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Cigarette Packets - Chesterfield, Peter Stuyvesant Extra Mile, Dunhill Superior Mild, Lambert & Butler Special Mild, Dunhill, Royal Standard, Embassy Number 1 King Size
In the early part of the 20th century, the anti-tobacco movement was aimed primarily at women and children. Smoking was considered a dirty habit and smoking by women was seriously frowned upon by society. As the century progressed so did women's desire for equality. The suffrage movement gave many women a sense of entitlement and freedom and the tobacco industry took advantage of the marketing opportunity. "Torches of Freedom" was a phrase used to encourage women's smoking by exploiting women's aspirations for a better life during the early twentieth century first-wave feminism in the United States. The term was first used by psychoanalyst A. A. Brill when describing the natural desire for women to smoke and was used by Edward Bernays to encourage women to smoke in public despite social taboos. Cigarettes were described as symbols of emancipation and equality with men.
Tobacco companies began marketing cigarettes to appeal to women during the burgeoning women's movement of the 1920s. The American Tobacco Company began targeting women with its ads for Lucky Strikes. They employed ads featuring prominent women, such as Amelia Earhart, and promised slimming effects. Most of the ads also conveyed a carefree and confident image of women that would appeal to the modern woman of the 1920s. The ads grew more extravagant with paid celebrity testimonials and far-reaching claims of how Lucky Strikes could improve their lives. Their most aggressive campaign directly challenged the candy industry by urging women to "reach for a Lucky instead of a sweet". These aggressive campaigns paid off, making Lucky Strike the most smoked brand within a decade.
Other companies followed the successful ad campaigns of the American Tobacco Company with their own versions. The Phillip Morris Company introduced Marlboro cigarettes in 1925. Marlboros were advertised as being as "mild as May" and featured elegant ivory tips that appealed to women. Other brands offered similar ads appealing to a woman's sense of beauty and style and made cigarettes an alluring part of many women's lives. Fear of weight gain remains a chief reason women continue to smoke. The ad campaigns successfully promoted cigarettes as a product possessing specific qualities including equality, autonomy, glamour, and beauty.
In 1929 Edward Bernays decided to pay women to smoke their "torches of freedom" as they walked in the Easter Sunday Parade in New York. This was a shock because until that time, women were only permitted to smoke in certain places such as in the privacy of their own homes. He was very careful when picking women to march because, "while they should be good looking, they should not look too model-y", and he hired his own photographers to make sure that good pictures were taken and then published around the world. Ruth Hale called for women to join in the march saying, "Women! Light another torch of freedom! Fight another sex taboo!". Once the footage was released, the women's walk was seen as a protest for equality and sparked discussion throughout the nation. The targeting of women in tobacco advertising led to higher rates of smoking among women. In 1923 women only purchased 5% of cigarettes sold; in 1929 that percentage increased to 12%, in 1935 to 18.1%, peaking in 1965 at 33.3%, and remaining at this level until 1977.
In 1934, Edward Bernays was asked to deal with women's apparent reluctance to buy Lucky Strikes because their green and red package clashed with standard female fashions. When Bernays suggested changing the package to a neutral color, George Washington Hill, head of the American Tobacco Company, refused, saying that he had already spent millions advertising the package. Bernays then endeavored to make green a fashionable color. The centerpiece of his efforts was the Green Ball, a social event at the Waldorf Astoria, hosted by Narcissa Cox Vanderlip. The pretext for the ball and its unnamed underwriter was that proceeds would go to charity. Famous society women would attend wearing green dresses. Manufacturers and retailers of clothing and accessories were advised of the excitement growing around the color green. Intellectuals were enlisted to give highbrow talks on the theme of green. Before the ball had actually taken place, newspapers and magazines (encouraged in various ways by Bernays's office) had latched on to the idea that green was all the rage.
In a content analysis of North American and British editions of Vogue, Cheryl Krasnick Warsh and Penny Tinkler trace representations of women smokers from the 1920s through the 1960s, concluding that the magazine "located the cigarette within the culture of the feminine elite," associating it with "the constellation of behaviors and appearances presented as desirable characteristics of elitism, through the themes of lifestyle, 'the look', and feminine confidence".
Mehr Information:
"1906 errichtete die Firma B. Muratti Sons & Co. Limited aus Konstantinopel (Firmengründer Sophokles B. Muratti) die Muratti Zigarettenfabrik Berlin, in der Köpenicker Straße 126 in Kreuzberg. 1914 wurde die Muratti Zigarettenfabrik Berlin in die Cigarettenfabrik Muratti GmbH Berlin umgewandelt. 1921 wurde das Kreuzberger Werk als Cigarettenfabrik Muratti AG rechtlich verselbständigt.
1939 wurde wurde das Werk in der Köpenicker Straße von der Heeresverwaltung beschlagnahmt und die Muratti Zigarettenfabrik musste in die Kommandantenstr. 20 umziehen.
1942 wurde der Betrieb wegen Rohstoffmangels stillgelegt.
1948 wurde die Zigarettenproduktion wieder aufgenommen.
1960 übernimmt die Brinkmann AG die Firma, was auch das Ende für die Muratti Zigarette bedeutete. Lux Filter heißt die neue Zigarette.
1975 wurde der Betrieb stillgelegt." CIGABOX.de
Nu is he doad bleven
Mein Vater ist heute morgen gestorben. Nicht völlig unerwartet, aber auch wenn man es weiß, trifft es einen erschreckend hart. Immerhin mußte er nicht lange leiden und ist friedlich eingeschlafen.
Dies ist das allerletzte Foto von ihm, das ich gestern aus einer Vorahnung heraus gemacht habe. Zigaretten hatte ich auch schon auf meinem Einkaufszettel, aber dachte "nee, wart mal ab."
Keine Spaziergänge mehr mit der Zigarette danach.
Er hatte sich immer vorgenommen 90 zu werden und dann tot umzufallen, letzte Woche hatte ich noch rumgeunkt, daß er ja nicht mehr viel Zeit hätte, wenn er noch mit 90 abtreten will. Der alte Sturkopf hat die Kurve noch gekriegt.
Rest in Peace
My father died this morning peacefully in his sleep. I like the lower german saying "he stayed dead" because of the similarity of sleep and death.
I shot this picture yesterday because I had a premonition. His cigarettes were already on my shopping list, but I couldn't convince myself buy them. No more walks with the cigarette afterwards.
He'd always intended to fall dead when he's ninety, and just last week I said, that he doesn't have much time left for this stunt, next week would have been his 91st birthday. The stubborn old bugger had his will. I'm smiling in tears.
Cigarettes, beer and high heels.
Stuttgarter Kickers v TSG Hoffenheim,
Regionalliga Süd.
2 April, 2005