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First Hampshire & Dorset
67186 - YX66 WCD
Alexander Dennis Enviro 200 MMC.
Edinburg Street, Portsmouth.
Fleet Number: 54301
Reg: JAZ 9855
Previous Reg: YX64 WCD
Model: Volvo B11RT Plaxton Elite
Company: Scottish Citylink (Stagecoach Bluebird)
Route: M8
Direction: Glasgow
Location: Glasgow
Livery: Scottish Citylink old
Depot: Aberdeen
Metroline West (VMSL2981, LJ75 WCD, Willesden Junction/Station Road (WJ)-based) at Kilburn Park Station, Cambridge Gardens, Kilburn Park, London. Body no NB2397, batch first noted new 10/11/2025.
JAZ 9855 is a Volvo B11RT/Plaxton Elite new to Cambus in November 2014 as YX64 WCD (fleet number 54301).
It was new in the two tone blue livery for service X5 linking Oxford with Cambridge.and later was transferred within Stagecoach to Highland Country Buses in Inverness and painted into Scottish Citylink livery.
It was then transferred to Bluebird Buses in December 2023 and is seen here in Edinburgh operating service M92 to Aberdeen.
Pakistan (Urdu: پاکِستان), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. Tajikistan also lies very close to Pakistan but is separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Thus, it occupies a crossroads position between South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East.The region forming modern Pakistan was at the heart of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and then later was the recipient of Vedic, Persian, Indo-Greek, Turco-Mongol, Islamic and Sikh cultures. The area has witnessed invasions and/or settlements by the Indo-Aryans, Persians, Greeks, Arabs, Turks, Afghans, Mongols and the British.
In addition to the Indian independence movement which demanded an independent India, the Pakistan Movement (led by Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah of the Muslim League), in addition to independent India, sought independent states for the majority Muslim populations of the eastern and western regions of British India as well. The British granted independence and also the creation of one Muslim majority state of Pakistan that comprised the provinces of Sindh, North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab, Balochistan and East Bengal. With the adoption of its constitution in 1956, Pakistan became an Islamic republic. In 1971, a civil war in East Pakistan resulted in the creation of Bangladesh.
Pakistan's history has been characterized by periods of military rule and political instability. It is also the sixth most populous country in the world and has the second largest Muslim population after Indonesia. Pakistan also has the second largest Shia Muslim population. It is the only Muslim-majority nuclear state. Pakistan is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, Next Eleven economies, D8, the United Nations, and a Major non-NATO ally of the United States.
History
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pakistan
Geography
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan
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Oficial Name:
اسلامی جمہوریت پاکستان
Islami Jamhuriya-e Pakistan
Independence :
- Declared August 14, 1947
- Islamic republic March 23, 1956
Area:
796.096km2
Inhabitants:
151.760.000
Languages:
Aer [aeq] 100 to 200 (1998). Women are monolingual. Lower Sindh, Jikrio Goth near Kunri around Deh 333, Hyderabad, and at Jamesabad. Others are reported to have migrated to India at Partition in 1947, living in the Kach Bhuj area in Gujarat. Dialects: Jikrio Goth Aer, Jamesabad Aer. Lexical similarity 78% with Katai Meghwar and Kachi Bhil, 75% to 77% with Rabari, 76% with Kachi Koli. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Gujarati
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Badeshi [bdz] Ethnic population: 2,825 (2000 WCD). Upper reaches of Bishigram (Chail) Valley, east of Madyan, Swat Kohistan. One village. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Unclassified
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Bagri [bgq] 200,000 in Pakistan. 100,000 in Sind Province (1998). In the Sindh and Punjab. Alternate names: Bagari, Bagria, Bagris, Baorias, Bahgri, Bawri. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Rajasthani, Unclassified
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Balochi, Eastern [bgp] 1,800,000 in Pakistan (1998). 5,000,000 including second-language users of all Balochi languages. Population total all countries: 1,805,000. Northeastern Balochistan Province, northwestern Sind, southwestern Punjab. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Baluchi, Baluci, Baloci. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Balochi
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Balochi, Southern [bcc] 2,765,000 in Pakistan (1998). Population total all countries: 3,400,300. Southern Balochistan, southern Sind, Karachi. Also spoken in Iran, Oman, United Arab Emirates. Alternate names: Baluchi, Baluci, Baloci, Makrani. Dialects: Coastal Balochi, Kechi, Makrani (Lotuni). Distinct from Eastern Balochi and fairly distinct from Western Balochi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Balochi
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Balochi, Western [bgn] 1,116,000 in Pakistan (1998). Population total all countries: 1,799,842. Northwestern Balochistan Province. Also spoken in Afghanistan, Iran, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan. Alternate names: Baluchi, Baloci, Baluci. Dialects: Rakhshani (Raxshani), Sarawani. Strongly influenced by Fars, but not intelligible with Farsi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Balochi
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Balti [bft] 270,000 in Pakistan (1992). Population total all countries: 337,000. Primarily northeastern Pakistan: Baltistan District, Skardu, Rondu, Shigar, Khapalu, Kharmang, and Gultari valleys. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Sbalti, Baltistani, Bhotia of Baltistan. Dialects: Chorbat is the most divergent dialect. Lexical similarity 87% to 100% among dialects, 78% to 85% with Purik. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan, Western
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Bateri [btv] 28,251 in Pakistan (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 29,051. Extreme southern corner, Kohistan District, small pocket on the east bank of the Indus River, north of Besham; Batera area. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Bateri Kohistani, Batera Kohistani, Baterawal, Baterawal Kohistani. Dialects: Closer to Indus Kohistani than to Shina, but distinct from both. Lexical similarity 58% to 61% with Indus Kohistani, 60% with Gowro, 54% with Chilisso, 29% with Shina and Torwali, 27% with Kalami. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani
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Bhaya [bhe] 70 to 700 (1998). Lower Sindh: Kapri Goth near Samaro, near Khipro, Jamesabad, Mir ke goth, Mirpurkhas, Phuladia, a few families in Hyderabad. There may be more in India. Dialects: Similarity of key morphemes: The possessive postposition with 'g-' contrasts with all other languages in the area. Gender endings match Rajasthani. This might be the same as Bhoyari in India. It may be in the Western Hindi group. Lexical similarity 84% with Marwari sweeper, 75% with Malhi, 73% with Bhat, 72% to 73% with Goaria, 70% to 73% with Sindhi Meghwar, 63% to 72% with Mogi, 63% to 71% with Sindhi Bhil, 70% with Urdu. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Western Hindi, Unclassified
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Brahui [brh] 2,000,000 in Pakistan (1998). Population total all countries: 2,210,000. South central, Quetta and Kalat Region, east Baluchistan and Sind provinces. Also spoken in Afghanistan, Iran, Turkmenistan. Alternate names: Brahuidi, Birahui, Brahuigi, Kur Galli. Dialects: Jharawan, Kalat, Sarawan. Kalat is the standard dialect, Jharawan is lowland. Classification: Dravidian, Northern
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Burushaski [bsk] 87,049 in Pakistan (2000 WCD). Hunza-Nagar area and Yasin area in Gilgit District, Northern Areas. Scattered speakers also in Gilgit, Kashmir, and various cities. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Brushaski, Burushaki, Burucaki, Burushki, Burucaski, Biltum, Khajuna, Kunjut. Dialects: Nagar (Nagir), Hunza, Yasin (Werchikwar). Yasin is geographically separated from other dialects. Lexical similarity 91% to 94% between Nagar and Hunza dialects, 67% to 72% between Yasin and Hunza, 66% to 71% between Yasin and Nagar, and may be a separate language. Classification: Language Isolate
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Chilisso [clh] 1,600 to 3,000 (1992 SIL). Scattered families in the Koli, Palas, Jalkot area of the Indus Kohistan, east bank of the Indus River. Alternate names: Chiliss, Galos. Dialects: Lexical similarity 70% with Indus Kohistani, 65% to 68% with Gowro, 54% with Bateri, 48% to 56% with Shina. 26% with Torwali, 25% with Kalami. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani
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Dameli [dml] 5,000 (1992 SIL). In the Damel Valley, about 32 miles south of Drosh in southern Chitral District, on the east side of the Kunar River. 11 villages. Alternate names: Damel, Damedi, Damia, Gudoji. Dialects: Two groups: Shintari and Swati, but no significant dialect variation. Lexical similarity 44% with Gawar-Bati, Savi, and Phalura, 33% with Kamviiri, 29% with Kati. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kunar
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Dehwari [deh] 13,000 (1998). Central Balochistan, in Kalat and Mastung. Alternate names: Deghwari. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian
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Dhatki [mki] 131,863 in Pakistan (2000 WCD). Population includes 100,000 in Sind (1987). Population total all countries: 148,263. Lower Sind in Tharparkar and Sanghar districts. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Dhati. Dialects: Eastern Dhatki, Southern Dhatki, Central Dhatki, Barage, Malhi. Varies considerably from northern Marwari, although they claim to understand one another. The Malhi are an ethnic group living in 3 main areas. Those in the Kunri-Pithoro-Noakot-Mithi area speak a dialect with 80% lexical similarity to Dhatki, 74% to Sindhi, and work as water-drawers. Lexical similarity 80% to 83% with Marwari dialects. Dhatki of Rajasthan and Dhatki of Thar are 88% lexically similar. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Rajasthani, Marwari
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Domaaki [dmk] 500 (1989). Gilgit District, Northern Areas, mainly in Hunza Valley, Mominabad village, a few households in Big Nagar, Shishkat (Gojal), Dumial in Gilgit, Oshkandas (east of Gilgit), and Bakor village in Punyal. Alternate names: Dumaki, Doma. Dialects: It has loanwords from Shina and Burushaski, but is not intelligible to speakers of those languages. Lexical similarity 40% with Gilgit Shina. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Shina
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English [eng] Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English
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Farsi, Eastern [prs] 1,000,000 in Pakistan. 1,400 in Madaglasht, and many refugees (1992 SIL). Southeast Chitral, Madaglasht village of Shishi Koh Valley, Peshawar, Rawalpindi, Lahore, Karachi, other large cities. Alternate names: Dari, Tajik, Madaglashti, Badakhshi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian
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Gawar-Bati [gwt] 1,500 in Pakistan (1992). Southern Chitral, Arandu, and several villages along the Kunar River south of Arandu. Alternate names: Gowar-Bati, Gowari, Arandui, Satre, Narsati, Narisati. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kunar
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Ghera [ghr] 10,000 (1998). A single colony in Hyderabad, between the main bus stop and the railway station. Speakers say more than 90% of the people remained in Surat and Ahmedabad, India. Alternate names: Sindhi Ghera, Bara. Dialects: Quite different grammatically from Gurgula and similar to Urdu. Lexical similarity 87% with Gurgula, 70% with Urdu. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Western Hindi, Unclassified
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Goaria [gig] 25,426 (2000 WCD). All towns in Sindh Province except Karachi: including Larkana, Sukkur, Moro, Badin, Umerkot. They claim to have come from Jodhpur Rajasthan, India, where there may be more. Dialects: This might be the same as Gawari in India. Lexical similarity 75% to 83% with Jogi, 76% to 80% with Marwari sweeper, 72% to 78% with Marwari Meghwar, 70% to 78% with Loarki. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Rajasthani, Marwari
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Gowro [gwf] 200 (1990). Indus Kohistan on the eastern bank, Kolai area, Mahrin village. Alternate names: Gabaro, Gabar Khel. Dialects: Lexical similarity 65% to 68% with Chilisso, 62% with Indus Kohistani, 60% with Bateri, 40% to 43% with Shina, 25% with Torwali, 24% with Kalami. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani
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Gujarati [guj] Lower Punjab, Sindh. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Gujarati
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Gujari [gju] 300,000 in Pakistan (1992). Population includes 2,910 in Chitral (1969), 20,000 in Swat Kohistan (1987), 200,000 to 700,000 in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (1989). Throughout northern Pakistan, mainly in the east in Hazara District, NWFP, in Kaghan Valley, Azad Jammu, and Kashmir. Scattered communities in southern Chitral, Swat Kohistan, and Dir Kohistan, NWFP, and Gilgit Agency, Northern Areas. Alternate names: Gujuri, Gujuri Rajasthani, Gujer, Gojri, Gogri, Gojari, Gujjari, Kashmir Gujuri. Dialects: Western Gujari, Eastern Gujari. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Rajasthani, Unclassified
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Gurgula [ggg] 35,314 (2000 WCD). Sindh Province, largest concentration in Bhens Colony, Karachi, others in smaller urban centers through Sindh, including Mirpur Khas, Shahdadpur, Panj, Moro, Sabura and Tando Allahyar. Alternate names: Marwari Ghera. Dialects: Ghera is quite different gramatically. Lexical similarity 87% with Ghera. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Rajasthani, Unclassified
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Hazaragi [haz] 156,794 in Pakistan (2000 WCD). Population includes many recent refugees from Afghanistan. Quetta (100,000 to 200,000), Karachi and Islamabad (10,000), some villages in rural Sindh. Alternate names: Azargi, Hazara, Hezareh. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian
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Hindko, Northern [hno] 1,875,000 (1981 census). Total Hindko in Pakistan 3,000,000 (1993). Hazara Division, Mansehra and Abbotabad districts, Indus and Kaghan valleys and valleys of Indus tributaries, NWFP. Rural and urban. Alternate names: Hazara Hindko, Hindki, Kaghani, Kagani. Dialects: Also related to Panjabi, Siraiki, and Pahari-Potwari; which have all been called 'Greater Panjabi', forming part of 'Lahnda'. Lexical similarities within Northern Hindko dialects are 82% to 92%, between Northern and Southern Hindko varieties 67% to 82%. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Lahnda
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Hindko, Southern [hnd] 625,000 (1981 census). Attock District, Punjab Province, and into the southernmost portion of Hazara Division, NWFP; Kohat and Peshawar districts, NWFP. Rural and urban. Dialects: Peshawar Hindko (Peshawari), Attock Hindko (Attock-Haripur Hindko), Kohat Hindko (Kohati), Rural Peshawar Hindko. The dialect in Dera Ismail Khan, sometimes called 'Hindko', is apparently closer to Siraiki. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Lahnda
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Jadgali [jdg] 100,000 in Pakistan (1998). Southeast Balochistan Province, southwest Sind. Also spoken in Iran. Alternate names: Jatgali, Jatki, Jat. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Sindhi
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Jandavra [jnd] 5,000 (1998). Southern Sindh Province from Hyderabad to east of Mirpur Khas. Reported to be many more in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. Alternate names: Jhandoria. Dialects: Lexical similarity 74% with Bagri and Katai Meghwar, 68% with Kachi Koli. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Gujarati
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Kabutra [kbu] 1,000 (1998). Sindh, some concentrations around Umerkot, Kunri, and Nara Dhoro. Speakers say that 90% of the people remain in the Zal area of Marwar, India. Alternate names: Nat, Natra. Dialects: Speakers report they have inherent intelligibility of Sansi and Sochi, and use Kabutra when speaking to them. Lexical similarity 74% with the Sochi language variety. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Western Hindi, Hindustani, Sansi
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Kachchi [kfr] 50,000 in Pakistan (1998). Karachi. Alternate names: Kachchhi, Kutchchi, Cuchi, Cutch, Kutchie, Kachi, Katch, Kautchy, Katchi. Dialects: Jadeji. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Sindhi
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Kalami [gwc] 40,000 (1987). Upper Swat Kohistan from between Peshmal and Kalam north to upper valleys above Kalam, also in Dir Kohistan, in Thal, Lamuti (Kinolam), Biar (Jiar), and Rajkot (Patrak) villages. People at Khata Khotan, China, are reported to be related, recognized by their clothing and language. Alternate names: Garwi, Gawri, Gowri, Garwa, Gaawro, Kalami Kohistani, Kohistani, Kohistana, Bashkarik, Bashgharik, Dir Kohistani, Diri, Dirwali. Dialects: Kalam, Ushu, Thal, Lamuti (Lamti), Rajkoti (Patrak), Dashwa. Dialect differences do not hinder communication, except that speakers of other dialects have difficulty with Rajkot. Lexical similarity 90% to 93% among the main dialects; Rajkoti has 75% with Kalam; Dashwa has 77% with Kalami, and 74% with Rajkoti. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani
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Kalasha [kls] 5,029 (2000 WCD). Southern Chitral District. The largest village is Balanguru in Rumbur Valley. Southern Kalasha is in Urtsun Valley; Northern Kalasha in Rumbur, Bumboret, and Birir valleys. Alternate names: Kalashamon, Kalash. Dialects: Southern Kalasha (Urtsun), Northern Kalasha (Rumbur, Bumboret, Birir). There may be an eastern dialect on the east side of the Chitral River south of Drosh. Related to Khowar. Little contact between Northern and Southern dialects. The southern dialect has 75% lexical similarity with the northern dialects. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Chitral
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Kalkoti [xka] 4,000 (1990). Dir Kohistan, NWFP, in Kalkot village. A little more than half the people in the village are speakers. Dialects: Lexical similarity 69% with Kalami. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani
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Kamviri [xvi] 1,500 to 2,000 in Pakistan plus refugees (1992). Southern Chitral District, Langorbat or Lamerot, Badrugal, and the Urtsun Valley. Alternate names: Kamdeshi, Kamik, Lamertiviri, Shekhani. Dialects: Kamviri, Shekhani. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Nuristani
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Kashmiri [kas] 105,000 in Pakistan (1993). Jammu and Kashmir, south of Shina. Alternate names: Kaschemiri, Kacmiri, Keshuri, Cashmiri, Cashmeeree. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kashmiri
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Kati [bsh] 3,700 to 5,100 Eastern Kativiri in Pakistan (1992). Eastern Kativiri is in the Chitral District; in Gobar in the Lutkuh Valley, Kunisht in the Rumbur Valley, Shekhanan Deh in the Bumboret Valley, and in the Urtsun Valley. Alternate names: Kativiri, Bashgali, Nuristani. Dialects: Eastern Kativiri (Shekhani), Western Kativiri, Mumviri. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Nuristani
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Khetrani [xhe] 4,000. Northeast Balochistan Province. Dialects: Related to Siraiki. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Lahnda
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Khowar [khw] 222,800 in Pakistan (1992). Population total all countries: 242,000. Chitral; Shandur Pass to Fupis in Ghizr Valley, Yasin and Ishkhoman valleys in Gilgit Agency, Ushu in northern Swat Valley, and large communities in Peshawar and Rawalpindi. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Khawar, Chitrali, Citrali, Chitrari, Arniya, Patu, Qashqari, Kashkari. Dialects: North Khowar, South Khowar, East Khowar, Swat Khowar. The northern dialect is considered to be more 'pure'. Related to Kalasha, but different. Lexical similarity 86% to 98% among dialects. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Chitral
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Kohistani, Indus [mvy] 220,000 (1993). Indus Kohistan District on the western bank of the Indus River. Alternate names: Kohistani, Kohiste, Khili, Maiyon, Mair, Maiyã, Shuthun. Dialects: Indus (Mani, Seo, Pattan, Jijal), Duber-Kandia (Manzari, Khili). A separate language from nearby varieties (Bateri, Chilisso, Gowro, Shina, Torwali, Kalami). The names 'Mani' and 'Manzari' are not used by speakers for the dialects, but refer to legendary brothers whose descendants settled in the two dialect areas. Lexical similarity 90% among dialects, 70% with Chilisso, 61% with Gowro, 58% with Bateri, 49% with Shina, 28% with Kalami and Torwali. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani
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Koli, Kachi [gjk] 170,000 in Pakistan (1998). Population includes 80,000 to 100,000 Kachi Koli, 5,000 to 6,000 Rabari, 10,000 Kachi Bhil, 50,000 Vagri, 10,000 Katai Meghwar, 1,000 Zalavaria Koli. Population total all countries: 570,000. Lower Sindh in an area bordered by Sakrand and Nawabshah in the north, Matli in the south, and east beyond Mirpur Khas and Jamesabad. Concentrated in an area around the towns of Tando Allahyar and Tando Adam. There may be an equal number in India, concentrated in their ancestral homeland centered around Bhuj, in the Rann of Kach, Gujarat. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Kuchi, Kachi, Katchi, Koli, Kohli, Kolhi, Kori, Vagari, Vagaria, Kachi Gujarati. Dialects: Kachi, Rabari (Rahabari), Kachi Bhil, Vagri (Kachi Meghwar), Katai Meghwar, Zalavaria Koli. Intermediate between Sindhi and Gujarati; it is becoming more like Sindhi. Kachi has 89% lexical similarity with Rabari, 96% with Kachi Bhil, 86% with Vagri, 92% with Katai Meghwar, 88% with Zalavaria Koli, lexical similarity 78% with Gujarati, 76% with Tharadari Koli. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Gujarati
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Koli, Parkari [kvx] 250,000 (1995). Centered in Tharparkar District, especially the town of Nagar Parkar in the southeastern tip of Sindh bordering India. It covers most of the lower Thar Desert and west as far as the Indus River, bordered in the north and west by Hyderabad, and down to the south and west of Badin. An unknown (probably small) population in India. Alternate names: Parkari. Dialects: Lexical similarity 77% to 83% with Marwari Bhil, 83% with Tharadari Koli. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Gujarati
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Koli, Wadiyara [kxp] 175,000 in Pakistan (1998). Population includes 75,000 Wadiyara, 5,000 Mewasi and Nairya, 30,000 Tharadari, 45,000 Hasoria, 20,000 Rardro. Sind in an area bounded by Hyderabad, Tando Allahyar and Mirpur Khas in the north, and Matli and Jamesabad in the south. Alternate names: Wadaria, Wadhiara. Dialects: Mewasi (Mayvasi Koli), Wadiyara Koli, Nairya Koli, Tharadari Koli, Tharadari Bhil, Hasoria Koli, Hasoria Bhil, Rardro Bhil. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Gujarati
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Lasi [lss] 15,000 (1998). Southeast Balochistan Province, Las Bela District, about 80 miles north northwest of Karachi. Alternate names: Lassi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Sindhi
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Loarki [lrk] 20,000 (1998). Sindh Province, rural. 500 to 750 in India. Dialects: Probably the same as Gade Lohar in Rajasthan, India, a Rajasthani language. Lexical similarity 82% with Jogi, 80% with Marwari. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Rajasthani, Marwari
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Marwari [rwr] Eastern upper Sindh Province. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Rajasthani, Marwari
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Marwari [mve] 220,000. Population includes 100,000 Northern Marwari, 120,000 or more Southern Marwari (1998). The latter includes 100,000 Marwari Bhil, 10,000 Marwari Meghwar, 12,000 to 13,000 Marwari Bhat. Northern Marwari: South Punjab and northern Sindh, north of Dadu and Nawabshah; Southern Marwari: Sindh and southern Punjab provinces, between Tando Mohammed Khan and Tando Ghulam Ali to the south, Dadu and Nawabshab to the north. Alternate names: Merwari, Rajasthani, Marwari Meghwar, Jaiselmer, Marawar, Marwari Bhil. Dialects: Northern Marwari, Southern Marwari, Marwari Bhil, Marwari Meghwar, Marwari Bhat. Northern and Southern Marwari are inherently intelligible to speakers. Lexical similarity 79% to 83% with Dhatki, 87% between Southern and Northern Marwari, 78% with Marwari Meghwar and Marwari Bhat. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Rajasthani, Marwari
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Memoni [mby] Karachi. Dialects: Memoni language appears to have similarities to Sindhi and Gujarati. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Unclassified
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Od [odk] 50,000 (1998). Widely scattered in the Sindh and a few in southern Punjab. May also be in Rajasthan, India. Alternate names: Oad, Odki. Dialects: Resembles Marathi with Gujarati features and borrowings from Marwari and Panjabi. Lexical similarity 86% to 88% among dialects in Dadu, Shikarpur, and Pithoro, 70% to 78% with Marwari, Dhatki, and Bagri. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Unclassified
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Ormuri [oru] 1,000 in Pakistan (2000 J. Owens). Population total all countries: 1,050. Kaniguram, a pocket in Mahsud Pashto area northwest of Dera Ismail Khan, Wazirstan. Also spoken in Afghanistan. Alternate names: Urmuri, Ormur, Ormui, Bargista, Baraks, Baraki. Dialects: Kanigurami, Logar. Lexical similarity 27% with Waneci, 25% to 33% with Pashto dialects. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Ormuri-Parachi
More information.
Pahari-Potwari [phr] 49,440 (2000 WCD). Murree Hills north of Rawalpindi, and east to Azad Kashmir. To the north in the lower half of the Neelum Valley. Poonchi is east of Rawalakot. Potwari is in the plains around Rawalpindi. Punchhi and Chibhali are reported to be in Jammu and Kashmir. Alternate names: Potwari, Pothohari, Potohari, Chibhali, Dhundi-Kairali. Dialects: Pahari (Dhundi-Kairali), Pothwari (Potwari), Chibhali, Punchhi (Poonchi), Mirpuri. Pahari means 'hill language' referring to a string of divergent dialects, some of which may be separate languages. A dialect chain with Panjabi and Hindko. Closeness to western Pahari is unknown. Lexical similarity 76% to 83% among varieties called 'Pahari', 'Potwari', and some called 'Hindko' in Mansehra, Muzzaffarabad, and Jammun. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northern zone, Western Pahari
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Pakistan Sign Language [pks] Alternate names: Isharon Ki Zubann. Dialects: Related to Nepalese Sign Language; may be the same language as Indian Sign Language. Classification: Deaf sign language
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Panjabi, Western [pnb] 60,647,207 in Pakistan (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 60,812,093. Mainly in the Punjab area of Pakistan. Also spoken in Afghanistan, Canada, India, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, USA. Alternate names: Western Punjabi, Lahnda, Lahanda, Lahndi. Dialects: There is a continuum of varieties between Eastern and Western Panjabi, and with Western Hindi and Urdu. 'Lahnda' is a name given earlier for Western Panjabi; an attempt to cover the dialect continuum between Hindko, Pahari-Potwari, and Western Panjabi in the north and Sindhi in the south. Grierson said Majhi is the purest form of Panjabi. Several dozen dialects. The Balmiki (Valmiki) sweeper caste in Attock District speak a dialect of Panjabi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Lahnda
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Pashto, Central [pst] 7,922,657. Wazirstan, Bannu, Karak, southern ethnic group territories and adjacent areas. Alternate names: Mahsudi. Dialects: Waciri (Waziri), Bannuchi (Bannochi, Bannu). Lexical comparison and interviews indicate this is distinct from Northern and Southern Pashto. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pashto
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Pashto, Northern [pbu] 9,585,000 in Pakistan (1993). Population includes all Pashto. Population total all countries: 9,700,000. Ethnic population: 49,529,000 possibly total Pashto in all countries. Along Afghanistan border, most of NWFP, Yusufzai, and Peshawar. Also spoken in Afghanistan, India, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom. Alternate names: Pakhto, Pashtu, Pushto, Yusufzai Pashto. Dialects: Ningraharian Pashto, Northeastern Pashto. A good deal of similarity with Northwestern Pashto in Afghanistan. Subdialects of Northeastern Pashto are Kohat (Khatak), Yusufzai (Peshawar), Afridi, Shinwari, Mohmand, Shilmani. Lexical similarity 80% between Northeastern and Southwestern Pashto. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pashto
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Pashto, Southern [pbt] 1,356,059 in Pakistan (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 2,674,367. Balochistan, Quetta area. Also spoken in Afghanistan, Iran, Tajikistan, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom. Alternate names: Pashtu, Pushto, Pushtu, Quetta-Kandahar Pashto. Dialects: Southeastern Pashto, Quetta Pashto. There is generally an 80% lexical similarity between the northern and southern varieties of Pashto. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pashto
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Phalura [phl] 8,600 (1990). 7 villages on the east side of the lower Chitral Valley, possibly 1 village in Dir Kohistan; Purigal, Ghos, the Biori Valley, Kalkatak, and Ashret. Alternate names: Palula, Palola, Phalulo, Dangarik, Biyori. Dialects: Ashreti, Northern Phalura. Ashreti has 92% lexical similarity with Northern Phalura. Lexical similarity 56% to 58% with Savi in Afghanistan, 38% to 42% with Shina. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Shina
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Sansi [ssi] 16,200 in Pakistan (2000). Northern Sindh Province, main town, and some in Karachi. The Sochi live throughout Sindh. Alternate names: Bhilki. Dialects: Sochi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Western Hindi, Hindustani, Sansi
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Savi [sdg] Some might still live in refugee camps near Timargarha in Dir, Pakistan and near Drosh in Chitral, Pakistan. Probably most have returned to Afghanistan. Alternate names: Sawi, Sauji, Sau. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Shina
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Seraiki [skr] 13,843,106 in Pakistan (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 13,863,106. Southern Punjab and northern Sind, Indus River Valley, Jampur area. Derawali is in Dera Ismail Khan, Tank, Bannu, and Dera Ghazi Khan. Jangli is in Sahiwal area. Also spoken in India, United Kingdom. Alternate names: Saraiki, Riasiti, Bahawalpuri, Multani, Southern Panjabi, Siraiki. Dialects: Derawali, Multani (Khatki), Bahawalpuri (Riasati, Reasati), Jangli, Jatki. Dialects blend into each other, into Panjabi to the east, and Sindhi to the south. Until recently it was considered to be a dialect of Panjabi. 80% intelligibility of Dogri. May be intelligible with Bahawalpuri. Lexical similarity 85% with Sindhi; 68% with Dhatki, Odki, and Sansi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Lahnda
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Shina [scl] 300,000 in Pakistan (1981 census). Population total all countries: 321,000. Northern Areas including Gilgit District, scattered villages in Yasin and Ishkoman valleys, Punial, Gilgit, Haramosh, lower Hunza Valley; Diamer District, Chilas area, Darel and Tangir valleys, Astor Valley; scattered areas of Baltistan District, Satpara, Kharmang, Kachura, and other small valleys; NWFP, east part of Kohistan District, Sazin, Harban. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Sina, Shinaki, Brokpa. Dialects: Gilgiti (Gilgit, Punial, Hunza-Nagar, Bagrote, Haramosh, Rondu, Bunji), Astori (Astor, Gurezi, Dras, Satpara, Kharmangi), Chilasi Kohistani (Chilas, Darel, Tangir, Sazin, Harban). Gilgit functions as the language standard. Shina is the primary language in Gilgit and Diamer districts. Lexical similarity 79% to 99% within the Gilgiti (Northern) dialect cluster, 81% to 96% among the Astori (Eastern) cluster, 84% to 98% among the Chilas (Diamer) cluster. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Shina
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Shina, Kohistani [plk] 200,000 (1981 census). East bank of the Indus in Kohistan District, NWFP, in the Jalkot, Palas, and Kolai valleys and surrounding areas. Alternate names: Palasi-Kohistani, Kohistani, Kohistyo. Dialects: Palasi, Jalkoti, Kolai. A somewhat divergent variety of Shina linguistically and socially. Closer to Shina of Chilas, but more distant from Gilgit. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Shina
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Sindhi [snd] 18,500,000 in Pakistan (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Population includes 1,200,000 Hindu Sindhi (1986). Population total all countries: 21,362,000. Sindh. Also possibly United Arab Emirates. Also spoken in India, Oman, Philippines, Singapore, United Kingdom, USA. Dialects: Kachchi, Lari, Lasi, Thareli, Vicholo (Vicholi, Viccholi, Central Sindhi), Macharia, Dukslinu (Hindu Sindhi), Sindhi Musalmani (Muslim Sindhi). Some southern Bhil groups speak dialects of Sindhi. 100,000 speakers in rural Sindh came originally from the Kathiawar Peninsula in India. They are solidly Muslim, have widespread bilingualism in Sindh, and are almost completely assimilated with the Sindhi people. Lexical similarity 77% with Katiavari Kachi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Sindhi
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Sindhi Bhil [sbn] 56,502 (2000 WCD). Sindh Province, Mohrano, Badin-Matli-Thatta, Ghorabari (on west). Sindhi Meghwar are scattered in an area from Badin-Matli to Tando Allahyar. Dialects: Sindhi Bhil, Mohrano, Badin, Sindhi Meghwar. Badin is close to Sindhi. Lexical similarity 82% between Mohrani and Sindhi; 89% between Sindhi Bhil and Sindhi Meghwar. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Sindhi
More information.
Torwali [trw] 60,000 (1987). Swat Kohistan, on both sides of Swat River from just beyond Madyan north to Asrit (between Mankjal and Peshmal), and in Chail Valley east of Madyan, Bahrain and Chail are centers. Alternate names: Turvali. Dialects: Bahrain, Chail. Lexical similarity 44% with Kalkoti and Kalami, 89% between Behrain and Chail. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani
More information.
Urdu [urd] 10,719,000 in Pakistan (1993). Population total all countries: 60,503,579. Also spoken in Afghanistan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Botswana, Fiji, Germany, Guyana, India, Malawi, Mauritius, Nepal, Norway, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Zambia. Dialects: Intelligible with Hindi, but has formal vocabulary borrowed from Arabic and Persian. Dakhini is freer of Persian and Arabic loans than Urdu. Rekhta is a form of Urdu used in poetry. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Western Hindi, Hindustani
More information.
Ushojo [ush] 2,000 (1992). Upper reaches of Bishigram (Chail) Valley, east of Madyan, Swat Kohistan. 12 villages. Alternate names: Ushuji. Dialects: Lexical similarity 50% with Kolai Shina, 48% with Palas Shina, 42% with Gilgiti Shina, 35% with Chail Torwali, 31% with Biori Phalura, 27% with Bateri, 23% with Kalami, 22% with Kalkoti. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Shina
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Vaghri [vgr] 10,000 in Pakistan (1998). Sindh, in Sukkur, Karachi (Bhes Colony), Nawabshah, Sakrand, Hala, Sanghar, Tando Adam, Tando Mohammed Khan, Badin, Matli, Tando Ghulam Ali, Digri, Noakot, Jang Sai, Mirpur Khas, and Tando Allahyar. Possibly 90,000 in India. Alternate names: Vaghri Koli, Salavta, Bavri. Dialects: Related to the language spoken by the Kukar people living near Chanesar Halt, Mehmoodabad in Karachi. Lexical similarity 78% with Wadiyari Koli. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Gujarati
More information.
Wakhi [wbl] 9,100 in Pakistan. Population includes 4,500 to 6,000 Gojal, 2,000 Ishkoman, 200 Yasin, 900 Yarkhun (1992), plus refugees. Population total all countries: 31,666. Northeasternmost part of Chitral, called Baroghil area; in glacier neighborhood. Gojal is in the upper Hunza valley from Gulmit to the Chinese and Afghanistan borders, and the Shimshal and Chupursan valleys; also in upper Yarkhun valley of Chitral, and upper Ishkoman valley. Also spoken in Afghanistan, China, Tajikistan. Alternate names: Wakhani, Wakhigi, Vakhan, Khik. Dialects: Gojal, Ishkoman, Yasin, Yarkhun. Dialect intelligibility is reported to not be a problem even of those in other countries. Lexical similarity 84% between Ishkoman and Gojal, 89% between Yasin and Gojal, 91% between Ishkoman and Yasin. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pamir
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Waneci [wne] 95,000 (1998). Northeastern Balochistan Province, Harnai area. Alternate names: Wanechi, Wanetsi, Vanechi, Tarino, Chalgari. Dialects: Lexical similarity 71% to 75% with Southern Pashto, 63% to 72% with other Pashto varieties, 27% with Ormuri. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pashto
More information.
Yidgha [ydg] 6,145 (2000 WCD). Upper Lutkuh Valley of Chitral, west of Garam Chishma. Alternate names: Yudgha, Yudga, Yidga, Lutkuhwar. Dialects: No significant dialect variation within Yidgha. Lexical similarity 56% to 80% with Munji in Afghanistan. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pamir
Capital city:
Islamabad
Meaning country name:
The Cambridge student and Muslim nationalist Choudhary Rahmat Ali coined this name. He devised the word and first published it on 28 January 1933 in the pamphlet "Now or Never". He constructed the name as an acronym of the different states/homelands/regions, which broke down into: P=Punjab, A=Afghania (Ali's preferred name for the North West Frontier Province), K=Kashmir, S=Sindh and the suffix -stan from BalochiSTAN, thus forming "Pakstan". An "i" intruded later in order to ease pronunciation. The suffix -stan in Persian expresses "home of" and Sanskrit means "place". Rahmat Ali later expanded upon this in his 1947 book Pakistan: the Fatherland of the Pak Nation. In that book he explains the acronym as follows: P=Punjab, A=Afghania, K=Kashmir, I=Iran, S=Sindh, T=Turkharistan (roughly the modern central-Asian states), A=Afghanistan and N=BalochistaN. The Persian word پاک pāk, which means "pure", adds another shade of meaning, with the full name thus meaning "land of the pure". Use of the name gradually became widespread during the campaign for the setting up of a Muslim state in the then British India.
Description Flag:
The national flag of Pakistan was designed by Syed Amir-ud-Din Kedwai based on the 1906 flag of the All-India Muslim League. It was adopted on August 11, 1947, three days before the independence of the country. The flag is commonly known as Sabz Hilali Parcham (lit. Green Flag with the Crescent) and Parcham-e-Sitara aw Hilal (lit. The Flag of the Crescent and Star).
The flag comprises a dark green field (representing Muslim majority of the country) with a vertical white stripe in the hoist (left side) (representing non-Muslim minorities). In the centre is a white cresent moon, (meaning progress) and a white five-pointed star (light and knowledge).
Coat of arms:
The State Emblem of Pakistan was adopted in 1954. The emblem's green colour and the star and crescent at the top are symbols of Islam, the religion with which most Pakistani citizens identify. In the center is a quartered shield, with each quarter containing a major crop of Pakistan at the time of its adoption: cotton, jute, tea, and wheat. The floral wreath around the shield respresents the Mughal cultural heritage of Pakistan. The scroll at the bottom contains the national motto in Urdu, coined by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, which reads from right to left: (Urdu: ایمان ، اتحاد ، نظم ) Iman, Ittehad, Nazm translated as "Faith, Unity, Discipline".
Motto:
"Ittehad, Tanzim, Yaqeen-e-Muhkam"
National Anthem: قومى ترانہ ---Qaumī Tarāna
قومى ترانہ (Urdu)
پاک سرزمین شاد باد
كشور حسين شاد باد
تو نشان عزم علیشان
! ارض پاکستان
مرکز یقین شاد باد
پاک سرزمین کا نظام
قوت اخوت عوام
قوم ، ملک ، سلطنت
پائندہ تابندہ باد
شاد باد منزل مراد
پرچم ستارہ و ہلال
رہبر ترقی و کمال
ترجمان ماضی شان حال
! جان استقبال
سایۂ خدائے ذوالجلال
Qaumi Tarana (Transliteration)
Pāk sarzamīn shād bād
Kishwar-e-hasīn shād bād
Tū nishān-e-`azm-e-`alīshān
Arz-e-Pākistān
Markaz-e-yaqīn shād bād
Pāk sarzamīn kā nizām
Qūwat-e-ukhūwat-e-`awām
Qaum, mulk, sultanat
Pā-inda tābinda bād
Shād bād manzil-e-murād
Parcham-e-sitāra-o-hilāl
Rahbar-e-tarraqqī-o-kamāl
Tarjumān-e-māzī, shān-e-hāl
Jān-e-istiqbāl
Sāyah-e-Khudā-e-Zū-l-Jalāl
English
Blessed be the sacred Land
Happy be the bounteous realm
Symbol of high resolve
Land of Pakistan
Blessed be thou, Citadel of Faith
The Order of this Sacred Land
Is the might of the Brotherhood of the People
May the nation, the country, and the state
Shine in glory everlasting
Blessed be the goal of our ambition
This Flag of the Crescent and Star
Leads the way to progress and perfection
Interpreter of our past, glory of our present
Inspiration of our future
Symbol of the Almighty's protection Blessed be the sacred Land
Happy be the bounteous realm
Symbol of high resolve
Land of Pakistan
Blessed be thou, Citadel of Faith
The Order of this Sacred Land
Is the might of the Brotherhood of the People
May the nation, the country, and the state
Shine in glory everlasting
Blessed be the goal of our ambition
This Flag of the Crescent and Star
Leads the way to progress and perfection
Interpreter of our past, glory of our present
Inspiration of our future
Symbol of the Almighty's protection
Internet Page: www.pakistan.gov.pk
www.presidentofpakistan.gov.pk
Pakistan in diferent languages
eng | afr | bre | cat | cor | csb | dan | dsb | est | eus | fao | fin | fra | fry | hat | hau | hrv | hsb | ibo | ina | isl | ita | jav | jnf | lim | lld | mlt | nld | nor | pol | que | roh | ron | rup | slk | slv | sme | swa | swe | szl | tgl | tpi | tur | vor | wln: Pakistan
aze | bos | crh | gag | kaa | mol: Pakistan / Пакистан
deu | ltz | nds: Pakistan / Pakiſtan
kin | run | sqi: Pakistani
ast | glg: Paquistán
frp | oci: Paquistan
ind | msa: Pakistan / ڤاكستان
scn | srd: Pakistàn
smo | ton: Pakisitani
arg: Pakistán
bam: Pakisitan
ces: Pákistán
cos: Pacchistanu
cym: Pacistan
epo: Pakistano
fur: Pachistan
gla: Pagastàn; Pacastan; Pagastan
gle: An Phacastáin / An Ṗacastáin
glv: Yn Phakistaan
hun: Pakisztán
kmr: Pakistan / Пакьстан / پاکستان; Pakîstan / Пакистан / پاکیستان
kur: Pakistan / پاکستان
lat: Pakistania; Pacistanum; Pacistania
lav: Pakistāna
lin: Pakistáni
lit: Pakistanas
mlg: Pakistana
nrm: Paqùie
por: Paquistão
rmy: Pakistan / पाकिस्तान
slo: Pakistania / Пакистаниа; Pakizem / Пакизем
smg: Pakėstans
som: Baakistaan
spa: Pakistán; Paquistán
tet: Pakistaun
tuk: Pakystan / Пакыстан
uzb: Pokiston / Покистон
vie: Pa-ki-xtan
vol: Pakän
wol: Pakistaan
zza: Pakıstan
abq | alt | bul | che | chm | chv | kbd | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | mkd | mon | oss | rus | tyv | udm: Пакистан (Pakistan)
bak | srp: Пакистан / Pakistan
bel: Пакістан / Pakistan
kaz: Пәкістан / Päkistan / پاكىستان; Пәкстан / Päkstan / پاكستان
lbe: Пакисттан (Pakisttan)
tat: Пакстан / Paqstan
tgk: Покистон / پاکستان / Pokiston
ukr: Пакистан (Pakystan)
ara: باكستان (Bākistān); الباكستان (al-Bākistān)
ckb: پاکستان / Pakistan
fas: پاکستان / Pâkestân
prs: پاکستان (Pākestān)
pus: پاکستان (Pākistān)
snd: پاڪستان (Pākistān)
uig: پاكىستان / Pakistan / Пакистан
urd: پاکستان (Pākistān)
div: ޕާކިސްތާން (Pākistān)
heb: פקיסטן (Paqîsṭan); פקיסטאן (Paqîsṭân); פאקיסטאן (Pâqîsṭân)
lad: פאקיסטאן / Pakistan
yid: פאַקיסטאַן (Pakistan)
amh: ፓኪስታን (Pakistan)
ell: Πακιστάν (Pakistán)
hye: Պակիստան (Pakistan)
kat: პაკისტანი (Pakistani)
hin | mar | nep: पाकिस्तान (Pākistān)
ben: পাকিস্তান (Pākistān)
guj: પાકિસ્તાન (Pākistān)
ori: ପାକିସ୍ତାନ (Pākistān)
pan: ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ (Pākistān)
kan: ಪಾಕಿಸ್ತಾನ (Pākistāna)
mal: പാക്കിസ്ഥാന് (Pākkistʰān); പാകിസ്താന് (Pākistān)
tam: பாக்கிஸ்தான் (Pākkistāṉ); பாகிஸ்தான் (Pākistāṉ)
tel: పాకిస్తాన్ (Pākistān)
zho: 巴基斯坦 (Bājīsītǎn)
yue: 巴基斯坦 (Bāgēisìtáan)
jpn: パキスタン (Pakisutan)
kor: 파키스탄 (Pakiseutan)
bod: པ་ཀི་སི་ཏན་ (Pa.ki.si.tan.); པ་ཀི་སི་ཐའན་ (Pa.ki.si.tʰ'an.)
dzo: པ་ཀིསི་ཏཱན་ (Pa.kisi.tān.)
mya: ပာကစ္စတန္ (Pakiʿstã)
tha: ปากีสถาน (Pākīttʰān)
lao: ປາກິດສະຖານ (Pākitsatʰān)
khm: ប៉ាគីស្ថាន (Bākīstʰān)
is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. Afghanistan borders it to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and People's Republic of China to the east. Tajikistan also lies adjacent to Pakistan but is separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor.
Most of Tajikistan's population belongs to the Persian-speaking Tajik ethnic group, who share language, culture and history with Afghanistan and Iran. Once part of the Samanid Empire, Tajikistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union in the 20th century, known as the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR). Mountains cover over 90% of this Central Asian republic.
After independence, Tajikistan suffered from a devastating civil war which lasted from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow. Trade in commodities such as cotton and aluminium wire has contributed greatly to this steady improvement. In Tajikistan about 20% of the population lives on less than US$1.25 per day.
History
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tajikistan
Geography
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Tajikistan
Other info
Oficial Name:
Jумҳурии Тоjикистон
Jumhurii Tojikistan
جمهوری تاجیکستان
Republic of Tajikistan
Independence
- Declared September 9, 1991
- Completed December 25, 1991
Area:
143.100km2
Inhabitants:
7.300.000
Language:
Arabic, Tajiki Spoken [abh] 1,000 in Tajikistan. Villages in Vakhsh Valley of Khatlon Province, and communities in Kuliab and Leninabad cities. They mainly live in small villages. Some in Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Jugari, Bukhara Arabic, Buxara Arabic, Tajiji Arabic, Central Asian Arabic. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic
More information.
Farsi, Western [pes] 50,000 in Tajikistan (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Alternate names: Persian. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian
More information.
Parya [paq] 1,195 in Tajikistan (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 2,495. Hissar Valley in Tajikistan and some in the upper part of the Surkhandarya Valley in Uzbekistan. Also spoken in Afghanistan, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Afghana-Yi Nasfurush, Afghana-Yi Siyarui, Laghmani, Pbharya. Dialects: It may be a dialect of Marwari, related to Panjabi, or the Laghman dialect of Southeast Pashayi of Afghanistan. Subgroups: Kalu, Jitain, Juni, Maggar, Bisiyan, Mussali, Shuiya. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Unclassified
More information.
Sanglechi-Ishkashimi [sgl] 500 in Tajikistan. Ethnic population: 1,000 in Tajikistan (1990 A. E. Kibrik). Tajikistan. Dialects: Ishkashimi (Ishkashim, Eshkashmi), Zebak (Zebaki), Sanglich. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pamir
More information.
Shughni [sgh] 40,000 in Tajikistan (1975 SIL). Population includes 20,000 Shugan, 1,500 to 2,000 Oroshor, 15,000 Rushan. Population total all countries: 60,000. Ethnic population: 73,000 (1990 A. E. Kibrik) including 50,000 Shugni, 2,000 Oroshor, 18,000 Rushan, 800 Khufi, 3,000 Bartang. Tajikistan, Gorno-Bagakhshan, Pamir Mountains. Also spoken in Afghanistan. Alternate names: Shugnan-Rushan. Dialects: Rushani (Rushan, Roshani, Oroshani), Bartangi (Bartang), Oroshor (Roshorvi), Khufi (Khuf, Chuf), Shughni (Shugan, Shugnan, Shighni, Khugni). Khufi and Bartangi may be separate languages. Oroshani may be separate from Rushani. Not intelligible of Sarikoli (called 'Tajiki' in China). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pamir, Shugni-Yazgulami
More information.
Tajiki [tgk] 3,344,720 in Tajikistan (1991). Population total all countries: 4,380,212. Also spoken in Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia (Asia), Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Tadzhik, Tajiki Persian, Galcha. Dialects: Four groups of small dialects; no distinct boundaries. Dialect blending into Dari Persian in Afghanistan. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian
More information.
Wakhi [wbl] 7,000 in Tajikistan (1993 UBS). Ethnic population: 20,000 in Tajikistan (1990 Kibrik). Gorno-Badakhshan, Pamir Mountains. Alternate names: Vakhan, Wakhani, Wakhigi, Guhjali, Khik. Dialects: Western Wakhi, Central Wakhi, Eastern Wakhi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pamir
More information.
Yagnobi [yai] 2,000 (1975 SIL). A high mountain valley of the Yagnob River. Alternate names: Yagnob. Dialects: Western Yagnobi, Eastern Yagnobi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Northeastern
More information.
Yazgulyam [yah] 4,000 (1994 UBS). Along the Yazgulyam River, Gorno-Badakhshan Ao. Alternate names: Iazgulem, Yazgulam, Yazgulyami. Dialects: Upper Yazgulyam, Lower Yazgulyam. Little dialect difference. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pamir, Shugni-Yazgulami
Capital city:
Dushanbe
Meaning country name:
Tajikistan" or "Tojikiston" (alternative name) means "land of the Tajiks", with "Tajik" being an alternative name of the Persians. Tajikistan is the only country from all of Soviet Union Commonwealth which is persian speaking and its history goes back to Persian Empire.
The root word "Toj" is derived from Persian language meaning "crown". Because of the influence of Russians during the Soviet period, the root word "Toj" changed slightly and by the time the word became "tojik". Literally meaning of "Tajikistan" is "place where people have crowns."
Another possible root is the Tibetans call all Persians "Tag Dzig" (Pronounced "Tajik") but in Tibetan this also means "tiger-leopard"[citation needed]. This could explain why so many Tibetan legends about their western neighbours feature tiger/leopard combinations. The suffix -stan, from Persian, means "land"
Description Flag:
Adopted in November 1992, Tajikistan was the last of the former Soviet republics to reveal a new flag. The one common link between this and the 1953 SSR flag is the choice of colors - red, white and green. The former Tajikistan SSR, sometimes referred to as the "Tadzhik SSR", added white and green stripes to the flag of the USSR.
The symbol in the middle white stripe, which is twice the size of the top red and bottom green stripes, is a crown symbol surrounded by seven stars. The red represents the unity of the nation; the white represents cotton and the unity of the people; and green represents the nature of the country.
Coat of arms:
The coat of arms of Tajikistan is a modified version of the original coat of arms of the Tajik SSR that was in use until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Like other post-Soviet republics whose arms do not predate the October Revolution, the current arms retains some components of the Soviet one.
The crown at the centre of the logo is the same as the Tajik national flag, and refers to the Persian word Taj, meaning crown, from which the name of the Tajiki people is said to be derived, according to one interpretation.
The base of the logo contains a representation of a book and the Pamir Mountains.
The logo is flanked by cotton on one side and wheat on the other, as well a banner of the national red-white-green colors of Tajikistan is wrapped around the cotton and wheat.
National Anthem: Surudi Milli
Tajik
Диёри арманди мо,
Ба бахти мо сари азизи ту баланд бод,
Саодати ту, давлати ту бегазанд бод.
Зи дурии замонахо расидаем,
Ба зери парчами ту саф кашидаем, кашидаем.
Зинда бош, эй Ватан, Тоикистони озоди ман!
Барои нангу номи мо
Ту аз умеди рафтагони мо нишона,
Ту баҳри ворисон ахони ҷовидона,
Хазон намерасад ба навбаҳори ту,
Ки мазраи вафо бувад канори ту, канори ту.
Зинда бош, эй Ватан, Тоикистони озоди ман!
Ту модаре ягона,
Бақои ту бувад бақои хонадони мо,
Мароми ту бувад мароми исму они мо,
Зи ту саодати абад насиби мост,
Ту ҳастиву ҳама аҳон ҳабиби мост, ҳабиби мост.
Зинда бош, эй Ватан, Тоикистони озоди ман!
Tajik lyrics (Perso-Arabic script)
Perso-Arabic script is one of the scripts used by Tajiks to write and read their language. It was the alphabet used for all Tajiki-Persian literature prior to the Russian Revolution and is still used by the Tajiks of Afghanistan who have never been ruled by the Soviets.
دیار ارجمند ما
به بخت ما سر عزیز تو بلند باد
سعادت تو، دولت تو بیگزند باد
ز دوری زمانهها رسیدهام
به زیر پرچم تو صف كشیدهام
كشیدهام
زنده باش، ای وطن
تاجیكستان آزاد من
برای ننگ نام ما
تو از امید رفتگان ما نشانهای
تو بهر وارثان جهان جاودانهای
خزان نمیرسد به نوبهار تو
كه مزرع وفا بود كنار تو
كنار تو
زنده باش، ای وطن
تاجیكستان آزاد من
تو مادر یگانهای
به كوی تو بود بهای خاندان ما
مرام تو بود مرام جسم و جان ما
ز تو سعادت ابد نصیب ماست
تو هستی و همه جهان حبیب ماست
حبیب ماست
زنده باش، ای وطن
تاجیكستان آزاد من
Latin transcription
Diori arjmandi mo,
Ba bakhti mo sari azizi tu baland bod,
Saodati tu, davlati tu begazand bod.
Zi durii zamonaho rasidaem,
Ba zeri parchami tu saf kashidaem, kashidaem.
Zinda bosh, ey Vatan, Tojikistoni ozodi man!
Baroi nangi nomi mo
Tu az umedi raftagoni mo nishonai,
Tu bahri vorison jahoni jovidonai,
Khazon namerasad ba navbahori tu,
Ki mazrai vafo buvad kanori tu, kanori tu.
Zinda bosh, ey Vatan, Tojikistoni ozodi man!
Tu modare yagonai,
Baqoi tu buvad baqoi khonadoni mo,
Maromi tu buvad maromi jismu joni mo.
Zi tu saodati abad nasibi most,
Tu hastivu hama jahon habibi most, habibi most.
Zinda bosh, ey Vatan, Tojikistoni ozodi man!
Lyrics in English
Our beloved country,
We are happy to see your pride.
Let your happiness and prosperity be forever.
We have reached this day since ancient times,
We stand under your flag.
Long live my Homeland, my free Tajikistan!
Your are a symbol of our ancestors' hope
Our honour and dignity,
Your are an eternal world for your sons,
Your spring will never end,
We remain loyal to you.
Long live my Homeland, my free Tajikistan!
You are a Mother for all of us,
Your future is our future,
Your meaning is the meaning of our souls and bodies,
You give us happiness forever,
Because of you, we love the world!
Long live my Homeland, my free Tajikistan!
Internet Page: www.tajik-gateway.org
Tajikistan in diferent languages
eng | ibo | jav | jnf | swa: Tajikistan
afr | bre | cat | eus | fra | hat | ina | ron | wln: Tadjikistan
dsb | est | hrv | slk | slv: Tadžikistan
dan | fao | isl | nor: Tadsjikistan
fry | lim | nld | swe: Tadzjikistan
fur | ita | lld | rup: Tagikistan
deu | ltz | nds: Tadschikistan / Tadſchikiſtan; Tadschikien / Tadſchikien
csb | pol: Tadżykistan
ind | msa: Tajikistan / تاجيكستان
kin | run: Tajikistani
arg: Tadyikistán; Tayikistán
ast: Tayiquistán
aze: Tacikistan / Таҹикистан
bam: Tajikisitan
bos: Tadžikistan / Таџикистан
ces: Tádžikistán
cor: Pow Tajik
crh: Tacikistan / Таджикистан
cym: Tajicistan
epo: Taĝikistano; Taĝikio
fin: Tadžikistan / Tadzhikistan
frp: Tadj•iquistan
gag: Tacikistan / Таӂикистан
gla: Taidigeastàn
gle: An Táidsíceastáin / An Táidsíceastáin
glg: Taxiquistán
glv: Yn Tajikistaan
hsb: Tadźikistan
hun: Tádzsikisztán
kaa: Taʻjikstan / Тәжикстан
kmr: Tacîkistan / Т’ащикьстан / تاجیکستان; Tacîkîstan / Т’ащикистан / تاجیکیستان
kur: Tacîkistan / تاجیکستان
lat: Tadzikistania; Tadicia
lav: Tadžikistāna
lin: Tazikistáni
lit: Tadžikistanas; Tadžikija
mlg: Tazikistana
mlt: Taġikistan
mol: Tadjikistan / Таӂикистан
nrm: Tagiqùie
oci: Tatgiquistan; Tadjiquistan
por: Tadjiquistão; Tajiquistão
que: Tayiksuyu
rmy: Tajikistan / ताजिकिस्तान
roh: Tadschikistan
scn: Tagikistàn
slo: Tagxikia / Таджикиа; Tagxikzem / Таджикзем
sme: Tažikistan
smg: Tadžikistans; Tadžikėjė
smo: Taikisitana
spa: Tayikistán
sqi: Taxhikistani
srd: Tajikistàn
szl: Tadžykistan
tet: Tajikistaun
tgl: Tadyikistan
ton: Tasikisitani
tuk: Täjigistan / Тәжигистан
tur: Tacikistan
uzb: Tojikiston / Тожикистон
vie: Tát-gi-ki-xtan
vol: Tacikän
vor: Tadsikistan
wol: Taajikistaan
zza: Tacikıstan
abq | alt | bul | che | chm | chv | kbd | kjh | kom | krc | kum | oss | rus | tyv | udm: Таджикистан (Tadžikistan)
bak: Тажикстан / Tajikstan
bel: Таджыкістан / Tadžykistan
kaz: Тәжікстан / Täjikstan / تاجىكستان
kir: Тажикстан (Taǧikstan)
lbe: ТаджикӀисттан (Tadžiḳisttan)
mkd: Таџикистан (Tadžikistan)
mon: Тажикистан (Taǧikistan)
srp: Таџикистан / Tadžikistan
tat: Таҗикстан / Tacikstan
tgk: Тоҷикистон / تاجیکستان / Toçikiston
ukr: Таджикистан (Tadžykystan)
ara: طاجيكستان (Ṭāǧīkistān); تاجيكستان (Tāǧīkistān)
fas: تاجیکستان / Tâjikestân
prs: تاجکستان (Tājekestān)
pus: تاجکستان (Tājikistān)
uig: تاجىكىستان / Tajikistan / Таҗикистан
urd: تاجکستان (Tājikistān)
div: ތަޖިކިސްތާން (Tajikistān)
heb: טג׳יקיסטן (Ṭajîqîsṭan); טג׳יקיסטאן (Ṭajîqîsṭân); טאג׳יקיסטאן (Ṭâjîqîsṭân)
lad: טאג'יקיסטאן / Tadjikistan
yid: טאַדזשיקיסטאַן (Tadžikistan)
amh: ታጂኪስታን (Tajikistan)
ell: Τατζικιστάν (Tatzikistán); Ταντζικιστάν (Tantzikistán)
hye: Տաջիկստան (Taǧikstan); Տաճիկստան (Tačikstan); Տաջիկիստան (Taǧikistan)
kat: ტაჯიკეთი (Taǧikeṭi)
hin: ताजिकिस्तान (Tājikistan); तजाकिस्तान (Tajākistān)
ben: তাজিকিস্তান (Tājikistān); তাজিকস্তান (Tājikstān)
pan: ਤਜਾਕਸਤਾਨ (Tajākstān)
kan: ತಜಿಕಿಸ್ತಾನ್ (Tajikistān)
mal: താജിക്കിസ്ഥാന് (Tājikkistʰān); തജികിസ്ഥാന് (Tajikistʰān)
tam: தாஜிக்ஸ்தான் (Tājikstāṉ); தாஜிகிஸ்தான் (Tājikistāṉ)
tel: తజికిస్తాన్ (Tajikistān)
zho: 塔吉克斯坦 (Tǎjíkèsītǎn)
jpn: タジキスタン (Tajikisutan)
kor: 타지키스탄 (Tajikiseutan)
bod: ཐ་ཇི་ཁེ་སི་ཏན་ (Tʰa.ji.kʰe.si.tan.)
dzo: ཏ་ཇག་ཀིསི་ཏཱན་ (Ta.jag.kisi.tān.)
mya: တာဂ္ယစ္ကစ္စတန္ (Tajiʿkiʿstã)
tha: ทาจิกิสถาน (Tʰāčikittʰān)
lao: ຕັກຊີກິສະຖານ (Tâksīkisatʰān)
khm: តាដហ្ស៊ីគីស្តង់ (Tādhsīkīstăṅ); តាហ្ស៊ីគីស្តង់ (Tāhsīkīstăṅ)
NSU Prinz 4L (1961-73) Engine 598cc S2 OHV Production 570000
Registration Number WCD 177 K
NSU SET
www.flickr.com/photos/45676495@N05/sets/72157625592228550...
Launched at the 1961 Frankfurt Motorshow replacing the original Prinz. like the earlier car it was powered by two-cylinder air-cooled engine in the rear. The engine carried on the tradition of eccentric rod driven camshaft inherited from NSU motorcycle engines and interestingly had a dynastart (combined starter/generator) built into the crankcase. Later four-cylinder engines adopted the more conventional (pre-engaged) separate starter motor and alternator.
The body styling is said to resembled a much scaled down version of the Chevrolet Corvair.
The Prinz advertising slogan Fahre Prinz und Du bist König ("Drive a Prince and you're a king").
Shot taken 10.06.2012 at the Bromley Pagaent of Motoring REF 85-293