaster in service with Selkent.
A battle scarred 27747 is seen for a second time on the Workington town Sunday services, this time turning on to Poole Road from Moorclose Road as a 46B.
ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA 2023. Donatella Ansovini & Dr. Edith Gabrielli "Il restauro del cuore del Vittoriano"; in: TGR / LAZIO & ROMA / VIDEO (02/06/2023). Nota: diverse centinaia di metri quadrati dell'Altare della Patria in fase di pulizia, spruzzi d'acqua speciali, strumenti chirurgici e spazzolini da denti; in: VIVE / Fb & YouTube (Maggio 2023). wp.me/pbMWvy-46B
1). ROMA - Donatella Ansovini & Dr. Edith Gabrielli "Il restauro del cuore del Vittoriano"; in: TGR / LAZIO & ROMA / VIDEO (02/06/2023).
Sui ponteggi dell'Altare della Patria, per scoprire le fasi del restauro che coinvolge l' intera superficie curvilinea di uno dei simboli dell'identità nazionale, progettato da Giuseppe Sacconi e decorato da Angelo Zanelli.
Ormai da diverso tempo, per tutta l'altezza dei due lati dell'Altare della Patria, sono montati alcuni ponteggi. È in corso un restauro che coinvolge l'intera superficie curvilinea del cuore del Vittoriano progettato dall'architetto Giuseppe Sacconi e decorato dallo scultore Bresciano, Angelo Zanelli, artista poco più che trentenne ma con una cifra stilistica già ben delineata.
Zanelli concepì una decorazione, terminata nel 1925, con la statua polimaterica della Dea Roma al centro e ai lati due fregi scultorei raffiguranti L’Amor Patrio e Il Lavoro, attualmente sottoposti a una prima fase di restauro, quella della pulitura.
Un intervento concepito per non interferire nella vita del monumento, tra celebrazioni e passaggio dei turisti. Il prossimo 11 giugno sarà persino possibile prendere parte a una visita guidata all' interno del cantiere
I lavori proseguiranno per tutta l'estate, fino al 24 ottobre, con una restituzione simbolica dell'Altare della Patria restaurato, il 4 novembre, giornata dell' unità d'Italia e delle forze armate.
Fonte / source:
--- Donatella Ansovini in: TGR / LAZIO & ROMA / VIDEO (02/06/2023).
www.rainews.it/tgr/lazio/video/2023/06/il-restauro-del-cu...
2). ROMA - Ecco la restauratrice Susanna Sarmati mentre effettua dei prelievi sulla superficie dell’Altare della Patria: lo scopo? / Here is restorer Susanna Sarmati as she takes samples from the surface of the Altar of the Fatherland: why is she doing this? VIVE / Fb & YouTube (26 Maggio 2023).
www.facebook.com/VIVEVittorianoPalazzoVenezia/posts/pfbid...
Fonte / source:
--- VIVE / Fb & YouTube (26 Maggio 2023).
3). ROMA - Undicesima settimana. Rimozione agenti biologici e depositi di calcare; in: VIVE / YouTube (05/06/ 2023).
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Roo_Zv0oTH4
I restauratori stanno procedendo alla rimozione dalla superficie lapidea di tutti gli agenti biologici ormai necrotizzati.
I restauratori, che operano sul fregio sul lato occidentale, stanno procedendo alla rimozione dalla superficie lapidea di tutti gli agenti biologici (alghe e licheni) ormai necrotizzati grazie ad un’accurata spazzolatura e acqua di rete.
Nelle zone in cui persistono depositi di calcare vengono applicati impacchi di sali di ammonio, preparati in acqua deionizzata e con polpa di carta. L’impacco viene poi applicato e ricoperto con fogli di alluminio, per mantenerlo il più umido possibile.
I depositi di calcare più sottili e meno aderenti vengono rimossi meccanicamente con il bisturi.
Fonte / source:
--- VIVE / YouTube (05/06/ 2023).
Foto: ROMA – Altare della Patria: la campagna di restauro – Dal 28 marzo 2023 iniziano i lavori, prima tappa di un progetto di valorizzazione della zona centrale del Vittoriano; in: Roma: VIVE – Vittoriano e Palazzo Venezia (28/03/2023) [Italiano / English].
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52779948962
4). RARA 2023 / ROMA - ROMA – Altare della Patria, Edith Gabrielli (ViVe), “…dei valori che l’Altare della Patria ha rappresentato” (…) “ma anche perché crediamo fermamente nella qualità di Angelo Zanelli…”; in: Al via i lavori di restauro dell’Altare della Patria. Roma: VIVE – Vittoriano e Palazzo Venezia (28/03/2023) [Italiano / English] et al. wp.me/pbMWvy-3Xn
Museo Nicolus, Villafranca Area (2013) - All uploads from Italy
Lockheed F-104G, MM6514 Italy Air Force marked in Anniversiry markings \50
Photo selection
F-104G, MM6514 Italy Air Force
T-33A, MM51-9145/3-145 Italy Air Force
Fiat G.46B Unknown ID
Singapore (Listeni/ˈsɪŋɡəpɔːr/), officially the Republic of Singapore, and often referred to as the Lion City, the Garden City, and the Red Dot, is a global city and sovereign state in Southeast Asia and the world's only island city-state. It lies one degree (137 km) north of the equator, at the southernmost tip of continental Asia and peninsular Malaysia, with Indonesia's Riau Islands to the south. Singapore's territory consists of the diamond-shaped main island and 62 islets. Since independence, extensive land reclamation has increased its total size by 23% (130 km2), and its greening policy has covered the densely populated island with tropical flora, parks and gardens.
The islands were settled from the second century AD by a series of local empires. In 1819, Sir Stamford Raffles founded modern Singapore as a trading post of the East India Company; after the company collapsed, the islands were ceded to Britain and became part of its Straits Settlements in 1826. During World War II, Singapore was occupied by Japan. It gained independence from Britain in 1963, by uniting with other former British territories to form Malaysia, but was expelled two years later over ideological differences. After early years of turbulence, and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland, the nation developed rapidly as an Asian Tiger economy, based on external trade and its human capital.
Singapore is a global commerce, finance and transport hub. Its standings include: "easiest place to do business" (World Bank) for ten consecutive years, most "technology-ready" nation (WEF), top International-meetings city (UIA), city with "best investment potential" (BERI), 2nd-most competitive country (WEF), 3rd-largest foreign exchange centre, 3rd-largest financial centre, 3rd-largest oil refining and trading centre and one of the top two busiest container ports since the 1990s. Singapore's best known global brands include Singapore Airlines and Changi Airport, both amongst the most-awarded in their industry; SIA is also rated by Fortune surveys as Asia's "most admired company". For the past decade, it has been the only Asian country with the top AAA sovereign rating from all major credit rating agencies, including S&P, Moody's and Fitch.
Singapore ranks high on its national social policies, leading Asia and 11th globally, on the Human Development Index (UN), notably on key measures of education, healthcare, life expectancy, quality of life, personal safety, housing. Although income inequality is high, 90% of citizens own their homes, and the country has one of the highest per capita incomes, with low taxes. The cosmopolitan nation is home to 5.5 million residents, 38% of whom are permanent residents and other foreign nationals. Singaporeans are mostly bilingual in a mother-tongue language and English as their common language. Its cultural diversity is reflected in its extensive ethnic "hawker" cuisine and major festivals - Chinese, Malay, Indian, Western - which are all national holidays. In 2015, Lonely Planet and The New York Times listed Singapore as their top and 6th best world destination to visit respectively.
The nation's core principles are meritocracy, multiculturalism and secularism. It is noted for its effective, pragmatic and incorrupt governance and civil service, which together with its rapid development policies, is widely cited as the "Singapore model". Gallup polls shows 84% of its residents expressed confidence in the national government, and 85% in its judicial systems - one of the highest ratings recorded. Singapore has significant influence on global affairs relative to its size, leading some analysts to classify it as a middle power. It is ranked as Asia's most influential city and 4th in the world by Forbes.
Singapore is a unitary, multiparty, parliamentary republic, with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government. The People's Action Party has won every election since self-government in 1959. One of the five founding members of the ASEAN, Singapore is also the host of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Secretariat, and a member of the East Asia Summit, Non-Aligned Movement, and the Commonwealth of Nations.
ETYMOLOGY
The English name of Singapore is derived from the Malay word, Singapura, which was in turn derived from Sanskrit (Singa is "lion", Pura "city"; Sanskrit: सिंहपुर, IAST: Siṃhápura), hence the customary reference to the nation as the Lion City, and its inclusion in many of the nation's symbols (e.g., its coat of arms, Merlion emblem). However, it is unlikely that lions ever lived on the island; Sang Nila Utama, who founded and named the island Singapura, most likely saw a Malayan tiger. It is also known as Pulau Ujong, as far back as the 3rd century, literally 'island at the end' (of the Malay Peninsula) in Malay.
Since the 1970s, Singapore has also been widely known as the Garden City, owing to its extensive greening policy covering the whole island, a priority of its first prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, dubbed the nation's "Chief Gardener". The nation's conservation and greening efforts contributed to Singapore Botanic Gardens being the only tropical garden to be inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The nickname, Red Dot, is a reference to its size on the map, contrasting with its achievements. In 2015, Singapore's Golden Jubilee year, the celebratory "SG50" branding is depicted inside a red dot.
HISTORY
Temasek ('Sea Town' in the Malay language), an outpost of the Sumatran Srivijaya empire, is the earliest written record relating to the area now called Singapore. In the 13th century, the Kingdom of Singapura was established on the island and it became a trading port city. However, there were two major foreign invasions before it was destroyed by the Majapahit in 1398. In 1613, Portuguese raiders burned down the settlement, which by then was nominally part of the Johor Sultanate and the island sank into obscurity for the next two centuries, while the wider maritime region and much trade was under Dutch control.
BRITISH COLONISATION 1819-1942
In 1819, Thomas Stamford Raffles arrived and signed a treaty with Sultan Hussein Shah of Johor, on behalf of the British East India Company, to develop the southern part of Singapore as a British trading post. In 1824, the entire island, as well as the Temenggong, became a British possession after a further treaty with the Sultan. In 1826, Singapore became part of the Straits Settlements, under the jurisdiction of British India, becoming the regional capital in 1836.
Prior to Raffles' arrival, there were only about a thousand people living on the island, mostly indigenous Malays along with a handful of Chinese. By 1860, the population had swelled to more than 80,000 and more than half were Chinese. Many immigrants came to work at rubber plantations and, after the 1870s, the island became a global centre for rubber exports.
After the First World War, the British built the large Singapore Naval Base. Lieutenant General Sir William George Shedden Dobbie was appointed General Officer Commanding of the Malaya Command on 8 November 1935, holding the post until 1939;
WORLD WAR II AND JAPANESE OCCUPATION 1942-45
in May 1938, the General Officer Commanding of the Malaya Command warned how Singapore could be conquered by the Japanese via an attack from northern Malaya, but his warnings went unheeded. The Imperial Japanese Army invaded British Malaya, culminating in the Battle of Singapore. When the British surrendered on 15 February 1942, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill called the defeat "the worst disaster and largest capitulation in British history". Between 5,000 and 25,000 ethnic Chinese people were killed in the subsequent Sook Ching massacre.
From November 1944 to May 1945, the Allies conducted an intensive bombing of Singapore.
RETURN OF BRITISH 1945-59
After the surrender of Japan was announced in the Jewel Voice Broadcast by the Japanese Emperor on 15 August 1945 there was a breakdown of order and looting and revenge-killing were widespread. The formal Japanese Occupation of Singapore was only ended by Operation Tiderace and the formal surrender on 12 September 1945 at Singapore City Hall when Lord Louis Mountbatten, Supreme Allied Commander of Southeast Asia Command, accepted the capitulation of Japanese forces in Southeast Asia from General Itagaki Seishiro.
A British Military Administration was then formed to govern the island. On 1 April 1946, the Straits Settlements were dissolved and Singapore became a separate Crown Colony with a civil administration headed by a Governor. Much of the infrastructure had been destroyed during the war, including the harbour, electricity, telephone and water supply systems. There was also a shortage of food leading to malnutrition, disease, and rampant crime and violence. High food prices, unemployment, and workers' discontent culminated into a series of strikes in 1947 causing massive stoppages in public transport and other services. In July 1947, separate Executive and Legislative Councils were established and the election of six members of the Legislative Council was scheduled for the following year. By late 1947, the economy began to recover, facilitated by a growing demand for tin and rubber around the world, but it would take several more years before the economy returned to pre-war levels.
The failure of Britain to defend Singapore had destroyed its credibility as an infallible ruler in the eyes of Singaporeans. The decades after the war saw a political awakening amongst the local populace and the rise of anti-colonial and nationalist sentiments, epitomized by the slogan Merdeka, or "independence" in the Malay language.
During the 1950s, Chinese Communists with strong ties to the trade unions and Chinese schools carried out armed uprising against the government, leading to the Malayan Emergency and later, the Communist Insurgency War. The 1954 National Service Riots, Chinese middle schools riots, and Hock Lee bus riots in Singapore were all linked to these events.
David Marshall, pro-independence leader of the Labour Front, won Singapore's first general election in 1955. He led a delegation to London, but Britain rejected his demand for complete self-rule. He resigned and was replaced by Lim Yew Hock, whose policies convinced Britain to grant Singapore full internal self-government for all matters except defence and foreign affairs.
SELF-GOVERNMENT 1959-1963
During the May 1959 elections, the People's Action Party won a landslide victory. Singapore became an internally self-governing state within the Commonwealth, with Lee Kuan Yew as its first Prime Minister. Governor Sir William Allmond Codrington Goode served as the first Yang di-Pertuan Negara (Head of State), and was succeeded by Yusof bin Ishak, who became the first President of Singapore in 1965.
MERGER WITH MALAYSIA 1963-65
As a result of the 1962 Merger Referendum, on 31 August 1963 Singapore joined with the Federation of Malaya, the Crown Colony of Sarawak and the Crown Colony of North Borneo to form the new federation of Malaysia under the terms of the Malaysia Agreement. Singaporean leaders chose to join Malaysia primarily due to concerns over its limited land size, scarcity of water, markets and natural resources. Some Singaporean and Malaysian politicians were also concerned that the communists might form the government on the island, a possibility perceived as an external threat to the Federation of Malaya.However, shortly after the merger, the Singapore state government and the Malaysian central government disagreed on many political and economic issues, and communal strife culminated in the 1964 race riots in Singapore. After many heated ideological conflicts between the two governments, on 9 August 1965, the Malaysian Parliament voted 126 to 0 to expel Singapore from Malaysia with Singaporean delegates not present.
INDEPENDENCE 1965 TO PRESENT
Singapore gained independence as the Republic of Singapore (remaining within the Commonwealth of Nations) on 9 August 1965. Race riots broke out once more in 1969. In 1967, the country co-founded ASEAN, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and in 1970 it joined the Non-Aligned Movement. Lee Kuan Yew became Prime Minister, leading its Third World economy to First World affluence in a single generation. His emphasis on rapid economic growth, support for business entrepreneurship, limitations on internal democracy, and close relationships with China set the new nation's policies for the next half-century.
In 1990, Goh Chok Tong succeeded Lee as Prime Minister, while the latter continued serving in the Cabinet as Senior Minister until 2004, and then Minister Mentor until May 2011. During Goh's tenure, the country faced the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the 2003 SARS outbreak and terrorist threats posed by Jemaah Islamiyah.
In 2004, Lee Hsien Loong, the eldest son of Lee Kuan Yew, became the country's third Prime Minister. Goh Chok Tong remained in Cabinet as the Senior Minister until May 2011, when he was named Emeritus Senior Minister despite his retirement. He steered the nation through the 2008 global financial crisis, resolved the disputed 79-year old Malayan railways land, and introduced integrated resorts. Despite the economy's exceptional growth, PAP suffered its worst election results in 2011, winning 60% of votes, amidst hot-button issues of high influx of foreign workers and cost of living. Lee initiated a major re-structuring of the economy to raise productivity, improved universal healthcare and grants, especially for the pioneer generation of citizens, amongst many new inclusive measures.
On 23 March 2015, its founding prime minister, Lee Kuan Yew, who had 'personified Singapore to the world' for nearly half a century died. In a week of national mourning, 1.7 million residents and guests paid tribute to him at his lying-in-state at Parliament House and at community sites around the island.
Singapore celebrated its Golden jubilee in 2015 – its 50th year of independence, with a year-long series of events branded SG50. The PAP maintained its dominance in Parliament at the September general elections, receiving 69.9% of the popular vote, its second-highest polling result behind the 2001 tally of 75.3%.
GEOGRAPHY
Singapore consists of 63 islands, including the main island, Pulau Ujong. There are two man-made connections to Johor, Malaysia: the Johor–Singapore Causeway in the north and the Tuas Second Link in the west. Jurong Island, Pulau Tekong, Pulau Ubin and Sentosa are the largest of Singapore's smaller islands. The highest natural point is Bukit Timah Hill at 163.63 m. April and May are the hottest months, with the wetter monsoon season from November to January.
From July to October, there is often haze caused by bush fires in neighbouring Indonesia, usually from the island of Sumatra. Although Singapore does not observe daylight saving time (DST), it follows the GMT+8 time zone, one hour ahead of the typical zone for its geographical location.
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
Singapore is a parliamentary republic with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government representing constituencies. The country's constitution establishes a representative democracy as the political system. Executive power rests with the Cabinet of Singapore, led by the Prime Minister and, to a much lesser extent, the President. The President is elected through a popular vote, and has veto powers over a specific set of executive decisions, such as the use of the national reserves and the appointment of judges, but otherwise occupies a largely ceremonial post.
The Parliament serves as the legislative branch of the government. Members of Parliament (MPs) consist of elected, non-constituency and nominated members. Elected MPs are voted into the Parliament on a "first-past-the-post" (plurality) basis and represent either single-member or group representation constituencies. The People's Action Party has won control of Parliament with large majorities in every election since self-governance was secured in 1959.
Although the elections are clean, there is no independent electoral authority and the government has strong influence on the media. Freedom House ranks Singapore as "partly free" in its Freedom in the World report, and The Economist ranks Singapore as a "flawed democracy", the second best rank of four, in its "Democracy Index". Despite this, in the 2011 Parliamentary elections, the opposition, led by the Workers' Party, increased its representation to seven elected MPs. In the 2015 elections, PAP scored a landslide victory, winning 83 of 89 seats contested, with 70% of popular votes. Gallup polls reported 84% of residents in Singapore expressed confidence in the government, and 85% in its judicial systems and courts – one of the highest ratings in the world.
Singapore's governance model eschews populist politics, focusing on the nation's long-term interest, and is known to be clean, effective and pragmatic. As a small nation highly dependent on external trade, it is vulnerable to geo-politics and global economics. It places great emphasis on security and stability of the region in its foreign policies, and applies global best practices to ensure the nation's attractiveness as an investment destination and business hub.
The legal system of Singapore is based on English common law, but with substantial local differences. Trial by jury was abolished in 1970 so that judicial decisions would rest entirely in the hands of appointed judges. Singapore has penalties that include judicial corporal punishment in the form of caning, which may be imposed for such offences as rape, rioting, vandalism, and certain immigration offences.There is a mandatory death penalty for murder, as well as for certain aggravated drug-trafficking and firearms offences.
Amnesty International has said that some legal provisions of the Singapore system conflict with the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty, and that Singapore has "... possibly the highest execution rate in the world relative to its population". The government has disputed Amnesty's claims. In a 2008 survey of international business executives, Singapore received the top ranking with regard to judicial system quality in Asia. Singapore has been consistently rated among the least corrupt countries in the world by Transparency International.
In 2011, the World Justice Project's Rule of Law Index ranked Singapore among the top countries surveyed with regard to "order and security", "absence of corruption", and "effective criminal justice". However, the country received a much lower ranking for "freedom of speech" and "freedom of assembly". All public gatherings of five or more people require police permits, and protests may legally be held only at the Speakers' Corner.
EDUCATION
Education for primary, secondary, and tertiary levels is mostly supported by the state. All institutions, private and public, must be registered with the Ministry of Education. English is the language of instruction in all public schools, and all subjects are taught and examined in English except for the "mother tongue" language paper. While the term "mother tongue" in general refers to the first language internationally, in Singapore's education system, it is used to refer to the second language, as English is the first language. Students who have been abroad for a while, or who struggle with their "Mother Tongue" language, are allowed to take a simpler syllabus or drop the subject.
Education takes place in three stages: primary, secondary, and pre-university education. Only the primary level is compulsory. Students begin with six years of primary school, which is made up of a four-year foundation course and a two-year orientation stage. The curriculum is focused on the development of English, the mother tongue, mathematics, and science. Secondary school lasts from four to five years, and is divided between Special, Express, Normal (Academic), and Normal (Technical) streams in each school, depending on a student's ability level. The basic coursework breakdown is the same as in the primary level, although classes are much more specialised. Pre-university education takes place over two to three years at senior schools, mostly called Junior Colleges.
Some schools have a degree of freedom in their curriculum and are known as autonomous schools. These exist from the secondary education level and up.
National examinations are standardised across all schools, with a test taken after each stage. After the first six years of education, students take the Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE), which determines their placement at secondary school. At the end of the secondary stage, GCE "O"-Level exams are taken; at the end of the following pre-university stage, the GCE "A"-Level exams are taken. Of all non-student Singaporeans aged 15 and above, 18% have no education qualifications at all while 45% have the PSLE as their highest qualification; 15% have the GCE 'O' Level as their highest qualification and 14% have a degree.
Singaporean students consistently rank at or near the top of international education assessments:
- In 2015, Singapore topped the OECD's global school performance rankings, based on 15-year-old students' average scores in mathematics and science across 76 countries.
- Singaporean students were ranked first in the 2011 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study conducted by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, and have been ranked in the top three every year since 1995.
- Singapore fared best in the 2015 International Baccalaureate exams, taken in 107 countries, with more than half of the world's 81 perfect scorers and 98% passing rate.
The country's two main public universities - the National University of Singapore and Nanyang Technological University - are ranked among the top 13 in the world.
HEALTH
Singapore has a generally efficient healthcare system, even though their health expenditures are relatively low for developed countries. The World Health Organisation ranks Singapore's healthcare system as 6th overall in the world in its World Health Report. In general, Singapore has had the lowest infant mortality rate in the world for the past two decades.
Life expectancy in Singapore is 80 for males and 85 for females, placing the country 4th in the world for life expectancy. Almost the whole population has access to improved water and sanitation facilities. There are fewer than 10 annual deaths from HIV per 100,000 people. There is a high level of immunisation. Adult obesity is below 10%
The government's healthcare system is based upon the "3M" framework. This has three components: Medifund, which provides a safety net for those not able to otherwise afford healthcare, Medisave, a compulsory health savings scheme covering about 85% of the population, and Medishield, a government-funded health insurance program. Public hospitals in Singapore have autonomy in their management decisions, and compete for patients. A subsidy scheme exists for those on low income. In 2008, 32% of healthcare was funded by the government. It accounts for approximately 3.5% of Singapore's GDP.
RELIGION
Buddhism is the most widely practised religion in Singapore, with 33% of the resident population declaring themselves adherents at the most recent census. The next-most practised religion is Christianity, followed by Islam, Taoism, and Hinduism. 17% of the population did not have a religious affiliation. The proportion of Christians, Taoists, and non-religious people increased between 2000 and 2010 by about 3% each, whilst the proportion of Buddhists decreased. Other faiths remained largely stable in their share of the population. An analysis by the Pew Research Center found Singapore to be the world's most religiously diverse nation.
There are monasteries and Dharma centres from all three major traditions of Buddhism in Singapore: Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana. Most Buddhists in Singapore are Chinese and are of the Mahayana tradition, with missionaries having come into the country from Taiwan and China for several decades. However, Thailand's Theravada Buddhism has seen growing popularity among the populace (not only the Chinese) during the past decade. Soka Gakkai International, a Japanese Buddhist organisation, is practised by many people in Singapore, but mostly by those of Chinese descent. Tibetan Buddhism has also made slow inroads into the country in recent years.
CULTURE
Singapore has one of the lowest rates of drug use in the world. Culturally, the use of illicit drugs is viewed as highly undesirable by Singaporeans, unlike many European societies. Singaporeans' disapproval towards drug use has resulted in laws that impose the mandatory death sentence for certain serious drug trafficking offences. Singapore also has a low rate of alcohol consumption per capita and low levels of violent crime, and one of the lowest intentional homicide rate globally. The average alcohol consumption rate is only 2 litres annually per adult, one of the lowest in the world.
Foreigners make up 42% of the population, and have a strong influence on Singaporean culture. The Economist Intelligence Unit, in its 2013 "Where-to-be-born Index", ranks Singapore as having the best quality of life in Asia and sixth overall in the world.
LANGUAGES; RELIGIONS AND CULTURES
Singapore is a very diverse and young country. It has many languages, religions, and cultures for a country its size.
When Singapore became independent from the United Kingdom in 1963, most of the newly minted Singaporean citizens were uneducated labourers from Malaysia, China and India. Many of them were transient labourers who were seeking to make some money in Singapore and they had no intention of staying permanently. A sizeable minority of middle-class, local-born people, known as the Peranakans, also existed. With the exception of the Peranakans (descendants of late 15th and 16th-century Chinese immigrants) who pledged their loyalties to Singapore, most of the labourers' loyalties lay with their respective homelands of Malaysia, China and India. After independence, the process of crafting a Singaporean identity and culture began.
Former Prime Ministers of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew and Goh Chok Tong, have stated that Singapore does not fit the traditional description of a nation, calling it a society-in-transition, pointing out the fact that Singaporeans do not all speak the same language, share the same religion, or have the same customs. Even though English is the first language of the nation, according to the government's 2010 census 20% of Singaporeans, or one in five, are illiterate in English. This is a marked improvement from 1990 where 40% of Singaporeans were illiterate in English.
Languages, religions and cultures among Singaporeans are not delineated according to skin colour or ancestry, unlike many other countries. Among Chinese Singaporeans, one in five is Christian, another one in five is atheist, and the rest are mostly Buddhists or Taoists. One-third speak English as their home language, while half speak Mandarin Chinese. The rest speak other Chinese varieties at home. Most Malays in Singapore speak Malay as their home language with some speaking English. Singaporean Indians are much more religious. Only 1% of them are atheists. Six in ten are Hindu, two in ten Muslim, and the rest mostly Christian. Four in ten speak English as their home language, three in ten Tamil, one in ten Malay, and the rest other Indian languages as their home language.
Each Singaporean's behaviours and attitudes would therefore be influenced by, among many other things, his or her home language and his religion. Singaporeans who speak English as their native language tend to lean toward Western culture, while those who speak Chinese as their native language tend to lean toward Chinese culture and Confucianism. Malay speaking Singaporeans tend to lean toward the Malay culture, which itself is closely linked to the Islamic culture.
ATTITUDES AND BELIEFS
At the national level in Singapore, meritocracy, where one is judged based on one's ability, is heavily emphasised.
Racial and religious harmony is regarded by Singaporeans as a crucial part of Singapore's success, and played a part in building a Singaporean identity. Singapore has a reputation as a nanny state. The national flower of Singapore is the hybrid orchid, Vanda 'Miss Joaquim', named in memory of a Singapore-born Armenian woman, who crossbred the flower in her garden at Tanjong Pagar in 1893. Many national symbols such as the Coat of arms of Singapore and the Lion head symbol of Singapore make use of the lion, as Singapore is known as the Lion City. Other monikers by which Singapore is widely known is the Garden City and the Red Dot. Public holidays in Singapore cover major Chinese, Western, Malay and Indian festivals.
Singaporean employees work an average of around 45 hours weekly, relatively long compared to many other nations. Three in four Singaporean employees surveyed stated that they take pride in doing their work well, and that doing so helps their self-confidence.
CUISINE
Dining, along with shopping, is said to be the country's national pastime. The focus on food has led countries like Australia to attract Singaporean tourists with food-based itineraries. The diversity of food is touted as a reason to visit the country, and the variety of food representing different ethnicities is seen by the government as a symbol of its multiculturalism. The "national fruit" of Singapore is the durian.
In popular culture, food items belong to a particular ethnicity, with Chinese, Malay, and Indian food clearly defined. However, the diversity of cuisine has been increased further by the "hybridisation" of different styles (e.g., the Peranakan cuisine, a mix of Chinese and Malay cuisine).
WIKIPEDIA
Stagecoach Cumberland Optare Solo M850 low floor bus on the bus station annexe in Workington. This vehicle was new to Stagecoach Cumberland in November 2004.
Ex London Transport's T60 (WYV 60T) at Cobham
4 April 1993
Moves for this day were:
KTL 780 Weybridge - Cobham (The Delaine Leyland PD2)
WYV 60T Cobham - Apps Court (AML Coaches Leyland Titan)
AML 3H Apps Court - Walton (AML Coaches AEC Swift)
G308 UYK Walton - Apps Court (London Transport Leyland Olympian)
E916 DRD Apps Court - Weybridge (Reading Transport Leyland Olympian)
MRT 9P Weybridge - Apps Court (Ipswich Transport Leyland Atlantean)
AAA 503C Apps Court - Weybridge (Preserved Dennis Lowline)
515 CLT Weybridge - Cobham (London Transport Routemaster)
RAL 795 Cobham - Weybridge (Preserved Daimler ?)
WOI 607 Weybridge - Apps Court (Ipswich Transport Bristol B21)
ALM 46B Apps Court - Weybridge (London Transport Routemaster)
WLT 429 Weybridge - Cobham (London Transport Routemaster)
SMK 730F Cobham - Apps Court (London Transport Routemaster)
ABD 252B Apps Court - Weybridge (PreservedBristol RELH6G)
At least the day ended well!
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Angkor Wat or "Capital Temple" is a temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world. It was first a Hindu and later a Buddhist temple. It was built by the Khmer King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century in Yaśodharapura, present-day Angkor, the capital of the Khmer Empire, as his state temple and eventual mausoleum.
Breaking from the Shiva tradition of previous kings, Angkor Wat was instead dedicated to Vishnu. As the best-preserved temple at the site, it is the only one to have remained a significant religious center since its foundation. The temple is at the top of the high classical style of Khmer architecture. It has become a symbol of Cambodia, appearing on its national flag, and it is the country's prime attraction for visitors. Angkor Wat combines two basic plans of Khmer temple architecture: the temple-mountain and the later galleried temple, based on early Dravidian architecture, with key features such as the Jagati. It is designed to represent Mount Meru, home of the devas in Hindu mythology: within a moat and an outer wall 3.6 kilometres long are three rectangular galleries, each raised above the next. At the centre of the temple stands a quincunx of towers. Unlike most Angkorian temples, Angkor Wat is oriented to the west; scholars are divided as to the significance of this. The temple is admired for the grandeur and harmony of the architecture, its extensive bas-reliefs, and for the numerous devatas adorning its walls.
The modern name, Angkor Wat, means "Temple City" or "City of Temples" in Khmer; Angkor, meaning "city" or "capital city", is a vernacular form of the word nokor (នគរ), which comes from the Sanskrit word nagara (नगर). Wat is the Khmer word for "temple grounds" (Sanskrit: वाट vāṭa ""enclosure").
HISTORY
Angkor Wat lies 5.5 kilometres north of the modern town of Siem Reap, and a short distance south and slightly east of the previous capital, which was centred at Baphuon. It is in an area of Cambodia where there is an important group of ancient structures. It is the southernmost of Angkor's main sites.
According to one legend, the construction of Angkor Wat was ordered by Indra to act as a palace for his son Precha Ket Mealea.
According to the 13th century Chinese traveler Daguan Zhou, it was believed by some that the temple was constructed in a single night by a divine architect. The initial design and construction of the temple took place in the first half of the 12th century, during the reign of Suryavarman II (ruled 1113-C. 1150). Dedicated to Vishnu, it was built as the king's state temple and capital city. As neither the foundation stela nor any contemporary inscriptions referring to the temple have been found, its original name is unknown, but it may have been known as "Varah Vishnu-lok" after the presiding deity. Work seems to have ended shortly after the king's death, leaving some of the bas-relief decoration unfinished.
In 1177, approximately 27 years after the death of Suryavarman II, Angkor was sacked by the Chams, the traditional enemies of the Khmer. Thereafter the empire was restored by a new king, Jayavarman VII, who established a new capital and state temple (Angkor Thom and the Bayon respectively) a few kilometers to the north.
In the late 13th century, Angkor Wat gradually moved from Hindu to Theravada Buddhist use, which continues to the present day. Angkor Wat is unusual among the Angkor temples in that although it was somewhat neglected after the 16th century it was never completely abandoned, its preservation being due in part to the fact that its moat also provided some protection from encroachment by the jungle.
One of the first Western visitors to the temple was António da Madalena, a Portuguese monk who visited in 1586 and said that it "is of such extraordinary construction that it is not possible to describe it with a pen, particularly since it is like no other building in the world. It has towers and decoration and all the refinements which the human genius can conceive of."
In the mid-19th century, the temple was visited by the French naturalist and explorer, Henri Mouhot, who popularised the site in the West through the publication of travel notes, in which he wrote:
"One of these temples - a rival to that of Solomon, and erected by some ancient Michelangelo - might take an honorable place beside our most beautiful buildings. It is grander than anything left to us by Greece or Rome, and presents a sad contrast to the state of barbarism in which the nation is now plunged."
Mouhot, like other early Western visitors, found it difficult to believe that the Khmers could have built the temple, and mistakenly dated it to around the same era as Rome. The true history of Angkor Wat was pieced together only from stylistic and epigraphic evidence accumulated during the subsequent clearing and restoration work carried out across the whole Angkor site. There were no ordinary dwellings or houses or other signs of settlement including cooking utensils, weapons, or items of clothing usually found at ancient sites. Instead there is the evidence of the monuments themselves.
Angkor Wat required considerable restoration in the 20th century, mainly the removal of accumulated earth and vegetation. Work was interrupted by the civil war and Khmer Rouge control of the country during the 1970s and 1980s, but relatively little damage was done during this period other than the theft and destruction of mostly post-Angkorian statues.The temple is a powerful symbol of Cambodia, and is a source of great national pride that has factored into Cambodia's diplomatic relations with France, the United States and its neighbor Thailand. A depiction of Angkor Wat has been a part of Cambodian national flags since the introduction of the first version circa 1863. From a larger historical and even transcultural perspective, however, the temple of Angkor Wat did not become a symbol of national pride sui generis but had been inscribed into a larger politico-cultural process of French-colonial heritage production in which the original temple site was presented in French colonial and universal exhibitions in Paris and Marseille between 1889 and 1937. Angkor Wat's aesthetics were also on display in the plaster cast museum of Louis Delaporte called musée Indo-chinois which existed in the Parisian Trocadero Palace from C. 1880 to the mid-1920s. The splendid artistic legacy of Angkor Wat and other Khmer monuments in the Angkor region led directly to France adopting Cambodia as a protectorate on 11 August 1863 and invading Siam to take control of the ruins. This quickly led to Cambodia reclaiming lands in the northwestern corner of the country that had been under Siamese (Thai) control since 1351 AD (Manich Jumsai 2001), or by some accounts, 1431 AD. Cambodia gained independence from France on 9 November 1953 and has controlled Angkor Wat since that time.
ARCHITECTURE
SITE AND PLAN
Angkor Wat, located at 13°24′45″N 103°52′0″E, is a unique combination of the temple mountain, the standard design for the empire's state temples and the later plan of concentric galleries. The temple is a representation of Mount Meru, the home of the gods: the central quincunx of towers symbolises the five peaks of the mountain, and the walls and moat the surrounding mountain ranges and ocean. Access to the upper areas of the temple was progressively more exclusive, with the laity being admitted only to the lowest level. Unlike most Khmer temples, Angkor Wat is oriented to the west rather than the east. This has led many (including Maurice Glaize and George Coedès) to conclude that Suryavarman intended it to serve as his funerary temple.Further evidence for this view is provided by the bas-reliefs, which proceed in a counter-clockwise direction - prasavya in Hindu terminology - as this is the reverse of the normal order. Rituals take place in reverse order during Brahminic funeral services. The archaeologist Charles Higham also describes a container which may have been a funerary jar which was recovered from the central tower. It has been nominated by some as the greatest expenditure of energy on the disposal of a corpse. Freeman and Jacques, however, note that several other temples of Angkor depart from the typical eastern orientation, and suggest that Angkor Wat's alignment was due to its dedication to Vishnu, who was associated with the west.
A further interpretation of Angkor Wat has been proposed by Eleanor Mannikka. Drawing on the temple's alignment and dimensions, and on the content and arrangement of the bas-reliefs, she argues that the structure represents a claimed new era of peace under King Suryavarman II: "as the measurements of solar and lunar time cycles were built into the sacred space of Angkor Wat, this divine mandate to rule was anchored to consecrated chambers and corridors meant to perpetuate the king's power and to honor and placate the deities manifest in the heavens above." Mannikka's suggestions have been received with a mixture of interest and scepticism in academic circles. She distances herself from the speculations of others, such as Graham Hancock, that Angkor Wat is part of a representation of the constellation Draco.
STYLE
Angkor Wat is the prime example of the classical style of Khmer architecture - the Angkor Wat style - to which it has given its name. By the 12th century Khmer architects had become skilled and confident in the use of sandstone (rather than brick or laterite) as the main building material. Most of the visible areas are of sandstone blocks, while laterite was used for the outer wall and for hidden structural parts. The binding agent used to join the blocks is yet to be identified, although natural resins or slaked lime has been suggested. The temple has drawn praise above all for the harmony of its design. According to Maurice Glaize, a mid-20th-century conservator of Angkor, the temple "attains a classic perfection by the restrained monumentality of its finely balanced elements and the precise arrangement of its proportions. It is a work of power, unity and style." Architecturally, the elements characteristic of the style include: the ogival, redented towers shaped like lotus buds; half-galleries to broaden passageways; axial galleries connecting enclosures; and the cruciform terraces which appear along the main axis of the temple. Typical decorative elements are devatas (or apsaras), bas-reliefs, and on pediments extensive garlands and narrative scenes. The statuary of Angkor Wat is considered conservative, being more static and less graceful than earlier work. Other elements of the design have been destroyed by looting and the passage of time, including gilded stucco on the towers, gilding on some figures on the bas-reliefs, and wooden ceiling panels and doors.
FEATURES
OUTER ENCLOSURE
The outer wall, 1024 by 802 m and 4.5 m high, is surrounded by a 30 m apron of open ground and a moat 190 m wide. Access to the temple is by an earth bank to the east and a sandstone causeway to the west; the latter, the main entrance, is a later addition, possibly replacing a wooden bridge. There are gopuras at each of the cardinal points; the western is by far the largest and has three ruined towers. Glaize notes that this gopura both hides and echoes the form of the temple proper. Under the southern tower is a statue of Vishnu, known as Ta Reach, which may originally have occupied the temple's central shrine.Galleries run between the towers and as far as two further entrances on either side of the gopura often referred to as "elephant gates", as they are large enough to admit those animals. These galleries have square pillars on the outer (west) side and a closed wall on the inner (east) side. The ceiling between the pillars is decorated with lotus rosettes; the west face of the wall with dancing figures; and the east face of the wall with balustered windows, dancing male figures on prancing animals, and devatas, including (south of the entrance) the only one in the temple to be showing her teeth. The outer wall encloses a space of 820,000 square metres, which besides the temple proper was originally occupied by the city and, to the north of the temple, the royal palace. Like all secular buildings of Angkor, these were built of perishable materials rather than of stone, so nothing remains of them except the outlines of some of the streets. Most of the area is now covered by forest. A 350 m causeway connects the western gopura to the temple proper, with naga balustrades and six sets of steps leading down to the city on either side. Each side also features a library with entrances at each cardinal point, in front of the third set of stairs from the entrance, and a pond between the library and the temple itself. The ponds are later additions to the design, as is the cruciform terrace guarded by lions connecting the causeway to the central structure.
CENTRAL STRUCTURE
The temple stands on a terrace raised higher than the city. It is made of three rectangular galleries rising to a central tower, each level higher than the last. Mannikka interprets these galleries as being dedicated to the king, Brahma, the moon, and Vishnu.
Each gallery has a gopura at each of the points, and the two inner galleries each have towers at their corners, forming a quincunx with the central tower. Because the temple faces west, the features are all set back towards the east, leaving more space to be filled in each enclosure and gallery on the west side; for the same reason the west-facing steps are shallower than those on the other sides.
The outer gallery measures 187 by 215 m, with pavilions rather than towers at the corners. The gallery is open to the outside of the temple, with columned half-galleries extending and buttressing the structure. Connecting the outer gallery to the second enclosure on the west side is a cruciform cloister called Preah Poan (the "Hall of a Thousand Gods"). Buddha images were left in the cloister by pilgrims over the centuries, although most have now been removed. This area has many inscriptions relating the good deeds of pilgrims, most written in Khmer but others in Burmese and Japanese. The four small courtyards marked out by the cloister may originally have been filled with water.
North and south of the cloister are libraries.
Beyond, the second and inner galleries are connected to each other and to two flanking libraries by another cruciform terrace, again a later addition. From the second level upwards, devatas abound on the walls, singly or in groups of up to four. The second-level enclosure is 100 by 115 m, and may originally have been flooded to represent the ocean around Mount Meru.
Three sets of steps on each side lead up to the corner towers and gopuras of the inner gallery. The very steep stairways represent the difficulty of ascending to the kingdom of the gods. This inner gallery, called the Bakan, is a 60 m square with axial galleries connecting each gopura with the central shrine, and subsidiary shrines located below the corner towers. The roofings of the galleries are decorated with the motif of the body of a snake ending in the heads of lions or garudas. Carved lintels and pediments decorate the entrances to the galleries and to the shrines. The tower above the central shrine rises 43 m to a height of 65 m above the ground; unlike those of previous temple mountains, the central tower is raised above the surrounding four. The shrine itself, originally occupied by a statue of Vishnu and open on each side, was walled in when the temple was converted to Theravada Buddhism, the new walls featuring standing Buddhas. In 1934, the conservator George Trouvé excavated the pit beneath the central shrine: filled with sand and water it had already been robbed of its treasure, but he did find a sacred foundation deposit of gold leaf two metres above ground level.
DECORATION
Integrated with the architecture of the building, and one of the causes for its fame is Angkor Wat's extensive decoration, which predominantly takes the form of bas-relief friezes. The inner walls of the outer gallery bear a series of large-scale scenes mainly depicting episodes from the Hindu epics the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Higham has called these, "the greatest known linear arrangement of stone carving".
From the north-west corner anti-clockwise, the western gallery shows the Battle of Lanka (from the Ramayana, in which Rama defeats Ravana) and the Battle of Kurukshetra (from the Mahabharata, showing the mutual annihilation of the Kaurava and Pandava clans). On the southern gallery follow the only historical scene, a procession of Suryavarman II, then the 32 hells and 37 heavens of Hindu mythology.
On the eastern gallery is one of the most celebrated scenes, the Churning of the Sea of Milk, showing 92 asuras and 88 devas using the serpent Vasuki to churn the sea under Vishnu's direction (Mannikka counts only 91 asuras, and explains the asymmetrical numbers as representing the number of days from the winter solstice to the spring equinox, and from the equinox to the summer solstice). It is followed by Vishnu defeating asuras (a 16th-century addition). The northern gallery shows Krishna's victory over Bana (where according to Glaize, "The workmanship is at its worst"). and a battle between the Hindu gods and asuras. The north-west and south-west corner pavilions both feature much smaller-scale scenes, some unidentified but most from the Ramayana or the life of Krishna. Angkor Wat is decorated with depictions of apsaras and devata; there are more than 1,796 depictions of devata in the present research inventory. Angkor Wat architects employed small apsara images (30–40 cm) as decorative motifs on pillars and walls. They incorporated larger devata images (all full-body portraits measuring approximately 95–110 cm) more prominently at every level of the temple from the entry pavilion to the tops of the high towers. In 1927, Sappho Marchal published a study cataloging the remarkable diversity of their hair, headdresses, garments, stance, jewelry and decorative flowers, which Marchal concluded were based on actual practices of the Angkor period.
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
The stones, as smooth as polished marble, were laid without mortar with very tight joints that are sometimes hard to find. The blocks were held together by mortise and tenon joints in some cases, while in others they used dovetails and gravity. The blocks were presumably put in place by a combination of elephants, coir ropes, pulleys and bamboo scaffolding. Henri Mouhot noted that most of the blocks had holes 2.5 cm in diameter and 3 cm deep, with more holes on the larger blocks. Some scholars have suggested that these were used to join them together with iron rods, but others claim they were used to hold temporary pegs to help manoeuvre them into place. The monument was made out of millions of tonnes of sandstone and it has a greater volume as well as mass than the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt. The Angkor Wat Temple consumes about 6 million to 10 million blocks of sandstone with an average weight of 1.5 tons each. In fact, the entire city of Angkor used up far greater amounts of stone than all the Egyptian pyramids combined, and occupied an area significantly greater than modern-day Paris. Moreover, unlike the Egyptian pyramids which use limestone quarried barely half a km away all the time, the entire city of Angkor was built with sandstone quarried 40 km (or more) away. This sandstone had to be transported from Mount Kulen, a quarry approximately 40 km to the northeast. The route has been suggested to span 35 kilometres along a canal towards Tonlé Sap lake, another 35 kilometres crossing the lake, and finally 15 kilometres upstream and against the current along Siem Reap River, making a total journey of 90 kilometres. However, Etsuo Uchida and Ichita Shimoda of Waseda University in Tokyo, Japan have discovered in 2012 a shorter 35-kilometre canal connecting Mount Kulen and Angkor Wat using satellite imagery. The two believe that the Khmer used this route instead.
Virtually all of its surfaces, columns, lintels even roofs are carved. There are miles of reliefs illustrating scenes from Indian literature including unicorns, griffins, winged dragons pulling chariots as well as warriors following an elephant-mounted leader and celestial dancing girls with elaborate hair styles. The gallery wall alone is decorated with almost 1000 square metres of bas reliefs. Holes on some of the Angkor walls indicate that they may have been decorated with bronze sheets. These were highly prized in ancient times and were a prime target for robbers. While excavating Khajuraho, Alex Evans, a stonemason and sculptor, recreated a stone sculpture under 1.2 m, this took about 60 days to carve. Roger Hopkins and Mark Lehner also conducted experiments to quarry limestone which took 12 quarrymen 22 days to quarry about 400 tons of stone. The labor force to quarry, transport, carve and install so much sandstone must have run into the thousands including many highly skilled artisans. The skills required to carve these sculptures were developed hundreds of years earlier, as demonstrated by some artifacts that have been dated to the seventh century, before the Khmer came to power.
ANGKOR WAT TODAY
The Archaeological Survey of India carried out restoration work on the temple between 1986 and 1992. Since the 1990s, Angkor Wat has seen continued conservation efforts and a massive increase in tourism. The temple is part of the Angkor World Heritage Site, established in 1992, which has provided some funding and has encouraged the Cambodian government to protect the site. The German Apsara Conservation Project (GACP) is working to protect the devatas and other bas-reliefs which decorate the temple from damage. The organisation's survey found that around 20% of the devatas were in very poor condition, mainly because of natural erosion and deterioration of the stone but in part also due to earlier restoration efforts. Other work involves the repair of collapsed sections of the structure, and prevention of further collapse: the west facade of the upper level, for example, has been buttressed by scaffolding since 2002, while a Japanese team completed restoration of the north library of the outer enclosure in 2005. World Monuments Fund began conservation work on the Churning of the Sea of Milk Gallery in 2008 after several years of conditions studies. The project restored the traditional Khmer roofing system and removed cement used in earlier restoration attempts that had resulted in salts entering the structure behind the bas-relief, discoloring and damaging the sculpted surfaces. The main phase of work ended in 2012, and the final component will be the installation of finials on the roof of the gallery in 2013. Microbial biofilms have been found degrading sandstone at Angkor Wat, Preah Khan, and the Bayon and West Prasat in Angkor. The dehydration and radiation resistant filamentous cyanobacteria can produce organic acids that degrade the stone. A dark filamentous fungus was found in internal and external Preah Khan samples, while the alga Trentepohlia was found only in samples taken from external, pink-stained stone at Preah Khan. Angkor Wat has become a major tourist destination. In 2004 and 2005, government figures suggest that, respectively, 561.000 and 677.000 foreign visitors arrived in Siem Reap province, approximately 50% of all foreign tourists in Cambodia for both years. The site has been managed by the private SOKIMEX group since 1990, which rented it from the Cambodian government. The influx of tourists has so far caused relatively little damage, other than some graffiti; ropes and wooden steps have been introduced to protect the bas-reliefs and floors, respectively. Tourism has also provided some additional funds for maintenance - as of 2000 approximately 28% of ticket revenues across the whole Angkor site was spent on the temples - although most work is carried out by foreign government-sponsored teams rather than by the Cambodian authorities. Since Angkor Wat has seen significant growth in tourism throughout the years UNESCO and its International Co-ordinating Committee for the Safeguarding and Development of the Historic Site of Angkor (ICC), in association with representatives from the Royal Government and APSARA, organized seminars to discuss the concept of "cultural tourism". Wanting to avoid commercial and mass tourism, the seminars emphasized the importance of providing high quality accommodation and services in order for the Cambodian government to benefit economically, while also incorporating the richness of Cambodian culture. In 2001, this incentive resulted in the concept of the "Angkor Tourist City" which would be developed with regard to traditional Khmer architecture, contain leisure and tourist facilities, and provide luxurious hotels capable of accommodating large amounts of tourists. The prospect of developing such large tourist accommodations has encountered concerns from both APSARA and the ICC, claiming that previous tourism developments in the area have neglected construction regulations and more of these projects have the potential to damage landscape features. Also, the large scale of these projects have begun to threaten the quality of the nearby town's water, sewage, and electricity systems. It has been noted that such high frequency of tourism and growing demand for quality accommodations in the area, such as the development of a large highway, has had a direct effect on the underground water table, subsequently straining the structural stability of the temples at Angkor Wat. Locals of Siem Reap have also voiced concern over the charming nature and atmosphere of their town being compromised in order to entertain tourism. Since this charming local atmosphere is the key component to projects like Angkor Tourist City, local officials continue to discuss how to successfully incorporate future tourism without sacrificing local values and culture. At the ASEAN Tourism Forum 2012, both parties have agreed Borobudur and Angkor Wat to become sister sites and the provinces will become sister provinces. Two Indonesian airlines are considering the opportunity to open a direct flight from Yogyakarta, Indonesia to Siem Reap.
WIKIPEDIA
..... They designed a hydraulic tow bar which could lift the nose of the aircraft and therefore lower the tail enough to be able to get it through the hangar doors ......
Earlier scanned photo replaced with a better version 19-Nov-14.
Mercedes-Benz Conecto NG n°973 du réseau CTP Cluj-Napoca sur la ligne 46B vers Cart. Zorilor sur la Strada Aurel Vlaicu.
This is an album (muraqqaʿ) of Persian and Indian calligraphy and paintings, most probably compiled in the thirteenth century AH / nineteenth CE. The album contains thirty-four illustrations, three of which are attributed to the Mughal painter Abū al-Ḥasan (Nādir al-al-Zamān), two to Manūhar, and one each to Dawlat and Ṣādiqī. There are several portraits of rulers and courtiers, as well as scenes from historical manuscripts, such as Bāburnāmah and Gulistān by Saʿdī. This album is also significant for the number of works by the artist Shayk Abbāsī, who worked in the eleventh century AH / seventeenth CE. The signed calligraphic pieces bear the names of ʿImād al-Ḥasanī (d. 1024 AH / 1615 CE), ʿAlī Riz̤ā-ʾi ʿAbbāsī, Mīr ʿAlī, and ʿAbd al-Rashīd al-Daylamī (d. 1081 AH / 1670-1 CE). The album was initially in an accordion format and was later made into a codex. The lacquer binding with central ovals and pendants decorated with flowers dates to the thirteenth century AH / nineteenth CE.
To explore fully digitized manuscripts with a virtual page-turning application, please visit Walters Ex Libris.
Photo André Knoerr, Genève. Reproduction autorisée avec mention de la source.
Utilisation commerciale soumise à autorisation spéciale préalable.
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