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The "For Sale" Miniseries
"Garie Pebbles" is the fourteenth photo in a miniseries that I recently started. Over the next few weeks, I'll be covering all of my photographs available as prints on my website. I'll be uploading one every weekday (except Friday), as usual, but you'll find a lot more information on the photographs themselves - I might sneak in a few tutorials, quick tips, etc. It'll be great for new and old photographers alike - If you have any friends who might be interested, be sure to let them know! I'll be updating everything on my blog as well as my other social networks, so if you would prefer to follow it there, just click on one of the links above. :)
About "Garie Pebbles"
"Garie Pebbles" was taken from Garie Beach, in the Royal National Park. There are two theories of the origins of "Garie Beach". Garie is an Aboriginal word meaning 'sleepy'. The name could also be a deviation of the name of a bushranger called Geaty, who camped here.
Taking "Garie Pebbles"
Nikon D90 | Sigma 10-20mm
0.4 sec | f/13 | ISO100 | 11.5mm
"Garie Pebbles" was taken on a cold, gloomy, rainy day. In fact, walking back to the car from this shot involved getting drenched. It's proof (if any proof was needed) that sometimes to get the right shot, you're just going to have to get wet! Compositionally I love this shot -I feel the rocks are aligned perfectly, leading the eye through the image. The approached storm in the background adds that little bit of drama. I would have loved to have captured more to the left of the image, getting more of the coastline in. Unfortunately, I am no good at panorama stitching (help?!) and had to stick with just a standard wide-angled shot here.
Processing "Garie Pebbles"
I considered converting this shot to monochrome, but I felt the mood/atmosphere was lost. So I took the vibrancy down in Adobe Camera Raw, which gave the effect I was looking for. I also added a little more contrast, and some fill light to bring at the detail in foreground. Locally, I boosted contrast and clarity, and lowered the exposure of the sky, and added a small amount of exposure and clarity to the foreground. My lens was a bit dirty, so I cloned out some small imperfections in the sky. In Photoshop, I played around with the colouring, getting a balance between 'hot' and 'cold'. :)
The British Listed Buildings website has the following entry: -
SO 98 SW
2/136
ROMSLEY CP
CHAPEL LANE (north side)
Church of St Kenelm
16.11.67
GV
I
Parish church. C12 with C14 alterations and C15 additions; restored c1846. Red and grey coursed sandstone rubble with sandstone ashlar dressings and repairs; plain-tiled roof has gable-end parapets and kneelers with crocketted corner pinnacles situated above winged gargoyles. Similar pinnacle also at apex of east end gable. West tower intersecting with continuous four bay nave and chancel. Nave has a south porch and there is an undercroft beneath the chancel. Mainly Norman and Perpendicular styles.
West tower: C15 on C12 base; grey sandstone and of slender proportions; three stages with chamfered plinth, offset above lower stage and strings above second stage; tall west archway with four-centred head and hoodmould with large finial and grotesque stops (this once provided access to a C12 doorway blocked in C19). Upper two stages have small diagonal corner buttresses with offsets and a large winged gargoyle at each base. Belfry stage has crocketted and finialed ogee-arched bell chamber openings with flanking niches of similar design. These niches are repeated in the corner buttresses which are terminated by gargoyles at the parapet base. The parapet is embattled, has blind cusped pointed arcading and tall crocketted corner pinnacles.
Nave and chancel: C12; east wall rebuilt C14; diagonal corner buttresses with offsets (south west one has a crocketted and finialed ogee-arched niche). West wall within tower arch has blocked C12 archway with C19 rectangular light and, above the C12 archway a three-light C19 window with four-centred head. Side elevations of westernmost bay are recessed and have a chamfered eaves cornice. North elevation has three original pilaster buttresses and a C19 buttress; a C13 window of two lights with a square head, a similar C19 window and a C14 lancet at the eastern end (to the west of which is a C12 jamb). C14 door has been inserted beneath the eastern buttresses and there is also a blocked C14 entrance opposing the south doorway. The south elevation has an original pilaster buttress and a C19 one. There is a two-light C14 window with hood mould at the eastern end situated above a C14 archway which once led to the undercroft. Also two other two-light windows, one C14 but much restored, the other C19 and C19 cusped lancet. To the upper right of the second window from the east end is a small relief of a figure with a hand raised in benediction (probably re-set).
South porch: C15; timber-framed with rendered and brick infill on chamfered sandstone base; gabled roof with overhanging eaves on shaped brackets and moulded bargeboards; four-centred archway with foliated relief carving in spandrels; coved jetty above supports a brattished tie beam; also brattished wall plates within and stone benches survive. South doorway is c1150 of two shafted orders, the outer enriched with a form of ray and fillet moulding, the inner with a beakhead moulding (recorded as, being the most complete in the county, BoE); shafts are much restored. The brown sandstone tympanum represents Christ in Majesty (with ribbed draperies of Herefordshire school) and has a broad interlaced borders.
East end of the church is C14; three tiers of plinth bands, large pointed archway with inserted C20 door provides access to undercroft, above is a three-light C19 window with sill beam and hoodmould; also band at base of gable and blind rectangular light in apex.
INTERIOR: restored c1840; C19 king-post roof; two rood-beam corbels survive; stone font and pulpit are C19; c1900 wall panelling; fragment of a C14 cycle of wall paintings illustrating the life of St Kenelm survives at north east end.
Glass: south window probably by Sir Edward Burne-Jones of c1905 with figures of Peace and Faith.
According to disproved legend the church is built on the site of the murder of St Kenelm, the boy Prince of Mercia in 819 AD. A holy spring rose from the ground and a shrine was built which became a chapel of ease to Halesowen Abbey and later was made a parish church in 1841. The church retains a substantial proportion of its Norman masonry including the impressive tympanum and mouldings of its south doorway; the striking detailing of its west tower and the C15 jettied porch are also of particular note.
Listing NGR: SO9444480756
You can peek at the site at:
Spent the holiday weekend doing some much needed updating. I do graphic and web design, yet my own site had been falling sadly out of date. Today I finished creating an entirely new look and feel.
*finally!!*
I plan to add actual pages for the photography and artwork... and THEN probably link to the additional websites from within the pages. For now though, this seems like a good start.
now that I'm finally done with graduate school I've been putting this website together with some of my photos... check it out: www.duranfoto.net
Another tutorial published on trendyTUTS.com. Want to learn how I have don this? Follow this link...
trendytuts.com/web-layout-tutorials/how-to-design-an-eleg...
Website: chriskephoto.wixsite.com/life
Facebook: www.facebook.com/Chriskephotography/
Instagram: www.instagram.com/chriske417/
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Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/chris_ke/
500px: 500px.com/lililala0417
Website: chriskephoto.wixsite.com/life
Facebook: www.facebook.com/Chriskephotography/
Instagram: www.instagram.com/chriske417/
Tumblr: chriske417.tumblr.com/
Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/chris_ke/
500px: 500px.com/lililala0417
Origins of a 14 Trillion Dollar Defecit
Project for the New American CenturyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Project for the New American Century
Formation 1997
Extinction 2006
Public policy think tank
Location Washington, D.C.
Website newamericancentury.org
The Project for the New American Century (PNAC) was an American think tank based in Washington, D.C. that lasted from 1997 to 2006. It was co-founded as a non-profit educational organization by William Kristol and Robert Kagan. The PNAC's stated goal was "to promote American global leadership."[1] Fundamental to the PNAC were the view that "American leadership is both good for America and good for the world" and support for "a Reaganite policy of military strength and moral clarity."[2] The PNAC exerted influence on high-level U.S. government officials in the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush and affected the Bush Administration's development of military and foreign policies, especially involving national security and the Iraq War.[3][4]
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Statement of Principles
1.2 Calls for regime change in Iraq during Clinton years
1.3 Rebuilding America's Defenses
1.4 Post-9/11 call for regime change in Iraq
1.5 Human Rights and the EU Arms Embargo
1.6 End of the organization
2 Controversy
2.1 US world dominance
2.2 Excessive focus on military strategies, neglect of diplomatic strategies
2.3 "New Pearl Harbor"
2.4 Inexperienced in realities of war
2.5 PNAC role in promoting invasion of Iraq
2.6 PNAC role in promoting genetically operating racist bioweapons
3 Persons associated with the PNAC
3.1 Project directors
3.2 Project staff
3.3 Former directors and staff
3.4 Signatories to Statement of Principles
3.5 Signatories or contributors to other significant letters or reports[15]
3.6 Associations with Bush administration
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
6.1 External links
6.2 Further reading and media programs: Analysis and criticism
History Statement of PrinciplesPNAC's first public act was releasing a "Statement of Principles" on June 3, 1997, which was signed by both its members and a variety of other notable conservative politicians and journalists (see Signatories to Statement of Principles). The statement began by framing a series of questions, which the rest of the document proposes to answer:
As the 20th century draws to a close, the United States stands as the world's pre-eminent power. Having led the West to victory in the Cold War, America faces an opportunity and a challenge: Does the United States have the vision to build upon the achievements of past decades? Does the United States have the resolve to shape a new century favorable to American principles and interests?[5]
In response to these questions, the PNAC states its aim to "remind America" of "lessons" learned from American history, drawing the following "four consequences" for America in 1997:
we need to increase defense spending significantly if we are to carry out our global responsibilities today and modernize our armed forces for the future;
we need to strengthen our ties to democratic allies and to challenge regimes hostile to our interests and values;
we need to promote the cause of political and economic freedom abroad; [and]
we need to accept responsibility for America's unique role in preserving and extending an international order friendly to our security, our prosperity, and our principles.
While "Such a Reaganite policy of military strength and moral clarity may not be fashionable today," the "Statement of Principles" concludes, "it is necessary if the United States is to build on the successes of this past century and to ensure our security and our greatness in the next."[5]
[edit] Calls for regime change in Iraq during Clinton yearsThe goal of regime change in Iraq remained the consistent position of PNAC throughout the 1997-2000 Iraq disarmament crisis.[6][7]
Richard Perle, who later became a core member of PNAC, was involved in similar activities to those pursued by PNAC after its formal organization. For instance, in 1996 Perle composed a report that proposed regime changes in order to restructure power in the Middle East. The report was titled A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm and called for removing Saddam Hussein from power, as well as other ideas to bring change to the region. The report was delivered to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.[8] Two years later, in 1998, Perle and other core members of the PNAC - Paul Wolfowitz, R. James Woolsey, Elliot Abrams, and John Bolton - "were among the signatories of a letter to President Clinton calling for the removal of Hussein."[8] Clinton did seek regime change in Iraq, and this position was sanctioned by the United Nations. These UN sanctions were considered ineffective by the neoconservative forces driving the PNAC.
The PNAC core members followed up these early efforts with a letter to Republican members of the U.S. Congress Newt Gingrich and Trent Lott,[9] urging Congress to act. The PNAC also supported the Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 (H.R.4655), which President Clinton had signed into law.[10]
On January 16, 1998, following perceived Iraqi unwillingness to co-operate with UN weapons inspections, members of the PNAC, including Donald Rumsfeld, Paul Wolfowitz, and Robert Zoellick drafted an open letter to President Bill Clinton, posted on its website, urging President Clinton to remove Saddam Hussein from power using U.S. diplomatic, political, and military power. The signers argue that Saddam would pose a threat to the United States, its Middle East allies, and oil resources in the region, if he succeeded in maintaining what they asserted was a stockpile of Weapons of Mass Destruction. They also state: "we can no longer depend on our partners in the Gulf War to continue to uphold the sanctions or to punish Saddam when he blocks or evades UN inspections" and "American policy cannot continue to be crippled by a misguided insistence on unanimity in the UN Security Council." They argue that an Iraq war would be justified by Hussein's defiance of UN "containment" policy and his persistent threat to U.S. interests.[11]
On November 16, 1998, citing Iraq's demand for the expulsion of UN weapons inspectors and the removal of Richard Butler as head of the inspections regime, Kristol called again for regime change in an editorial in his online magazine, The Weekly Standard: "...any sustained bombing and missile campaign against Iraq should be part of any overall political-military strategy aimed at removing Saddam from power."[12] Kristol states that Paul Wolfowitz and others believed that the goal was to create "a 'liberated zone' in southern Iraq that would provide a safe haven where opponents of Saddam could rally and organize a credible alternative to the present regime ... The liberated zone would have to be protected by U.S. military might, both from the air and, if necessary, on the ground."
In January 1999, the PNAC circulated a memo that criticized the December 1998 bombing of Iraq in Operation Desert Fox as ineffective, questioned the viability of Iraqi democratic opposition which the U.S. was supporting through the Iraq Liberation Act, and referred to any "containment" policy as an illusion.[13]
[edit] Rebuilding America's DefensesIn September 2000, the PNAC published a controversial 90-page report entitled Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategies, Forces, and Resources For a New Century. The report, which lists as Project Chairmen Donald Kagan and Gary Schmitt and as Principal Authors. Thomas Donnelly, quotes from the PNAC's June 1997 "Statement of Principles" and proceeds "from the belief that America should seek to preserve and extend its position of global leadership by maintaining the preeminence of U.S. military forces."[14][15]
The report argues:
The American peace has proven itself peaceful, stable, and durable. It has, over the past decade, provided the geopolitical framework for widespread economic growth and the spread of American principles of liberty and democracy. Yet no moment in international politics can be frozen in time; even a global Pax Americana will not preserve itself.[14]
After its title page, the report features a page entitled "About the Project for the New American Century", quoting key passages from its 1997 "Statement of Principles":
“ [What we require is] a military that is strong and ready to meet both present and future challenges; a foreign policy that boldly and purposefully promotes American principles abroad; and national leadership that accepts the United States’ global responsibilities. Of course, the United States must be prudent in how it exercises its power. But we cannot safely avoid the responsibilities of global leadership of the costs that are associated with its exercise. America has a vital role in maintaining peace and security in Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. If we shirk our responsibilities, we invite challenges to our fundamental interests. The history of the 20th century should have taught us that it is important to shape circumstances before crises emerge, and to meet threats before they become dire. The history of the past century should have taught us to embrace the cause of American leadership.[14]
”
In its "Preface", in highlighted boxes, Rebuilding America's Defenses states that it aims to:
ESTABLISH FOUR CORE MISSIONS for the U.S. military:
defend the American homeland;
fight and decisively win multiple, simultaneous major theater wars;
perform the “constabulary” duties associated with shaping the security environment in critical regions;
transform U.S. forces to exploit the “revolution in military affairs”;
and that
To carry out these core missions, we need to provide sufficient force and budgetary allocations. In particular, the United States must:
MAINTAIN NUCLEAR STRATEGIC SUPERIORITY, basing the U.S. deterrent upon a global, nuclear net assessment that weighs the full range of current and emerging threats, not merely the U.S.-Russia balance.
RESTORE THE PERSONNEL STRENGTH of today’s force to roughly the levels anticipated in the “Base Force” outlined by the Bush Administration, an increase in active-duty strength from 1.4 million to 1.6 million.
REPOSITION U.S. FORCES to respond to 21st century strategic realities by shifting permanently-based forces to Southeast Europe and Southeast Asia, and by changing naval deployment patterns to reflect growing U.S. strategic concerns in East Asia. (iv)
It specifies the following goals:
MODERNIZE CURRENT U.S. FORCES SELECTIVELY, proceeding with the F-22 program while increasing purchases of lift, electronic support and other aircraft; expanding submarine and surface combatant fleets; purchasing Comanche helicopters and medium-weight ground vehicles for the Army, and the V-22 Osprey “tilt-rotor” aircraft for the Marine Corps.
CANCEL “ROADBLOCK” PROGRAMS such as the Joint Strike Fighter, CVX aircraft carrier,[16] and Crusader howitzer system that would absorb exorbitant amounts of Pentagon funding while providing limited improvements to current capabilities. Savings from these canceled programs should be used to spur the process of military transformation.
DEVELOP AND DEPLOY GLOBAL MISSILE DEFENSES to defend the American homeland and American allies, and to provide a secure basis for U.S. power projection around the world.[17]
CONTROL THE NEW “INTERNATIONAL COMMONS” OF SPACE AND “CYBERSPACE,” and pave the way for the creation of a new military service – U.S. Space Forces – with the mission of space control.
EXPLOIT THE “REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS” to insure the long-term superiority of U.S. conventional forces. Establish a two-stage transformation process which
• maximizes the value of current weapons systems through the application of advanced technologies, and,
• produces more profound improvements in military capabilities, encourages competition between single services and joint-service experimentation efforts.
INCREASE DEFENSE SPENDING gradually to a minimum level of 3.5 to 3.8 percent of gross domestic product, adding $15 billion to $20 billion to total defense spending annually. (v)
The report emphasizes:
Fulfilling these requirements is essential if America is to retain its militarily dominant status for the coming decades. Conversely, the failure to meet any of these needs must result in some form of strategic retreat. At current levels of defense spending, the only option is to try ineffectually to “manage” increasingly large risks: paying for today’s needs by shortchanging tomorrow’s; withdrawing from constabulary missions to retain strength for large-scale wars; “choosing” between presence in Europe or presence in Asia; and so on. These are bad choices. They are also false economies. The “savings” from withdrawing from the Balkans, for example, will not free up anywhere near the magnitude of funds needed for military modernization or transformation. But these are false economies in other, more profound ways as well. The true cost of not meeting our defense requirements will be a lessened capacity for American global leadership and, ultimately, the loss of a global security order that is uniquely friendly to American principles and prosperity. (v-vi)
In relation to the Persian Gulf, citing particularly Iraq and Iran, Rebuilding America's Defenses states that "while the unresolved conflict in Iraq provides the immediate justification [for U.S. military presence], the need for a substantial American force presence in the [Persian] Gulf transcends the issue of the regime of Saddam Hussein" and "Over the long term, Iran may well prove as large a threat to U.S. interests in the [Persian] Gulf as Iraq has. And even should U.S.-Iranian relations improve, retaining forward-based forces in the region would still be an essential element in U.S. security strategy given the longstanding American interests in the region."[14]
One of the core missions outlined in the 2000 report Rebuilding America's Defenses is "fight and decisively win multiple, simultaneous major theater wars."[4][18]
[edit] Post-9/11 call for regime change in IraqOn September 20, 2001 (nine days after the September 11, 2001 attacks), the PNAC sent a letter to President George W. Bush, advocating "a determined effort to remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq," or regime change:
...even if evidence does not link Iraq directly to the attack, any strategy aiming at the eradication of terrorism and its sponsors must include a determined effort to remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq. Failure to undertake such an effort will constitute an early and perhaps decisive surrender in the war on international terrorism.[4][19]
From 2001 through 2002, the co-founders and other members of the PNAC published articles supporting the United States' invasion of Iraq.[20] On its website, the PNAC promoted its point of view that leaving Saddam Hussein in power would be "surrender to terrorism."[21][22][23][24]
In 2003, during the period leading up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the PNAC had seven full-time staff members in addition to its board of directors.[1]
[edit] Human Rights and the EU Arms EmbargoIn 2005, the European Union considered lifting the arms embargo placed on Beijing. The embargo was put in place after the events at Tiananmen Square in 1989. The PNAC, along with other concerned countries, composed a letter to Javier Solana, asking that the EU not lift the embargo until three conditions were met:
A general amnesty of all prisoners of conscience, including those imprisoned in connection to peaceful protest in 1989, and public trials by independent court for those charged with ‘criminal’ acts.
A reversal of the official verdict on the 1989 movement as a ‘counter-revolution riot,’ allowing an independent ‘truth commission’ to investigate and provide a comprehensive account of the killings, torture, and arbitrary detention, and bringing to justice those responsible for the violations of human rights involved.
Adoption and implementation of the International Covenant on Civil Political Rights, taking concrete actions to enforce other international human rights conventions and treaties that China has joined.
The justification for these conditions was explained as follows:
“Doing away with this sanction without corresponding improvements in human rights... would send the wrong signal to the Chinese people, including especially those of us who lost loved ones, who are persecuted, and for all Chinese who continue to struggle for the ideal that inspired the 1989 movement.”[25]
[edit] End of the organizationBy the end of 2006, PNAC was "reduced to a voice-mail box and a ghostly website", with "a single employee" "left to wrap things up", according to the BBC News.[26] According to Tom Barry, "The glory days of the Project for the New American Century (PNAC) quickly passed."[27] In 2006, Gary Schmitt, former executive director of the PNAC, a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and director of its program in Advanced Strategic Studies, stated that PNAC had come to a natural end:
When the project started, it was not intended to go forever. That is why we are shutting it down. We would have had to spend too much time raising money for it and it has already done its job. We felt at the time that there were flaws in American foreign policy, that it was neo-isolationist. We tried to resurrect a Reaganite policy. Our view has been adopted. Even during the Clinton administration we had an effect, with Madeleine Albright [then secretary of state] saying that the United States was 'the indispensable nation'. But our ideas have not necessarily dominated. We did not have anyone sitting on Bush's shoulder. So the work now is to see how they are implemented.[26]
PNAC's successor organization is the Foreign Policy Initiative.[28][29]
[edit] Controversy[edit] US world dominanceAccording to critics, including Paul Reynolds, PNAC promoted American "hegemony" and "full-spectrum" dominance in its publications.[30][31][32][33]
Ebrahim Afsah, in "Creed, Cabal, or Conspiracy – The Origins of the Current Neo-Conservative Revolution in US Strategic Thinking", published in the German Law Journal, cited Jochen Bölsche's view that the goal of the PNAC was world dominance or global hegemony by the United States.[34][35] According to Bölsche, Rebuilding America's Defenses "was developed by Rumsfeld, Cheney, Wolfowitz and Libby, and is devoted to matters of 'maintaining US pre-eminence, thwarting rival powers and shaping the global security system according to US interests.'"[34][35]
George Monbiot, a political activist from the United Kingdom, stated: "...to pretend that this battle begins and ends in Iraq requires a willful denial of the context in which it occurs. That context is a blunt attempt by the superpower to reshape the world to suit itself."[36]
PNAC co-founder Robert Kagan countered such criticism in his statement during a debate on whether or not "The United States Is, and Should Be, an Empire":
"There is a vital distinction between being powerful--even most powerful in the world--and being an empire. Economic expansion does not equal imperialism, and there is no such thing as "cultural imperialism". If America is an empire, then why was it unable to mobilize its subjects to support the war against Saddam Hussein? America is not an empire, and its power stems from voluntary associations and alliances. American hegemony is relatively well accepted because people all over the world know that U.S. forces will eventually withdraw from the occupied territories. The effect of declaring that the United States is an empire would not only be factually wrong, but strategically catastrophic. Contrary to the exploitative purposes of the British, the American intentions of spreading democracy and individual rights are incompatible with the notion of an empire. The genius of American power is expressed in the movie The Godfather II, where, like Hyman Roth, the United States has always made money for its partners. America has not turned countries in which it intervened into deserts; it enriched them. Even the Russians knew they could surrender after the Cold War without being subjected to occupation."[37]
[edit] Excessive focus on military strategies, neglect of diplomatic strategiesJeffrey Record, of the Strategic Studies Institute, in his monograph Bounding the Global War on Terrorism, Gabriel Kolko, research professor emeritus at York University in Toronto, and author of Another Century of War? (The New Press, 2002), in his article published in CounterPunch, and William Rivers Pitt, in Truthout, respectively, argued that the PNAC's goals of military hegemony exaggerated what the military can accomplish, that they failed to recognize "the limits of US power", and that favoring pre-emptive exercise of military might over diplomatic strategies could have "adverse side effects."[38][39][40] (Paul Reynolds and Max Boot have made similar observations.[30][31])
The Sydney Morning Herald published an English translation of an article published in German in Der Spiegel summarizing former President Jimmy Carter's position and stating that President Carter:
judges the PNAC agenda in the same way. At first, argues Carter, Bush responded to the challenge of September 11 in an effective and intelligent way, "but in the meantime a group of conservatives worked to get approval for their long held ambitions under the mantle of 'the war on terror'." The restrictions on civil rights in the US and at Guantanamo, cancellation of international accords, "contempt for the rest of the world", and finally an attack on Iraq "although there is no threat to the US from Baghdad" - all these things will have devastating consequences, according to Carter. "This entire unilateralism", warns the ex-President, "will increasingly isolate the US from those nations that we need in order to do battle with terrorism".[34]
[edit] "New Pearl Harbor"Section V of Rebuilding America's Defenses, entitled "Creating Tomorrow's Dominant Force", includes the sentence: "Further, the process of transformation, even if it brings revolutionary change, is likely to be a long one, absent some catastrophic and catalyzing event––like a new Pearl Harbor" (51).[14]
Though not arguing that Bush administration PNAC members were complicit in those attacks, other social critics such as commentator Manuel Valenzuela and journalist Mark Danner,[41][42][43] investigative journalist John Pilger, in New Statesman,[44] and former editor of The San Francisco Chronicle Bernard Weiner, in CounterPunch,[45] all argue that PNAC members used the events of 9/11 as the "Pearl Harbor" that they needed––that is, as an "opportunity" to "capitalize on" (in Pilger's words), in order to enact long-desired plans.
[edit] Inexperienced in realities of warFormer US Congressman Lionel Van Deerlin and UK Labour MP and Father of the House of Commons, Tam Dalyell, criticized PNAC members for promoting policies which support an idealized version of war, even though only a handful of PNAC members have served in the military or, if they served, never seen combat.[46]
As quoted in Paul Reynolds' BBC News report, David Rothkopf stated:
Their [The Project for the New American Century's] signal enterprise was the invasion of Iraq and their failure to produce results is clear. Precisely the opposite has happened. The US use of force has been seen as doing wrong and as inflaming a region that has been less than susceptible to democracy. Their plan has fallen on hard times. There were flaws in the conception and horrendously bad execution. The neo-cons have been undone by their own ideas and the incompetence of the Bush administration.[26]
In discussing the PNAC report Rebuilding America's Defenses (2000), Neil MacKay, investigations editor for the Scottish Sunday Herald, quoted Tam Dalyell: "'This is garbage from right-wing think-tanks stuffed with chicken-hawks -- men who have never seen the horror of war but are in love with the idea of war. Men like Cheney, who were draft-dodgers in the Vietnam war. These are the thought processes of fanaticist Americans who want to control the world.'"[47]
Eliot A. Cohen, a signatory to the PNAC "Statement of Principles", responded in The Washington Post: "There is no evidence that generals as a class make wiser national security policymakers than civilians. George C. Marshall, our greatest soldier statesman after George Washington, opposed shipping arms to Britain in 1940. His boss, Franklin D. Roosevelt, with nary a day in uniform, thought otherwise. Whose judgment looks better?"[48]
[edit] PNAC role in promoting invasion of IraqCommentators from divergent parts of the political spectrum––such as Democracy Now! and American Free Press, including Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Jody Williams and former Republican Congressmen Pete McCloskey and Paul Findley––voiced their concerns about the influence of the PNAC on the decision by President George W. Bush to invade Iraq.[49][50] Some have regarded the PNAC's January 16, 1998 letter to President Clinton, which urged him to embrace a plan for "the removal of Saddam Hussein’s regime from power,"[11] and the large number of members of PNAC appointed to the Bush administration as evidence that the 2003 invasion of Iraq was a foregone conclusion.[42][51]
The television program Frontline, broadcast on PBS, presented the PNAC's letter to President Clinton as a notable event in the leadup to the Iraq war.[52]
Media commentators have found it significant that signatories to the PNAC's January 16, 1998 letter to President Clinton (and some of its other position papers, letters, and reports) included such later Bush administration officials as Donald Rumsfeld, Paul Wolfowitz, Richard Perle, John Bolton, Richard Armitage, and Elliott Abrams.[30][38][41][52]
[edit] PNAC role in promoting genetically operating racist bioweapons"And advanced forms of biological warfare that can “target” specific genotypes may transform biological warfare from the realm of terror to a politically useful tool"(60). [14] This quote shows PNAC thoughts about genetically operating racist bioweapons and mentions them as "a politically useful tool".
[edit] Persons associated with the PNAC[edit] Project directors[as listed on the PNAC website:]
William Kristol, Co-founder and Chairman[1]
Robert Kagan, Co-founder[1]
Bruce P. Jackson[1]
Mark Gerson[1]
Randy Scheunemann[1]
[edit] Project staffEllen Bork, Deputy Director[1]
Gary Schmitt, Senior Fellow[1][53]
Thomas Donnelly, Senior Fellow[1]
Reuel Marc Gerecht, Senior Fellow[1]
Mitch Jackson, Senior Fellow
Timothy Lehmann, Assistant Director[1]
Michael Goldfarb, Research Associate[1]
[edit] Former directors and staffDaniel McKivergan, Deputy Director[54]
[edit] Signatories to Statement of PrinciplesElliott Abrams[5]
Gary Bauer[5]
William J. Bennett[5]
John Ellis "Jeb" Bush[5]
Richard B. Cheney[5]
Eliot A. Cohen[5]
Midge Decter[5]
Paula Dobriansky[5]
Steve Forbes[5]
Aaron Friedberg[5]
Francis Fukuyama[5]
Frank Gaffney[5]
Fred C. Ikle[5]
Donald Kagan[5]
Zalmay Khalilzad[5]
I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby[5]
Norman Podhoretz[5]
J. Danforth Quayle[5]
Peter W. Rodman[5]
Stephen P. Rosen[5]
Henry S. Rowen[5]
Donald Rumsfeld[5]
Vin Weber[5]
George Weigel[5]
Paul Wolfowitz[5]
[edit] Signatories or contributors to other significant letters or reports[15]Elliott Abrams[9][11]
Kenneth Adelman[55]
Richard V. Allen[19]
Richard L. Armitage[11]
Gary Bauer[19][55]
Jeffrey Bell[19][55]
William J. Bennett[9][11][19][55]
Jeffrey Bergner[9][11][19]
John Bolton[9][11]
Ellen Bork[55]
Rudy Boschwitz[19]
Linda Chavez[55]
Eliot Cohen[14][19][55]
Seth Cropsey[19]
Midge Decter[19][55]
Paula Dobriansky[9][11]
Thomas Donnelly[14][19][55]
Nicholas Eberstadt,[19][55][56]
Hillel Fradkin[19][55][57]
Aaron Friedberg[19]
Francis Fukuyama[9][11][19]
Frank Gaffney[19][55]
Jeffrey Gedmin[19][55]
Reuel Marc Gerecht[19][55]
Charles Hill[19][55]
Bruce P. Jackson[19][55]
Eli S. Jacobs[19]
Michael Joyce[19]
Donald Kagan[14][19][55]
Robert Kagan[9][11][14][19][55]
Stephen Kantany
Zalmay Khalilzad[9][11]
Jeane Kirkpatrick[19]
Charles Krauthammer[19]
William Kristol[9][11][14][19]
John Lehman[19][55]
I. Lewis Libby[14]
Tod Lindberg[55][58]
Rich Lowry[55]
Clifford May[19][55]
John McCain[59]
Joshua Muravchik[55]
Michael O'Hanlon [60][61]
Martin Peretz[19][55]
Richard Perle[9][11][19][55]
Daniel Pipes[55]
Norman Podhoretz[19][55]
Peter W. Rodman[9][11][19]
Stephen P. Rosen[14][19][55]
Donald Rumsfeld[9][11]
Randy Scheunemann[19][55]
Gary Schmitt[14][19][53][55]
William Schneider, Jr.[9][11][19][55]
Richard H. Shultz[19][62]
Henry Sokolski[19]
Stephen J. Solarz[19]
Vin Weber[9][11][19]
Leon Wieseltier[19]
Marshall Wittmann[19][55]
Paul Wolfowitz[9][11][14]
R. James Woolsey[9][11][55]
Dov Zakheim[14][63]
Robert B. Zoellick[9][11]
[edit] Associations with Bush administrationAfter the election of George W. Bush in 2000, a number of PNAC's members or signatories were appointed to key positions within the President's administration:
Name Position(s) held
Elliott Abrams Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Democracy, Human Rights, and International Operations (2001–2002), Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Near East and North African Affairs (2002–2005), Deputy Assistant to the President and Deputy National Security Advisor for Global Democracy Strategy (2005–2009) (all within the National Security Council)
Richard Armitage Deputy Secretary of State (2001–2005)
John R. Bolton Under-Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs (2001–2005), U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (2005–2006)
Dick Cheney Vice President (2001–2009)
Eliot A. Cohen Member of the Defense Policy Advisory Board (2007–2009)[64]
Seth Cropsey Director of the International Broadcasting Bureau (12/2002-12/2004)
Paula Dobriansky Under-Secretary of State for Global Affairs (2001–2007)
Aaron Friedberg Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs and Director of Policy Planning, Office of the Vice President (2003–2005)
Francis Fukuyama Member of The President's Council on Bioethics (2001–2005)
Zalmay Khalilzad U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan (11/2003 - 6/2005), U.S. Ambassador to Iraq (6/2005 - 3/2007) U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (2007–2009)
I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States (2001–2005)
Richard Perle Chairman of the Board, Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee (2001–2003)
Peter W. Rodman Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security (2001–2007)
Donald Rumsfeld Secretary of Defense (2001–2006)
Randy Scheunemann Member of the U.S. Committee on NATO, Project on Transitional Democracies, International Republican Institute
Paul Wolfowitz Deputy Secretary of Defense (2001–2005) 10th President of the World Bank (2005-2007)
Dov S. Zakheim Department of Defense Comptroller (2001–2004)
Robert B. Zoellick Office of the United States Trade Representative (2001–2005), Deputy Secretary of State (2005–2006), 11th President of the World Bank (2007–Present)
[edit] See alsoCenter for a New American Security
American Century
A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm
Committee for the Liberation of Iraq
Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
Office of Special Plans
The New American
[edit] Notes^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "About PNAC", newamericancentury.org, n.d., accessed May 30, 2007: "Established in the spring of 1997, the Project for the New American Century is a non-profit, educational organization whose goal is to promote American global leadership. The Project is an initiative of the New Citizenship Project (501c3); the New Citizenship Project's chairman is William Kristol and its president is Gary Schmitt."
^ Home page of the Project for the New American Century, accessed May 30, 2007.
^ "Empire builders - Neoconservatives and their blueprint for US power", The Christian Science Monitor (Copyright © 2004), accessed May 22, 2007.
^ a b c The PNAC was often identified as a "neo-con" or "right-wing think tank" in profiles featured on the websites of "left-wing" and "progressive" "policy institute" and "media watchdog" organizations, which were critical of it; see, e.g., "Profile: Project for the New American Century", Right Web (International Relations Center), November 22, 2003, accessed June 1, 2007.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Elliott Abrams, et al., "Statement of Principles", June 3, 1997, newamericancentury.org, accessed May 28, 2007.
^ Kristol, William; Kagan, Robert (January 30, 1998). "Bombing Iraq Isn't Enough". The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/1998/01/30/opinion/bombing-iraq-isn-t-eno...
^ Kristol, William; Kagan, Robert (February 26, 1998). "A 'Great Victory' for Iraq". The Washington Post. www.newamericancentury.org/iraq-022698.htm
^ a b Wedel, Janine (2009). Shadow Elite. New York: Basic Books. p. 170.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Elliott Abrams, et al.,Letter to Newt Gingrich and Trent Lott, May 28, 1998, newamericancentury.org, accessed May 30, 2007.
^ "ENR H.R. 4655: Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 (Enrolled as Agreed to or Passed by Both House and Senate)", 105th Congress of the United States, thomas.loc.gov (THOMAS online database at the Library of Congress), January 27, 1998, accessed June 1, 2007.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Open Letter to President Bill Clinton", January 16, 1998, accessed May 28, 2007.
^ William Kristol, "How to Attack Iraq", The Weekly Standard, November 16, 1998, editorial, online posting, newamericancentury.org, web.archive.org, accessed May 30,
website www.alessandromorandi.it
see my photos on 500px
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Giorgione (environ 1477-1510), actif à Venise
"Laura", 1506
La jeune dame, nomée selon le laurier (lauro), elle mettant en valeur, est - à l'exception de "La Vecchia» à Venise - le seule portrait d'une femme du peintre. La poitrine à moitié nue et le laurier ont conduit à différentes interprétations contradictoires: Peut-être qu'il s'agit de "Laura", la maîtresse du poète Pétrarque, et donc d'une sorte de concours de la peinture à la poésie. L'inscription datant du 16ème siècle sur le dos contient en plus du nom de l'artiste aussi la date 1506 et un «maître Giacomo" comme client.
Giorgione (um 1477-1510), tätig in Venedig
"Laura", 1506
Die nach dem sie hinterfangenden Lorbeer (lauro) benannte junge Dame ist - mit Ausnahme der "La Vecchia" in Venedig - das einzige weibliche Bildnis des Malers. Die halbentblößte Brust und der Lorbeer haben zu verschiedenen, einander widersprechenden Deutungen geführt: Vielleicht handelt es sich um "Laura", die Geliebte des Dichters Petrarca, und damit um eine Art Wettbewerb der Malerei mit der Poesie. Die aus dem 16. Jahrhundert datierende Inschrift auf der Rückseite enthält außer dem Künstlernamen auch das Datum 1506 und einen "Meister Giacomo" als Auftraggeber.
Austria Kunsthistorisches Museum
Federal Museum
Logo KHM
Regulatory authority (ies)/organs to the Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture
Founded 17 October 1891
Headquartered Castle Ring (Burgring), Vienna 1, Austria
Management Sabine Haag
www.khm.at website
Main building of the Kunsthistorisches Museum at Maria-Theresa-Square
The Kunsthistorisches Museum (KHM abbreviated) is an art museum in Vienna. It is one of the largest and most important museums in the world. It was opened in 1891 and 2012 visited of 1.351.940 million people.
The museum
The Kunsthistorisches Museum is with its opposite sister building, the Natural History Museum (Naturhistorisches Museum), the most important historicist large buildings of the Ringstrasse time. Together they stand around the Maria Theresa square, on which also the Maria Theresa monument stands. This course spans the former glacis between today's ring road and 2-line, and is forming a historical landmark that also belongs to World Heritage Site Historic Centre of Vienna.
History
Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in his Gallery
The Museum came from the collections of the Habsburgs, especially from the portrait and armor collections of Ferdinand of Tyrol, the collection of Emperor Rudolf II (most of which, however scattered) and the art collection of Archduke Leopold Wilhelm into existence. Already In 1833 asked Joseph Arneth, curator (and later director) of the Imperial Coins and Antiquities Cabinet, bringing together all the imperial collections in a single building .
Architectural History
The contract to build the museum in the city had been given in 1858 by Emperor Franz Joseph. Subsequently, many designs were submitted for the ring road zone. Plans by August Sicard von Sicardsburg and Eduard van der Null planned to build two museum buildings in the immediate aftermath of the Imperial Palace on the left and right of the Heroes' Square (Heldenplatz). The architect Ludwig Förster planned museum buildings between the Schwarzenberg Square and the City Park, Martin Ritter von Kink favored buildings at the corner Währingerstraße/ Scots ring (Schottenring), Peter Joseph, the area Bellariastraße, Moritz von Loehr the south side of the opera ring, and Ludwig Zettl the southeast side of the grain market (Getreidemarkt).
From 1867, a competition was announced for the museums, and thereby set their current position - at the request of the Emperor, the museum should not be too close to the Imperial Palace, but arise beyond the ring road. The architect Carl von Hasenauer participated in this competition and was able the at that time in Zürich operating Gottfried Semper to encourage to work together. The two museum buildings should be built here in the sense of the style of the Italian Renaissance. The plans got the benevolence of the imperial family. In April 1869, there was an audience with of Joseph Semper at the Emperor Franz Joseph and an oral contract was concluded, in July 1870 was issued the written order to Semper and Hasenauer.
Crucial for the success of Semper and Hasenauer against the projects of other architects were among others Semper's vision of a large building complex called "Imperial Forum", in which the museums would have been a part of. Not least by the death of Semper in 1879 came the Imperial Forum not as planned for execution, the two museums were built, however.
Construction of the two museums began without ceremony on 27 November 1871 instead. Semper moved to Vienna in the sequence. From the beginning, there were considerable personal differences between him and Hasenauer, who finally in 1877 took over sole construction management. 1874, the scaffolds were placed up to the attic and the first floor completed, built in 1878, the first windows installed in 1879, the Attica and the balustrade from 1880 to 1881 and built the dome and the Tabernacle. The dome is topped with a bronze statue of Pallas Athena by Johannes Benk.
The lighting and air conditioning concept with double glazing of the ceilings made the renunciation of artificial light (especially at that time, as gas light) possible, but this resulted due to seasonal variations depending on daylight to different opening times .
Kuppelhalle
Entrance (by clicking the link at the end of the side you can see all the pictures here indicated!)
Grand staircase
Hall
Empire
The Kunsthistorisches Museum was on 17 October 1891 officially opened by Emperor Franz Joseph I. Since 22 October 1891 , the museum is accessible to the public. Two years earlier, on 3 November 1889, the collection of arms, Arms and Armour today, had their doors open. On 1 January 1890 the library service resumed its operations. The merger and listing of other collections of the Highest Imperial Family from the Upper and Lower Belvedere, the Hofburg Palace and Ambras in Tyrol will need another two years.
189, the farm museum was organized in seven collections with three directorates:
Directorate of coins, medals and antiquities collection
The Egyptian Collection
The Antique Collection
The coins and medals collection
Management of the collection of weapons, art and industrial objects
Weapons collection
Collection of industrial art objects
Directorate of Art Gallery and Restaurieranstalt (Restoration Office)
Collection of watercolors, drawings, sketches, etc.
Restoration Office
Library
Very soon the room the Court Museum (Hofmuseum) for the imperial collections was offering became too narrow. To provide temporary help, an exhibition of ancient artifacts from Ephesus in the Theseus Temple was designed. However, additional space had to be rented in the Lower Belvedere.
1914, after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne, his " Estonian Forensic Collection " passed to the administration of the Court Museum. This collection, which emerged from the art collection of the house of d' Este and world travel collection of Franz Ferdinand, was placed in the New Imperial Palace since 1908. For these stocks, the present collection of old musical instruments and the Museum of Ethnology emerged.
The First World War went by, apart from the oppressive economic situation without loss. The farm museum remained during the five years of war regularly open to the public.
Until 1919 the K.K. Art Historical Court Museum was under the authority of the Oberstkämmereramt (head chamberlain office) and belonged to the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. The officials and employees were part of the royal household.
First Republic
The transition from monarchy to republic, in the museum took place in complete tranquility. On 19 November 1918 the two imperial museums on Maria Theresa Square were placed under the state protection of the young Republic of German Austria. Threatening to the stocks of the museum were the claims raised in the following weeks and months of the "successor states" of the monarchy as well as Italy and Belgium on Austrian art collection. In fact, it came on 12th February 1919 to the violent removal of 62 paintings by armed Italian units. This "art theft" left a long time trauma among curators and art historians.
It was not until the Treaty of Saint-Germain of 10 September 1919, providing in Article 195 and 196 the settlement of rights in the cultural field by negotiations. The claims of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and Italy again could mostly being averted in this way. Only Hungary, which presented the greatest demands by far, was met by more than ten years of negotiation in 147 cases.
On 3 April 1919 was the expropriation of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine by law and the acquisition of its property, including the "Collections of the Imperial House" , by the Republic. Of 18 June 1920 the then provisional administration of the former imperial museums and collections of Este and the secular and clergy treasury passed to the State Office of Internal Affairs and Education, since 10 November 1920, the Federal Ministry of the Interior and Education. A few days later it was renamed the Art History Court Museum in the "Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna State", 1921 "Kunsthistorisches Museum" . Of 1st January 1921 the employees of the museum staff passed to the state of the Republic.
Through the acquisition of the former imperial collections owned by the state, the museum found itself in a complete new situation. In order to meet the changed circumstances in the museum area, designed Hans Tietze in 1919 the "Vienna Museum program". It provided a close cooperation between the individual museums to focus at different houses on main collections. So dominated exchange, sales and equalizing the acquisition policy in the interwar period. Thus resulting until today still valid collection trends. Also pointing the way was the relocation of the weapons collection from 1934 in its present premises in the New Castle, where since 1916 the collection of ancient musical instruments was placed.
With the change of the imperial collections in the ownership of the Republic the reorganization of the internal organization went hand in hand, too. Thus the museum was divided in 1919 into the
Egyptian and Near Eastern Collection (with the Oriental coins)
Collection of Classical Antiquities
Collection of ancient coins
Collection of modern coins and medals
Weapons collection
Collection of sculptures and crafts with the Collection of Ancient Musical Instruments
Picture Gallery
The Museum 1938-1945
Count Philipp Ludwig Wenzel Sinzendorf according to Rigaud. Clarisse 1948 by Baroness de Rothschildt "dedicated" to the memory of Baron Alphonse de Rothschildt; restituted to the Rothschilds in 1999, and in 1999 donated by Bettina Looram Rothschild, the last Austrian heiress.
With the "Anschluss" of Austria to the German Reich all Jewish art collections such as the Rothschilds were forcibly "Aryanised". Collections were either "paid" or simply distributed by the Gestapo at the museums. This resulted in a significant increase in stocks. But the KHM was not the only museum that benefited from the linearization. Systematically looted Jewish property was sold to museums, collections or in pawnshops throughout the empire.
After the war, the museum struggled to reimburse the "Aryanised" art to the owners or their heirs. They forced the Rothschild family to leave the most important part of their own collection to the museum and called this "dedications", or "donations". As a reason, was the export law stated, which does not allow owners to perform certain works of art out of the country. Similar methods were used with other former owners. Only on the basis of international diplomatic and media pressure, to a large extent from the United States, the Austrian government decided to make a change in the law (Art Restitution Act of 1998, the so-called Lex Rothschild). The art objects were the Rothschild family refunded only in the 1990s.
The Kunsthistorisches Museum operates on the basis of the federal law on the restitution of art objects from the 4th December 1998 (Federal Law Gazette I, 181 /1998) extensive provenance research. Even before this decree was carried out in-house provenance research at the initiative of the then archive director Herbert Haupt. This was submitted in 1998 by him in collaboration with Lydia Grobl a comprehensive presentation of the facts about the changes in the inventory levels of the Kunsthistorisches Museum during the Nazi era and in the years leading up to the State Treaty of 1955, an important basis for further research provenance.
The two historians Susanne Hehenberger and Monika Löscher are since 1st April 2009 as provenance researchers at the Kunsthistorisches Museum on behalf of the Commission for Provenance Research operating and they deal with the investigation period from 1933 to the recent past.
The museum today
Today the museum is as a federal museum, with 1st January 1999 released to the full legal capacity - it was thus the first of the state museums of Austria, implementing the far-reaching self-financing. It is by far the most visited museum in Austria with 1.3 million visitors (2007).
The Kunsthistorisches Museum is under the name Kunsthistorisches Museum and Museum of Ethnology and the Austrian Theatre Museum with company number 182081t since 11 June 1999 as a research institution under public law of the Federal virtue of the Federal Museums Act, Federal Law Gazette I/115/1998 and the Museum of Procedure of the Kunsthistorisches Museum and Museum of Ethnology and the Austrian Theatre Museum, 3 January 2001, BGBl II 2/ 2001, in force since 1 January 2001, registered.
In fiscal 2008, the turnover was 37.185 million EUR and total assets amounted to EUR 22.204 million. In 2008 an average of 410 workers were employed.
Management
1919-1923: Gustav Glück as the first chairman of the College of science officials
1924-1933: Hermann Julius Hermann 1924-1925 as the first chairman of the College of the scientific officers in 1925 as first director
1933: Arpad Weixlgärtner first director
1934-1938: Alfred Stix first director
1938-1945: Fritz Dworschak 1938 as acting head, from 1938 as a chief in 1941 as first director
1945-1949: August von Loehr 1945-1948 as executive director of the State Art Collections in 1949 as general director of the historical collections of the Federation
1945-1949: Alfred Stix 1945-1948 as executive director of the State Art Collections in 1949 as general director of art historical collections of the Federation
1949-1950: Hans Demel as administrative director
1950: Karl Wisoko-Meytsky as general director of art and historical collections of the Federation
1951-1952: Fritz Eichler as administrative director
1953-1954: Ernst H. Buschbeck as administrative director
1955-1966: Vincent Oberhammer 1955-1959 as administrative director, from 1959 as first director
1967: Edward Holzmair as managing director
1968-1972: Erwin Auer first director
1973-1981: Friderike Klauner first director
1982-1990: Hermann Fillitz first director
1990: George Kugler as interim first director
1990-2008: Wilfried Seipel as general director
Since 2009: Sabine Haag as general director
Collections
To the Kunsthistorisches Museum are also belonging the collections of the New Castle, the Austrian Theatre Museum in Palais Lobkowitz, the Museum of Ethnology and the Wagenburg (wagon fortress) in an outbuilding of Schönbrunn Palace. A branch office is also Ambras in Innsbruck.
Kunsthistorisches Museum (main building)
Picture Gallery
Egyptian and Near Eastern Collection
Collection of Classical Antiquities
Vienna Chamber of Art
Numismatic Collection
Library
New Castle
Ephesus Museum
Collection of Ancient Musical Instruments
Arms and Armour
Archive
Hofburg
The imperial crown in the Treasury
Imperial Treasury of Vienna
Insignia of the Austrian Hereditary Homage
Insignia of imperial Austria
Insignia of the Holy Roman Empire
Burgundian Inheritance and the Order of the Golden Fleece
Habsburg-Lorraine Household Treasure
Ecclesiastical Treasury
Schönbrunn Palace
Imperial Carriage Museum Vienna
Armory in Ambras Castle
Ambras Castle
Collections of Ambras Castle
Major exhibits
Among the most important exhibits of the Art Gallery rank inter alia:
Jan van Eyck: Cardinal Niccolò Albergati, 1438
Martin Schongauer: Holy Family, 1475-80
Albrecht Dürer : Trinity Altar, 1509-16
Portrait Johann Kleeberger, 1526
Parmigianino: Self Portrait in Convex Mirror, 1523/24
Giuseppe Arcimboldo: Summer 1563
Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio: Madonna of the Rosary 1606/ 07
Caravaggio: Madonna of the Rosary (1606-1607)
Titian: Nymph and Shepherd to 1570-75
Portrait of Jacopo de Strada, 1567/68
Raffaello Santi: Madonna of the Meadow, 1505 /06
Lorenzo Lotto: Portrait of a young man against white curtain, 1508
Peter Paul Rubens: The altar of St. Ildefonso, 1630-32
The Little Fur, about 1638
Jan Vermeer: The Art of Painting, 1665/66
Pieter Bruegel the Elder: Fight between Carnival and Lent, 1559
Kids, 1560
Tower of Babel, 1563
Christ Carrying the Cross, 1564
Gloomy Day (Early Spring), 1565
Return of the Herd (Autumn), 1565
Hunters in the Snow (Winter) 1565
Bauer and bird thief, 1568
Peasant Wedding, 1568/69
Peasant Dance, 1568/69
Paul's conversion (Conversion of St Paul), 1567
Cabinet of Curiosities:
Saliera from Benvenuto Cellini 1539-1543
Egyptian-Oriental Collection:
Mastaba of Ka Ni Nisut
Collection of Classical Antiquities:
Gemma Augustea
Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós
Gallery: Major exhibits
Website: chriskephoto.wixsite.com/life
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500px: 500px.com/lililala0417
I was yesterday at my local TKMaxx and they had some Steffi Love Dolls.
It was a Princess Doll so i didn´t pay to much attention to them. But they had a Sticker on the Box that catches my Eyes.
Its says "coming soon Steffi Love.co.uk" ore something.
Today i tryed it and found this cute website.
I don´t know how long this site is on.
I like the Singer/Actress and the Music Videos.
And i totally Love the Dolls that wear the same Fashions as her.
The Pink and Black Clothes are amazing.
I hope these will be aviable in Germany too.
I really want the Backstage Steffi with all the Fashion.
Website : lvalenciaphoto.wordpress.com/
Canon 5d mark 2
Canon 24-105mm
Magic lantern Dualiso 100-600 iso
From the official website:
Located 18 km north & west of Fort Macleod, Alberta, Canada at a location where the foothills of the Rocky Mountains meet the Great Plains, one of the world's oldest, largest, and best preserved buffalo jumps can be found. Head-Smashed-In - a UNESCO World Heritage Site - has been used continuously by aboriginal peoples of the plains for nearly 6,000 years.
Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump is an archaeological site known around the world as a remarkable testimony of the life of the Plains People through the millennia. The Jump bears witness to a method of hunting practiced by native people of the North American plains for nearly 6,000 years.
Due to their excellent understanding of the regional topography and bison behaviour, native people hunted bison by stampeding them over a precipice. They then carved up the carcasses and dragged the pieces to be butchered and processed in the butchering camp set up on the flats beyond the cliffs.
In 1981, the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) designated Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump as a World Heritage Site placing it among other world heritage monuments such as the Egyptian pyramids, Stonehenge and the Galapagos Islands. For more information on UNESCO, go to www.unesco.org.
The Interpretive Centre is built into the bluff. Mostly underground and lit by skylights, it fits the site perfectly.
This 360° High Dynamic Range panorama was stitched from 54 photographs with PTGUI Pro, tone-mapped with Photomatix, processed with Color Efex, then touched up in Aperture.
Original size: 20000 × 10000 (200.0 MP; 1.06 GB).
Location: Head Smashed in Buffalo Jump, Alberta, Canada
Website:
.
Offcial Facebook Fanpage:
@dnprostudioindo
.
Official Instagram:
@dnprostudio, @dnprostudio2
.
Official Youtube:
DNproSTUDIO
This family headstone in Earlham Cemetery, Norwich, reads –
In
Affectionate Remembrance
of
ELEANOR.
The Dearly beloved wife of
WILLIAM SHORTEN,
who fell asleep 19th March 1916,
aged 70 years.
Her end was peace.
Also of
WILLIAM,
died 31st Decr. 1929.
Aged 86 years.
Also of
GEORGE HENRY,
Dearly beloved son of the above
who died of wounds received in action in France
18th November 1916
Aged 36 years.
He answered his countrys call.
That soldier on the Commonwealth War Graves Commission website is:-
Private SHORTEN, GEORGE HENRY
Service Number:……………. 6147
Died:…………………………18/11/1916
Aged:……………………….. 36
Unit:………………………….1st Bn.
……………………………….Middlesex Regiment
Son of William and Eleanor Shorten, of 163, Oak St., St. Martin'S, Norwich. Native of Norwich.
Buried at ETAPLES MILITARY CEMETERY
Location: Pas de Calais, France
Cemetery/memorial reference: XII. E. 6A.
Source: www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/505794/shorten,-georg...
Soldiers Died in the Great War, an HMSO publication from the 1920’s, records that Private PW.6147 George Henry Shorten Died of Wounds on the 18th November 1916 while serving in France & Flanders with the 1st Battalion, Duke of Cambridge’s Own (Middlesex Regiment). He was formerly 9152, Royal West Surrey Regiment.
He was born St. Martin’s, Norwich and resident and enlisted Norwich
The Medal Index Card for Private PW/6147 George H. Shorten, Middlesex Regiment, is held at the National Archive under reference WO 372/18/55026
Beyond admin references, there is no additional information on the card.
Source: discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D5146868
He qualified for the British War Medal and the Victory Medal. This combination of medals would indicate he did not serve in a Theatre of War until on or after the 1st January 1916.
The associated Service Medal Roll shows that he only served overseas with the 1st Battalion, Middlesex Regiment.
His Service Records do not appear to have survived the incendiary attack during the Blitz on the London Warehouse where all the Other Ranks Army Service Records were stored.
The Queen's Royal West Surrey Regiment Rough Register Of Recruits 1914-1917 shows him to have attested with that Regiment on the 27th March 1916.
No match on Picture Norfolk, the County Image Archive.
No obvious Soldiers Will or Civil Probate for this man.
The Army Register of Soldiers Effects, a financial ledger rather than an inventory of belongings, shows that Private PW6147 George Henry Shorten, 1st Battalion Middlesex Regiment died in France on the 18th November 1916. The balance of his pay would go to his father William in May 1917 – there was an initially a hold because there was believed to be a will, but this turned out not to be the case. Father William would also receive his sons’ War Gratuity when this was paid out in November 1919.
____________
The birth of a George Henry Shorten, mothers’ maiden name Porter, was registered with the Civil Authorities in the Norwich District of Norfolk in the April to June quarter, (Q2), of 1880.
The most likely marriage of his parents was that of a William Shorten to a “Helen” Porter recorded in the St. Faiths District of Norfolk in the July to September quarter, (Q3), of 1867.
1881 Census of England and Wales
The 11 months George H. Shorten, born St Martins, Norwich, was recorded living at Oak Street, Norwich. This was the household of his parents, William, (34, a Maltsters foreman, born Sprowston, Norfolk), and “Ellen”, (aged 33, born Blofield, Norfolk). As well as George their other children living with them are:-
Charlotte……aged 13……born Sprowston
William……..aged 10…….born Sprowston
Daniel……….aged 8……..born Sprowston
Arthur……….aged 6……..born Sprowston
Ernest……….aged 2……..born St Pauls, Norwich.
1891 Census of England and Wales
The Shorten family were recorded at 163 Oak Street, Norwich. Living with parents William, (45, Maltster) and Ellen, (46) were children Charlotte, (23, Tailoress), William, (21, Maltster), Daniel, (19, Railway Porter), Arthur, (17, Maltster), Ernest, (12), George H., (11) and new additions Ellen E., (9), Leonard W., (5) and Beatrice M., (10 months) – all born Norwich.
1901 Census of England and Wales
The Shorten family were still living at 163 Oak Street, and on this census schedule they are shown as living next door to a Maltings.As well as parents William, (54, Maltster) and Ellen, 56), children still single and living with them are Daniel, (28, Railway Porter), Arthur, (26. Maltster), Ernest, (22, Brewers Cooker), George, (20, Brewers Tun Room Labourer), Nellie, (18, Shirtmaker(?), working from home), Walter, (15, Maltster) and Beatrice, (10).
1911 Census of England and Wales
The Shorten family were still in residence at 163 Oak Street. Parents William, (64) and Eleanor, (66) state they have been married 43 years and have had 10 children, of which 7 were then still alive. Still single and living with them are George Henry, (31, Brewers Labourer), Ellen Elizabeth, (29), Walter Leonard, (25, Maltsters Labourer) and Beatrice Maud, (21, Tailoress, working from home).
Army Career…………………………………..
The Queen's Royal West Surrey Regiment Rough Register Of Recruits 1914-1917 shows him to have attested with that Regiment on the 27th March 1916.
In a last ditch attempt to avoid the need the need for conscription, in the last six weeks of 1915 the Government tried the Group System, more commonly known as the Derby Scheme. Men could enlist in a unit of there choice but would then be sent home and placed in the Army reserve to await call-up. A single man like George Henry Shorten, born in 1880, would have been in Group 18. A national proclamation went out on the 16th February 1916 giving a months notice that Group 18 men would be required to report to their units from the 18th March 1916. I can only surmise that George was a Derby Scheme man, but it does seem likely. www.longlongtrail.co.uk/soldiers/a-soldiers-life-1914-191...
Struggled to find anyone with a near service number for his Middlesex Regiment to work when and what circumstances he changed unit. Most sources don’t include the prefixes in the indexing, and as soldiers of this period didn’t have a unique number, a service number like 6147 serving with the Middlesex Regiment can produce 6 or 7 matches.
PW/6137 Ernest William Watts doesn’t have any surviving service records, but he was killed in action on the 2nd November 1916 serving with the 1st Battalion. His entry in Soldiers Died in the Great War shows he was formerly 9155 Royal West Surrey Regiment. It also shows he was born and resident North Walsham, enlisted Norwich.
There is a Medical Admissons Register entry for a PW/6162 William Goodhew which shows him at the 28th General Hospital on the 30th August 1916, and was then serving with C Company, 26th Battalion. He had been in the Army 7 months and was aged 33.
PW/6166 David Hutchinson doesn’t have any surviving service records, but he was killed in action on the 23rd April 1917 serving with the 1st Battalion. His entry in Soldiers Died in the Great War shows he was formerly G/12350 Queen’s Westminsters.
So speculation but I suspect George may have reported to the Depot at Norwich at the end of March expecting to serve with the Norfolk Regiment. Instead he was posted to a training battalion of the Royal West Surrey Regiment. Subsequently in the late summer of 1916 he may well have beent sent as part of either a general draft or a draft intended for one of the fighting Royal West Surrey battalions in France. But on arrival in France he would have gone first to an Infantry Base Depot. While there he could well have been posted to the 1st Battalion of the Middlesex Regiment.
On the day…………………………………
George appears to have been medically evacuated back to the British Army area near Etaples and Rouen. He probably died in one of the many hospitals there. This makes it difficult to know when he might have incurred his fatal wounds.
An extract from the official Regimental War History, “The Die-Hards in the Great War” Volume 2 by Everard Wyrall, gives some idea of the likely actions in which George may have been wounded.
The enemy was attacked on 28th October, the objective of the Brigade being the German positions in front of Le Transloy, known as Rainy Trench and Dewdrop Trench, and the dug-outs and points north-east of the latter. Zero hour was 5.30 a.m.
"A" and "C" Companies led the attack of the 1st Middlesex, an attack splendidly successful, for by 9.30 a.m. the whole objective was in their hands and handed over to a relieving battalion (4th Suffolk Regt.) that night. That success was dearly bought, for one officer (2/Lieut. C.A.T. Benson) was killed and seven officers (Capt. E.W. Shaw, Lieuts. C.R. Smith and H.C.O. Buchanan, and 2/Lieuts. R.B. Holman, E. Auckland, R.A. Buckingham, and A.W.C. Hodges) were wounded; 35 other ranks were killed, 136 wounded, and 29 were missing-total all ranks, 208.
On relief the Battalion moved back to the Flers line. Back again into the line at Les Boeufs on 1st November until 3rd (2/Lieut. Billman was wounded on 2nd), thence to Carnoy and Meaulte (where they were told they were going "right back for a long rest"), followed by a move to Huppy, where they stayed until the morning of 5th December,.
Postscript………………………
His father, William, would subsequently claim a Dependants pension as a result of the loss of his son – (this relates to financial dependency so almost certainly George was having some of his pay sent to his father). A pension of 4 shillings a week was awarded from the 6th November 1917. As the pension was initially means-tested, William may not have originally qualified. His son is shown as Died of Wounds on the 18th November 1916 while serving as Private 6147 with the 1st Middlesex. The address for the claim is shown as 163 Oak Street, Norwich.
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nothing like a good ole TGIF photo shoot.
The model is Ashley, she is the stylist that i have been working with on my shoots. I swear she doesn't look that evil in real life...hahahaha
You probably wanna View Large to pick up on some detail.
Strobists:
Einstein 640 up close and personal on Ashley in 7" reflector and 10 degree grid
Einstein 640 aimed at the ceiling in 7" reflector with 30 degree grid (ambient light)
D8001/250 @F/2 (ND filter)
ISO 200
Nikon 85mm 1.8G
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