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The three ex Bournemouth Transport buses currently on loan to our 'Fantasy Fleet' from the West of England Transport Collection are seen here positively glowing in the sunshine at last weekend's POPS rally. They are, left to right, Weymann bodied Leyland Atlantean PDR1 AEL 170B, Willowbrook bodied Daimler Roadliner SRP8 (nee SRC6) KRU 55F and Weymann bodied Leyland Leopard DP, CRU 103C.
... and the prize for most fun goes to ...
CRU 103C is a Leyland Leopard PSU3/2R with Weymann dual purpose coachwork, new in 1965 as Bournemouth Transport 103, and preserved as such.
Well, its on a race track, but ex Bournemouth transport CRU 103C is no speed machine! The old girl thrashes her way along at about 45mph (max) and allows her passengers to feel every power stroke of the 600 engine. The picture was taken at Outon Park, Cheshire at their summer Bank Holiday 'Gold Cup' weekend. This year, CRU and ex PMT Leopard TVT 128G gave tours of the circuit before the classic car racing began. Last year the honours went to Ex PMT AEC Reliance 805 EVT and Ex Bournemouth Roadliner KRU 55F. CRU's lap time was never likely to upset that set by KRU!
Shunting a set of brake vans at Chasewater Heaths. The lead locomotive is TH 103C which is a 1960 Thomas Hill diesel hydraulic locomotive rebuilt from a Sentinel steam locomotive (9390 of 1949). Although currently painted in NCB livery it previously worked in Stafford at British Reinforced Concrete. At the rear is Thomas Hill built Vanguard shunter ‘Helen’.
After a season resting, today 'Fantasy Fleet' member KRU 55F was woken from its slumbers. The ex Bournemouth Perkins V8 engined Daimler Roadliner had been left out of this year's main season as it had possibly been over exposed and to give other buses some air time. Today however, we decided to go to the compound to extract it in possible readiness for next weekends POPS 'Gladstone Pottery' based running day.
I don't think I've ever posted a rear end shot of the Willowbrook bodied No.55 before, but here it is with the characteristic Bottle Ovens for a back drop and Bournemouth cousin, Leopard CRU 103C for company at 2014's Gladstone event.
2 years ago took apart all of my Swedish military and now I thought it was time to make my third version of one of my favorit tanks. I made this a few weeks ago but the lack of snow made me wait to photograph it.
Right now I'm working on another swedish vehicle but don't worry, the pelican is done (has been a very long time, sorry for that) and I will try to make time to take and edit all the photos.
Hope you like it!
More pictures here: www.flickr.com/photos/68524060@N07/albums/72157678800905876
On the penultimate day of its current MoT, ex Bournemouth Corporation DP Leopard CRU 103C is seen leaving Apedale Mining Museum yesterday with a healthy load. The location is also the home of the Apedale Valley Railway. The Weymann bodied saloon was working the free bus service link with Stoke station, in connection with the railway's 'Tracks to the Trenches' event, relieving the mainstay, Leopard ORS 60R for a few trips.
Ulsterbus Wrightbus StreetDeck Fleet Number 3114 Reg JGZ 3114 is seen Leaving Lisburn Bus station on service 103c to Colin Town Centre Transport Hub
I don't normally take pictures of the rear ends of buses, but the BET style with wrap round screens was an absolute classic, so today I made an exception.
Weymann bodied ex Bournemouth Corporation Leyland Leopard CRU 103C is seen on today's paintwork road test following a successful visit to the MoT test station. All being well it will be one of the buses running on this weekend's free services associated with POPS rally, Stoke on Trent.
CC 201 04 06 (GE-U18C - CC 201 143R ex. BB 203 ?) hauling KA 103C - Gaya Baru Malam Selatan (GBMS) trainset, passing at Boharan station, Sidoarjo, East Java. This train route is Surabaya Gubeng - Jakarta Pasar Senen, vv.
Another arrival at RBW today to join our 'Fantasy Fleet' is Ex Bournemouth Corporation Weymann 45 seater Leyland Leopard CRU 103C. Like the Roadliner from the same operator, CRU has been kindly loaned to us by The West of England Transport Collection at Winkleigh who also got the bus MoT'd and taxed before delivery.
The race was on today to make headway with cleaning as it's due to make it's debut at this coming Sunday's 'Potteries Connection' Running Day based on Gladstone Pottery Museum, Longton Stoke on Trent. If all goes according to plan, visitors will be able to sample both this and the SRP8 on various runs out.
Today's seen hectic activity with three of us ... and four at times beavering away to make an impression.
Well, this is as good as it gets now, whilst we save up for a re-paint!
Bob Jordan photo
Built November 1951 as Milwaukee Road 103C. Sold in the mid-1970s to a tourist attraction in Tea, SD. Resold again in the late 1980s to 1880 Town in Midland, SD.
Midland, SD
Mid-1990s
Train of the Day
11/4/19
CRU 103C. A 1965 Leyland Leopard / Weymann.
KRU 55F. A 1968 Perkins V8 Roadliner / Weymann.
ORU 230G. A 1969 Leyland Atlantean / Alexander.
This aircraft was originally procured for the U.S. Navy as S2F-3S / S-2E 149259, c/n 103C. Online sources indicate that it was withdrawn to storage in 1970.
U.S. FAA records indicate that it was registered as N501DF from 1996 to 1998, but the registration was canceled and the aircraft was never converted to a fire-fighting tanker. It may be held in reserve for future conversion, or to be broken up for parts.
Sacramento McClellan Airport (MCC / KMCC), California
S-2T Tanker Information Sheet (CAL FIRE):
www.fire.ca.gov/media/zaelt35w/s2t-2020-redesign-final-3.pdf
Grumman S-2 Tracker (Wikipedia):
Swedsh Army serial:- 2231
The Strv103 was a turretless Main Battle Tank built in Sweden by Bofors AB between 1967 and 1971. Also known as the ‘S-Tank’, 290 were built and were in service until 1997.
This example is maintained in running order and is on display at The Tank Museum, Bovington, Dorset, UK.
26th July 2016
The following info is from the excellent Tank Museum website:-
One of the most imaginative and original tank designs of all time it dispenses with a turret and aims the main gun by moving the vehicle. Thus in order to traverse the gun the tank swings on its tracks and alters the attitude of its suspension in order to gain elevation or depression. Designed for defensive fighting, particulalry in narrow defiles or forest trails the S-Tank has the advantage of an incredibly low silhouette. It carries a dozer blade to enable it to dig in and an automatic loading device for the gun.
Taken at yesterday's 'Potteries Connection' Running day based on the Gladstone Pottery musuem, Longton ex Bournemouth Weymann bodied Leyland Leopard CRU 103C is seen departing with a full load, duplicated by equally fully loaded Roadliner KRU 55F. Both buses proved immensley popular and the 'Fantasy Fleet' proprietors are indeed grateful to the folks from Winkleigh for their loan.
As the event was intended to have a Berresford theme to mark 25 years since that business ceased, 103 was suitably bedecked here in true Berresford style befitting a hurriedly pressed into service fleet addition. To aid authenticity, it's seen being driven by a genuine former company employee Alan Challinor.
Ulsterbus Volvo B7R Wrights Eclipse Schoolrun Fleet Number 330 Reg PEZ 9330 Is seen at Colin Town Centre Transport Hub on service 103c to Lisburn
When someone on the edge of your sphere of friends finds out that you've got preserved buses around you, they're either stuck for words or can instantly think of something they'd like you to do for them using one! So it was yesterday when the sister of my soon to be son in law asked if I'd give some 'year 6 leavers' a spin out in one after their final day at Primary School. Bournemouth Leopard CRU 103C was selected and is seen here in the playground of Goldenhill Primary, Stoke on Trent ... ironic really as the school's former premises was next to where I first started work in buses at Stoniers during January 1978.
Neoplan Starliner A7 (2013) Engine 12419cc MAN Common Rail Diesel
Operator Ellisons Travel, Saint Helens
Registration Number MX 13 XGJ (Manchester)
Many thanks for a fantabulous 32,133,600 views
Shot on 06.04.2015 at London Gateway Service Station (M1)
Ref 103c-392
Angkor Wat or "Capital Temple" is a temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world. It was first a Hindu and later a Buddhist temple. It was built by the Khmer King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century in Yaśodharapura, present-day Angkor, the capital of the Khmer Empire, as his state temple and eventual mausoleum.
Breaking from the Shiva tradition of previous kings, Angkor Wat was instead dedicated to Vishnu. As the best-preserved temple at the site, it is the only one to have remained a significant religious center since its foundation. The temple is at the top of the high classical style of Khmer architecture. It has become a symbol of Cambodia, appearing on its national flag, and it is the country's prime attraction for visitors. Angkor Wat combines two basic plans of Khmer temple architecture: the temple-mountain and the later galleried temple, based on early Dravidian architecture, with key features such as the Jagati. It is designed to represent Mount Meru, home of the devas in Hindu mythology: within a moat and an outer wall 3.6 kilometres long are three rectangular galleries, each raised above the next. At the centre of the temple stands a quincunx of towers. Unlike most Angkorian temples, Angkor Wat is oriented to the west; scholars are divided as to the significance of this. The temple is admired for the grandeur and harmony of the architecture, its extensive bas-reliefs, and for the numerous devatas adorning its walls.
The modern name, Angkor Wat, means "Temple City" or "City of Temples" in Khmer; Angkor, meaning "city" or "capital city", is a vernacular form of the word nokor (នគរ), which comes from the Sanskrit word nagara (नगर). Wat is the Khmer word for "temple grounds" (Sanskrit: वाट vāṭa ""enclosure").
HISTORY
Angkor Wat lies 5.5 kilometres north of the modern town of Siem Reap, and a short distance south and slightly east of the previous capital, which was centred at Baphuon. It is in an area of Cambodia where there is an important group of ancient structures. It is the southernmost of Angkor's main sites.
According to one legend, the construction of Angkor Wat was ordered by Indra to act as a palace for his son Precha Ket Mealea.
According to the 13th century Chinese traveler Daguan Zhou, it was believed by some that the temple was constructed in a single night by a divine architect. The initial design and construction of the temple took place in the first half of the 12th century, during the reign of Suryavarman II (ruled 1113-C. 1150). Dedicated to Vishnu, it was built as the king's state temple and capital city. As neither the foundation stela nor any contemporary inscriptions referring to the temple have been found, its original name is unknown, but it may have been known as "Varah Vishnu-lok" after the presiding deity. Work seems to have ended shortly after the king's death, leaving some of the bas-relief decoration unfinished.
In 1177, approximately 27 years after the death of Suryavarman II, Angkor was sacked by the Chams, the traditional enemies of the Khmer. Thereafter the empire was restored by a new king, Jayavarman VII, who established a new capital and state temple (Angkor Thom and the Bayon respectively) a few kilometers to the north.
In the late 13th century, Angkor Wat gradually moved from Hindu to Theravada Buddhist use, which continues to the present day. Angkor Wat is unusual among the Angkor temples in that although it was somewhat neglected after the 16th century it was never completely abandoned, its preservation being due in part to the fact that its moat also provided some protection from encroachment by the jungle.
One of the first Western visitors to the temple was António da Madalena, a Portuguese monk who visited in 1586 and said that it "is of such extraordinary construction that it is not possible to describe it with a pen, particularly since it is like no other building in the world. It has towers and decoration and all the refinements which the human genius can conceive of."
In the mid-19th century, the temple was visited by the French naturalist and explorer, Henri Mouhot, who popularised the site in the West through the publication of travel notes, in which he wrote:
"One of these temples - a rival to that of Solomon, and erected by some ancient Michelangelo - might take an honorable place beside our most beautiful buildings. It is grander than anything left to us by Greece or Rome, and presents a sad contrast to the state of barbarism in which the nation is now plunged."
Mouhot, like other early Western visitors, found it difficult to believe that the Khmers could have built the temple, and mistakenly dated it to around the same era as Rome. The true history of Angkor Wat was pieced together only from stylistic and epigraphic evidence accumulated during the subsequent clearing and restoration work carried out across the whole Angkor site. There were no ordinary dwellings or houses or other signs of settlement including cooking utensils, weapons, or items of clothing usually found at ancient sites. Instead there is the evidence of the monuments themselves.
Angkor Wat required considerable restoration in the 20th century, mainly the removal of accumulated earth and vegetation. Work was interrupted by the civil war and Khmer Rouge control of the country during the 1970s and 1980s, but relatively little damage was done during this period other than the theft and destruction of mostly post-Angkorian statues.The temple is a powerful symbol of Cambodia, and is a source of great national pride that has factored into Cambodia's diplomatic relations with France, the United States and its neighbor Thailand. A depiction of Angkor Wat has been a part of Cambodian national flags since the introduction of the first version circa 1863. From a larger historical and even transcultural perspective, however, the temple of Angkor Wat did not become a symbol of national pride sui generis but had been inscribed into a larger politico-cultural process of French-colonial heritage production in which the original temple site was presented in French colonial and universal exhibitions in Paris and Marseille between 1889 and 1937. Angkor Wat's aesthetics were also on display in the plaster cast museum of Louis Delaporte called musée Indo-chinois which existed in the Parisian Trocadero Palace from C. 1880 to the mid-1920s. The splendid artistic legacy of Angkor Wat and other Khmer monuments in the Angkor region led directly to France adopting Cambodia as a protectorate on 11 August 1863 and invading Siam to take control of the ruins. This quickly led to Cambodia reclaiming lands in the northwestern corner of the country that had been under Siamese (Thai) control since 1351 AD (Manich Jumsai 2001), or by some accounts, 1431 AD. Cambodia gained independence from France on 9 November 1953 and has controlled Angkor Wat since that time.
ARCHITECTURE
SITE AND PLAN
Angkor Wat, located at 13°24′45″N 103°52′0″E, is a unique combination of the temple mountain, the standard design for the empire's state temples and the later plan of concentric galleries. The temple is a representation of Mount Meru, the home of the gods: the central quincunx of towers symbolises the five peaks of the mountain, and the walls and moat the surrounding mountain ranges and ocean. Access to the upper areas of the temple was progressively more exclusive, with the laity being admitted only to the lowest level. Unlike most Khmer temples, Angkor Wat is oriented to the west rather than the east. This has led many (including Maurice Glaize and George Coedès) to conclude that Suryavarman intended it to serve as his funerary temple.Further evidence for this view is provided by the bas-reliefs, which proceed in a counter-clockwise direction - prasavya in Hindu terminology - as this is the reverse of the normal order. Rituals take place in reverse order during Brahminic funeral services. The archaeologist Charles Higham also describes a container which may have been a funerary jar which was recovered from the central tower. It has been nominated by some as the greatest expenditure of energy on the disposal of a corpse. Freeman and Jacques, however, note that several other temples of Angkor depart from the typical eastern orientation, and suggest that Angkor Wat's alignment was due to its dedication to Vishnu, who was associated with the west.
A further interpretation of Angkor Wat has been proposed by Eleanor Mannikka. Drawing on the temple's alignment and dimensions, and on the content and arrangement of the bas-reliefs, she argues that the structure represents a claimed new era of peace under King Suryavarman II: "as the measurements of solar and lunar time cycles were built into the sacred space of Angkor Wat, this divine mandate to rule was anchored to consecrated chambers and corridors meant to perpetuate the king's power and to honor and placate the deities manifest in the heavens above." Mannikka's suggestions have been received with a mixture of interest and scepticism in academic circles. She distances herself from the speculations of others, such as Graham Hancock, that Angkor Wat is part of a representation of the constellation Draco.
STYLE
Angkor Wat is the prime example of the classical style of Khmer architecture - the Angkor Wat style - to which it has given its name. By the 12th century Khmer architects had become skilled and confident in the use of sandstone (rather than brick or laterite) as the main building material. Most of the visible areas are of sandstone blocks, while laterite was used for the outer wall and for hidden structural parts. The binding agent used to join the blocks is yet to be identified, although natural resins or slaked lime has been suggested. The temple has drawn praise above all for the harmony of its design. According to Maurice Glaize, a mid-20th-century conservator of Angkor, the temple "attains a classic perfection by the restrained monumentality of its finely balanced elements and the precise arrangement of its proportions. It is a work of power, unity and style." Architecturally, the elements characteristic of the style include: the ogival, redented towers shaped like lotus buds; half-galleries to broaden passageways; axial galleries connecting enclosures; and the cruciform terraces which appear along the main axis of the temple. Typical decorative elements are devatas (or apsaras), bas-reliefs, and on pediments extensive garlands and narrative scenes. The statuary of Angkor Wat is considered conservative, being more static and less graceful than earlier work. Other elements of the design have been destroyed by looting and the passage of time, including gilded stucco on the towers, gilding on some figures on the bas-reliefs, and wooden ceiling panels and doors.
FEATURES
OUTER ENCLOSURE
The outer wall, 1024 by 802 m and 4.5 m high, is surrounded by a 30 m apron of open ground and a moat 190 m wide. Access to the temple is by an earth bank to the east and a sandstone causeway to the west; the latter, the main entrance, is a later addition, possibly replacing a wooden bridge. There are gopuras at each of the cardinal points; the western is by far the largest and has three ruined towers. Glaize notes that this gopura both hides and echoes the form of the temple proper. Under the southern tower is a statue of Vishnu, known as Ta Reach, which may originally have occupied the temple's central shrine.Galleries run between the towers and as far as two further entrances on either side of the gopura often referred to as "elephant gates", as they are large enough to admit those animals. These galleries have square pillars on the outer (west) side and a closed wall on the inner (east) side. The ceiling between the pillars is decorated with lotus rosettes; the west face of the wall with dancing figures; and the east face of the wall with balustered windows, dancing male figures on prancing animals, and devatas, including (south of the entrance) the only one in the temple to be showing her teeth. The outer wall encloses a space of 820,000 square metres, which besides the temple proper was originally occupied by the city and, to the north of the temple, the royal palace. Like all secular buildings of Angkor, these were built of perishable materials rather than of stone, so nothing remains of them except the outlines of some of the streets. Most of the area is now covered by forest. A 350 m causeway connects the western gopura to the temple proper, with naga balustrades and six sets of steps leading down to the city on either side. Each side also features a library with entrances at each cardinal point, in front of the third set of stairs from the entrance, and a pond between the library and the temple itself. The ponds are later additions to the design, as is the cruciform terrace guarded by lions connecting the causeway to the central structure.
CENTRAL STRUCTURE
The temple stands on a terrace raised higher than the city. It is made of three rectangular galleries rising to a central tower, each level higher than the last. Mannikka interprets these galleries as being dedicated to the king, Brahma, the moon, and Vishnu.
Each gallery has a gopura at each of the points, and the two inner galleries each have towers at their corners, forming a quincunx with the central tower. Because the temple faces west, the features are all set back towards the east, leaving more space to be filled in each enclosure and gallery on the west side; for the same reason the west-facing steps are shallower than those on the other sides.
The outer gallery measures 187 by 215 m, with pavilions rather than towers at the corners. The gallery is open to the outside of the temple, with columned half-galleries extending and buttressing the structure. Connecting the outer gallery to the second enclosure on the west side is a cruciform cloister called Preah Poan (the "Hall of a Thousand Gods"). Buddha images were left in the cloister by pilgrims over the centuries, although most have now been removed. This area has many inscriptions relating the good deeds of pilgrims, most written in Khmer but others in Burmese and Japanese. The four small courtyards marked out by the cloister may originally have been filled with water.
North and south of the cloister are libraries.
Beyond, the second and inner galleries are connected to each other and to two flanking libraries by another cruciform terrace, again a later addition. From the second level upwards, devatas abound on the walls, singly or in groups of up to four. The second-level enclosure is 100 by 115 m, and may originally have been flooded to represent the ocean around Mount Meru.
Three sets of steps on each side lead up to the corner towers and gopuras of the inner gallery. The very steep stairways represent the difficulty of ascending to the kingdom of the gods. This inner gallery, called the Bakan, is a 60 m square with axial galleries connecting each gopura with the central shrine, and subsidiary shrines located below the corner towers. The roofings of the galleries are decorated with the motif of the body of a snake ending in the heads of lions or garudas. Carved lintels and pediments decorate the entrances to the galleries and to the shrines. The tower above the central shrine rises 43 m to a height of 65 m above the ground; unlike those of previous temple mountains, the central tower is raised above the surrounding four. The shrine itself, originally occupied by a statue of Vishnu and open on each side, was walled in when the temple was converted to Theravada Buddhism, the new walls featuring standing Buddhas. In 1934, the conservator George Trouvé excavated the pit beneath the central shrine: filled with sand and water it had already been robbed of its treasure, but he did find a sacred foundation deposit of gold leaf two metres above ground level.
DECORATION
Integrated with the architecture of the building, and one of the causes for its fame is Angkor Wat's extensive decoration, which predominantly takes the form of bas-relief friezes. The inner walls of the outer gallery bear a series of large-scale scenes mainly depicting episodes from the Hindu epics the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Higham has called these, "the greatest known linear arrangement of stone carving".
From the north-west corner anti-clockwise, the western gallery shows the Battle of Lanka (from the Ramayana, in which Rama defeats Ravana) and the Battle of Kurukshetra (from the Mahabharata, showing the mutual annihilation of the Kaurava and Pandava clans). On the southern gallery follow the only historical scene, a procession of Suryavarman II, then the 32 hells and 37 heavens of Hindu mythology.
On the eastern gallery is one of the most celebrated scenes, the Churning of the Sea of Milk, showing 92 asuras and 88 devas using the serpent Vasuki to churn the sea under Vishnu's direction (Mannikka counts only 91 asuras, and explains the asymmetrical numbers as representing the number of days from the winter solstice to the spring equinox, and from the equinox to the summer solstice). It is followed by Vishnu defeating asuras (a 16th-century addition). The northern gallery shows Krishna's victory over Bana (where according to Glaize, "The workmanship is at its worst"). and a battle between the Hindu gods and asuras. The north-west and south-west corner pavilions both feature much smaller-scale scenes, some unidentified but most from the Ramayana or the life of Krishna. Angkor Wat is decorated with depictions of apsaras and devata; there are more than 1,796 depictions of devata in the present research inventory. Angkor Wat architects employed small apsara images (30–40 cm) as decorative motifs on pillars and walls. They incorporated larger devata images (all full-body portraits measuring approximately 95–110 cm) more prominently at every level of the temple from the entry pavilion to the tops of the high towers. In 1927, Sappho Marchal published a study cataloging the remarkable diversity of their hair, headdresses, garments, stance, jewelry and decorative flowers, which Marchal concluded were based on actual practices of the Angkor period.
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
The stones, as smooth as polished marble, were laid without mortar with very tight joints that are sometimes hard to find. The blocks were held together by mortise and tenon joints in some cases, while in others they used dovetails and gravity. The blocks were presumably put in place by a combination of elephants, coir ropes, pulleys and bamboo scaffolding. Henri Mouhot noted that most of the blocks had holes 2.5 cm in diameter and 3 cm deep, with more holes on the larger blocks. Some scholars have suggested that these were used to join them together with iron rods, but others claim they were used to hold temporary pegs to help manoeuvre them into place. The monument was made out of millions of tonnes of sandstone and it has a greater volume as well as mass than the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt. The Angkor Wat Temple consumes about 6 million to 10 million blocks of sandstone with an average weight of 1.5 tons each. In fact, the entire city of Angkor used up far greater amounts of stone than all the Egyptian pyramids combined, and occupied an area significantly greater than modern-day Paris. Moreover, unlike the Egyptian pyramids which use limestone quarried barely half a km away all the time, the entire city of Angkor was built with sandstone quarried 40 km (or more) away. This sandstone had to be transported from Mount Kulen, a quarry approximately 40 km to the northeast. The route has been suggested to span 35 kilometres along a canal towards Tonlé Sap lake, another 35 kilometres crossing the lake, and finally 15 kilometres upstream and against the current along Siem Reap River, making a total journey of 90 kilometres. However, Etsuo Uchida and Ichita Shimoda of Waseda University in Tokyo, Japan have discovered in 2012 a shorter 35-kilometre canal connecting Mount Kulen and Angkor Wat using satellite imagery. The two believe that the Khmer used this route instead.
Virtually all of its surfaces, columns, lintels even roofs are carved. There are miles of reliefs illustrating scenes from Indian literature including unicorns, griffins, winged dragons pulling chariots as well as warriors following an elephant-mounted leader and celestial dancing girls with elaborate hair styles. The gallery wall alone is decorated with almost 1000 square metres of bas reliefs. Holes on some of the Angkor walls indicate that they may have been decorated with bronze sheets. These were highly prized in ancient times and were a prime target for robbers. While excavating Khajuraho, Alex Evans, a stonemason and sculptor, recreated a stone sculpture under 1.2 m, this took about 60 days to carve. Roger Hopkins and Mark Lehner also conducted experiments to quarry limestone which took 12 quarrymen 22 days to quarry about 400 tons of stone. The labor force to quarry, transport, carve and install so much sandstone must have run into the thousands including many highly skilled artisans. The skills required to carve these sculptures were developed hundreds of years earlier, as demonstrated by some artifacts that have been dated to the seventh century, before the Khmer came to power.
ANGKOR WAT TODAY
The Archaeological Survey of India carried out restoration work on the temple between 1986 and 1992. Since the 1990s, Angkor Wat has seen continued conservation efforts and a massive increase in tourism. The temple is part of the Angkor World Heritage Site, established in 1992, which has provided some funding and has encouraged the Cambodian government to protect the site. The German Apsara Conservation Project (GACP) is working to protect the devatas and other bas-reliefs which decorate the temple from damage. The organisation's survey found that around 20% of the devatas were in very poor condition, mainly because of natural erosion and deterioration of the stone but in part also due to earlier restoration efforts. Other work involves the repair of collapsed sections of the structure, and prevention of further collapse: the west facade of the upper level, for example, has been buttressed by scaffolding since 2002, while a Japanese team completed restoration of the north library of the outer enclosure in 2005. World Monuments Fund began conservation work on the Churning of the Sea of Milk Gallery in 2008 after several years of conditions studies. The project restored the traditional Khmer roofing system and removed cement used in earlier restoration attempts that had resulted in salts entering the structure behind the bas-relief, discoloring and damaging the sculpted surfaces. The main phase of work ended in 2012, and the final component will be the installation of finials on the roof of the gallery in 2013. Microbial biofilms have been found degrading sandstone at Angkor Wat, Preah Khan, and the Bayon and West Prasat in Angkor. The dehydration and radiation resistant filamentous cyanobacteria can produce organic acids that degrade the stone. A dark filamentous fungus was found in internal and external Preah Khan samples, while the alga Trentepohlia was found only in samples taken from external, pink-stained stone at Preah Khan. Angkor Wat has become a major tourist destination. In 2004 and 2005, government figures suggest that, respectively, 561.000 and 677.000 foreign visitors arrived in Siem Reap province, approximately 50% of all foreign tourists in Cambodia for both years. The site has been managed by the private SOKIMEX group since 1990, which rented it from the Cambodian government. The influx of tourists has so far caused relatively little damage, other than some graffiti; ropes and wooden steps have been introduced to protect the bas-reliefs and floors, respectively. Tourism has also provided some additional funds for maintenance - as of 2000 approximately 28% of ticket revenues across the whole Angkor site was spent on the temples - although most work is carried out by foreign government-sponsored teams rather than by the Cambodian authorities. Since Angkor Wat has seen significant growth in tourism throughout the years UNESCO and its International Co-ordinating Committee for the Safeguarding and Development of the Historic Site of Angkor (ICC), in association with representatives from the Royal Government and APSARA, organized seminars to discuss the concept of "cultural tourism". Wanting to avoid commercial and mass tourism, the seminars emphasized the importance of providing high quality accommodation and services in order for the Cambodian government to benefit economically, while also incorporating the richness of Cambodian culture. In 2001, this incentive resulted in the concept of the "Angkor Tourist City" which would be developed with regard to traditional Khmer architecture, contain leisure and tourist facilities, and provide luxurious hotels capable of accommodating large amounts of tourists. The prospect of developing such large tourist accommodations has encountered concerns from both APSARA and the ICC, claiming that previous tourism developments in the area have neglected construction regulations and more of these projects have the potential to damage landscape features. Also, the large scale of these projects have begun to threaten the quality of the nearby town's water, sewage, and electricity systems. It has been noted that such high frequency of tourism and growing demand for quality accommodations in the area, such as the development of a large highway, has had a direct effect on the underground water table, subsequently straining the structural stability of the temples at Angkor Wat. Locals of Siem Reap have also voiced concern over the charming nature and atmosphere of their town being compromised in order to entertain tourism. Since this charming local atmosphere is the key component to projects like Angkor Tourist City, local officials continue to discuss how to successfully incorporate future tourism without sacrificing local values and culture. At the ASEAN Tourism Forum 2012, both parties have agreed Borobudur and Angkor Wat to become sister sites and the provinces will become sister provinces. Two Indonesian airlines are considering the opportunity to open a direct flight from Yogyakarta, Indonesia to Siem Reap.
WIKIPEDIA
... Is Winkleigh, now where the famed Bournemouth heritage bus collection can be found. Once the members of this wonderous group lead a charmed existance housed inside 'The Corporation's Mallard Road Depot, but since being moved on have led a bit of a nomadic life inspite of their custodians best efforts. Very recently the dozen or so buses, trolleys and service vehicles made the trek across to North Devon, and were displayed for all to see on the Oct 2nd open day.
In one corner of this particular Winkleigh clearing we can see (left) ORU 230G, an Alexander bodied Leyland Atlantean PDR1 - (centre) KRU55F, a Willowbrook bodied Daimler Roadliner SRP8 (originally SRC6) and (right) CRU 103C a Weymann bodied Leyland Leopard DP.
Cardiff 519 is a Leyland Atlantean PDR1/1 with Weymann bodywork. New as Newcastle 103 in 1965, it had been acquired from Tyne & Wear PTE.
Doing a little more scanning yesterday of negatives I'd previously thought to be of little interest, I came across this snap of CRU 103C. The bus is of course now in the care of 'Berresfordsmotors' and myself having been loaned to our 'Fantasy Fleet' very kindly by the folks from Winkleigh. So now, this mundane rally shot taken at (I think) a Crich Tramway Museum 'Grand Transport Extraviganza' a few years ago now has a little more to endeer it! The old girl looked far smarter externally then than se does now ... we're saving up for a coat of paint;-)
2 years ago took apart all of my Swedish military and now I thought it was time to make my third version of one of my favorit tanks. I made this a few weeks ago but the lack of snow made me wait to photograph it.
Right now I'm working on another swedish vehicle but don't worry, the pelican is done (has been a very long time, sorry for that) and I will try to make time to take and edit all the photos.
Hope you like it!
More pictures here: www.flickr.com/photos/68524060@N07/albums/72157678800905876
Easdale harbour, Seil Island, with the harbour wall built from blocks of slate, once a major product of the island. The island of Mull and some of its sea cliffs can be seen across the First of Lorn.
Title: First Armored Motor Battery in Action
Creator: Unknown
Contributors: Underwood & Underwood (publisher); Tichnor Brothers, Inc. (manufacturer)
Date: ca. 1914-1916
Part Of: American border troops and the Mexican Revolution
Place: Mexican-American Border Region
Description: One of three specialized military armored cars, built by Mack Trucks, Inc. for the New York State National Guard, on its AB chassis. Source: Mack History - 1910-1919, Mack Truck, Inc., www.macktrucks.com/default.aspx?pageid=255
Physical Description: 1 photographic print (postcard): gelatin silver; 9 x 14 cm
File: ag1982_0015_103c_first.jpg
Rights: Please cite DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University when using this file. A high-resolution version of this file may be obtained for a fee. For details see the sites.smu.edu/cul/degolyer/research/permissions/ web page. For other information, contact degolyer@smu.edu.
For more information and to view the image in high resolution, see: digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/mex/id/1731
View the Mexico: Photographs, Manuscripts, and Imprints Collection