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Block captaining is significant to me and my family. It was the first public service role my fiancé ever held when he was eleven-years-old and he has made them an annual tradition in North Philadelphia neighborhoods, where I support and visually document. At our 2021 MLK Day of Service Block Cleanup organized with social media personality @YaFaveTrashman for the blocks south of 17th Street and Jefferson, a spritely elder sermonized as loudly as the silver LOVE JESUS pin in her navy turban sparkled about how the cleaning has to continue. As we locked eyes on that corner in front of Jay St. Food Market, she handed me an undated 135-word poem capitalized as BROOM AND GROOM, signed “Gail Gamble, Block Captain.” Carrying a silent battery-operated blue pearlescent boombox DIGITAL cd player in one hand, Ms. Gamble seemed oblivious to the nearly twenty tons of trash, collected by a citywide coalition of nonprofits, nearby politicians, small businesses, aspiring electeds, and corporate franchises like Starbucks providing free coffee to the neighbors. Mostly students and people under the age of 40 broke their quarantining and studying to serve this single-day public purpose. The old-timer was not satisfied with this day of action and kept handing out her poems, which read: This flyer is written to every neighbor!! Individually, as we gather collectively to become a community!! Wake Up!! Take notice!! Have some Pride!! Stop being content with letting all this trash Fly! Surely it is not falling from the sky! The sanitation Department is doing their job! So, why must we go on living like slobs?! When you travel all over the City, It is such a pity! Some areas are so trifling! Come on Now! Show some class! Let’s start cleaning up all this trash! It is time to change, our mentality! Don’t let TRASH be our Reality Have some pride and start cleaning up on the outside, So let us bust the move! Grab a broom and start to groom! Our neighborhood!! And it will be much better, if we all work together! What we discovered in the recovery of eight vacant, under-groomed, weed-infested lots along the block was that Mrs. Gamble was right to be harsh. But the problem ran deeper than the line in her poem, “The sanitation Department is doing their job!” These lots have absentee landowners not beholden to trash enforcement like residential neighbors with landlords. Thus, neighbors dealt with far more than everyday trash being dumped: entire toilets, hardly-damaged silk-embroidered couch, basketballs, and more. These lots equal reflections of the environmental injustice and everyday individual detachment that littering symbolizes. Put differently, her pep talk could use some policy to go along with it. Even in this spectacular act of correcting for the years of neglect to these lots, it required a mental shift from the Sanitation Department. They agreed to come to pick up the trash with an already mostly full truck, assuming it was only an average block cleanup. We ended up needing reinforcements hauling away the hundreds of dutifully-organized toddler-sized trash bags: far more than the City estimated that a single block cleanup could muster. These were not just blocks to be groomed; they were makeshift waste sites marbled in between not just low-income homes but shelters like Lutheran Settlement House, convenience stores like Jay St. Food Market, churches like New Generation Church of Christ, and even around the corner from Senator Street’s District Office. There was only so much they and warriors like Ms. Gamble could do: The City would also have to be a better neighbor.
Visually foretelling an age of self-directed genetic diversity within the human/alien sphere. if you know what i mean. wink, wink.
There are three Ashfords, really. The modern newtown, Swindonesque newbuilds stretching into the countryside; the Victorian railway town, all neat rows of brick buit houses and the station, and then there is the old town, timber-framed houses along narrow lanes, with St Mary standing towering above all but the modern office blocks.
The west end church was given over to a Christmas Fayre, but is also used now as a concert venue, while under the tower westwards is still in use as a church, with many of its ancient features left alone by the Victorians.
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A stately church in a good position set away from the hustle and bustle of this cosmopolitan town. The very narrow tower of 1475 is not visually satisfactory when viewed from a distance but its odd proportions are hardly noticed when standing at its base. The church is very much the product of the families who have been associated with it over the centuries and who are commemorated by monuments within. They include the Fogges and the Smythes. The former is supposed to have wanted to create a college of priests here, but by the late fifteenth century such foundations were going out of fashion and the remodelling of the church undertaken by Sir John Fogge may have just been a philanthropic cause. Unusually, when the church was restored in 1860 the architect Ewan Christian kept the galleries (he usually swept them away), but Christ Church had yet to be built and the population of this growing town would have needed all the accommodation it could get. Even in 1851 1000 people had attended the church in a single sitting. The pulpit, designed by Pearson, was made in 1897.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Ashford+1
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THE TOWN AND PARISH OF ASHFORD
LIES the next adjoining to Hothfield eastward. It is called in Domesday both Estefort and Essetesford, and in other antient records, Eshetisford, taking its name from the river, which runs close to it, which, Lambarde says, ought not to be called the Stour, till it has passed this town, but Eshe or Eschet, a name which has been for a great length of time wholly forgotten; this river being known, even from its first rise at Lenham hither, by the name of the Stour only.
A small part only of this parish, on the east, south and west sides of it, containing the borough of Henwood, alias Hewit, lying on the eastern or further side of the river from the town, part of which extends into the parish of Wilsborough, and the whole of it within the liberty of the manor of Wye, and the borough of Rudlow, which adjoins to Kingsnoth and Great Chart, are in this hundred of Chart and Longbridge; such part of the borough of Rudlow as lies adjoining to Kingsnoth, is said to lie in in jugo de Beavor, or the yoke of Beavor, and is divided from the town and liberty by the river, near a place called Pollbay; in which yoke there is both a hamlet and a green or common, of the name of Beavor; the remainder of the parish having been long separated from it, and made a distinct liberty, or jurisdiction of itself, having a constable of its own, and distinguished by the name of the liberty of the town of Ashford.
ASHFORD, at the time of taking the general survey of Domesday, was part of the possessions of Hugo de Montfort, who had accompanied the Conqueror hither, and was afterwards rewarded with this estate, among many others in different counties; in which record it is thus entered, under the general title of his lands:
¶Maigno holds of Hugo (de Montfort) Estefort. Turgisus held it of earl Godwin, and it is taxed at one suling. The arable land is half a carucate. There is nevertheless in demesne one carucate, and two villeins having one carucate. There are two servants, and eight acres of meadow. In the time of king Edward the Confessor, it was worth twenty five shillings; when he received it, twenty shillings; now thirty shilling.
The same Hugo holds Essela. Three tenants held it of king Edward, and could go whither they would with their lands. It was taxed at three yokes. The arable land is one carucate and an half. There are now four villeins, with two borderers having one carucate, and six acres of meadow. The whole, in the reign of king Edward the Confessor, was worth twenty shillings, and afterwards fifteen shillings, now twenty shillings.
Maigno held another Essetisford of the same Hugo. Wirelm held it of king Edward. It was taxed at one suling. The arable land is four carucates. In demesne there are two, and two villeins, with fifteen borderers having three carucates. There is a church, and a priest, and three servants, and two mills of ten shillings and two pence. In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth seventy shillings, and afterwards sixty shillings, now one hundred shillings.
Robert de Montfort, grandson of Hugh abovementioned, favouring the title of Robert Curthose, in opposition to king Henry I. to avoid being called in question upon that account, obtained leave to go on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, leaving his possessions to the king; by which means this manor came into the hands of the crown. Soon after which it seems to have come into the possession of a family, who took their name from it. William de Asshetesford appears by the register of Horton priory to have been lord of it, and to have been succeeded by another of the same name. After which the family of Criol became owners of it, by whom it was held by knight's service of the king, in capite, by ward to Dover castle, and the repair of a tower in that castle, called the Ashford tower. (fn. 1) Simon de Criol, in the 27th and 28th year of Henry III. obtained a charter of free warren for this manor, whose son William de Criol passed it away to Roger de Leyborne, for Stocton, in Huntingdonshire, and Rumford, in Essex. William de Leyborne his son, in the 7th year of king Edward I. claimed and was allowed the privilege of a market here, before the justices itinerant. He died possessed of this manor in the 3d year of Edward II. leaving his grand-daughter Juliana, daughter of Thomas de Leyborne, who died in his father's life-time, heir both to her grandfather and father's possessions, from the greatness of which she was stiled the Infanta of Kent, (fn. 2) though thrice married, yet she died s. p. by either of her husbands, all of whom she survived, and died in the 41st year of Edward III. Upon which this manor, among the rest of her estates, escheated to the crown, and continued there till king Richard II. vested it, among others, in feoffees, for the performance of certain religious bequests by the will of king Edward III. then lately deceased; and they, in compliance with it, soon afterwards, with the king's licence, purchased this manor, with those of Wall, and Esture, of the crown, towards the endowment of St. Stephen's chapel, in the king's palace of Westminster, all which was confirmed by king Henry IV. and VI. and by king Edward IV. in their first years; the latter of whom, in his 7th year, granted to them a fair in this town yearly, on the feast of St. John Port Latin, together with all liberties, and to have a steward to hold the court of it, &c. In which situation they continued till the 1st year of Edward VI. when this collegiate chapel was, with all its possessions, surrendered into the king's hands, where these manors did not continue long; for that king, in his 3d year, granted the manor of Esshetford, with that of Wall, and the manor of Esture, to Sir Anthony Aucher, of Otterden, to hold in capite; and he, in the 2d and 3d of Philip and Mary, sold them to Sir Andrew Judde, of London, whose daughter and at length heir Alice, afterwards carried them in marriage to Thomas Smith, esq. of Westenhanger, commonly called the Customer, who died possessed of them in 1591, and lies buried in the south cross of this church, having had several sons and daughters, of, whom Sir John Smythe, of Ostenhanger, the eldest, succeeded him here, and was sheriff anno 42 Elizabeth. Sir Thomas Smith, the second son, was of Bidborough and Sutton at Hone, and ambassador to Russia, of whom and his descendants, notice has been taken in the former volumes of this history; (fn. 3) and Henry, the third son, was of Corsham, in Wiltshire, whence this family originally descended, and Sir Richard Smith, the fourth, was of Leeds castle. Sir John Smythe, above-mentioned, died in 1609, and lies buried in the same vault as his father in this church, leaving one son Sir Thomas Smythe, of Westenhanger, K. B. who was in 1628 created Viscount Strangford, of Ireland, whose grandson Philip, viscount Strangford, dying about 1709, Henry Roper, lord Teynham, who had married Catherine his eldest daughter, by his will, became possessed of the manors of Ashford, Wall, and Esture. By her, who died in 1711, he had two sons, Philip and Henry, successively lords Teynham; notwithstanding which, having the uncontrolled power in these manors vested in him, he, on his marriage with Anne, second daughter and coheir of Thomas Lennard, earl of Sussex, and widow of Richard Barrett Lennard, esq. afterwards baroness Dacre, settled them on her and her issue by him in tail male. He died in 1623, and left her surviving, and possessed of these manors for her life. She afterwards married the hon. Robert Moore, and died in 1755. She had by lord Teynham two sons, Charles and Richard-Henry, (fn. 4) Charles Roper, the eldest son, died in 1754 intestate, leaving two sons, Trevor-Charles and Henry, who on their mother's death became entitled to these manors, as coheirs in gavelkind, a recovery having been suffered of them, limiting them after her death to Charles Roper their father, in tail male; but being infants, and there being many incumbrances on these estates, a bill was exhibited in chancery, and an act procured anno 29 George II. for the sale of them; and accordingly these manors were sold, under the direction of that court, in 1765, to the Rev. Francis Hender Foote, of Bishopsborne, who in 1768 parted with the manor of Wall, alias Court at Wall, to John Toke, esq. of Great Chart, whose son Nicholas Roundell Toke, is the present possessor of it; but he died possessed of the manors of Ashford and Esture in 1773, and was succeeded in them by his eldest son John Foote, esq. now of Bishopsborne, the present owner of them. There are several copyhold lands held of the manor of Ashford. A court leet and court baron is regularly held for it.
THE TOWN OF ASHFORD stands most pleasant and healthy, on the knoll of a hill, of a gentle ascent on every side, the high road from Hythe to Maidstone passing through it, from which, in the middle of the town, the high road branches off through a pleasant country towards Canterbury. The houses are mostly modern and well-built, and the high-street, which has been lately new paved, is of considerable width. The markethouse stands in the centre of it, and the church and school on the south side of it, the beautiful tower of the former being a conspicuous object to the adjoining country. It is a small, but neat and chearful town, and many of the inhabitants of a genteel rank in life. Near the market place, is the house of the late Dr. Isaac Rutton, a physician of long and extensive practice in these parts, being the eldest son of Matthias Rutton, gent of this town, by Sarah his wife, daughter of Sir N. Toke, of Godinton. He died in 1792, bearing for his arms, Parted per fess, azure, and or, three unicorns heads, couped at the neck, counterchanged; since which, his eldest son, Isaac Rutton, esq. now of Ospringeplace, has sold this house to Mr. John Basil Duckworth, in whom it is now vested. In the midst of it is a large handsome house, built in 1759, by John Mascall, gent. who resided in it, and died possessed of it in 1769, and was buried in Boughton Aluph church, bearing for his arms, Barry of two, or, and azure, three inescutcheons, ermine; and his only son, Robert Mascall, esq. now of Ashford, who married the daughter of Jeremiah Curteis, esq. is the present owner, and resides in it. At the east end of the town is a seat, called Brooke-place, formerly possessed by the family of Woodward, who were always stiled, in antient deeds, gentlemen, and bore for their arms, Argent, a chevron, sable, between three grasshoppers, or; the last of them, Mr. John Woodward, gent. rebuilt this seat, and died possessed of it in 1757; of whose heirs it was purchased by Martha, widow of Moyle Breton, esq. of Kennington, whose two sons, the Rev. Moyle Breton, and Mr. Whitfield Breton, gent. alienated it to Josias Pattenson, esq. the second son of Mr. Josias Pattenson, of Biddenden, by Elizabeth, daughter and coheir of Felix Kadwell, esq. of Rolvenden; he married Mary, daughter of Mr. Henry Dering, gent. of this parish, and widow of Mr. John Mascall above-mentioned, by whom he has no issue, and he is the present owner of this seat, and resides in it. There have been barracks erected lately here, which at present contain 4000 soldiers. The market is held on a Saturday weekly, for the sale of corn, which is now but little used; and a market for the sale of all sorts of fat and lean stock on the first and third Tuesday in every month, which has been of great use to prevent monopolies. Two fairs are annually held now, by the alteration of the stile, on May 17, and Sept. 9, and another on Oct. 24; besides which, there is an annual fair for wool on August 2, not many years since instituted and encouraged by the principal gentry and landholders, which promises to prove of the greatest utility and benefit to the fair sale of it. That branch of the river Stour which rises at Lenham, runs along the southern part of this parish, and having turned a corn mill belonging to the lord of this manor, continues its course close at the east end of the town, where there is a stone bridge of four arches, repaired at the expence of the county, and so on northwards towards Wye and Canterbury. On the south side of the river in this parish, next to Kingsnoth, within the borough of Rudlow, is the yoke of Beavor, with the hamlet and farm of that name, possessed in very early times, as appears by the register of Horton priory, by a family of that name, one of whom, John Beavor, was possessed of it in the reign of Henry II. and was descended from one of the same furname, who attended the Conqueror in his expedition hither. The parish contains about 2000 acres of land, and three hundred and twenty houses, the whole rental of it being 4000l. per annum; the inhabitants are 2000, of which about one hundred are diffenters. The highways throughout it, which not many years ago were exceeding bad, have been by the unanimity of the inhabitants, which has shewn itself remarkable in all their public improvements, a rare instance in parochial undertakings, and by the great attention to the repairs of them, especially in such parts as were near their own houses, are now excellent. The lands round it are much upon a gravelly soil, though towards the east and south there are some rich fertile pastures, intermixed with arable land, and several plantations of hops; but toward the west, the soil is in general sand, having much quarrystone mixed with it, where there is a great deal of coppice wood, quite to Potter's corner, at the boundary of this parish.
The church, which is dedicated to St. Mary, is a large handsome building, consisting of three isles, with a transept, and three chancels, with the tower in the middle, which is losty and well proportioned, having four pinnacles at the top of it. There are eight bells in it, a set of chimes, and a clock. In the high chancel, on the north side, is the college John Fogge, the founder of the college here, who died in 1490, and his two wives, the brasses of their figures gone; but part of the inscription remains. And formerly, in Weever's time, there hung up in this chancel six atchievements, of those of this family whose burials had been attended by the heralds at arms, and with other ceremonies suitable to their degrees. Underneath the chancel is a large vault, full of the remains of the family. On the pavement in the middle, is a very antient curious gravestone, having on it the figure in brass of a woman, holding in her left hand a banner, with the arms of Ferrers, Six masctes, three and three, in pale; which, with a small part of the inscription round the edge, is all that is remaining; but there was formerly in brass, in her right hand, another banner, with the arms of Valoyns; over her head those of France and England quarterly; and under her feet a shield, being a cross, impaling three chevronels, the whole within a bordure, guttee de sang, and round the edge this inscription, Ici gift Elizabeth Comite D' athels la file sign de Ferrers . . . dieu asoil, qe morust le 22 jour d'octob. can de grace MCCCLXXV. Weever says, she was wife to David de Strabolgie, the fourth of that name, earl of Athol, in Scotland, and daughter of Henry, lord Ferrers, of Groby; and being secondly married to John Malmayns, of this county, died here in this town. Though by a pedigree of the family of Brograve, she is said to marry T. Fogge, esq. of Ashford; if so, he might perhaps have been her third husband. Near her is a memorial for William Whitfield, gent. obt. 1739. The north chancel belonged to Repton manor. In the vault underneath lay three of the family of Tuston, sometime since removed to Rainham, and it has been granted to the Husseys; Thomas Hussey, esq. of this town, died in 1779, and was buried in it. In the south chancel are memorials for the Pattensons, Whitfields, and Apsleys, of this place; and one for Henry Dering, gent. of Shelve, obt. 1752, and Hester his wife; arms, A saltier, a crescent for difference, impaling, on a chevron, between three persons, three crosses, formee; and another memorial for Thomasine, wife of John Handfield, obt. 1704. In the north cross are several antient stones, their brasses all gone, excepting a shield, with the arms of Fogge on one. At the end is a monument for John Norwood, gent. and Mary his wife, of this town, who lie with their children in the vault underneath. The south cross is parted off lengthways, for the family of Smith, lords of Ashford manor, who lie in a vault underneath. In it are three superb monuments, which, not many years since, were beautified and restored to their original state, by the late chief baron Smythe, a descendant of this family. One is for Thomas Smith, esq. of Westenhanger, in 1591; the second for Sir John Smythe, of Ostenhanger, his son, and Elizabeth his wife; and the third for Sir Richard Smyth, of Leeds castle, in 1628: all which have been already mentioned before. Their figures, at full length and proportion, are lying on, each of them, with their several coats of arms and quarterings blazoned. In the other part of this cross, is a memorial for Baptist Pigott, A. M. son of Baptist Pigott, of Dartford, and schoolmaster here, obt. 1657, and at the end of it, is the archbishop's consistory court. In the south isle is a memorial for Thomas Curteis, gent. obt. 1718, and Elizabeth his wife; arms, Curteis impaling Carter. Under the tower is one for Samuel Warren, vicar here forty-eight years, obt. 1720. The three isles were new pewed and handsomely paved in 1745. There are five galleries, and an handsome branch for candles in the middled isle; the whole kept in an excellent state of repair and neatness. There was formerly much curtious painted glass in the windows, particularly the figures of one of the family of Valoyns, his two wives and children, with their arms. In the south window of the cross isle, and in other windows, the figures, kneeling, of king Edward III. the black prince, Richard, duke of Gloucester, the lord Hastings. Sir William Haute, the lord Scales, Richard, earl Rivers, and the dutchess of Bedford his wife, Sir John Fogge, Sir John Peche, Richard Horne, Roger Manstone, and—Guildford, most of which were in the great west window, each habited in their surcoats of arms, not the least traces of which, or of any other coloured glass, are remaining throughout this church. Sir John Goldstone, parson of Ivechurch, as appears by his will in 1503, was buried in the choir of this church, and gave several costly ornaments and vestments for the use of it.
Processing was difficult so I took the liberty of making it look more like a painting...
This trip was rather frustrating. First, there was very bright sunlight, making it difficult to expose. Second, there were too many people who kept walking into my compositions. Third, there was a lot of man-made crap built all around the spring... which dissapointed me a lot. Why is it that people take beautiful places like this and put cement walls and manicured lawns all around it? As if humans could make a place MORE beautiful than the way mother nature created it... by "taming" it. Ugh... way to take paradise and turn it into f-ing disneyland. At least the area around the head of the spring was less built-around (although there were still bridges and a visually jarring railing, signage, and red floating barricade to keep people from going near the opening of the spring). Sigh.... at least the water itself was beautiful.
Visually similar yet different classes are 321901 & 322485.
The 321 is on the centre stabling road and 322 at Platform 6.
Both now operated by Arriva Northern and used for the Doncaster to Leeds once an hour stopping service.
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Toute utilisation ainsi autorisée devra mentionner le crédit photo (voir nom du fichier ci-dessus : “©…” ou métadonnées de la photo dans sa taille originale).
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The most colorful and visually spectacular valley in Yellowstone, Wyoming is the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. Two large waterfalls occur along this stretch of the river - the Upper Falls and the Lower Falls.
The rocks of the canyon include rhyolite lava flows, rhyolitic volcanic tuffs, and some sedimentary deposits - all are geologically young and date to the Quaternary.
The yellows, pinks, reds, and oranges indicate the presence of hydrothermally altered rocks. Hydrothermal metamorphism refers to the intense alteration by superheated groundwater. Yellowstone has over 100,000 hydrothermal features in the form of hot springs, geysers, fumaroles, and mudpots.
Locality: view from Artists Point, southern rim of the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, northwestern Wyoming
Malta is by far the most visually rich place i've been. Everywhere you look there is potential for a great shot, then it gets even better once you start scratching around.
I had a 3 hour walk between 9 and 12 in the morning and got what i consider to be some of the best photos i've been able to take thus far.
There are tiny workshops all over with big open doorways that stream in the light that's reflected off all the light brown buildings - I looked into one of these places and found this man - Joseph the carpenter...really. He was 88 years old and had owned this business for 65 years, which he'd subsequently passed down to his son and his grandson after that. He was happy to let me take some pictures of him, but only after giving me a tour of his extensive framed photo collection of 1920s and 1930s Hollywood stars such as John Wayne.
Nikon D7000 with Nikkor 35mm F1.8 lens.
Click image for a much better bigger view on black.
Toute reproduction sur un support imprimé ou publication sur internet devra faire l'objet d'une demande expresse auprès du service communication de la Fédération Française Handisport.
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Toute utilisation ainsi autorisée devra mentionner le crédit photo (voir nom du fichier ci-dessus : “©…” ou métadonnées de la photo dans sa taille originale).
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Contact : photos [at] handisport.org
There are three Ashfords, really. The modern newtown, Swindonesque newbuilds stretching into the countryside; the Victorian railway town, all neat rows of brick buit houses and the station, and then there is the old town, timber-framed houses along narrow lanes, with St Mary standing towering above all but the modern office blocks.
The west end church was given over to a Christmas Fayre, but is also used now as a concert venue, while under the tower westwards is still in use as a church, with many of its ancient features left alone by the Victorians.
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A stately church in a good position set away from the hustle and bustle of this cosmopolitan town. The very narrow tower of 1475 is not visually satisfactory when viewed from a distance but its odd proportions are hardly noticed when standing at its base. The church is very much the product of the families who have been associated with it over the centuries and who are commemorated by monuments within. They include the Fogges and the Smythes. The former is supposed to have wanted to create a college of priests here, but by the late fifteenth century such foundations were going out of fashion and the remodelling of the church undertaken by Sir John Fogge may have just been a philanthropic cause. Unusually, when the church was restored in 1860 the architect Ewan Christian kept the galleries (he usually swept them away), but Christ Church had yet to be built and the population of this growing town would have needed all the accommodation it could get. Even in 1851 1000 people had attended the church in a single sitting. The pulpit, designed by Pearson, was made in 1897.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Ashford+1
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THE TOWN AND PARISH OF ASHFORD
LIES the next adjoining to Hothfield eastward. It is called in Domesday both Estefort and Essetesford, and in other antient records, Eshetisford, taking its name from the river, which runs close to it, which, Lambarde says, ought not to be called the Stour, till it has passed this town, but Eshe or Eschet, a name which has been for a great length of time wholly forgotten; this river being known, even from its first rise at Lenham hither, by the name of the Stour only.
A small part only of this parish, on the east, south and west sides of it, containing the borough of Henwood, alias Hewit, lying on the eastern or further side of the river from the town, part of which extends into the parish of Wilsborough, and the whole of it within the liberty of the manor of Wye, and the borough of Rudlow, which adjoins to Kingsnoth and Great Chart, are in this hundred of Chart and Longbridge; such part of the borough of Rudlow as lies adjoining to Kingsnoth, is said to lie in in jugo de Beavor, or the yoke of Beavor, and is divided from the town and liberty by the river, near a place called Pollbay; in which yoke there is both a hamlet and a green or common, of the name of Beavor; the remainder of the parish having been long separated from it, and made a distinct liberty, or jurisdiction of itself, having a constable of its own, and distinguished by the name of the liberty of the town of Ashford.
ASHFORD, at the time of taking the general survey of Domesday, was part of the possessions of Hugo de Montfort, who had accompanied the Conqueror hither, and was afterwards rewarded with this estate, among many others in different counties; in which record it is thus entered, under the general title of his lands:
¶Maigno holds of Hugo (de Montfort) Estefort. Turgisus held it of earl Godwin, and it is taxed at one suling. The arable land is half a carucate. There is nevertheless in demesne one carucate, and two villeins having one carucate. There are two servants, and eight acres of meadow. In the time of king Edward the Confessor, it was worth twenty five shillings; when he received it, twenty shillings; now thirty shilling.
The same Hugo holds Essela. Three tenants held it of king Edward, and could go whither they would with their lands. It was taxed at three yokes. The arable land is one carucate and an half. There are now four villeins, with two borderers having one carucate, and six acres of meadow. The whole, in the reign of king Edward the Confessor, was worth twenty shillings, and afterwards fifteen shillings, now twenty shillings.
Maigno held another Essetisford of the same Hugo. Wirelm held it of king Edward. It was taxed at one suling. The arable land is four carucates. In demesne there are two, and two villeins, with fifteen borderers having three carucates. There is a church, and a priest, and three servants, and two mills of ten shillings and two pence. In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth seventy shillings, and afterwards sixty shillings, now one hundred shillings.
Robert de Montfort, grandson of Hugh abovementioned, favouring the title of Robert Curthose, in opposition to king Henry I. to avoid being called in question upon that account, obtained leave to go on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, leaving his possessions to the king; by which means this manor came into the hands of the crown. Soon after which it seems to have come into the possession of a family, who took their name from it. William de Asshetesford appears by the register of Horton priory to have been lord of it, and to have been succeeded by another of the same name. After which the family of Criol became owners of it, by whom it was held by knight's service of the king, in capite, by ward to Dover castle, and the repair of a tower in that castle, called the Ashford tower. (fn. 1) Simon de Criol, in the 27th and 28th year of Henry III. obtained a charter of free warren for this manor, whose son William de Criol passed it away to Roger de Leyborne, for Stocton, in Huntingdonshire, and Rumford, in Essex. William de Leyborne his son, in the 7th year of king Edward I. claimed and was allowed the privilege of a market here, before the justices itinerant. He died possessed of this manor in the 3d year of Edward II. leaving his grand-daughter Juliana, daughter of Thomas de Leyborne, who died in his father's life-time, heir both to her grandfather and father's possessions, from the greatness of which she was stiled the Infanta of Kent, (fn. 2) though thrice married, yet she died s. p. by either of her husbands, all of whom she survived, and died in the 41st year of Edward III. Upon which this manor, among the rest of her estates, escheated to the crown, and continued there till king Richard II. vested it, among others, in feoffees, for the performance of certain religious bequests by the will of king Edward III. then lately deceased; and they, in compliance with it, soon afterwards, with the king's licence, purchased this manor, with those of Wall, and Esture, of the crown, towards the endowment of St. Stephen's chapel, in the king's palace of Westminster, all which was confirmed by king Henry IV. and VI. and by king Edward IV. in their first years; the latter of whom, in his 7th year, granted to them a fair in this town yearly, on the feast of St. John Port Latin, together with all liberties, and to have a steward to hold the court of it, &c. In which situation they continued till the 1st year of Edward VI. when this collegiate chapel was, with all its possessions, surrendered into the king's hands, where these manors did not continue long; for that king, in his 3d year, granted the manor of Esshetford, with that of Wall, and the manor of Esture, to Sir Anthony Aucher, of Otterden, to hold in capite; and he, in the 2d and 3d of Philip and Mary, sold them to Sir Andrew Judde, of London, whose daughter and at length heir Alice, afterwards carried them in marriage to Thomas Smith, esq. of Westenhanger, commonly called the Customer, who died possessed of them in 1591, and lies buried in the south cross of this church, having had several sons and daughters, of, whom Sir John Smythe, of Ostenhanger, the eldest, succeeded him here, and was sheriff anno 42 Elizabeth. Sir Thomas Smith, the second son, was of Bidborough and Sutton at Hone, and ambassador to Russia, of whom and his descendants, notice has been taken in the former volumes of this history; (fn. 3) and Henry, the third son, was of Corsham, in Wiltshire, whence this family originally descended, and Sir Richard Smith, the fourth, was of Leeds castle. Sir John Smythe, above-mentioned, died in 1609, and lies buried in the same vault as his father in this church, leaving one son Sir Thomas Smythe, of Westenhanger, K. B. who was in 1628 created Viscount Strangford, of Ireland, whose grandson Philip, viscount Strangford, dying about 1709, Henry Roper, lord Teynham, who had married Catherine his eldest daughter, by his will, became possessed of the manors of Ashford, Wall, and Esture. By her, who died in 1711, he had two sons, Philip and Henry, successively lords Teynham; notwithstanding which, having the uncontrolled power in these manors vested in him, he, on his marriage with Anne, second daughter and coheir of Thomas Lennard, earl of Sussex, and widow of Richard Barrett Lennard, esq. afterwards baroness Dacre, settled them on her and her issue by him in tail male. He died in 1623, and left her surviving, and possessed of these manors for her life. She afterwards married the hon. Robert Moore, and died in 1755. She had by lord Teynham two sons, Charles and Richard-Henry, (fn. 4) Charles Roper, the eldest son, died in 1754 intestate, leaving two sons, Trevor-Charles and Henry, who on their mother's death became entitled to these manors, as coheirs in gavelkind, a recovery having been suffered of them, limiting them after her death to Charles Roper their father, in tail male; but being infants, and there being many incumbrances on these estates, a bill was exhibited in chancery, and an act procured anno 29 George II. for the sale of them; and accordingly these manors were sold, under the direction of that court, in 1765, to the Rev. Francis Hender Foote, of Bishopsborne, who in 1768 parted with the manor of Wall, alias Court at Wall, to John Toke, esq. of Great Chart, whose son Nicholas Roundell Toke, is the present possessor of it; but he died possessed of the manors of Ashford and Esture in 1773, and was succeeded in them by his eldest son John Foote, esq. now of Bishopsborne, the present owner of them. There are several copyhold lands held of the manor of Ashford. A court leet and court baron is regularly held for it.
THE TOWN OF ASHFORD stands most pleasant and healthy, on the knoll of a hill, of a gentle ascent on every side, the high road from Hythe to Maidstone passing through it, from which, in the middle of the town, the high road branches off through a pleasant country towards Canterbury. The houses are mostly modern and well-built, and the high-street, which has been lately new paved, is of considerable width. The markethouse stands in the centre of it, and the church and school on the south side of it, the beautiful tower of the former being a conspicuous object to the adjoining country. It is a small, but neat and chearful town, and many of the inhabitants of a genteel rank in life. Near the market place, is the house of the late Dr. Isaac Rutton, a physician of long and extensive practice in these parts, being the eldest son of Matthias Rutton, gent of this town, by Sarah his wife, daughter of Sir N. Toke, of Godinton. He died in 1792, bearing for his arms, Parted per fess, azure, and or, three unicorns heads, couped at the neck, counterchanged; since which, his eldest son, Isaac Rutton, esq. now of Ospringeplace, has sold this house to Mr. John Basil Duckworth, in whom it is now vested. In the midst of it is a large handsome house, built in 1759, by John Mascall, gent. who resided in it, and died possessed of it in 1769, and was buried in Boughton Aluph church, bearing for his arms, Barry of two, or, and azure, three inescutcheons, ermine; and his only son, Robert Mascall, esq. now of Ashford, who married the daughter of Jeremiah Curteis, esq. is the present owner, and resides in it. At the east end of the town is a seat, called Brooke-place, formerly possessed by the family of Woodward, who were always stiled, in antient deeds, gentlemen, and bore for their arms, Argent, a chevron, sable, between three grasshoppers, or; the last of them, Mr. John Woodward, gent. rebuilt this seat, and died possessed of it in 1757; of whose heirs it was purchased by Martha, widow of Moyle Breton, esq. of Kennington, whose two sons, the Rev. Moyle Breton, and Mr. Whitfield Breton, gent. alienated it to Josias Pattenson, esq. the second son of Mr. Josias Pattenson, of Biddenden, by Elizabeth, daughter and coheir of Felix Kadwell, esq. of Rolvenden; he married Mary, daughter of Mr. Henry Dering, gent. of this parish, and widow of Mr. John Mascall above-mentioned, by whom he has no issue, and he is the present owner of this seat, and resides in it. There have been barracks erected lately here, which at present contain 4000 soldiers. The market is held on a Saturday weekly, for the sale of corn, which is now but little used; and a market for the sale of all sorts of fat and lean stock on the first and third Tuesday in every month, which has been of great use to prevent monopolies. Two fairs are annually held now, by the alteration of the stile, on May 17, and Sept. 9, and another on Oct. 24; besides which, there is an annual fair for wool on August 2, not many years since instituted and encouraged by the principal gentry and landholders, which promises to prove of the greatest utility and benefit to the fair sale of it. That branch of the river Stour which rises at Lenham, runs along the southern part of this parish, and having turned a corn mill belonging to the lord of this manor, continues its course close at the east end of the town, where there is a stone bridge of four arches, repaired at the expence of the county, and so on northwards towards Wye and Canterbury. On the south side of the river in this parish, next to Kingsnoth, within the borough of Rudlow, is the yoke of Beavor, with the hamlet and farm of that name, possessed in very early times, as appears by the register of Horton priory, by a family of that name, one of whom, John Beavor, was possessed of it in the reign of Henry II. and was descended from one of the same furname, who attended the Conqueror in his expedition hither. The parish contains about 2000 acres of land, and three hundred and twenty houses, the whole rental of it being 4000l. per annum; the inhabitants are 2000, of which about one hundred are diffenters. The highways throughout it, which not many years ago were exceeding bad, have been by the unanimity of the inhabitants, which has shewn itself remarkable in all their public improvements, a rare instance in parochial undertakings, and by the great attention to the repairs of them, especially in such parts as were near their own houses, are now excellent. The lands round it are much upon a gravelly soil, though towards the east and south there are some rich fertile pastures, intermixed with arable land, and several plantations of hops; but toward the west, the soil is in general sand, having much quarrystone mixed with it, where there is a great deal of coppice wood, quite to Potter's corner, at the boundary of this parish.
The church, which is dedicated to St. Mary, is a large handsome building, consisting of three isles, with a transept, and three chancels, with the tower in the middle, which is losty and well proportioned, having four pinnacles at the top of it. There are eight bells in it, a set of chimes, and a clock. In the high chancel, on the north side, is the college John Fogge, the founder of the college here, who died in 1490, and his two wives, the brasses of their figures gone; but part of the inscription remains. And formerly, in Weever's time, there hung up in this chancel six atchievements, of those of this family whose burials had been attended by the heralds at arms, and with other ceremonies suitable to their degrees. Underneath the chancel is a large vault, full of the remains of the family. On the pavement in the middle, is a very antient curious gravestone, having on it the figure in brass of a woman, holding in her left hand a banner, with the arms of Ferrers, Six masctes, three and three, in pale; which, with a small part of the inscription round the edge, is all that is remaining; but there was formerly in brass, in her right hand, another banner, with the arms of Valoyns; over her head those of France and England quarterly; and under her feet a shield, being a cross, impaling three chevronels, the whole within a bordure, guttee de sang, and round the edge this inscription, Ici gift Elizabeth Comite D' athels la file sign de Ferrers . . . dieu asoil, qe morust le 22 jour d'octob. can de grace MCCCLXXV. Weever says, she was wife to David de Strabolgie, the fourth of that name, earl of Athol, in Scotland, and daughter of Henry, lord Ferrers, of Groby; and being secondly married to John Malmayns, of this county, died here in this town. Though by a pedigree of the family of Brograve, she is said to marry T. Fogge, esq. of Ashford; if so, he might perhaps have been her third husband. Near her is a memorial for William Whitfield, gent. obt. 1739. The north chancel belonged to Repton manor. In the vault underneath lay three of the family of Tuston, sometime since removed to Rainham, and it has been granted to the Husseys; Thomas Hussey, esq. of this town, died in 1779, and was buried in it. In the south chancel are memorials for the Pattensons, Whitfields, and Apsleys, of this place; and one for Henry Dering, gent. of Shelve, obt. 1752, and Hester his wife; arms, A saltier, a crescent for difference, impaling, on a chevron, between three persons, three crosses, formee; and another memorial for Thomasine, wife of John Handfield, obt. 1704. In the north cross are several antient stones, their brasses all gone, excepting a shield, with the arms of Fogge on one. At the end is a monument for John Norwood, gent. and Mary his wife, of this town, who lie with their children in the vault underneath. The south cross is parted off lengthways, for the family of Smith, lords of Ashford manor, who lie in a vault underneath. In it are three superb monuments, which, not many years since, were beautified and restored to their original state, by the late chief baron Smythe, a descendant of this family. One is for Thomas Smith, esq. of Westenhanger, in 1591; the second for Sir John Smythe, of Ostenhanger, his son, and Elizabeth his wife; and the third for Sir Richard Smyth, of Leeds castle, in 1628: all which have been already mentioned before. Their figures, at full length and proportion, are lying on, each of them, with their several coats of arms and quarterings blazoned. In the other part of this cross, is a memorial for Baptist Pigott, A. M. son of Baptist Pigott, of Dartford, and schoolmaster here, obt. 1657, and at the end of it, is the archbishop's consistory court. In the south isle is a memorial for Thomas Curteis, gent. obt. 1718, and Elizabeth his wife; arms, Curteis impaling Carter. Under the tower is one for Samuel Warren, vicar here forty-eight years, obt. 1720. The three isles were new pewed and handsomely paved in 1745. There are five galleries, and an handsome branch for candles in the middled isle; the whole kept in an excellent state of repair and neatness. There was formerly much curtious painted glass in the windows, particularly the figures of one of the family of Valoyns, his two wives and children, with their arms. In the south window of the cross isle, and in other windows, the figures, kneeling, of king Edward III. the black prince, Richard, duke of Gloucester, the lord Hastings. Sir William Haute, the lord Scales, Richard, earl Rivers, and the dutchess of Bedford his wife, Sir John Fogge, Sir John Peche, Richard Horne, Roger Manstone, and—Guildford, most of which were in the great west window, each habited in their surcoats of arms, not the least traces of which, or of any other coloured glass, are remaining throughout this church. Sir John Goldstone, parson of Ivechurch, as appears by his will in 1503, was buried in the choir of this church, and gave several costly ornaments and vestments for the use of it.
You voted, and this week's Top Corps Shot comes from Cpl. Reece Lodder. Lodder shot this photo with about two minutes of sunset left on a cold Afghan day. Lodder said, “Vehicle checkpoints are monotonous and routine, but I wanted to capture a variety of photos to show how visually interesting the interaction between Marines and Afghans at these VCPs can be - from sunlight to sunset.” Lodder said Lance Cpl. Phil Schiffman is very charismatic with the Afghans. Schiffman often jokes around with them or shares a smile, and they often return the favor. “These little moments are a ray of sunlight in a boring yet important duty,” Lodder said. “They show that Marines aren't just occupying Afghanistan — we're building relationships with the Afghan people.”
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U.S. Marine Lance Cpl. Phil Schiffman, a 22-year-old mortarman with Weapons Company, 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment, and native of Phoenix, waves to two Afghan men on a motorcycle after searching them at a vehicle checkpoint here, Dec. 1. During their seven-month deployment in Helmand province’s Garmsir district, the VCPs are a regular part of the mortarmen’s duty rotation, which also includes security patrols and standing post. Though they spend hours stopping vehicles and searching passersby, their presence isn’t merely a formality. The Marines are constantly on alert for anything out of the ordinary, especially information that can be used to locate and disrupt insurgent activity.
(U.S. Marine Corps photo by Cpl. Reece Lodder)
Bali is one of the few places on earth made visually stunning by its main economic activity. In no other locale of the island does this hold truer than in the Tabanan District of west Bali where the cascading rice terraces of Jatiluwih are the most striking feature of the agricultural landscape, claiming even slopes that look too formidable to be of any possible use.
Along with majestic Pekerisan River in Gianyar and the stately Taman Ayun Temple in Mengwi, Jatiluwih has been chosen as a new nominee as a World Heritage site. It’s a great honor for Bali to have its natural and cultural wonders included, as the sites will take their place right along side world-famous Borobudur, Prambanan, the Sangiran archaeological site, Ujung Kulon, Lorentz and Komodo national parks, and the tropical rainforests of Sumatra.
The achingly picturesque area of Jatiluwih actually comprises not only rice fields but also forests, lakes, springs, temples and a huge natural mountain reserve scattered over a wide area around the slopes Mount Batukaru, a sacred landscape whose boundaries are defined by a cluster of temples supported by traditional villages and farmlands administered by age-old subak organizations, the local water boards.
This site is among the most striking examples of terraced agriculture in the world and is arguably Bali’s oldest and most complex real-life model of the subak agricultural system which vividly reflects the intertwined, mutually beneficial relationship between the island’s traditional rice growing culture and its Bali Hindu spiritual belief system.
Bali’s terracing and irrigation practices are even more elaborate, sophisticated, and seasonably predictable than those on Java. Though beautiful rice field terraces also can also be found in Sumatra and Sulawesi, there is no irrigation organization in Indonesia comparable to Bali’s water conservation and distribution system. Only the 2000-year-old Ifugao rice terraces of the Philippines can hold a candle to Jatiluwih.
As it exemplifies such effective water usage over centuries, Bali’s famed environmentally friendly subak system itself is being considered for the World Heritage list. The effort to get the subak system listed to World Heritage status is especially urgent in the face of widespread diversion of agricultural lands. Over the past 20 years Bali lost more than 1,500 ha of precious rice fields to make way for the development of tourist resorts, restaurants, housing complexes, road construction and other commercial enterprises.
The Realm of Dewi Sri
Jatiluwih is one big sculpture. Because of the Tabanan area’s superb drainage pattern, the high volcanic ash content, and the island’s equable climate, conditions for traditional sawah cultivation exemplified by Jatiluwih’s terraces are perhaps the most ideal in all of Bali.
Rice growing is practiced as both an art and a science. Bali’s steep and narrow ravines, as typified especially in the western part of Jatiluwih, are not easy to dam. To remedy this problem, the area’s farmers have devised an ingenious system of hand-built aqueducts, small catchments, and underground canals to collect rainwater from Bali’s mountain lakes, spilling each farmer’s precious allotment of water onto tiers of paddy via thousands of tiny waterfalls.
Jatiluwih’s rice fields are irrigated by water that is sometimes channeled by tunnels through solid rock hillsides. Water needs high on the ridges often require tunnels two or three kilometers long. This complex irrigation system, continuously maintained, groomed, and plowed, has been developed over many centuries. The historical manuscript, the Bebetin, records that Balinese farmers have used the Subak system since at least 1071.
Some scholars have postulated that it is due to the expertise of Bali’s rice farmers that the Balinese have been able to support such a refined civilization with such a theatrical and colorful religion. The discipline required to share water and resources has created a remarkably cooperative way of life. Rugged individualists cannot exist in communities where every farmer is utterly dependent on the cooperation of his neighbors.
The word for rice (nasi), a staple of the Balinese diet, is the same word for “meal”. A Balinese cannot imagine a meal without rice. Specialized vocabularies deal with every aspect of rice farming, and a huge amount of time, energy, and money go into petitioning the gods so the rice farmer’s work may yield good results. Popping up everywhere in Jatiluwih’s rice terraces you see small temples dedicated to Dewi Sri, the beloved goddess of rice.
While visually these are amazing, they're impracticle and the upkeep is a chore:
-The plastic doesn't have breathability and your feet quickly become hot, making them unbearable for all day wear.
-The inside heel has only a thin strip of felt that is easily worn away and needs to be replaced often or the stitching behind can become frayed, splitting the shoe.
-The plastic as well will become cloudy over time. If left in light they will also yellow.
-High heat and humidity areas will eventually cause the plastic to become brittle and disintergrating.
*Unlike the Low-Top version, the Hi-Top has a double layer of plastic with the inner layer seperated from the stitching, perhaps to release any condensation that will build up from wear.
This visually stimulating and inspiring area has been designed to maximise the student experience. Group work areas consist of booths or 'pods' each containing essential IT equipment for group collaborative project work involving fellow students and external partners. Lighting is fully controlled by users of each pod, and heating and ventilation is carefully controlled providing a pleasant working environment. Drinks and snacks are available with no restriction on consumption in the pods (special measures have been taken to protect electrical points from accidental liquid spillages).
Cineaste365 (December 17, 2013 - DAY 067) - Today's Cineaste365 goes to "West Side Story".
“West Side Story” is a groundbreaking, visually fantastic and memorable musical film that will continue to live on for many generations to come.
Like many of those who grew up and were fascinated with this film from its debut back in 1961 to 2011, this film still puts people in awe because of its music, its talent, its cinematography but also its awesome choreography.
Watching this film and seeing the choreography and cinematography working in sync together is amazing but its the testament to the talent of this film and those responsible from the film’s direction, its cinematography, the tight editing, the vibrant costume design and of course, the music and lyrics that continue to make this film a beloved classic for many who are exposed to it.
“West Side Story” is a film like no other. One would have to remember that back in the ’60s, musicals were happy stories. People got their happy ending but for a story such as “West Side Story”, inspired by Shakespeare’s “Romeo & Juliet”, you knew that this film would be tragic.
Despite the memorable dance scenes and how fun this film is to watch, you know that the story is tragic and that this film is features multiple deaths of characters. It’s not an action film but a musical that showcases the problems of gang violence.
“West Side Story” was created with magnificent detail within its choreographed moments of visual magic through clever cinematography (for the dancing in the streets, the filmmaker dug a hole in the streets of NY enough to get the camera to shoot from the ground up) to a determined cast who braved through long hours in order to achieve the perfection of Jerome Robbins and also the kindness of Robert Wise. These two were literally oil and water, complete opposite in approach. But both respected each other and it was through Jerome’s perfectionist attitude, things had to be tough on the set in order to achieve complete efficacy.
Robbins who worked as the cinematographer and director of the Broadway play, expected perfection and these musical scenes were shot many times, repeated for many hours straight to the point of exhaustion. In fact, the opening Jets and Shark scenes were shot during 110 degree weather and they were done multiple times. Definitely not easy!
Including the Jets car garage sequence, shot in a very warm area, many times to the point of exhaustion and even one dancer was rushed to the hospital. That was how Robbins’ approach was, so much to the point that after that shot was created, the dancers/talent burned their knee pads and let Robbins know about how they felt.
Needless to say, it was that perfection and tough direction that led to Robbins being fired from “West Side Story” (the constant reshooting and longer schedule due to Robbins’ trying to achieve perfection was driving costs and investors were not happy), but at the same time, for co-director Robert Wise, to recognize how much Robbins meant to not only the actors, the dancers and the talent, he was brought back by Robert Wise for his input for advice but also to aid in editing the final cut.
Everything required perfection by Robbins. He demanded it and because of this demand on his dancers, many of the surviving dancers believe that it was because his determination of achieving perfection, it’s what made this film become a classic but also extended its longevity towards newer viewers but also extending to plays in theater, high school plays and even inspiring choreographers of today who watched the film and were just shocked of how elaborate the choreography was for the film and feel the same way today.
And as the music and cinematography were quite special, one also must be surprised at that time to see what was accomplished with cinema technology because “West Side Story” had a look and feel that was visually bold with its colors and lightning, it was unique for its time. But also cinematography that captured life on the streets of New York between these two gangs.
Where as the play, characters are restricted to a stage, but in “West Side Story”, we have characters from New York City running and dancing around. May it be dancing near a wall or crossing the street, the film also showcases overhead shots, very low shots (as mentioned, they dug a hole 6 ft. deep on actual streets to get those dance shots) and the performance by the talents and the dancers are phenomenal. Everything seemed as if they were in sync.
I used the word “as if” because big choices had to be made throughout the film, from redubbing the singing portions of Natalie Wood, Richard Beymer and Rita Moreno but also, behind-the-scenes, the lead talents Wood and Beymer were not-so friendly towards each other. As one talented mentioned on the documentary, the two did not get along on the set.
But whatever challenges the cast and crew had on the set, no matter how difficult things were to make this film…to have a film that has achieved such a unique status of being a memorable classic is a testament to the perseverance of the crew and talent towards this film. It took a lot of blood, sweat and tears to make this film and it paid off.
This is the "most dangerous" stinging caterpillar in the US.
The moth Megalopyge opercularis has numerous common names, including southern flannel moth, pussy moth, puss caterpillar, Bolivia bug*, and, in Texas, asp. It is visually striking in both larval and adult forms. The inch-long larva is generously coated in long, luxuriant hair-like setae, making it resemble a tiny Persian cat, the characteristic that presumably gave it the name "puss." It is variable in color, from downy grayish-white to golden-brown to dark charcoal gray. It often has a streak of bright orange running longitudinally. The 'fur' on early-stage larvae is sometimes extremely curly, giving the larva a cottony, puffed-up look. The body tapers to a tail that extends well beyond the body, unlike its relative M. crispata (Wagner 2005). The middle instar has a more dishevelled, 'bad-hair-day' appearance, without a distinctive tail.
CaterpillarThe adult moth is also very bizarre in appearance, covered in long fur in colors ranging from dull orange to lemon yellow, with hairy legs and fuzzy black feet. Ironically, the resemblance of the larvae to soft, colorful cotton balls encourages people to pick them up and pet them.
The 'fur' of the larva contains venomous spines that cause extremely painful reactions in human skin upon contact. The reactions are sometimes localized to the affected area but are often very severe, radiating up a limb and causing burning, swelling, nausea, headache, abdominal distress, rashes, blisters, and sometimes chest pain, numbness, or difficulty breathing (Eagleman 2008). Additionally, it is not unusual to find sweating from the welts or hives at the site of the sting.
M. opercularis can be found on oaks, elms, citrus and other trees, and many garden plants such as roses and ivy. It is distributed throughout the southern United States, Mexico, and parts of Central America. The larva does not spin a real cocoon, rather, it separates from its furry skin and uses it as a protective covering while it pupates.
Refference: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
North Florida (Suwannee Co.)
Taken 9-11-2008
Visually striking rainscreen cladding panels from Proteus Facades have helped to transform a building on London’s historic Hoxton Square, which is undergoing major refurbishment as part of a high-profile expansion project.
Aviva, a British multinational insurance company and pensions provider, identified Hoxton Square as the ideal location to create a campus of offices and relocate its Digital Garage; a dedicated space where technical specialists, creative designers and business leaders collaborate to develop new ideas and services. As part of the development, known as Project Drum, Aviva purchased 28-30 Hoxton Square along with other buildings in the area.
28-30 Hoxton Square required a substantial level of refurbishment, which created the opportunity to extend the property to increase capacity and improve accessibility and the layout between two front facing blocks. Architects TTSP redesigned the three-storey structure, with an entirely new floor added to the front and rear elevations as well as the demolition of a single storey centre, which was rebuilt to four storeys.
A major part of the brief given to TTSP was to ensure that historic structural elements of the building were retained and left exposed whilst all new visible external elements were over-clad to harmonise with the original features. Working closely with TTSP, Proteus Facades provided support with the design of the rainscreen cladding system to ensure this challenge was met.
Proteus HR TECU Patina Madrid panels, installed by Openwood Facades Ltd, were chosen for the double height storey which sits atop of the central part of the building, with architectural fins to the south elevations and window frames designed to match. The patterned copper finish of the Proteus material perfectly complements the colours and textures of the surrounding buildings, whilst staying in keeping with the heritage of the original site that dates to the 1700s.
Proteus HR VM Zinc Quartz rainscreen cladding was also specified for the roof level of 28- 30 Hoxton Square, which provides a long, maintenance-free life and offers adaptability to various design styles ranging from traditional to modern.
Proteus HR was specified for both the TECU Patina Madrid and VM Zinc Quartz materials at Hoxton because it is a lightweight, strong and versatile cladding panel that creates an optically flat aesthetic that is highly suited for building facades. The integrated modular rainscreen system features an aluminium honeycomb core, structurally bonded between two thin gauges of lightweight metal skin to create an optically flat panel that is available in aluminium, steel, zinc, stainless steel, copper alloys and other materials.
To mirror the design of the external façade, Proteus HR TECU Patina Madrid panels were also specified for use on a double-width lift lobby, which acts as a bright and bold mid-section connecting various internal departments, including a state-of-the-art AV centre.
In addition, Proteus Facades supplied mesh screens fixed to windows along the rear elevation in a Polyester Powder Coated (PPC) finish, which remains a popular choice with architects because of its long-term performance and cost benefits.
Tall floodplain herbs like Indian Cup Plant and Jerusalem Artichoke attract wildlife and also maintain an upright visually pleasing form the public doesn't perceive as untidy. They sequester sewage and filter it appropriately. Olmsted utilized the same approach in managing Boston's sewage lagoons. Boston now has among the cleanest drinking water in the nation. The amount of gallons of combined sewage/road runoff through this area of Louisville's Beargrass Creek Watershed is in the billions of gallons annually.
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SOURCE: EPA/Department of Justice. (Washington, D.C.-- 04/25/05) The U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and Commonwealth of Kentucky's Environmental and Public Protection Cabinet (EPPC) jointly announced today a comprehensive Clean Water Act settlement with the Louisville and Jefferson County Metropolitan Sewer District (MSD). The settlement ensures that MSD will make extensive improvements to its sewer systems to eliminate unauthorized discharges of untreated sewage and to address problems of overflows from sewers that carry a combination of untreated sewage and storm water at a cost likely to exceed $500 million. Throughout the year, MSD's sewer systems are overwhelmed by rainfall resulting in unlawful discharges of untreated sewage and overflows of combined sewage into the Ohio River and its tributaries
totaling billions of gallons each year.
The Commonwealth filed a civil suit against MSD in state court in February, 2004 and has been negotiating since that time with MSD to reach an agreement. A consent decree, filed today in U.S. District Court for the Western District of Kentucky in Louisville, represents the combined efforts of both the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the United States, which have entered into this settlement as plaintiff and intervening plaintiff, respectively.
The consent decree will require MSD to: propose and implement specific corrective action plans to bring overflows from its combined sewers that carry a combination of both untreated sewage and storm water into compliance with water quality standards; propose and implement specific corrective action plans to eliminate unauthorized discharges from its sanitary sewers that carry just untreated sewage (the worst discharges, representing approximately 75 percent of the total, must be addressed by no later than 2013); improve its management, operation and maintenance programs to prevent future overflows; and respond
to overflows when they occur.
"This settlement represents a monumental step forward in improving water quality in the Commonwealth of Kentucky," Governor Ernie Fletcher said. "These issues have never been addressed in a meaningful way in Kentucky, and the cooperation of federal, state and local entities was key to moving forward expeditiously. It's a win win win."
"Old sewage systems across our nation allow significant water pollution to occur," said Thomas V. Skinner, EPA's Acting Assistant Administrator for the Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance. "The Louisville settlement is a great example of the progress that can be made when federal, state and local governments work together. Collaboration like this can be a model for other cities to achieve cleaner
water, faster."
"This joint enforcement action represents tremendous team work between federal and state partners that will bring long-term, significant environmental improvements to the Louisville area and the Ohio River system," said Kelly Johnson, Acting Assistant Attorney General for the Justice Department's Environment and Natural Resources Division. "This case is another outstanding example of how federal and state agencies can work together to achieve compliance with our environmental regulations."
MSD was created to provide sanitary sewer and storm water drainage service for residential, commercial, and industrial entities throughout the City of Louisville and Jefferson County, Kentucky. MSD is responsible for the operation and maintenance of six major regional wastewater treatment facilities, 21 minor treatment plants, and approximately 3,000 miles of sewer lines. Approximately 23 percent of these sewer lines are served by a combined system of single pipes that carry both untreated sewage and storm water to the Morris Forman Waste Water Treatment Plant. The remaining 77 percent of MSD's system carries untreated sewage separate from storm water. The capacity of MSD's sewer systems can be overwhelmed after rainfall, resulting in unauthorized discharges averaging 175 million gallons of untreated sewage from the separated system annually. In 2004 alone, however, MSD's separated system experienced over 500 million gallons of unauthorized discharges of untreated sewage. In addition, rainfall events cause combined sewer overflows (or CSOs) of untreated sewage and storm water totaling an average of 4.5 billion gallons annually. These unauthorized discharges and CSOs have affected water quality in the Ohio River and its tributaries, including Beargrass Creek.
The consent decree also requires MSD to pay a civil penalty of $1 million to the Commonwealth of Kentucky and, under Commonwealth supervision, perform $2.25 million in Supplemental Environmental Projects (SEPs). The purposes of the SEPs are to provide public health screenings for residents of neighborhoods adjacent to the industrialized areas of the western portion of Louisville; perform, or provide funding for groups that will perform, efforts to raise environmental awareness and stewardship for the local and regional community; and convert and reclaim the former Lee's Lane Landfill into an area for public
use.
"This settlement reflects our commitment to work with state and local agencies to resolve legal disputes cooperatively and in the best interests of the public," commented Jimmy Palmer, EPA Regional Administrator in Atlanta. "We are pleased that EPA and the Commonwealth of Kentucky are collaborating as plaintiffs in this settlement, as it will go a long way toward improving the health of the Ohio River and its tributaries in the Louisville area."
"Protecting the Commonwealth's waters is one of the top priorities of our Cabinet," added Kentucky EPPC secretary LaJuana Wilcher. "We plan to continue working with other communities on wet weather issues such as CSOs and storm water. That's vital to improving our water quality."
In the past, the United States has reached similar agreements with numerous municipal entities across the country including Mobile; Jefferson County (Birmingham), Alabama; Atlanta; Knoxville; Miami; New Orleans; Toledo; Hamilton County (Cincinnati), Ohio; Baltimore; and Los Angeles.
The proposed consent decree with MSD is subject to a 30-day public comment period and final court approval before becoming effective.
Woodchurch is the latest bete noir of Kent churches for me. Or has been for some while. Along with Hinxhill, these two have proved to be impossible to get into. The lat time I tried here was last year's heritage weekend where I found the church locked just after five in the afternoon.
So, after a flurry of e mails this week, and the warden's surprise I have always failed to get in: "its open from seven in the morning to five every day". Maybe I just went on the three or four occasions this did not happen.
Whatever, this was the first stop of the day.
Woodchurch is on the route to Cranbrook and Sissinghurst, so this is the third week I have driven through Ham Street.
We park opposite the two pubs that sit beside each other, one, The Bonny Cravat looked fine with hanging baskets outside.
But too early for a pint, so we walk up the path to the porch and pushed....
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An enormous church with much of interest. The fabric dates from the thirteenth century, and the nave arcades of alternate round and octagonal piers are made of ragstone, which was polished in the nineteenth century to resemble Bethersden marble. In fact there are some genuine pieces of Bethersden marble in the church, particularly important visually being the shafts between the east window lancets. On the south-east buttress of the chancel is a mass dial, and on the main south wall is an excellent large sundial. The rood loft stairway survives in the north chapel where there is a good and rare double hagioscope. The sedilia are made up of three graduated thirteenth-century seats with a double piscina incorporated as part of the same scheme. In the south aisle is a medallion of the Blessed Virgin Mary, while the nearby east window depicting the Crucifixion is by Kempe. In front of the pulpit is the brass to a priest, Nicholas Gore (d. 1333), a quatrefoil with a circular inscription, into which is set the figure of Gore in his vestments. The Royal Arms are those of George III and were painted by a local artist, Joseph Gibson, in 1773.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Woodchurch
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WOODCHURCH
IS the next parish south-eastward from Halden, and is within the court of the bailiwic of the Seven Hundreds, which claims paramount over the denne of Ilchenden, being a great part of it; though the manors of Apledore and of Wye claim over some parts of it.
This PARISH, which stands rather on high ground, is about five miles in length from north to south, and three miles and an half in breadth. The soil of it is in general a stiff clay, though in the southern part of it there is some light land, inclining to sand. It is exceedingly covered, throughout most of it, with oaken coppice wood, and the face of the country here, as well as the roads, are much like those of Halden, last described. The village is near the centre of the parish, built mostly round a green, with the church on the north-west side of it, and the parsonage-house. In the south-west part of the parish is Shirley-house and farm, which formerly belonged to the family of Clarke, and afterwards to the Harlackendens, from whom it was purchased by Anne Blackmore, widow of John Blackmore, esq. of Tenterden, who died in 1717; and their grandson Thomas Blackmore, esq. of Hertfordshire, now owns it, with other adjoining estates in this parish. Below this farm southward is a large tract of marshes, called Shirley, or Sherles-moor, being about three miles in length and two in breadth, lying in Woodchurch, Apledore, Eboney, and Tenterden, containing 1245 acres, and is what is called the Upper Levels, the waters of which few through Scots-float into Rye harbour. It is allowed to be the richest land for satting cattle in all these levels. It belongs to several different proprietors, among whom Sir Edward Hales, bart. Thomas Blackmore, esq. the dean and chapter of Canterbury, Richard Curteis, and the heirs of William Henley, esqrs. are the most considerable.
Sir Edward Hales, bart. and Richard Hulse, esq. are lessees of the dean and chapter of Canterbury, for lands in this level, which formerly belonged to the priory of Christ-church there.
About three quarters of a mile northward from the church, is Redbrooke-street, at which formerly resided a family named At-hale, possessed of lands in this and the neighbouring parishes.
THE MANOR OF TOWNLAND, alias WOODCHURCH, is subordinate to that of Apledore, and was part of those lands and estates assigned for the desence of Dover-castle, to the constable of which it was allotted, and made a part of his barony, which was usually stiled from him, the Constabularie, being held by him of the king in capite by barony, by the service of maintaining a certain number of soldiers from time to time for the desence of the castle. Of him and his heirs this manor was held in capite by the service of ward to the castle, Ralph de la Thun held this manor and other lands in Woodchurch, by the above service, in the 43d year of Henry III. in which year he died possessed of it, and from him it acquired the name of Thunland, or Townland, as it was afterwards called. After him Richard de Tunland became possessed of it, whose grandson John Ate Towneland paid aid for it in the 20th year of Edward III. and in his descendants it continued down to Thomas Townland, who died possessed of it in the 7th year of Henry IV. (fn. 1) After which it passed by sale into the family of Norton, whence it was sold, about the beginning of king Henry VIII.'s reign, to the prior and convent of Leeds, who were then possessed of it, as appears by the receipt in the exchequer anno 8 of that reign, Mich. Rot. 35; and it remained part of their possessions till the dissolution of the priory, in the 31st year of that reign, when it came into the hands of the crown; from whence it was granted that year to Thomas, lord Cromwell, earl of Essex, on whose attainder next year, this manor, among the rest of his estates, became forfeited to the crown, where it staid but a small time, for the king, in his 36th year, granted it to Sir Thomas Moile, chancellor of his court of augmentation, who in the 4th year of Edward VI. alienated it to Thomas Ancos, who afterwards sold it to Thomas Lucas, gent, who died possessed of it in the 3d year of queen Elizabeth, hold ing it in capite by knight's service. He was descended from William Lucas, gent. of Ashford, who is recorded in Fuller's history, among those gentry who were returned as such, and qualified to bear arms, by the commissioners anno 12 Henry VI. (fn. 2) By the inquisition taken after his death, it was found, that Thomas Godfrey was his nephew and next heir. He died in the 7th year of that reign, and was succeeded by his brother James Godfrey, who two years afterwards alienated it to Mary, the widow of Sir John Guldeford, of Hemsted, who in the 19th year of that reign sold it to John Shellie, whose son John Shelley, esq. of Michelgrove, was created a baronet in 1611; and in his descendants, baronets, this manor continued till the reign of Charles II. How long it continued in this name, I do not find; for it was now become but of very little note. At length, after some intermediate owners, it became the property of Mr. Gabriel Richards, and since his decease of Mr. William Evans, the present possessor, who resides in it.
THE PLACE-HOUSE, or Woodchurch house, is a seat situated at a small distance eastward from the church, and was the habitation of a family who took both their surname and original from it. Anchitel de Woodchurch was possessed of it about the time of the Conqueror, and gave for his arms, Gules, three swords, erected in pale, argent. His grandson Roger de Woodchurch, is the first that is mentioned in the antient deeds, without date, of this estate, and his grandson Sir Simon de Woodchurch, is in the register of those Kentish gentlemen who accompanied king Edward I. in his victorious expedition into Scotland, where he was knighted, with many others of his countrymen. But in him the name, though not the male line, determined; for by matching with Susan, daughter and heir of Henry le Clerk, of Munsidde, in the parish of Kingsnoth, who brought a large inheritance into his family; his successors, out of gratitude to those who had added so much splendour, and annexed so plentiful a revenue to their name, altered their paternal appellation from Woodchurch to Clerke; and in several of their deeds subsequent to this match were written, Clerke, alias Woodchurch. He left two sons, Simon, who died without male issue; (fn. 3) and Clerke Woodchurch, heir to his mother's lands, as well as to his elder brother at this place, on his failure of male issue; which latter left a son Peter Clerke, alias Woodchurch, who inherited this seat on his father's death, and in his descendants it continued down to Humphry Clarke, for so they then wrote their name, who resided at Buckford, in Great Chart. He sold this seat, with the estate belonging to it, to Martin Harlackenden, esq. of this parish, whose successor Walter Harlackenden resided here in the reign of James I. and his descendant Geo. Harlackenden, esq. of Woodchurch, sold it to Winifred Bridger, widow, and Laurence her son, the latter of whom at his death devised it to his son John, who dying s.p. his sister Mrs. Winifrid Bridger, of Canterbury, succeeded to it, and dying in 1776, unmarried, by will gave it to the Rev. William Dejovas Byrch, of Canterbury, and Elizabeth his wife. He died in 1792, and she in 1798, having surviving issue an only daughter Elizabeth, since deceased, who married Samuel Egerton Brydges, esq. of Denton, who is now in his late wife's right became entitled to it.
Great part of this house has been pulled down, and the remainder of it makes but a very mean appearance, and is inhabited by several different persons.
HENDEN is an estate in this parish, which from having had for a length of time the same owners as that last-described, was once almost accounted an ap pendage to it. This place is supposed (for there are no records existing of it) to have been the original seat of the Hendens, who were in much later times seated at Biddenden-place, in this neighbourhood, as has been mentioned before, where they continued till within these few years. How long they remained possessors of it, cannot therefore be traced; but in the reign of king Richard II. the Capells, of Capellscourt, in Ivychurch, were become owners of it; in the 15th year of which reign Richard Capell died possessed of it. At length, after it had continued in his descendants for some generations, it went by the marriage of a female heir into the family of Harlackenden, of this parish, where it remained till Deborah, daughter and heir of Martin Harlackenden, entitled her husband Sir Edward Hales, knight and baronet, to the possession of this estate, together with others in this parish and neighbourhood, and in his descendants it has continued down to Sir Edward Hales, bart. of St. Stephen's, the present owner of it.
HARLACKENDEN, usually called Old Harlackenden, situated within the boroughof that name which extended likewise over part of the adjoining parish of Shadoxhurst) was for some hundred years the patrimonial demesnes of that name and family, as appeared by a tomb in this church, the inscription on which, long since obliterated, shewed that one of them lay interred there soon after the conquest. Philipott says, the proportion and shape of the characters were much like those in use in the reigns of king Henry IV. and V. which he thinks was occasioned by this tomb having been renewed by one of this person's successors and descendants in one of the above reigns, and the former one might have been in old characters, suitable to the time in which it was first erected. There are none now remaining on it. Kilburne says, it was for William Harlackenden, anno 1081. They bore for their arms, Azure, a sess, ermine, between three lions beads erased, or; which arms were painted in an upper window of Grays-Inn hall, and appeared to have been of long standing there. In his descendants, residents here, many of whom lie buried in this church, this seat continued down to Thomas Harlackenden, esq. of Woodchurch, who procured his lands to be disgavelled by the acts of 31 Henry VIII. and 2 and 3 Edward VI. He died in 1558. (fn. 4) At length his descendant George Harlackenden, esq. of this place, alienated it to Winifried Bridger, widow, and Laurence her son, whose heirs, in the 9th year of queen Anne, procured an act to vest it in trustees, and they accordingly sold it, in 1711, to dame Sarah, widow of Sir Paul Barrett, sergeant-at-law. She died that same year, and by the limitation in her will, (fn. 5) this estate devolved to her grandson Sir Francis Head, bart. son of her first husband Francis Head, esq. who died possessed of it in 1768. After which his widow, lady Head, by virtue of her jointure, came into the possession of it. She died in 1792, and it then devolved to the daughters and coheirs of her late husband Sir Francis Head, and to their heirs, in the like proportions as the Hermitage, in Higham, and his other estates in this county, in which state it remains at present. (fn. 6)
HENHURST is an estate in the north-east part of this parish, which formerly belonged to a family of the same name, whose more antient seat was at Henhurst, in Staplehurst, of which this was but a younger branch. They were likewise often written in old deeds both Henhurst and Enghurst, and continued owners of this place until the reign of king Henry VII. and then Sir Thomas Henghurst dying without issue male, his daughter and sole heir carried it in marriage to Humphry Wife, whose daughter and heir Agnes entitled her husband Mr. Robert Master to the possession of it, who bore for his arms, A lion, rampant, holding in his paws an escallop shell. His son Mr. Thomas Master resided here, but his son Giles Master quitted this residence and removed to Canterbury, where he died in 1644. At length it descended to Sir Harcourt Master, alderman of London, who became possessed of it for the term of his life, by the will of his father's eldest brother's daughter, Mary Master. He died in 1648. Since which it has continued in his descendants, one of whom, Harcourt Masters, esq. of Greenwich, owns it at this time.
HENGHAM, now usually called Great Hengham, corruptly for Engeham, its original name, lies enveloped by woods, about a mile and an half northward from Woodchurch. It was once accounted a manor, and was in early times possessed by a family of the same name, who resided at it, and were stiled sometimes Engham, alias Edingham, in antient deeds, relating to their possessions in different parts of Romney marsh, the latter being probably their original name, and the former one an abbreviation of it. (fn. 7) Alanus de Engham resided here in the reign of king John, and married the daughter of Townland, of this parish, as did his descendant Moses de Engham, alias Edingham, who by marriage with Petronell, daughter of Alan de Plurenden, greatly increased his estate in Woodchurch; and probably of kindred to this family was Odomar Hengham, esq. who died in 1411, and lies buried in the body of Canterbury cathedral. They bore for their arms, Argent, a chevron, sable, between three pellets; on a chief, gules, a lion passant, guardant, or. A branch of this family became possessed of Singleton, in Great Chart, where they rebuilt the mansion, and afterwards resided; but the last residence of the Enghams, in this county, was at Gunston, where they flourished till the beginning of this century. At length Robert Engham, of Woodchurch, leaving two daughters his coheirs, this manor, about the latter end of the reign of Henry VIII. was carried in marriage by Mary, the eldest of them, to Thomas Isley, who leaving five daughters his coheirs, Mary, married to Francis Spelman; Frances, to William Boys, esq. Elizabeth, to Anthony Mason, esq. Anne, to George Delves, esq. and Jane, to Francis Haut, esq. they, in right of their respective wives, became jointly entitled to it. This occasioned a partition of this estate, which was afterwards called by the name of Great and Little Hengham; the former having the antient mansion and manor annexed to it. This part was afterwards alienated to William Hales, esq. of Nackington, who possessed it in the reign of king James I. and in 1640, passed it away by sale to Thomas Godfrey the younger, esq. of Lid, who conveyed it to Clerke, whence it was sold in the reign of king Charles II. to John Grove, gent. of Tunstall, whose descendant Richard Grove, esq. of London, who died unmarried in 1792, by will devised it to Mr. William Jemmott and Mr. William Marshall, the former of whom, on a partition of his estates, became the sole proprietor of it, and continues so at this time. A court baron is held for this manor.
THE OTHER PART of this manor, now called Little Hengham, which lies adjoining to it southward, is now the property of the heirs of Abbot, the Whitfields, and the Combers.
PLERYNDEN, now corruptly called Plunden, is situated in the north-west part of this parish, in the midst of a wood, and in the denne of the same name. It had in early times owners, who took their furname from it and continued so till Petronell, daughter and heir of Alan de Plerynden, who bore for his arms, Perchevron, in chief, two mullets, in base, a martlet, as they appear, carved in stone, on the roof of Canterbury cloysters, carried it in marriage to Moses de Engham, in whose descendants it remained till Vincent Engham, in the reign of queen Elizabeth, passed it away by sale to William Twysden, esq. of Chelmington, whose descendant Sir Thomas Twysden, bart. of Roydon-hall, in East Peckham, about the beginning of queen Anne's reign, sold it to Mr. John Hooker, of Maidstone, who died possessed of it in 1717, and devised it to his second son John, of Broadoak, in Brenchley, gent. who dying unmarried in 1762, devised it to his youngest and only surviving brother Stephen Hooker, gent. of Halden, and he alienated it to John Children, esq. of Tunbridge, whose son George Children, esq. of that place, is the present owner of it.
Charities.
RICHARD BROWNE, late of Woodchurch, by will in 1562, gave to the poor of this parish a rent charge of 4l. 10s. per annum, on every Trinity Sunday for ever, out of a messuage called Webbes, in this parish, of the clear annual produce of 3l. 8s.
SIR EDWARD HALES, of Woodchurch, by deed in 1610, gave to the poor yearly rents out of a farm, called the Legg farm, in Kenardington.
PHEBE GOBLE, of Woodchurch, by will in 1692, gave to the poor 2l. per annum, to be paid by her heirs for ever, out of a farm, called the Bonny Cravat, in Woodchurch, (now an alehouse) the first Sunday after Old Lady-day.
THERE IS A SCHOOL, for reading and writing, supported by contribution, in this parish.
The poor constantly relieved are about ninety, casually 45.
WOODCHURCH is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the dioceseof Canterbury, and deanry of Limne.
¶The church, which is dedicated to All Saints, is large and handsome, consisting of three isles and three chancels, with a spire steeple, shingled, at the west end, in which hang six bells. The windows in the high chancel are small and elegant. There are some very small remains of good painted glass. In this chancel is a stone, with the figure in brass, of a priest praying, and inscription for master Nicholas de Gore, in old French; and another stone, with inscription in brass, for William Benge Capellanus, obt. 1437. In this church are many tombs and gravestones of the family of Harlackenden, which have already been mentioned before. In the south chancel there is a handsome tomb, of Bethersden marble, for Sir Edward Waterhous, chancellor of the exchequer, and privy counsellor to queen Elizabeth, in Ireland, third son of John Waterhous, esq. of Whitechurch, in Buckinghamshire, obt. s. p. 1591, his arms on his tomb, Or, a pile engrailed, sable, quartered with other coats. Kilburne says, in the east window of this chancel, were the arms of Ellis; and in the east window of the north chancel, were several essigies of the Clerkes; and in the north window of it, those of William Harey; all long since gone. The sont in this church seems very antient, being of Bethersden marble, square, and standing on four pillars.
This church was part of the antient possessions of the see of Canterbury, and continues so at this time, his grace the archbishop being the present patron of it.
It is a rectory, valued in the king's books at 26l.13s. 4d. and the yearly tenths at 2l. 13s. 4d. In 1640 it was valued at one hundred and ten pounds. Communicants three hundred and forty-nine. In 1729 at two hundred and thirty pounds per annum.
Among the Lambeth MSS. is a decree of archbishop Peckham, concerning the tithes of Woodchurch, anno 1281. (fn. 8) There are about two acres of glebe land.
Woodchurch is the latest bete noir of Kent churches for me. Or has been for some while. Along with Hinxhill, these two have proved to be impossible to get into. The lat time I tried here was last year's heritage weekend where I found the church locked just after five in the afternoon.
So, after a flurry of e mails this week, and the warden's surprise I have always failed to get in: "its open from seven in the morning to five every day". Maybe I just went on the three or four occasions this did not happen.
Whatever, this was the first stop of the day.
Woodchurch is on the route to Cranbrook and Sissinghurst, so this is the third week I have driven through Ham Street.
We park opposite the two pubs that sit beside each other, one, The Bonny Cravat looked fine with hanging baskets outside.
But too early for a pint, so we walk up the path to the porch and pushed....
The door swung open, and ahead of me, Jools was already in the church.
We found the light switches and lit up the large cool interior.
I found not one, not two, but three squints, or hagioscopes. One, a fabulous on with a double opening. I have not seen anything like it before.
Also, there are three sets of steps, including one to the pulpit and another to the now truncated rood loft.
I climb both.
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An enormous church with much of interest. The fabric dates from the thirteenth century, and the nave arcades of alternate round and octagonal piers are made of ragstone, which was polished in the nineteenth century to resemble Bethersden marble. In fact there are some genuine pieces of Bethersden marble in the church, particularly important visually being the shafts between the east window lancets. On the south-east buttress of the chancel is a mass dial, and on the main south wall is an excellent large sundial. The rood loft stairway survives in the north chapel where there is a good and rare double hagioscope. The sedilia are made up of three graduated thirteenth-century seats with a double piscina incorporated as part of the same scheme. In the south aisle is a medallion of the Blessed Virgin Mary, while the nearby east window depicting the Crucifixion is by Kempe. In front of the pulpit is the brass to a priest, Nicholas Gore (d. 1333), a quatrefoil with a circular inscription, into which is set the figure of Gore in his vestments. The Royal Arms are those of George III and were painted by a local artist, Joseph Gibson, in 1773.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Woodchurch
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WOODCHURCH
IS the next parish south-eastward from Halden, and is within the court of the bailiwic of the Seven Hundreds, which claims paramount over the denne of Ilchenden, being a great part of it; though the manors of Apledore and of Wye claim over some parts of it.
This PARISH, which stands rather on high ground, is about five miles in length from north to south, and three miles and an half in breadth. The soil of it is in general a stiff clay, though in the southern part of it there is some light land, inclining to sand. It is exceedingly covered, throughout most of it, with oaken coppice wood, and the face of the country here, as well as the roads, are much like those of Halden, last described. The village is near the centre of the parish, built mostly round a green, with the church on the north-west side of it, and the parsonage-house. In the south-west part of the parish is Shirley-house and farm, which formerly belonged to the family of Clarke, and afterwards to the Harlackendens, from whom it was purchased by Anne Blackmore, widow of John Blackmore, esq. of Tenterden, who died in 1717; and their grandson Thomas Blackmore, esq. of Hertfordshire, now owns it, with other adjoining estates in this parish. Below this farm southward is a large tract of marshes, called Shirley, or Sherles-moor, being about three miles in length and two in breadth, lying in Woodchurch, Apledore, Eboney, and Tenterden, containing 1245 acres, and is what is called the Upper Levels, the waters of which few through Scots-float into Rye harbour. It is allowed to be the richest land for satting cattle in all these levels. It belongs to several different proprietors, among whom Sir Edward Hales, bart. Thomas Blackmore, esq. the dean and chapter of Canterbury, Richard Curteis, and the heirs of William Henley, esqrs. are the most considerable.
Sir Edward Hales, bart. and Richard Hulse, esq. are lessees of the dean and chapter of Canterbury, for lands in this level, which formerly belonged to the priory of Christ-church there.
About three quarters of a mile northward from the church, is Redbrooke-street, at which formerly resided a family named At-hale, possessed of lands in this and the neighbouring parishes.
THE MANOR OF TOWNLAND, alias WOODCHURCH, is subordinate to that of Apledore, and was part of those lands and estates assigned for the desence of Dover-castle, to the constable of which it was allotted, and made a part of his barony, which was usually stiled from him, the Constabularie, being held by him of the king in capite by barony, by the service of maintaining a certain number of soldiers from time to time for the desence of the castle. Of him and his heirs this manor was held in capite by the service of ward to the castle, Ralph de la Thun held this manor and other lands in Woodchurch, by the above service, in the 43d year of Henry III. in which year he died possessed of it, and from him it acquired the name of Thunland, or Townland, as it was afterwards called. After him Richard de Tunland became possessed of it, whose grandson John Ate Towneland paid aid for it in the 20th year of Edward III. and in his descendants it continued down to Thomas Townland, who died possessed of it in the 7th year of Henry IV. (fn. 1) After which it passed by sale into the family of Norton, whence it was sold, about the beginning of king Henry VIII.'s reign, to the prior and convent of Leeds, who were then possessed of it, as appears by the receipt in the exchequer anno 8 of that reign, Mich. Rot. 35; and it remained part of their possessions till the dissolution of the priory, in the 31st year of that reign, when it came into the hands of the crown; from whence it was granted that year to Thomas, lord Cromwell, earl of Essex, on whose attainder next year, this manor, among the rest of his estates, became forfeited to the crown, where it staid but a small time, for the king, in his 36th year, granted it to Sir Thomas Moile, chancellor of his court of augmentation, who in the 4th year of Edward VI. alienated it to Thomas Ancos, who afterwards sold it to Thomas Lucas, gent, who died possessed of it in the 3d year of queen Elizabeth, hold ing it in capite by knight's service. He was descended from William Lucas, gent. of Ashford, who is recorded in Fuller's history, among those gentry who were returned as such, and qualified to bear arms, by the commissioners anno 12 Henry VI. (fn. 2) By the inquisition taken after his death, it was found, that Thomas Godfrey was his nephew and next heir. He died in the 7th year of that reign, and was succeeded by his brother James Godfrey, who two years afterwards alienated it to Mary, the widow of Sir John Guldeford, of Hemsted, who in the 19th year of that reign sold it to John Shellie, whose son John Shelley, esq. of Michelgrove, was created a baronet in 1611; and in his descendants, baronets, this manor continued till the reign of Charles II. How long it continued in this name, I do not find; for it was now become but of very little note. At length, after some intermediate owners, it became the property of Mr. Gabriel Richards, and since his decease of Mr. William Evans, the present possessor, who resides in it.
THE PLACE-HOUSE, or Woodchurch house, is a seat situated at a small distance eastward from the church, and was the habitation of a family who took both their surname and original from it. Anchitel de Woodchurch was possessed of it about the time of the Conqueror, and gave for his arms, Gules, three swords, erected in pale, argent. His grandson Roger de Woodchurch, is the first that is mentioned in the antient deeds, without date, of this estate, and his grandson Sir Simon de Woodchurch, is in the register of those Kentish gentlemen who accompanied king Edward I. in his victorious expedition into Scotland, where he was knighted, with many others of his countrymen. But in him the name, though not the male line, determined; for by matching with Susan, daughter and heir of Henry le Clerk, of Munsidde, in the parish of Kingsnoth, who brought a large inheritance into his family; his successors, out of gratitude to those who had added so much splendour, and annexed so plentiful a revenue to their name, altered their paternal appellation from Woodchurch to Clerke; and in several of their deeds subsequent to this match were written, Clerke, alias Woodchurch. He left two sons, Simon, who died without male issue; (fn. 3) and Clerke Woodchurch, heir to his mother's lands, as well as to his elder brother at this place, on his failure of male issue; which latter left a son Peter Clerke, alias Woodchurch, who inherited this seat on his father's death, and in his descendants it continued down to Humphry Clarke, for so they then wrote their name, who resided at Buckford, in Great Chart. He sold this seat, with the estate belonging to it, to Martin Harlackenden, esq. of this parish, whose successor Walter Harlackenden resided here in the reign of James I. and his descendant Geo. Harlackenden, esq. of Woodchurch, sold it to Winifred Bridger, widow, and Laurence her son, the latter of whom at his death devised it to his son John, who dying s.p. his sister Mrs. Winifrid Bridger, of Canterbury, succeeded to it, and dying in 1776, unmarried, by will gave it to the Rev. William Dejovas Byrch, of Canterbury, and Elizabeth his wife. He died in 1792, and she in 1798, having surviving issue an only daughter Elizabeth, since deceased, who married Samuel Egerton Brydges, esq. of Denton, who is now in his late wife's right became entitled to it.
Great part of this house has been pulled down, and the remainder of it makes but a very mean appearance, and is inhabited by several different persons.
HENDEN is an estate in this parish, which from having had for a length of time the same owners as that last-described, was once almost accounted an ap pendage to it. This place is supposed (for there are no records existing of it) to have been the original seat of the Hendens, who were in much later times seated at Biddenden-place, in this neighbourhood, as has been mentioned before, where they continued till within these few years. How long they remained possessors of it, cannot therefore be traced; but in the reign of king Richard II. the Capells, of Capellscourt, in Ivychurch, were become owners of it; in the 15th year of which reign Richard Capell died possessed of it. At length, after it had continued in his descendants for some generations, it went by the marriage of a female heir into the family of Harlackenden, of this parish, where it remained till Deborah, daughter and heir of Martin Harlackenden, entitled her husband Sir Edward Hales, knight and baronet, to the possession of this estate, together with others in this parish and neighbourhood, and in his descendants it has continued down to Sir Edward Hales, bart. of St. Stephen's, the present owner of it.
HARLACKENDEN, usually called Old Harlackenden, situated within the boroughof that name which extended likewise over part of the adjoining parish of Shadoxhurst) was for some hundred years the patrimonial demesnes of that name and family, as appeared by a tomb in this church, the inscription on which, long since obliterated, shewed that one of them lay interred there soon after the conquest. Philipott says, the proportion and shape of the characters were much like those in use in the reigns of king Henry IV. and V. which he thinks was occasioned by this tomb having been renewed by one of this person's successors and descendants in one of the above reigns, and the former one might have been in old characters, suitable to the time in which it was first erected. There are none now remaining on it. Kilburne says, it was for William Harlackenden, anno 1081. They bore for their arms, Azure, a sess, ermine, between three lions beads erased, or; which arms were painted in an upper window of Grays-Inn hall, and appeared to have been of long standing there. In his descendants, residents here, many of whom lie buried in this church, this seat continued down to Thomas Harlackenden, esq. of Woodchurch, who procured his lands to be disgavelled by the acts of 31 Henry VIII. and 2 and 3 Edward VI. He died in 1558. (fn. 4) At length his descendant George Harlackenden, esq. of this place, alienated it to Winifried Bridger, widow, and Laurence her son, whose heirs, in the 9th year of queen Anne, procured an act to vest it in trustees, and they accordingly sold it, in 1711, to dame Sarah, widow of Sir Paul Barrett, sergeant-at-law. She died that same year, and by the limitation in her will, (fn. 5) this estate devolved to her grandson Sir Francis Head, bart. son of her first husband Francis Head, esq. who died possessed of it in 1768. After which his widow, lady Head, by virtue of her jointure, came into the possession of it. She died in 1792, and it then devolved to the daughters and coheirs of her late husband Sir Francis Head, and to their heirs, in the like proportions as the Hermitage, in Higham, and his other estates in this county, in which state it remains at present. (fn. 6)
HENHURST is an estate in the north-east part of this parish, which formerly belonged to a family of the same name, whose more antient seat was at Henhurst, in Staplehurst, of which this was but a younger branch. They were likewise often written in old deeds both Henhurst and Enghurst, and continued owners of this place until the reign of king Henry VII. and then Sir Thomas Henghurst dying without issue male, his daughter and sole heir carried it in marriage to Humphry Wife, whose daughter and heir Agnes entitled her husband Mr. Robert Master to the possession of it, who bore for his arms, A lion, rampant, holding in his paws an escallop shell. His son Mr. Thomas Master resided here, but his son Giles Master quitted this residence and removed to Canterbury, where he died in 1644. At length it descended to Sir Harcourt Master, alderman of London, who became possessed of it for the term of his life, by the will of his father's eldest brother's daughter, Mary Master. He died in 1648. Since which it has continued in his descendants, one of whom, Harcourt Masters, esq. of Greenwich, owns it at this time.
HENGHAM, now usually called Great Hengham, corruptly for Engeham, its original name, lies enveloped by woods, about a mile and an half northward from Woodchurch. It was once accounted a manor, and was in early times possessed by a family of the same name, who resided at it, and were stiled sometimes Engham, alias Edingham, in antient deeds, relating to their possessions in different parts of Romney marsh, the latter being probably their original name, and the former one an abbreviation of it. (fn. 7) Alanus de Engham resided here in the reign of king John, and married the daughter of Townland, of this parish, as did his descendant Moses de Engham, alias Edingham, who by marriage with Petronell, daughter of Alan de Plurenden, greatly increased his estate in Woodchurch; and probably of kindred to this family was Odomar Hengham, esq. who died in 1411, and lies buried in the body of Canterbury cathedral. They bore for their arms, Argent, a chevron, sable, between three pellets; on a chief, gules, a lion passant, guardant, or. A branch of this family became possessed of Singleton, in Great Chart, where they rebuilt the mansion, and afterwards resided; but the last residence of the Enghams, in this county, was at Gunston, where they flourished till the beginning of this century. At length Robert Engham, of Woodchurch, leaving two daughters his coheirs, this manor, about the latter end of the reign of Henry VIII. was carried in marriage by Mary, the eldest of them, to Thomas Isley, who leaving five daughters his coheirs, Mary, married to Francis Spelman; Frances, to William Boys, esq. Elizabeth, to Anthony Mason, esq. Anne, to George Delves, esq. and Jane, to Francis Haut, esq. they, in right of their respective wives, became jointly entitled to it. This occasioned a partition of this estate, which was afterwards called by the name of Great and Little Hengham; the former having the antient mansion and manor annexed to it. This part was afterwards alienated to William Hales, esq. of Nackington, who possessed it in the reign of king James I. and in 1640, passed it away by sale to Thomas Godfrey the younger, esq. of Lid, who conveyed it to Clerke, whence it was sold in the reign of king Charles II. to John Grove, gent. of Tunstall, whose descendant Richard Grove, esq. of London, who died unmarried in 1792, by will devised it to Mr. William Jemmott and Mr. William Marshall, the former of whom, on a partition of his estates, became the sole proprietor of it, and continues so at this time. A court baron is held for this manor.
THE OTHER PART of this manor, now called Little Hengham, which lies adjoining to it southward, is now the property of the heirs of Abbot, the Whitfields, and the Combers.
PLERYNDEN, now corruptly called Plunden, is situated in the north-west part of this parish, in the midst of a wood, and in the denne of the same name. It had in early times owners, who took their furname from it and continued so till Petronell, daughter and heir of Alan de Plerynden, who bore for his arms, Perchevron, in chief, two mullets, in base, a martlet, as they appear, carved in stone, on the roof of Canterbury cloysters, carried it in marriage to Moses de Engham, in whose descendants it remained till Vincent Engham, in the reign of queen Elizabeth, passed it away by sale to William Twysden, esq. of Chelmington, whose descendant Sir Thomas Twysden, bart. of Roydon-hall, in East Peckham, about the beginning of queen Anne's reign, sold it to Mr. John Hooker, of Maidstone, who died possessed of it in 1717, and devised it to his second son John, of Broadoak, in Brenchley, gent. who dying unmarried in 1762, devised it to his youngest and only surviving brother Stephen Hooker, gent. of Halden, and he alienated it to John Children, esq. of Tunbridge, whose son George Children, esq. of that place, is the present owner of it.
Charities.
RICHARD BROWNE, late of Woodchurch, by will in 1562, gave to the poor of this parish a rent charge of 4l. 10s. per annum, on every Trinity Sunday for ever, out of a messuage called Webbes, in this parish, of the clear annual produce of 3l. 8s.
SIR EDWARD HALES, of Woodchurch, by deed in 1610, gave to the poor yearly rents out of a farm, called the Legg farm, in Kenardington.
PHEBE GOBLE, of Woodchurch, by will in 1692, gave to the poor 2l. per annum, to be paid by her heirs for ever, out of a farm, called the Bonny Cravat, in Woodchurch, (now an alehouse) the first Sunday after Old Lady-day.
THERE IS A SCHOOL, for reading and writing, supported by contribution, in this parish.
The poor constantly relieved are about ninety, casually 45.
WOODCHURCH is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the dioceseof Canterbury, and deanry of Limne.
¶The church, which is dedicated to All Saints, is large and handsome, consisting of three isles and three chancels, with a spire steeple, shingled, at the west end, in which hang six bells. The windows in the high chancel are small and elegant. There are some very small remains of good painted glass. In this chancel is a stone, with the figure in brass, of a priest praying, and inscription for master Nicholas de Gore, in old French; and another stone, with inscription in brass, for William Benge Capellanus, obt. 1437. In this church are many tombs and gravestones of the family of Harlackenden, which have already been mentioned before. In the south chancel there is a handsome tomb, of Bethersden marble, for Sir Edward Waterhous, chancellor of the exchequer, and privy counsellor to queen Elizabeth, in Ireland, third son of John Waterhous, esq. of Whitechurch, in Buckinghamshire, obt. s. p. 1591, his arms on his tomb, Or, a pile engrailed, sable, quartered with other coats. Kilburne says, in the east window of this chancel, were the arms of Ellis; and in the east window of the north chancel, were several essigies of the Clerkes; and in the north window of it, those of William Harey; all long since gone. The sont in this church seems very antient, being of Bethersden marble, square, and standing on four pillars.
This church was part of the antient possessions of the see of Canterbury, and continues so at this time, his grace the archbishop being the present patron of it.
It is a rectory, valued in the king's books at 26l.13s. 4d. and the yearly tenths at 2l. 13s. 4d. In 1640 it was valued at one hundred and ten pounds. Communicants three hundred and forty-nine. In 1729 at two hundred and thirty pounds per annum.
Among the Lambeth MSS. is a decree of archbishop Peckham, concerning the tithes of Woodchurch, anno 1281. (fn. 8) There are about two acres of glebe land.
Sister Avro ship HB-IXV passed by our remote boarding site. Swiss' colours are really striking in the sun.
*Airplanes 101* (See Airplanes 101 Set)
Name: Bae-146-300/RJ100/RJX100
Manufacturer: British Aerospace/Avro (UK)
Main Role: medium capacity medium range regional jetliner
Basic design: Four engined single aisle narrow body regional Jet.
Capacity: Roughly 100 passengers
Range: 3000km
First delivery date: 1988
Still in production in 2006: No
Easily confused for: other variants of the RJ/Bae-146 series. With it's top of fuselage mounted wings the only other jet aircraft similar are military so this is a very easily identifiable civilian airliner. The only trouble is defining the model.
Main identifying points: The most obvious identifyer are the wings being mounted on top of the fuselage instead of underneath. Also the fact such a small jet has four engines. Add to it the very distinctive nose cose, cockpit windown and T-Tail and you have a very unique looking aircraft. These are still seen worldwide but as fuel costs go up they are increasingly a rare site. The -100 series just has a longer fuselage.
Examples of Main Operators: Northwest, Air France, Swiss Air Lines
2011
paint and hand embroidery on interfacing
these were created for a show directed towards the visually impaired and are intended to be held, touched and manipulated. i wanted them to still be visually interesting, aesthetically pleasing, etc...but it was challenging to think how i could incorporate texture in a different way so as to "read" the pieces with one's hands.
i imagine that the visually impaired have a heightened sense of touch, so will, perhaps, notice the nuances in stitches and surfaces. plus the verso side is a whole new experience!
Visually, the finished look is one of pure line with few design elements. The atmosphere is one of pure tranquillity during the day; the reflection of sky in the water and very little to distract the eye. At night the lighting scheme creates a magical pathway fading into the distance, and always there is the gentle sound of running water.
Part of a larger scheme, these clients wanted an ultra-simple, minimalist waterfeature on two levels. The main material used was a pale cream Travertine detailed with a dark slate-grey.
At the lower level, a canal runs across the garden. The main steps are accessed by stepping stones across the water.
The upper level features two rills. Water flows away from the house and cascades via two stainless steel waterfalls onto the lower level beyond, aerating and purifying. The paving features LED flush lighting to highlight the edge of the scheme and the steps and all three bodies of water are floodlit discreetly below the water surface.
The only plant material is six ball-shaped box trees, providing a simple, sculptural look to this otherwise angular scheme.
In the seed processing plant at Bidasem, workers visually examine and manually sift maize seed on a conveyor belt, picking out material such as damaged or spoiled seed or pieces of cob. After initial cleaning and sorting, all seed that goes through the plant passes through quality control. If a sample from a batch is found to more have more than 2% impurities, they are either separated out by hand like this or using a gravity table. The batch is then resampled to ensure a clean bill of health to continue processing.
Bidasem is a small seed company based in the city of Celaya in the central Mexican plains region known as the Bajío. It produces approximately 10,000 bags of maize seed a year, each holding 22.5kg, as well as producing wheat and oat seed and marketing seed of other crops. Despite their small size, Bidasem and similar companies play an important role in reaching small farmers with improved seed that offers them better livelihoods. “Our aim is to provide farmers with quality seed at accessible prices, that is adapted to the conditions we have here in the Bajío. It’s a great satisfaction, when farmers achieve the yields they need,” says director general María Esther Rivas.
“Without CIMMYT, we couldn’t exist,” says Rivas. She sells four different maize hybrids, all formed from freely-available CIMMYT parent lines. “Really the most important thing is to produce your own hybrids, and for us it wouldn’t be possible if we didn’t have the germplasm from CIMMYT. What we’re currently producing is 100% CIMMYT.” The relationship between Bidasem and CIMMYT is now deepening through participation in the MasAgro initiative, which includes training courses for seed companies and collaborative trials to evaluate the best seed.
Photo credit: X. Fonseca/CIMMYT.
For more on seed production at Bidasem, and CIMMYT's role in providing the best seed, see CIMMYT's 2012 e-news story The seed chain: producing better seed for small farmers, available online at: www.cimmyt.org/en/newsletter/598-2012/1398-the-seed-chain....
Contributor(s): Public Library of Columbus and Franklin County. Talking Books Service.
Library of Congress. National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped.
Publication: [Ohio] : Public Library of Columbus and Franklin County, Outreach Services Division, Talking Books Service, [19--]
Language(s): English
Format: Still image
Subject(s): Aged,
Visually Impaired Persons,
Reading, Tape Recording,
Library Services, Child
Genre(s): Posters
Abstract: Multicolor poster with white and black lettering. Title and note at top of poster. Visual image is a color photo reproduction featuring an elderly man and a boy. The man holds a large tape player and the boy holds a cassette container. Several books are visible in the background. Publisher and sponsor information at bottom of poster.
Extent: 1 photomechanical print (poster) : 56 x 44 cm.
Technique: color
NLM Unique ID: 101449718
NLM Image ID: A031094
Permanent Link: resource.nlm.nih.gov/101449718
I had the good fortune of attending and photographing a heritage walk for visually challenged children at Humayun's tomb, New Delhi. Conducted by my good friend Nilesh Joshi and his sister as a part of an initiative by their NGO, T.H.E (Tradition Heritage Ecology). It was a truly unique experience. The children were indeed very special.
Shoes Men Dress - Mr Angel Shoes offers some most innovative and visually stunning men's shoes you have ever seen. mrangelshoes.com/ From creative shoes for men to designer dress shoes, we offer shoes that you will love. We also have a large range of Red, Silver, Gold and Pink Dress Shoes for men that are cool and will blow your mind! Our shoes are perfect for all occasions - formals, dinner parties, parties, night clubs, events....even as Wedding Party Shoes. Why Shoes Are Vital to a Man's Success The modern businessman needs to be well-read when it comes to men's fashion. The way a man dresses is how he is identified by others in the office. Naturally, a traditional tie and well fitted suit are paramount. Yet, shoes sometimes get left in the shuffle. Shoes are equally important as the suit you wear to work. Shoes can make or break your outfit. If you are dressing to impress others, you better be wearing shoes that not only match your outfit, but are gleaming. With the world dressing in a more casual manner it has become increasingly difficult to distinguish between dress shoes and casual shoes. Still, some shoes can now be used for either dress or casual. The square toe and a wider shoe have become popular, replacing the thin rounder shoe. Further, this applies to both loafers and laced shoes. While many men's shoes still have the traditional heel, the wedge has suddenly become fashionable. These shoes provide a sole and heel in one mold, versus the standard heel which is separated from the sole. A good tip to follow for dressing-down is to wear a rubber soled shoe, and leave the wood soles for upscale occasions. As mentioned, many casual shoes can pass for dress shoes. How dressy your shoes are depends on where you work, and what your office expects. Still, if you work in an upscale office the classic heeled dress shoes are best. Ankle boots for men have indeed become popular casual ware and are available in either laced or Velcro style. Laces for both dress and casual shoes are thin. Stay away from sneaker type laces. Some offices allow sneakers to be worn on Casual Friday. However, this does not mean you can show up for work in the sneakers you use to mow the lawn. Yet, a casual sneaker will keep you comfortable, and you still can present the allure of passion and success. The best base colors are white, gray, and beige. This goes great with red, black and yellow for detailed colors, and does not present too loud a look. In the end, being away from the office still affords you the opportunity to wear a good-looking pair of shoes. Some of the latest hiking shoes compliment jeans and even Dockers nicely. There is no reason you cannot continue to wear great looking shoes on a Saturday night. While you might be casually dressed, you can still have an air of confidence and success. In an upscale office it is best to wear the classic heeled shoe, and make sure they are polished. Pohl is a writer for men's fashion. He also started several online tie retailers including is latest website: this site by the name of Bows-N-Ties.com that sorted ties by color. Article Source: EzineArticles.com/?expert=Hendrik_Pohl Article Source: EzineArticles.com/6031905
053/366
Act Of Valor
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You can check out the tutorial here:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=INqqu35yJ28
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Inspired by the upcoming movie "Act Of Valor"
I wanted to create something visually striking and also kind of like an ad.
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As soon as I saw the trailer again, I knew what I wanted to do!
-There is a scene with a soldier on an aircraft carrier.
I saw it and was like "THIS!!!"
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Obviously, I don't have Aircraft Carriers just laying around…so I had to think of an idea.
Creating an airplane from a drawing, using clouds and a carrier and blah blah blah, was WAY too much time than I wanted to invest for a Project 366 Photo.
So I improvised.
I loaded up Battlefield 3 and went to Noshahr Canals.
Canals has the best carrier for what I wanted to do.
I then took several screenshots (13 to be exact) of the jet and carrier.
I needed to use Photomerge in Photoshop to get the Panoramic style I needed for the composite.
-This process took me almost 2 hours to complete because of bad Photomerges and having to redo this process over and over
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Once the "background" was finally composited, I needed to get a picture of myself holding a walkie-talkie or…..something.
I looked ALL over the house, for an hour, to find something I could use.
I finally grabbed a hair brush and said, "screw it….I'm using this"
Then I called all of my army friends for some fatigues, but no one was available until tomorrow or this weekend.
So I had to improvise…I grabbed my snowboarding jacket and my BlackRapid Camera straps.
Figured I could at least make it "look" like it was "special" or something….Yea….
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Now that everything was in place, I set up the cam on the tripod, got in front of the green screen and started trying to get my "shot".
It took several tries to get that *one* shot (40 to be exact; I used #38).
Once completed, I went into Photoshop and started my work!
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Once 95% finished in Photoshop, I threw the image into After Effects to put a nice Optical Flares preset on the photo to really give it a *pop*
Then back in to Photoshop for the final touch and then in to Lightroom for the final export!
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Overall, this composite took about 8-10 hours to complete, and that is BEFORE the tutorial was been dubbed.
In the end, it was about 15 hours total, plus render time to complete the *entire* project.
-I am pretty proud of this work.
I did something that I have never seen anyone do before (using multiple photos of IN-GAME footage of a video game to Photomerge for a panoramic composite background shot); Then compositing myself into that Panoramic shot.
I am stoked it came out how it did. I think I *leveled up* on this one!
::
You can check out the tutorial here:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=INqqu35yJ28
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Canon 5DmII
Canon 70-200mm f/2.8 @ 75mm @ f/7.1
ISO 2000
Shutter 1/80
Softbox - Back Left
Softbox - Back Right
Beautybox - Front Left
BF3 Stills:
13 Shots using Fraps
Switching between Grenade & Knife to get a Clean Plate
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If you use an epiem photo, please tag us, or at least give us credit.
Please DO NOT crop, modify, edit or change our images.
All images are property of epiem
©epiem 2012
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Thanks for looking!
If you like our photos, please remember to Favorite, Comment and Share!
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epiem
Website: http://www.epiem.com
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This visually dynamic 1960 Czech Republic badge promotes the famous International Engineering Fair (known as MSV Brno) that's been running annually from the Czech city of Brno since 1959. It is considered the premier industrial event in Central Europe with a world wide profile and reputation.
In its current format today, this major engineering Fair showcases and focuses on areas such as:
> mining, metallurgical, foundering, ceramic and glass engineering,
> material components for mechanical engineering,
> drives, hydraulics and pneumatics,
> cooling technology and air-conditioning,
> plastics, rubber technology and chemical industry,
> machining, forming and surface finishing,
> power engineering and heavy-current electrical engineering
> electronics, automation and measuring technology,
> ecological technology.
As well as hosting this particular engineering Fair, Brno, due in part to its important geographical location, has been holding Fairs since 1243. The catalyst behind the early Fairs was Brno's emerging textile industry with the first trade shows appearing in the 18th Century. Trade exhibitions since 1821 have included merchants from Vienna, Linz, Saxony, Hungary and Turkey.
Brno is synonymous with Trade Fairs reflecting its industrial, scientific and logistical hub profile within Central Europe. Along with the Brno's Industrial Engineering Fair, the city hosts multiple, diverse Fairs throughout the year embracing, for example, the areas of medical technology, automobiles, caravans, timber construction, minerals etc. Since 1928, the city has had a dedicated site for hosting trade fairs, an area that has radically grown in size throughout the subsequent decades.
From a graphic design perspective, the badge is one of those designs that is stylistically ahead of its time compared to the majority of branding work from this era. There is, primarily through the clarity of the sans serif typeface and colour scheme, an association with the 'clean' designs that emanated from the 1950s International Typographic Style (also known as Swiss Style). The typography works harmoniously with the bold directional arrows that allude to the trading exchange and transfer of knowledge between the 'East' and the 'West' (referencing Brno's pivotal geographical location). At the hub of the design is a gear or cogwheel, a well known device that symbolizes the notion of 'engineering' as well as the cycle of business, trade and knowledge generated by this Fair. The graphic on this badge is still used today (with very subtle modifications) as the brand for its International Engineering Fair - testimony to its visual durability and longevity for over 50 years... and still going strong.
Photography, layout and design: Argy58
(This image also exists as a high resolution jpeg and tiff - ideal for a variety of print sizes e.g. A4, A3, A2 and A1. The current uploaded format is for screen based viewing only:72pi)
Douglaston Hill Historic District, Douglaston Hill, Queens, New York City, New York, United States
About the district:
The Douglaston Hill Historic District consists of thirty-one wood frame houses constructed largely between 1890 and 1930. Well-preserved turn-of-the-century residential suburbs of free-standing wood-frame houses were once relatively common in New York City, but are now becoming increasingly rare due to newer development or inappropriate alterations. The majority of the houses were designed using either the Queen Anne, neo-Colonial, or Arts & Crafts styles, making the district visually coherent.
Douglaston Hill was laid out as a suburban development in 1853 in anticipation of the arrival of the Flushing & Northside Railroad.
Development proceeded slowly until the 1890s, when a small group of families acting as realtors, developers and home owners shaped the community. William J. and Josephine Hamilton, Denis and Ellen O’Leary, and several members of the Stuart family were among the first to build in the area and were all prominent residents. William Hamilton, described as the Awell-known builder of Douglaston, developed several lots. Denis O’Leary was a prominent attorney and politician who was active in civic affairs within and outside of Douglaston Hill, serving as an Assistant Corporation Counsel for New York City, Public Works Commissioner, U. S. Congressman and as a founding officer of the Douglaston Hose Company No. 1. The Stuarts were involved in different aspects of the building trades, including architect, contractor, carpenter, and painter.
Most of the houses in Douglaston Hill combine stylistic elements from architectural styles popular from 1890 to 1930. The picturesque qualities of the neo-Colonial, Queen Anne, and Arts & Crafts styles, with their intersecting rooflines, tall chimneys, clapboard and shingle cladding as well as spacious porches, link many of the houses. Nos. 240-25 43rd Avenue and 240-35 43rd Avenue were built in 1900-01 from plans by architect D. S. Hopkins by the O’Learys and the Hamiltons, respectively. They feature deep semi-elliptical porches with classical entry surrounds, Tuscan column porch supports, and complex treatment of the window groupings, including a Palladian window with decorative swags. The four houses at 240-24 to 240-42 42nd Avenue, built by the Hamiltons and the O’Learys in 1903-04, feature a complicated intersection of gables and multi-level eaves but are modestly-scaled. Homes continued to be built in the historic district through the 1920s including the 1925-26 neo-Colonial- style house at 24018 42nd Avenue, designed and built by Samuel Lindbloom, and the 1926-27 Arts and Crafts-style house at 240-11 43rd Avenue, designed by architect Aubrey Grantham.
The period from 1900 to 1930 was one of enormous growth for the borough of Queens and Douglaston. One Douglaston observer noted: ABy 1910 the old farms are disappearing....by 1920 our village assumes an air of suburban dignity. The Douglaston Hill historic district preserves this now rapidly-disappearing era of the suburban development of Queens.
Historical and Architectural Development of the Douglaston Hill Historic District
42-09 240 Street (aka 42-09 – 42-11 240 Street and 16 – 240 Street) Block/Lot: 8106/12
Date: 1926 (NB 12897-1926) Architect: Samuel Lindbloom Original Owners: Samuel Lindbloom and M. Edwin Schultz Type: Free-standing house Style: neo-Colonial Stories: 2 Materials: Wood frame covered with wood shingles, painted blue; above a concrete foundation. Notable site features: Sloping lot; cobblestone gutters; bluestone curbs; mature shrubs; concrete steps; cobblestone retaining wall at the sidewalk; brick retaining wall at the rear (east side) of the lot. Related structure on the site: Wood-frame garage.
Description: Main Façade (overlooking 240 Street): Three bays; brick and concrete stoop; gabled portico with open pediment and Doric columns; sidelit main entryway with fanlight and historic hanging lamp; non-historic one-over-one vinyl sash with pane dividers; molded window surrounds; historic paneled wood shutters; historic copper downspouts from the roof. Roof: Asphalt-shingle-covered gables with overhanging eaves; gabled dormers on the west slope with returning eaves, flat pilasters, and fanlit windows; vented cupola with surmounting, wrought-iron weathervane; brick chimney, painted gray; shed dormer on the east slope. North Façade: Irregular bay arrangement; similar to the main façade; electrical conduit. South Façade: Two-story porch, enclosed at the first story; grouped fenestration; non-historic one-over-one vinyl sash with pane dividers; asphalt-shingle-covered shed roof; square columns and railings.
Rear (East) Façade: Three bays; similar to the main façade; secondary entryway with historic paneled wood and glass door; wood porch with square columns and surmounting, asphalt-shingle-covered shed roof; non-historic one-over-one wood sash with pane dividers; historic paneled wood shutters. Garage: Two bays; asphalt-shingle-covered gable roof; non-historic aluminum roll-up doors; louvered vent.
History: This neo-Colonial-style dwelling was designed by local architect/builder Samuel Lindbloom in 1926, and was built by Lindbloom in partnership with M. Edwin Schultz, an area contractor, during the enormous growth period of the 1920s, when the population of the Douglaston/Little Neck area increased from 2,000 to 8,000 and several new houses were constructed in the Douglaston Hill Historic District on new building sites created by the continuing subdivision of the original Marathon lots; this house occupies a portion of former Marathon lot 88. In addition, there was a growing interest in historic preservation and Colonial architecture in the 1920s, and Lindbloom was clearly a proponent, having produced three neo-Colonial-style houses in the historic district, as well as having moved and restored the adjacent house at 240-02 42 Avenue. This house features a symmetrical 2 ½-story, three-bay façade, plus a one-story side porch to the south.
It is distinguished by its gabled entry portico with an open pediment and Doric columns, a sidelit main entryway with a fanlight and paneled door, and molded window surrounds. The gabled roof has overhanging eaves and gabled dormers with eave returns, flat pilasters, and fanlit windows. The roof is surmounted by a vented cupola with a wrought-iron weathervane and a tall brick chimney. There is a one-story, wood-frame garage located, built at the same time as the house, at the rear of the lot, and entered via a driveway leading from 42 Avenue. The house’s neo-Colonial-style design reinforces the strong suburban character of the neighborhood. It is remarkably intact.
Introduction
The Douglaston Hill Historic District, located in northeastern Queens near the border with Nassau County, is significant for its principles of mid-nineteenth and early-twentiethcentury community planning and development, and as an example of an early twentieth century suburb. The district consists of thirty-one freestanding single-family homes that are fine examples of many late nineteenth and early twentieth century architectural styles, including Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, Shingle, Arts and Crafts and Tudor Revival. The district’s parklike setting, architectural expression and social history, represents the evolution of the commuter suburb, and is a precursor to the speculative suburban development which remade Queens in the twentieth century.
This transformation of Queens from colonial villages, estates, and small farms to commuter suburbs was typical of American settlement patterns in many parts of the country. The dramatic spatial change that this pattern of growth brought about – and the parallel development of a quintessential American lifestyle – were due to several factors. Rapid advances in transportation, particularly the steam railroad in the first half of the nineteenth century, made long-distance commuting possible. New levels of personal wealth following the Civil War, coupled with the pervasive cultural values of mainstream Victorian society, gave rise to a middle class that embraced virtues of domesticity, home ownership, and life in a sylvan setting. These values were made manifest in the commuter suburb, which placed the single-family house in a non-urban setting, convenient to the city by rail.
By 1939, the Federal Writers’ Project New York City Guide had designated Queens the “borough of homes,” a result of some fifty years of intensive speculative, mostly suburban, housing development. This development had its roots in planned developments of the 1870s and was greatly accelerated by the consolidation of New York City in 1898 – specifically by the public transportation improvements, large-scale middle-class migration, and public works it brought to the new Borough of Queens.
In the Douglaston Hill Historic District, this history of community planning and development, from the 1850s to the 1920s, can be read in the district’s topography, layout, and architecture. Most of the houses in the Douglaston Hill Historic District feature stylistic elements of popular architectural styles from the 1890s to the 1920s, which contribute to the district’s visual coherence. The historic district’s buildings display a high level of architectural quality, and constitutes a distinct sense of place. It is a significant reminder of the historic and cultural development of suburban Queens.
Early History
The Native American presence on the Little Neck peninsula, today known as Douglaston, included the Matinicoc, one of the Munsee-speaking groups of western Long Island. Their land during the contact period (1550 – ca. 1750) reputedly extended from Newtown eastward to the Nissequogue River and southward to the center of Long Island. Their name roughly translates to “at the hilly land.” The Munsee were a loosely-related Lenape group whose settlements included larger villages at river mouths and smaller camps in areas utilized for subsistence activities. By the mid-1600s, several English and Dutch colonial towns and farming villages had been established in what is now northeastern Queens, such as Mespat (Maspeth), founded in 1642, Vlissingen (Flushing), founded in 1643, and Jamaica, founded in 1650. Colonial settlement along the northeastern shore began near Alley Pond in 1647, and a decade later when, in 1656, the Dutch assigned to Thomas Hicks a peninsula then called “Little Madman’s Neck,” which encompassed much of the present-day Douglaston. Hicks evicted the Matinecoc Indian Tribe from its fishing ground on Little Neck Bay in the 1660s in what is the only such seizure of property documented in Flushing town records.
In 1683, Queens County was established as one of ten English counties, divided into five towns: Newtown, Jamaica, Flushing, Hempstead, and Oyster Bay, made up of various villages and settlements. The Alley Pond settlement, including present-day Douglaston, lay within the town of Flushing. Farming was the primary use of the land, with a few prominent families owning most of the land. A number of estates were built in the area prior to the Revolutionary war, including the Van Wyck House of 1735 (126 West Drive, aka 37-04 Douglaston Parkway, both an individually designated New York City Landmark and located within the Douglaston Historic District). During the Revolutionary War, Queens County served as a staging ground for British troops, and by the war’s end in 1783, the extensive tracts of primeval forest that had characterized the county had been devastated and many of its farms had been pillaged.Recovery and growth were slow in the first half of the nineteenth century, but transportation improvements, such as turnpikes and railroads, led the way for future settlements.
Origins of Douglaston Hill
In 1813, ownership of the land presently comprising the Douglaston Hill Historic District and its environs passed to Wynant Van Zandt III (1767-1831). A prominent New York City merchant, he had been a city alderman and a vestryman of Trinity Church in Manhattan before retiring to Little Neck as a gentleman farmer. He built a large manor in 1819, which survives as the Douglaston Club (600 West Drive, located in the Douglaston Historic District). Van Zandt kept his property in agricultural use. He also took an active interest in the civic affairs of the community around Alley Pond. In 1824, he financed the construction of a causeway across the marsh, creating a more direct and efficient route to Flushing. In 1829, he bequested land and funds for the construction of Zion Episcopal Church, which was completed the following year.
A few years after Van Zandt’s death in 1831, the family sold the estate. The waterfront peninsula portion of the property (which now partly comprises the Douglaston Historic District) was sold to George Douglas. The portion to the south, encompassing what is now Douglaston Hill, was sold in 1834 to Joseph DeForest. One year later, Cortland Van Beuren acquired the property from DeForest. Van Beuren sold it in 1843 to Jeremiah Lambertson, a local farmer, who held the property until 1853, when he laid it out in an urban grid, named the subdivision Marathon, and sold the lots at auction. The timing of Lambertson’s subdivision suggests that he was anticipating the arrival of passenger train service on the Flushing and Northside Railroad, which was being extended eastward at the time, reaching Flushing in 1854, with plans to reach Great Neck, Long Island, via Douglaston, by the late 1860s.
On February 15, 1853, the Flushing Journal reported that a party of sixteen persons arriving by omnibus had purchased the Lambertson farm with the intent of building country seats upon it. Property deed records show that title was transferred on July 23 and 27, 1853 to twenty-five buyers, with most buyers purchasing three or four lots each. Lambertson had laid out generous 200 foot by 200 foot lots on the sloping land, and named the streets for trees: Pine, Cherry, Poplar and Willow. The Lambertson family continued to be an important presence in the area, retaining their farmstead located at Northern Boulevard and Main Street (now Douglaston Parkway) into the 1870s.
Suburban Context
Because the Douglaston Hill subdivision was one of the earliest in northeastern Queens (Woodside and Bayside, both earlier stops on the Flushing and Northside Railroad, were not laid out until 1867 and 1872, respectively), its evolution from mapped lots to built form provides a window into how the commuter suburb developed as a physical and psychological manifestation of American middle class values. The ideas of a new and distinct form of community planning had their origins in the garden city movement of England of the 1820s, wherein the characteristics of rural, domestically-centered pre-industrial environments were consciously incorporated into new towns. These ideas were becoming more widely known around the time of the Lambertson subdivision. Their first expression in the United States was in the picturesque, semi-rural cemeteries created in the 1830s. City dwellers used these cemeteries as parks and picnic grounds. Many early suburban residential projects incorporated design elements of the cemeteries, such as contrived naturalistic landscapes and street names evoking natural features.
By mid-century, a group of writers and designers had created a “cult of domesticity,” proclaiming the moral virtues of family, home ownership and semi-rural living. Catherine Beecher’s widely read Treatise on Domestic Economy (1841), and Andrew Jackson Downing’s A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening (1841), were among the first books to offer house plans, and argue that gardens and home ownership were key to harmonious family life. These books were instrumental in formulating the American domestic ideal and the development of the American suburb. By the 1850s, many of Downing’s principles were being expressed in the suburban developments created by his partner Calvert Vaux, architect Alexander Jackson Davis, and the landscape designer Frederick Law Olmsted.
In 1853, Davis and Llewellyn Haskell, a developer, created Llewellyn Park, New Jersey, the first American suburb. Twelve miles from Manhattan, and just outside of the City of Newark, New Jersey, it was a 350-acre development with a strip of common parkland, curving streets, a consistent architectural expression, and a pastoral landscape. Llewellyn Park embodied the essence of what would become the characteristic suburb, except that it was several miles from a railroad station and thus impractical for all but the very wealthy. In the following years, Davis’s and Haskell’s concept was emulated and refined in new suburban developments throughout the eastern and mid-western United States. Often, these new communities were created around a town center and/or a railroad station, and included stipulations that ensured the creation and protection of a certain desired character through the use of restrictive covenants concerning the size of the lots and the siting of the houses.
Laid out around the same time as Llewellyn Park, the Lambertson subdivision at Douglaston Hill lacked the curving streets and instead consisted of a traditional street grid and lotting system, but the commodious lots were consistent with the suburban principles being advanced at the time. Douglaston Hill’s main development, however, occurred some forty years later, approximately between the years 1890 and 1930. Since restrictive covenants were not in place and most of the original lots were subsequently divided, the Douglaston Hill Historic District came to display greater density and architectural variety than many similar developments. It nevertheless maintains many of the design and social values of the suburban ideals of Downing, Davis, and the others.
Early Development
At the time of the 1853 Marathon subdivision, the Village of Alley Pond was a shipping and trading hub, its general store providing an immense variety of goods, “from needle to anchor.” A community of oystermen was thriving, with more than a dozen sloops and schooners operating on Little Neck Bay at the foot of Old House Landing Road (now Little Neck Parkway). Two possible oystermen cottages from the early or mid-nineteenth century may have
survived within the Douglaston Hill Historic District. No. 240-27 Depew Avenue (originally Willow Street) is a 1 ½-story, altered frame cottage with some vaguely Greek Revival-style detailing, such as the smaller second-story fenestration that are characteristic of rural house design in the first half of the nineteenth century. The house, which is situated very close to the front of the lot and below the grade of Depew Avenue, is currently three bays wide, and has a one-story wing on its west side that looks to have been added later in the nineteenth century, or possibly the early twentieth century. The building appears on the Beers Atlas of 1873, which is the earliest-available map of the area showing buildings. The house possibly predates the 1853 subdivision and sale, and could have been built by Jeremiah Lambertson or Cortland Van Beuren. Another possibility is that it was moved to its present location sometime before 1873, possibly by William Holland, one of the original purchasers in 1853. The neighboring house at 240-35 Depew Avenue may be of a similar origin, but was greatly expanded and appears to have been moved to the rear of the lot in the early-twentieth century. The house includes an original 1 ½-story wing, similar in proportion, material, and detail to 240-27 Depew Avenue.
In 1866-67, the Flushing and Northside Railroad reached the Little Neck area. William Douglas donated a farm building from his estate to serve as the railroad station; in exchange, he asked that the station and the village around be called Douglaston. The arrival of the railroad greatly reduced travel time to the city, but the trip still required taking a ferry from Long Island City to Manhattan. Douglaston remained relatively isolated, slowly attracting new residents. The house at 41-45 240 Street (originally Prospect Avenue) appears to date to period of the railroad’s arrival. This two-story frame, altered Italianate-style house, which appears on the 1873 Beers Atlas, still occupies its original 200 by 200 foot lot that was purchased by August Michan of New York in 1853. The way the house is positioned at the back of its lot reflects early suburban ideals. By 1873, the house was occupied by Alexander Taylor, who remained there and may have owned it until 1900.
Area census records from 1870 and 1880 portray a rural population comprised of farmers, farmhands, baymen, laborers, oystermen, house keepers, grooms, coachmen, wheelwrights, and stone masons, as well as a stockbroker and an insurance agent.
Suburban Growth 1890-1930
In 1887, just prior to Douglaston Hill’s key period of growth, the Flushing Journal reported on the area’s idyllic setting: “Possessing all of the requisite features which tend to make a place of sojourn acceptable, Douglaston, indeed, is the Elysium of restfulness and peace. From the old curbed wells that can be found in the yards of most of the farm houses to the stately trees that line the drives leading to the same – everything smacks of rural life in its most pleasing form.” By the turn of the century, new residents – both permanent and seasonal – were introducing a middle-class commuter population into this secluded hamlet community. Around
the turn of the century, many of the generous lots were being subdivided, wherein the 200-foot front to rear dimensions were retained, but the 200-foot side-to-side dimensions were reduced. Later, some lot widths were reduced even more. The houses were built mainly in the same plane, near the street and centered on their lots. Many of the houses were built speculatively, although some were erected specifically for occupancy by their owners. The houses modestly combine stylistic elements from popular styles, especially those found in the neo-Colonial style, although some of the turn-of-the-century houses display Queen Anne- and Shingle-style influences, while some from the 1920s have Tudor- and Arts-and-Crafts-style elements. The presence of porches, high chimneys, projecting eaves, and bays embrace the picturesque suburban ideals of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Mass-produced construction components and rail transportation gave rise to the freer plans and excesses of late nineteenth and early twentieth century architectural styles. The picturesque qualities of weatherboard and wood-shingle cladding, intersecting rooflines, tall brick chimneys, and spacious porches link many of the houses in the Douglaston Hill Historic District. An eclectic use of classically-inspired detailing, characteristic of the neo-Colonial style, is prevalent: patterned shingle ornament, Palladian window groupings, molded window and door surrounds, and pedimented porticos. The historic district’s pre-World War I houses reflect a combination of stylistic influences – and particularly illustrate how such influences are incorporated into basic vernacular forms by local builders. They feature a complicated intersection of gables and multi-level eaves, but are modestly-scaled and otherwise simple in architectural expression. The houses maintain a vernacular simplicity, while also expressing a link to popular architectural styles.
Two new houses were completed by the turn of the century. The altered neo-Colonialstyle house at 240-44 43 Avenue was built c.1891-1900 by either local postmaster and gardener Albert Benz or box manufacturer Adolph Helmus. This house is 2 ½ stories and features a wraparound porch and intersecting gable roofs -- popular architectural forms during this period. The shingled Queen Anne-style house at 42-25 240 Street was built in 1899-1900 for Jeannie Clark. Featuring a polygonal corner tower and turret with paneled moldings and brackets, and a tall brick chimney, this 2 ½-story house was designed by architect John A. Sinclair and constructed by builder Herman Haak. The original siting of the houses, which included a large sideyards that were later developed reflect a continuation of the mid-nineteenth-century suburban ideals embodied in the original Marathon subdivision, while their picturesque roofline reinforce the strong suburban character of the neighborhood.
From 1900 until the First World War, fifteen of the historic district’s thirty-one houses were built. Of these, three families were responsible for at least twelve of the fifteen houses. This small group, whose actions as realtors, builders, and home owners shaped the community both physically and socially, were some of the area’s most prominent residents. William J. Hamilton and his wife, Josephine, were probably the first to develop houses speculatively in the Douglaston Hill area, and constructed six of the houses in the historic district. In his brother’s obituary in 1907, Hamilton was described as the “well-known builder of Douglaston.” Denis O’Leary and his wife, Ellen, also Douglaston Hill residents, built another four, while members of the Stuart family – John, Frederick, Charles, and James, Jr. – constructed three adjacent houses on 43 Avenue.
Denis and Ellen O’Leary were Douglaston Hill residents from about 1901 through 1943, the year that Denis O’Leary died. Denis O’Leary was typical of an early suburban commuter. A prominent attorney and politician, he was active in civic affairs. He served as an Assistant Corporation Counsel for New York City, Public Works Commissioner, Queens District Attorney, and United States Congressman. Locally, he was a founding officer of the Douglaston Hose Company No. 1, and was active in numerous charitable and fraternal organizations, including the Shinnecock Democratic Club of Flushing, the Flushing Council, the Catholic Benevolent Legion, and the Holy Name Society of Sacred Heart Church.
Each member of the Stuart family, also long-term Douglaston Hill and Little Neck residents, worked in differing areas of the building trades and appear to have collaborated in the construction of several houses. John Stuart of Little Neck, whose name often appeared as the architect of record on plans filed at the Department of Buildings, was listed as a building material supplier in early-twentieth-century city directories and censuses. His building plans were often noted in the local newspapers, such as the Flushing Daily Times. The same sources described James Stuart, Jr., as a contractor, Frederick Stuart as a painter, and Charles Stuart as a carpenter.
The Hamiltons’ involvement in the Douglaston Hill Historic District began in the 1890s with the Queen Anne-style house with Colonial Revival elements at 240-45 43 Avenue (originally Pine Street). He was listed as the house’s owner in the property tax rolls in the year 1900, the first year that complete tax records for this section of Queens were produced; however, the title for this property is incomplete and it is not known when he acquired it from the previous owner, Florence Wakeman. The house occupies a portion of the original Marathon lot 93, which Hamilton acquired from Wakeman along with lots 89 and 94, according reference in a deed for an adjacent property recorded in 1918. The design of this house, which features a wraparound porch, projecting attic pediment with decorative shingles and supporting brackets, and a Palladian window, is attributed to local architect/builder Samuel Lindbloom, who in 1890 designed and built the nearly identical rectory of the nearby Zion Episcopal Church, located at 242-02 44 Avenue (not in the historic district). The original siting of the house, which sat at the western third of the original 200-foot-wide lot and included a large, wooded side yard to the east (now occupied by two houses built in 1913-14 and 1958-62) and its Queen Anne- and Colonial Revival-style architecture reflect picturesque, mid-nineteenth century suburban ideals.
In 1898, the Hamiltons sold the western half of Marathon Lot 94 to Denis and Ellen O’Leary, and in 1900, both families began constructing nearly identical neo-Colonial style houses on these 100-foot-wide properties, located at 240-35 and 240-25 43 Avenue, respectively. The houses were designed by the architect D.S. Hopkins of Grand Rapids, Michigan, who published several books of house plans from the 1890s through the 1920s. The design chosen by the Hamiltons and the O’Learys was distinguished by two-story, paneled pilasters on the main façade (presently obscured by aluminum siding on 240-25) and by a semicircular front porch with turned columns on paneled bases, denticulated crown, and rooftop
balustrade. The asymmetrical rooflines consist of intersecting overhung gables and hips on scrolled brackets, a hipped dormer facing the front, and a tall brick chimney. The siting of the houses, set back on large, wooded lots, reflect the continuing influence of the ideals of bucolic suburban living that guided the creation of the original subdivision in the 1850s.
In 1901, the Hamiltons sold the western half of Marathon Lot 89 to the O’Learys, and in 1903, both parties began nearly-identical developments once again. This time, however, the lots were divided into narrower 50-foot frontages and four neo-Colonial-style houses were built from 240-24 through 240-42 42 Avenue. The designs were produced by the architectural firm, Frank
P. Allen & Son, another well-known producer of plan books, also based in Grand Rapids.These houses originally featured a variety of details, such as intersecting roof gables, overhanging eaves, wide front porches with turned columns, and wide window surrounds. The narrower building lots and siting of these houses closer to the street reflect the evolution of Douglaston Hill from an area of wooded country estates to a twentieth-century commuter suburb. The original, asymmetrical massing of these houses, as well as later alterations, lend visual interest to their nearly-identical designs.
In 1907, the Hamiltons built a neo-Colonial-style house at 240-48 43 Avenue, designed by Frank P. Allen, on property they purchased from the Estate of Albert Benz that was part of the original Marathon lot 99. The house is characterized by its intersecting roof gables with a broad north slope that flares out to form the roof of the front porch, which is supported by tapered columns. The main entryway is recessed behind the porch. A wide gable sits on the roof, which is topped by a tall brick chimney. Also that year, Marathon Lots 97 and 98 were subdivided into four building lots and sold by owner W. Watson to four parties who completed houses on them in the following year. Among the developers were the Hamiltons and the O’Learys, who again built similar side-by side neo-Colonial-style houses with Arts and Crafts-style elements. However, the O’Learys built 240-34 43 Avenue from plans made by the Keith Corp. of Minneapolis, another prominent producer of architectural plan books, while William J. Hamilton was listed as the architect for 240-40 43 Avenue. Both houses feature symmetrical, three-baywide façades that are distinguished by a full-width front porch with segmental openings, topped by balcony at the second story. The houses are topped by a prominent hip roofs and tall brick chimneys. Their smaller lots reflect the neighborhood’s transition from an area of country estates to a commuter suburb in the early twentieth century, while their picturesque rooflines and spacious porches reinforce the strong suburban character of the historic district.
The other two other houses built on the former Watson property were developed by individual owners. No. 240-22 43 Avenue was built by Catherine T. Burne of Douglaston from plans filed by George W. Cornell, a Little Neck contractor. This 2 ½-story house consists of two intersecting wings creating an L-shaped plan that is unified by a full-width front porch that wraps around the front wing and fills the recess formed by the setback. The roof of the porch is supported by Doric columns and shades the sidelit main entryway. The façade features molded window surrounds, and an imposing hipped roof on curved brackets with exposed rafters, hipped dormers, and a corbelled brick chimney. No. 240-16 43 Avenue was built by Adolph Helmus of Douglaston from plans filed by Walter J. Halliday of Jamaica, Queens. This 2 ½-story house is distinguished by a wraparound front porch with Doric columns, a paneled wood-and-glass main entryway with a molded surround, wide window enframents, an overhung roof comprised of intersecting closed gables, round-arch windows in the gable-ends, and a corbelled brick chimney. Helmus and his wife, Otillie, occupied this house for many years. In 1915, meetings that led to the founding of St. Anastasia Roman Catholic Church were held at the Helmus residence. Masses, baptisms, and church meetings also took place in this home while the congregation was being formed.
The Stuart family developed three adjacent, neo-Colonial-style houses on 43 Avenue between 1903 and 1905. The first two were the nearly identical buildings constructed in 1903-04 at 242-09 43 Avenue and 242-19 43 Avenue, which were subsequently occupied by Frederick Stuart and Charles Stuart, respectively. These 2 ½ -story, two-bay-wide houses are distinguished by their full-width front porches, intersecting gable roofs, and tall brick chimneys. In 1904-05, John Stuart designed a much larger house at 242-03 43 Avenue for James Stuart, Jr. This fourbay-wide house is also two-and-a-half stories, but is distinguished by its wide, wraparound front porch with Tuscan columns, its molded window and door surrounds, prominent hip roof with flared and overhanging eaves, gabled dormers with eave returns, and tall, corbelled brick chimney. The neo-Colonial-style designs of the houses and their picturesque rooflines reinforce the strong suburban character of the neighborhood.
The Hamiltons’ last project in the district is the Arts and Crafts-style house at 242-01 43Avenue, which they built in 1913-14 from plans filed by contractor Isaac Beers of Little Neck. The three-bay-wide house features segmental first-story fenestration, recessed main entryway with a hooded surround, and the composition is dominated by the broadly-sloping roof with the building’s second story incorporated beneath a wide shed-roofed dormer. The house’s Arts and Crafts-style design and low roof profile reinforce the strong suburban image of the historic district. After the completion of this house, development in the Douglaston Hill Historic District halted until World War I was concluded.
In the first decade of the twentieth century, frequent reports by the Flushing newspapers recorded the comings and goings of seasonal and permanent residents in Douglaston, which included a mix of professional men and business owners. Census records from 1900, 1910 and 1920 show a range of occupational categories for Douglaston Hill – from professions such as chemist, lawyer, teacher, banker, builder, jeweler, merchant, post office and railroad stationmaster to laborers such as blacksmith, mason, shoemaker, domestic, factory worker and laundress.
Another period of enormous growth took place in the 1920s with the continuing subdivision and development of the original Marathon lots. Approximately 2,000 people lived in Douglaston-Little Neck in 1920. Just ten years later, the area’s population was 8,000. Houses built during this period reflected the continuing influence of Colonial precedents, as well as the new popularity of Tudor Revival and Arts and Crafts styles, and reinforce the strong suburban image of the historic district. Classicized detailing, symmetrical forms, formal entryways, and pediments continued to be found on the neo-Colonial-style houses. Deeply overhanging roofs, exposed rafters, and decorative brackets characterized the Arts and Crafts-style houses, while Tudor influences include steeply-pitched roofs, overlapping gables, and faux half-timbering.
In 1921, the neo-Colonial-style dwelling with Arts and Crafts-style elements at 240-01 42 Avenue (aka 41-53 240 Street), was built for Oscar Armbruster, vice-president of Chase Bank, from plans made by architect Henry A. Erdmann. It was constructed by S. Braithwaite, a builder based in Long Island City, who was listed as the building’s architect in records on file at the New York City Department of Buildings. Erdmann was a Manhattan architect who was in practice during the first decades of the twentieth century, and was in partnership with Henry C. Hahn during the 1910s (Erdmann & Hahn). This 2 ½-story frame and stucco house consists of a three-bay-wide main block with a one-story sideporch on the south side. The building is characterized by brick highlights at its base, first-story oriels, and an overhanging, slate-covered hip roof with copper seams and hipped dormers. The positioning of the house, which is set back from the street beyond a sloping, wooded expanse, reflects the continuing influence of the ideals of bucolic suburban living that guided the creation of the original subdivision in the 1850s. In 1922-23, owner David W. Barnes, an electrical engineer, erected a Tudor Revival-style dwelling at 42-17 240 Street from plans filed by A.F. Bruns of Corona, Queens, on a lot that the Barnes family owned since 1910. This 2 ½ story, frame and stucco house features half-timbered highlights, a wood entry porch with hewn columns, a first-story oriel, and a gabled roof with a broad west slope that flares out to form the roof of the porch. The building’s second story is partially formed by a wide, shed roof dormer. The house’s Tudor Revival-style design and picturesque roofline reinforce the strong suburban character of the neighborhood.
Between 1925 and 1927, the local architect/builder Samuel Lindbloom produced three of the five new houses in the historic district, and was responsible for the relocation, enlargement, and alteration of another. In 1925, Lindbloom built the neo-Colonial-style house at 240-17 43Avenue for A.R. Newman. It was designed by local architect Aubrey B. Grantham, whose frequent collaborations with Lindbloom included the new Zion Episcopal Church in 1924-25 (not located inside the historic district). This two-story house consists of an L-shaped plan topped by a roof composed of intersecting gables with overhanging eaves. The building’s second story is partially incorporated within shed-roofed wall dormer filled with multi-pane casements; the facades feature wide, molded window surrounds. The house is further characterized by the placement of its main entryway on the west side of the building, entered via a gabled porch with a built-in bench. A tall brick chimney projects from this façade and towers over the roof. In 1925-26, Lindbloom designed a neo-Colonial-style dwelling at 240-18 42 Avenue for Lynne Nicholas, wife of the silk manufacturer, Blaine J. Nicholas. This two-story house, which occupies a site that slopes to the west, is distinguished by the mannered use of the classical vocabulary and a dramatic westward-sloping roof which flares out over the main entryway and enclosed porch. The basement rises to full height below the entryway and porch and contains the house’s garage, which is entered via the west side. In addition, the house’s main entryway and paired fenestration are topped by curved pediments. In 1926, Lindbloom designed the neoColonial-style house at 42-09 240 Street, which he developed in partnership with M. Edwin Schultz, another area contractor. This time, Lindbloom composed a more traditional symmetrical façade for this 2 ½-story dwelling, plus a one-story side porch to the south. The three-bay-wide façade features a gabled entry portico with an open pediment and Doric columns, a sidelit main entryway with a fanlight and paneled door, and molded window surrounds. The gabled roof has overhanging eaves and gabled dormers with eave returns, flat pilasters, and fanlit windows. The roof is surmounted by a vented cupola with a wrought-iron weathervane and a tall brick chimney.
Lindbloom’s final-known contribution to the Douglaston Hill Historic District is perhaps his most interesting. The main wing of the sprawling house at 240-02 42 Avenue is an Italianate-style house, built c.1850, that was moved to this location in 1927, where it was renovated and enlarged. Lindbloom served as the architect, and is listed as part-owner of the property with M. Edwin Schultz; however, they transferred ownership during construction to Carra U. Alexander, wife of Gavin Alexander, the president of the Braithe Manufacturing Company. The house’s complex footprint consists of five attached sections of varying sizes and heights, visually unified by a large screened porch with a dramatically-sloping, concave roof, and by the approximation of the original, carved façade ornament of the c.1850 wing on the building’s later additions. It is topped by a prominent brick chimney. In the 1920s, it was fairly common to move older houses to new locations, usually to make way for more dense commercial or residential development on the original sites. In addition, interest in historic preservation and Colonial architecture produced many sympathetic rehabilitations of older houses, such as this one.
Three additional houses were constructed in the historic district in the 1920s. The Arts and Crafts-style dwelling at 240-11 43 Avenue was designed by Aubrey B. Grantham and built in 1926-27 by mason/builder Charles H. Platt for his own use. This 1 ½-story house features a wood porch at the main entryway with turned columns and a bracketed roof, paneled entry door with a molded surround, a wood-frame car port on the east side with a slatted roof and carved brackets, a broadly-sloping gable roof with overhanging and returning eaves, and a prominent brick chimney. The architect of the neo-Colonial-style house at 35 - 240 Street (aka 41-10 240 Street), built c. 1928, remains undetermined, while the developers were either Frederick E. & Caroline E. Hollweg, who purchased the property in 1924 or Herman I. Epstein, who acquired it from the Hollwegs in 1928. Hollweg was a bank president and area resident; Epstein, whose was retired, occupied the house into the 1930s. This three-bay-wide, frame and stucco dwelling has its main façade oriented toward the south rather than toward 240 Street. The house is distinguished by its steeply-pitched gable roof, gabled entry porch, shed dormers, and massive brick chimney. The neighboring house at 41-18 240 Street, also built c.1928, is a more conventional neo-Colonial-style design by an architect who remains unidentified. Its developer was either the Hollwegs, who had owned the lot since 1924 or Alexander H. Tompkins, a confectioner, who acquired the property in 1928. This three-bay-wide house contains a centrally-located main entryway beneath a gabled hood, molded window surrounds, multi-pane sash, a gabled roof covered with slate, and a prominent brick chimney.
As the 1920s drew to a close, so did major development in the Douglaston Hill Historic District, which by then had developed into a comfortable suburban community comprised of a substantial dwellings occupying many differently-sized properties. This environment remains largely intact to this day.
Later History
During the 1930s and 40s, no additional houses were constructed in the Douglaston Hill Historic District, but several garages were built as automobiles became the prevalent mode of transportation. Also, a number of houses were modestly expanded in size with the addition of side and rear wings, and the enclosure of porches. Some siding and roofing were replaced, often with new, up-to-date materials, such as asphalt and asbestos shingles. These trends continued into the 1950s and 60s when aluminum siding was gaining in popularity as a replacement material.
The final house to be constructed in the historic district is the postwar Modern-style dwelling at 240-51 43 Avenue, which was designed and built by Thomas Arcidiacono in 195862, on a lot that formerly belonged to 240-45 43 Avenue. This 1 ½-story house consists of three wings of varying heights, including one which is offset to create the building’s asymmetrical plan. The house is further characterized by its flat roofs with wide overhangs, exposed joists, ribbon windows, and veneer brick highlights.
Minor alterations, window replacements, and additional residings took place during the remainder of the twentieth century. Vinyl siding joined aluminum as a favorite replacement material, and aluminum and vinyl replacement sash were installed on many of the houses. Some stoops and porches were rebuilt, and new paving materials were sometimes introduced. Nevertheless, a larger number of homeowners in the Douglaston Hill Historic District chose to maintain original building fabric during these years and to replace worn materials in kind, or even to restore lost detail. As a result, the district continues to evoke the nineteenth and early-twentieth century suburban ideals that guided its development and displays a distinct sense of place.
- From the 2004 NYCLPC Landmark Designation Report
Photo: Adrian Hopkins.
Published in: Revue de Santé Oculaire Communautaire Vol. 7 No. 8 Janvier 2010 www.revuesoc.com
Schacht XVII
The Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex (German Zeche Zollverein) is a large former industrial site in the city of Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The first coal mine on the premises was founded in 1847, and mining activities took place from 1851 until 23 December 1986. For decades, starting in the late 1950s, the two parts of the site, Zollverein Coal Mine and Zollverein Coking Plant (erected 1957–1961, closed on 30 June 1993), ranked among the largest of their kinds in Europe. Shaft 12, built in the New Objectivity style, was opened in 1932 and is considered an architectural and technical masterpiece, earning it a reputation as the "most beautiful coal mine in the world".
Because of its architecture and testimony to the development of heavy industry in Europe, the industrial complex was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List on 14 December 2001, and is one of the anchor points of the European Route of Industrial Heritage.
History
1847–1890
Zollverein Coal Mine was founded by Duisburg-born industrialist Franz Haniel (1779–1868), who needed coke for steel production. Test drilling in the Katernberg region had revealed a very rich seam of coal. In 1847, Haniel founded a company he named bergrechtliche Gewerkschaft Zollverein (Mining Law Labor Union Zollverein). There was a mining law (Bergrecht) in Prussia to encourage the exploitation of natural resources. The law called for the creation of a special form of corporation, designated a 'labour union' (Gewerkschaft) but in fact a capitalist company. Haniel named his after the German Customs Union (Zollverein), established in 1834. Haniel distributed the shares of the new company amongst the members of his family and the owner of the land on which the future mine would be constructed.
The sinking of Shaft 1 began on 18 February 1847, with the first coal layer being reached at a depth of 130 meters. The first mining activities started in 1851. Shaft 2, which was sunk at the same time as Shaft 1, was opened in 1852. Both shafts featured visually identical stone towers and shared a machine house. This concept was to be adapted by many later twin-shaft coal mines.
Starting in 1857, charcoal piles were used to produce coke. In 1866, these piles were replaced by a modern cokery and machine ovens.
In 1880, the sinking of another shaft, Shaft 3, began in neighboring Schonnebeck. It had a steel framework to support its winding tower and was opened in 1883. By 1890, the three shafts had already achieved an output of one million tons, making Zollverein the most productive of all German mines.
1890–1918
Since the coal, iron and steel industries of the Ruhr area flourished in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the mine was extended significantly.
Between 1891 and 1896, the twin Shafts 4 and 5 were built on the edge of Heßler (nowadays a suburb of Gelsenkirchen). These each had special lifts for the extraction of coal, and the transportation of miners, and had ventilation ducts. Another shaft, number 6, was opened in 1897.
By 1897, Zollverein had long suffered from many mining accidents due to firedamp caused by ventilation problems. To resolve these problems, additional ventilation-only shafts, close to the existing mining shafts, were opened: in 1899 Shaft 7 was opened near Shaft 3, in 1900 Shaft 8 was opened near Shafts 1 and 2, and in 1905 Shaft 9 was opened near Shaft 6.
Years of continuous renovation and further expansion followed. After the construction of ventilation shafts 7, 8, and 9, the old Shafts 1 and 2, and their cokery, were renovated, and one of their twin towers was taken down and replaced by a modern steel framework. In 1914, Shaft 10 and a new cokery were opened, and Shaft 9 was converted from a ventilation shaft to a working shaft.
By the eve of the First World War, Zollverein's output had risen to approximately 2.5 million tons per year.
1918–1932
In 1920, the Haniel family, who had been the owners of Zollverein until then, started cooperating with Phönix AG, a mining company that subsequently took over the management of the site. Under Phönix's management, several of the shafts were again modernized, and an eleventh shaft was opened by 1927. When Phönix merged into Vereinigte Stahlwerke in 1926, Zollverein came under the control of Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks-AG (GBAG) which started closing most of the now elderly coking plants.
Shaft 12
n 1928, the GBAG voted for the construction of a totally new twelfth shaft designed as a central mining facility. When the shaft opened in 1932, it had a daily output of up to 12,000 tons, combining the output of the four other existing facilities with 11 shafts.
Schacht Albert Vögler, as the highly modern shaft was named after the director general of the GBAG, was designed by the architects Fritz Schupp and Martin Kremmer and quickly gained notice for its simple, functional Bauhaus design with its mainly cubical buildings made of reinforced concrete and steel trusses.
The shaft's characteristic Doppelbock winding tower in the following years not only became the archetype of many later central mining facilities but also became a symbol of German heavy industry.
Whilst this symbol may have slowly been forgotten when German heavy industry started diminishing in the second half of the 20th century, it was this shaft and especially its characteristic winding tower that were to become a symbol of the Ruhr area's structural change.
1932–1968
In 1937, Zollverein employed 6900 people and had an output of 3.6 million tons, the majority of which was contributed by the new 12th shaft. The other shafts were not entirely closed, and some, such as Shaft 6, even received new winding towers (though in comparison to Shaft 12 they were far inferior). On the premises of the old coking plant of Shafts 1, 2 and 8, a small facility of 54 new ovens was opened with a yearly output of 200,000 tons of coke.
Zollverein survived the Second World War with only minor damage and by 1953 again placed on top of all German mines, with an output of 2.4 million tons. In 1958, Shaft 1 was replaced by a totally new building; The complete reconstruction of the 2/8/11 shaft facility from 1960 until 1964 was again planned by Fritz Schupp. However, these renovations were to last only until 1967, when 11 shafts were closed, leaving Shaft 12 the only open one.
Shaft 12 thus became the main supplier of the new central coking plant from 1961 with its 192 ovens, which was again designed by Fritz Schupp. After an expansion in the early 1970s, Zollverein placed among the most productive coking plants worldwide with around 1,000 workers and an output of up to 8,600 tons of coke a day on the so-called dark side. The white side of the plant produced side products such as ammonia, raw benzene and raw tar.
In 1968, Zollverein was handed over to Ruhrkohle AG (RAG), Germany's largest mining company.
1968–1993
RAG began a further mechanization and consolidation of mining activities. In 1974, Zollverein was joined into a Verbundbergwerk (joined mines) with nearby Bonifacius and Holland coal mines in Kray and Gelsenkirchen, respectively. In 1982, Gelsenkirchen's Nordstern coal mine also joined that Verbund.
The Flöz Sonnenschein coal layer in the north of the Zollverein territory was the last layer in which mining activities took place on Zollverein territory, starting in 1980. The output of Verbundbergwerk Nordstern-Zollverein was approximately 3.2 million tons, but this did not prove profitable enough and a complete closure of the Zollverein site was voted for in 1983.
When it closed, Zollverein was the last remaining active coal mine in Essen. Whereas the coking plant remained open until 30 June 1993, mining activities in Shaft 12 stopped on 23 December 1986. Although it is the central shaft of the Cultural Heritage site, Shaft 12 cannot be visited as it is equipped for water drainage as part of a system of managing mine water in the central Ruhr area together with Shaft 2. Pipes have been inserted into both shafts and the remaining space has been backfilled with concrete.
1993–
Zollverein is one of the settings for the 2014 Pulitzer Prize winning novel All the Light We Cannot See by Anthony Doerr.
Zollverein appeared as a "Wonder" in the video game Civilization VI, representing the Ruhr Valley.
Becoming a monument
As with most sites of the heavy industries that had been closed down, Zollverein was predicted to face a period of decay. Surprisingly, the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) bought the coal mine territory from the RAG immediately after it had been closed down in late 1986, and declared Shaft 12 a heritage site. This went along with the obligation to preserve the site in its original state and to minimize the effects of weathering. In 1989, the city of Essen and NRW founded the Bauhütte Zollverein Schacht XII that should take care for the site and which was replaced by the Stiftung Zollverein (Zollverein Foundation) in 1998.
After it had been closed down in 1993, the coking plant was planned to be sold to China. The negotiations failed and it was subsequently threatened to be demolished. However, another project of the state of NRW set the coal mine on a list of future exhibition sites resulting in first gentle modifications and the cokery also became an official heritage site in 2000.
On its 25th session in December 2001, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) declared both the sites of Shafts 12 and 1/2 and the cokery a World Heritage Site.
Ruhr Museum
The Ruhr Museum in the former coal washery, located on the UNESCO World Heritages Site Zollverein, is the regional museum of the Ruhr Area. In its permanent exhibition the Ruhr Museum presents, with over 6,000 exhibits, the history of one of the largest industrial regions of the world, from the formation of coal 300 million years ago to the contemporary situation. The Ruhr Museum has extensive collections on the geology, archaeology, industrial and social history as well as photography of the Ruhr area. In addition to its permanent exhibition, the Ruhr Museum regularly shows special exhibitions and offers a diverse programme with workshops, guided tours, excursions, lectures, movie nights and audio guides.
(Wikipedia)
Die Zeche Zollverein war ein von 1851 bis 1986 betriebenes Steinkohlebergwerk in Essen. Benannt wurde sie nach dem 1834 gegründeten Deutschen Zollverein. Nach der Inbetriebnahme des Zentralförderschachtes 12 wies die Zeche zeitweise in der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts die höchsten Förderquoten unter den deutschen Steinkohlenbergwerken auf. Sie ist heute ein Architektur- und Industriedenkmal. Gemeinsam mit der unmittelbar benachbarten Kokerei Zollverein gehören die Schachtanlagen 12 und 1/2/8 der Zeche seit 2001 zum Welterbe der UNESCO. Zollverein ist Ankerpunkt der Europäischen Route der Industriekultur und Standort verschiedener Kultureinrichtungen sowie der Folkwang Universität der Künste.
Lage
Das Hauptgelände der Zeche Zollverein mit den Anlagen Schacht XII und Schacht 1/2/8 liegt im nordöstlichen Essener Stadtteil Stoppenberg, unmittelbar angrenzend an die Stadtteile Katernberg und Schonnebeck. Es befindet sich zwischen den Straßen Gelsenkirchener Straße, Fritz-Schupp-Allee, Arendahls Wiese und Haldenstraße. Der Haupteingang mit dem bekannten Blick von vorne auf das Doppelbock-Fördergerüst liegt an der Gelsenkirchener Straße. Benachbart zwischen Arendahls Wiese, Köln-Mindener Straße und Großwesterkamp liegt die Kokerei Zollverein. Die drei Anlagen gehören seit 2001 zum Gesamtensemble des Welterbes.
Die Anlage Schacht 3/7/10 liegt in rund einem Kilometer Entfernung östlich davon an der Straße Am Handwerkerpark im Stadtteil Katernberg.
Die Anlage Schacht 4/5/11 befindet sich etwa zwei Kilometer nördlich vom Hauptgelände an der Katernberger Straße im Stadtteil Katernberg. Heute nutzt das Gründungs- und Unternehmenszentrum Triple Z die ehemaligen Zechengebäude.
Die Anlage Schacht 6/9 befand sich rund einen Kilometer südlich vom Hauptgelände zwischen den Straßen Gelsenkirchener Straße, Im Natt und Hallostraße. Sämtliche Gebäude und Anlagen wurden mit der Aufgabe des Südfeldes 1979 abgerissen; heute ist die Fläche von Wald und Neubausiedlungen bedeckt.
Die Halden der Zeche Zollverein befinden sich in den umliegenden Essener Stadtteilen Stoppenberg und Altenessen (Schurenbachhalde) sowie in Gelsenkirchen-Feldmark.
Geschichte
1834–1890: Frühe Phase
Die Gründung der Zeche ging von dem Industriellen Franz Haniel aus, der zur Produktion des Brennstoffs Koks, den er für die Stahlerzeugung benötigte, auf der Suche nach geeigneten Kokskohlevorkommen war. Im Jahr 1834 gelang es ihm in Essen-Schönebeck zum ersten Mal, die Mergelschicht zu durchstoßen. Auf diese Weise wurden dort die Weichen für die Zeche Zollverein gestellt. Bei Mutungsbohrungen im Raum Katernberg wurde unter anderem ein besonders ergiebiges Kohleflöz angebohrt, welches nach dem 1833 gegründeten Deutschen Zollverein benannt wurde. 1847 gründete Franz Haniel die bergrechtliche Gewerkschaft Zeche Zollverein und verteilte die Anteile, die sogenannten Kuxe, innerhalb seiner Familie. Haniel, der Miteigentümer der Hüttengewerkschaft Jacobi, Haniel & Huyssen (der späteren Gutehoffnungshütte) war, plante, die Zeche Zollverein den Sterkrader Werken anzugliedern. Zollverein wäre hierdurch die erste Hüttenzeche des Ruhrreviers geworden. Sein Vorhaben scheiterte am Veto der übrigen Teilhaber der Hüttengewerkschaft Jacobi, Haniel & Huyssen.
Bei der Wahl des Standortes spielte außerdem die Köln-Mindener Eisenbahn eine wichtige Rolle, deren Strecke ebenfalls 1847 eröffnet wurde. Die Trasse verläuft unmittelbar nördlich des Zechengeländes, wodurch eine gute Anbindung an das damals neuartige Transportmittel Eisenbahn gewährleistet wurde.
Das Grundstück für den Bau der ersten Zollverein-Schachtanlage wurde durch den ebenfalls an der Gewerkschaft beteiligten Grundbesitzer Schwartmann, gen. Bullmann, bereitgestellt. Daher wurde das Gelände der Gründungsschachtanlage bald die Bullmannaue genannt. Der heutige Straßenname der Zufahrt zur Schachtanlage 1/2/8 rührt daher.
Die Abteufarbeiten für Schacht 1 der Zeche Zollverein begannen am 18. Februar 1847 unter dem Betriebsführer Joseph Oertgen, nach dem später eine Straße in der Kolonie Ottekampshof im Stadtteil Katernberg benannt wurde. In 130 Metern Tiefe sollte das Steinkohlengebirge angefahren werden. Die Kohleförderung begann jedoch aufgrund von Wassereinbrüchen erst im Jahr 1851. Um die Wasserzuflüsse zu regulieren, wurde 1850 neben Schacht 1 ein weiterer Schacht, Schacht 2, abgeteuft, der 1852 in Betrieb genommen wurde.
Erstmals wurden zwei äußerlich gleiche Malakow-Türme über den Schächten als Förderanlage errichtet; dieses Beispiel eines Zwillingsbaus mit gemeinsamem Maschinenhaus zwischen den Schächten wurde später auf anderen Zechen beim Bau einer Doppelschachtanlage wiederholt.
Ab 1857 wurden neben der Schachtanlage 1/2 einige Meileröfen als Vorstufe einer Kokerei betrieben. Ab 1866 wurden sie durch eine moderne Kokerei mit Maschinenöfen ersetzt.
1880 wurde mit dem Abteufen einer zweiten separaten Förderanlage in Katernberg begonnen. Der Schacht 3 ging 1882 in Betrieb. Die Tagesanlagen wurden durch den Architekten Dreyer umfangreich ausgebaut. Der Schacht erhielt ein deutsches Strebengerüst der Bauart Promnitz als Förderanlage. Bereits 1890 wurde eine Million Tonnen verwertbare Steinkohle zu Tage gebracht. Damit war die Zeche Zollverein das Bergwerk mit der höchsten Jahresförderung in Deutschland.
1890–1918: Ausbau
Bedingt durch die sich im Montanbereich ergebende günstige Konjunktur wurde in den Folgejahren ein weitergehender, sehr umfangreicher Ausbau des Grubengebäudes, d. h. der unterirdischen Infrastruktur, vorgenommen. Im nördlichen Teil Katernbergs an der Grenze nach Gelsenkirchen-Heßler entstand zwischen 1891 und 1896 die Doppelschachtanlage Zollverein 4/5 mit einem Förder- und Seilfahrtschacht sowie einem rein für die Bewetterung konzipierten Schacht. Auf dieser Schachtanlage wurde gleichzeitig eine neuartige Kokerei in Betrieb genommen.
1895 wurde ein weiterer Förderschacht (Schacht 6) auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Stadtteils Stoppenberg geteuft. Dieser ging 1897 in Betrieb und wurde erstmals mit einem Doppelstrebengerüst ausgestattet, da er für die parallele Führung von Förderung und Seilfahrt konzipiert war.
Die Grubengebäude von Zollverein waren bezüglich der Wetterführung (d. h. der Luftzirkulation unter Tage) nach wie vor problematisch. Nach mehreren Schlagwetter-Unglücken wurden die Schachtanlagen nach und nach mit kleinen Wetterschächten ausgestattet. So entstanden:
1897 bis 1899 neben Schacht 3 der Schacht 7. Er erhielt eine kleine Förderanlage.
1897 bis 1900 neben Schacht 1/2 der Schacht 8. Er erhielt zunächst keine Fördereinrichtung.
1903 bis 1905 neben Schacht 6 der Schacht 9. Er erhielt zunächst keine Fördereinrichtung.
Anschließend wurde die Schachtanlage 1/2/8 erneuert, Schacht 1 erhielt anstelle des Malakowturmes ein deutsches Strebengerüst. Weiterhin wurden die Aufbereitung, die sogenannte Kohlenwäsche, und die Kokerei grunderneuert.
1909 wurde auf der Schachtanlage 3/7 ein neuer Förderschacht niedergebracht. Nach Fertigstellung von Schacht 10 im Jahr 1914 wurden auf dieser Schachtanlage die Aufbereitungsanlagen erweitert und eine neue Kokerei in Betrieb genommen.
1914 wurde Schacht 9 der Anlage 6/9 durch Errichtung einer Förderanlage zum Seilfahrtsschacht, d. h., er wurde für den Transport von Personen und Material ausgebaut.
Die verwertbare Förderung stieg während des Ersten Weltkriegs auf 2,5 Millionen Tonnen Steinkohle.
1918–1932: Krise und Modernisierung
Ab 1920 kooperierte die Gewerkschaft Zollverein, die sich bis dahin im Familienbesitz der Industriellenfamilie Haniel befand, verstärkt mit der Phönix AG für Bergbau und Hüttenbetrieb. Die Geschäftsführung der Zeche wurde komplett in die Hände der Phönix AG gelegt und eine Interessengemeinschaft gegründet.
Unter deren Regie fanden Erneuerungs- und Reparaturmaßnahmen statt; Schacht 2 erhielt ein Fördergerüst und es wurde die Erneuerung der Schachtanlage 4/5 beschlossen. Die Abteufarbeiten zu Schacht 11 begannen 1922. 1926 waren die Arbeiten abgeschlossen. Über Tage wurden Schacht 4 und 11 mit gleichartigen Fördergerüsten ausgestattet und die Tagesanlagen 4/5/11 entsprechend erneuert. Die Kokerei auf der Schachtanlage 4/5/11 wurde im Gegenzug außer Betrieb genommen.
Bei Übernahme der Phönix AG durch die Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG 1926 wurde die Zeche Zollverein der Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks-AG (GBAG) zugeordnet und gehörte fortan zur Gruppe Gelsenkirchen. Unter deren Regie wurden die Kokereien nach und nach stillgelegt.
1928 begann die GBAG den Neubau einer kompletten, als Zentralförderanlage konzipierten Schachtanlage. Mit einer Förderkapazität von 12.000 Tonnen Kohle täglich übernahm Schacht XII die gesamte Kohlenförderung der bisherigen vier Anlagen mit insgesamt elf Schächten. Die Architekten Fritz Schupp und Martin Kremmer gestalteten die Schachtanlage, die als architektonische und technische Meisterleistung galt und richtungweisend für den sachlich-funktionalen Industriebau wurde – so folgt der Aufbau der einflussreichen Schule der Neuen Sachlichkeit. Die Schachtanlage galt als die modernste und „schönste Zeche der Welt“.
Das 1930 errichtete Doppelbockfördergerüst in Vollwandbauweise wurde zum Vorbild für viele später gebaute Zentralförderanlagen. Der Schacht nahm am 1. Februar 1932 die Förderung auf und wurde 1937 nach dem damaligen Generaldirektor der Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks-AG Albert Vögler „Schacht Albert“ (ab 1941 „Schacht Albert Vögler“) benannt.
1932–1968: Schacht XII
Die Förderleistung der Zeche Zollverein wurde durch diese Maßnahme immens gesteigert. Sie erreichte im Jahre 1937 3,6 Millionen Tonnen bei 6900 Beschäftigten. Die Kokerei bei Schacht 1/2/8 wurde als kleiner Neubau mit 54 Koksöfen im Vorjahr wieder in Betrieb genommen und erzeugte jährlich 200.000 Tonnen Koks. 1937 wurde das alte Doppelstrebengerüst über Schacht 6 durch einen Neubau eines zweigeschossigen Strebengerüstes mit nur einer Förderung ersetzt.
Den Zweiten Weltkrieg überstand die Zeche Zollverein mit relativ geringen Beschädigungen. Im Jahr 1953 wurde bereits wieder eine Jahresförderung von 2,4 Millionen Tonnen erreicht, wodurch Zollverein wiederum den Spitzenplatz unter den westdeutschen Steinkohlebergwerken einnahm.
Nach Übergang in die Rheinelbe Bergbau AG als Nachfolgegesellschaft der alten GBAG wurde eine umfangreiche Erneuerung und Rationalisierung des Betriebes aller Zollverein-Schachtanlagen vorgenommen.
Das Fördergerüst über Schacht 1 wurde 1958 durch einen vollwandigen Neubau ersetzt. Gleichzeitig wurde von 1960 bis 1964 eine komplette Neugestaltung der Schachtanlage 1/2/8 durch den Architekten Fritz Schupp durchgeführt. Schacht 2 erhielt 1964 den zuvor demontierten Förderturm von Schacht 2 der stillgelegten Zeche Friedlicher Nachbar, Bochum-Linden, als neue Förderanlage.
Ab 1961 wurde auf einem westlich gelegenen Gelände eine Zentralkokerei mit 192 Öfen betrieben, die in den 1970er Jahren auf 304 Öfen erweitert wurde. Die Kokerei galt lange als die modernste Kokerei Europas, in der täglich 10.000 Tonnen Kohle zu 8.600 Tonnen Koks veredelt wurden. Aufgrund der Stahlkrise und der damit fallenden Koksnachfrage wurde die Kokerei am 30. Juni 1993 stillgelegt.
Zwischen 1962 und 1964 wurden die vier Außenschachtanlagen zusammengefasst. Schacht 4 wurde 1962 als Förderschacht außer Betrieb gesetzt. Das Fördergerüst wurde an die Zeche Holland in Wattenscheid zum Ausbau eines neuen Zentralförderschachtes abgegeben. Die Förderanlagen Schacht 3 und 7 wurden ebenfalls rückgebaut. 1967 wurde die Förderung auf den Schachtanlagen 4/5/11 und 6/9 eingestellt. Die alleinige Förderung verblieb auf Schacht XII.
1968 wurde die Zeche Zollverein in die Bergbau AG Essen der Ruhrkohle AG überführt.
1968–1986: RAG
Nach Übernahme des Bergwerks durch die RAG Aktiengesellschaft wurde die Mechanisierung und Rationalisierung des Förderbetriebes fortgeführt. Die Förderung von Zollverein lag weiterhin bei annähernd drei Millionen Tonnen jährlich. 1974 wurde der Verbund mit der Zeche Holland in Wattenscheid durchgeführt. Schacht Holland 3/4/6 wurde als Förderstandort aufgegeben und zusammen mit einigen Schächten der Zeche Bonifacius in Essen-Kray als Seilfahrts- und Wetterschachtanlage weiterbetrieben.
Ab 1980 wurde mit dem Abbau der letzten Fettkohlevorräte im Flöz Sonnenschein die Verlagerung des Abbaus nach Norden betrieben. Die südlichen und östlichen Schächte wurden nach und nach aufgegeben. Ab 1982 wurde ein Förderverbund mit der benachbarten Zeche Nordstern betrieben. Im Gegenzug erfolgte die Aufgabe des Baufeldes Holland mit dem Jahre 1983.
Die Förderleistung dieses Verbundbergwerks Nordstern-Zollverein erreichte noch einmal 3,2 Millionen Tonnen jährlich. Nach erneuten Absatzeinbrüchen für Ruhrkohle wurde in der Kohlerunde 1983 die Aufgabe des Förderstandortes Zollverein beschlossen.
Ab 1986: Schließung und Nachnutzung
Am 23. Dezember 1986 wurden alle verbliebenen Förderanlagen von Zollverein stillgelegt. Die Kokerei wurde noch bis 1993 betrieben.
Die Schächte 2 und XII werden heute als Sicherungsstandort für die Wasserhaltung genutzt. Zuvor wurde das Grubenwasser, das hier zu Tage gepumpt wurde in die Emscher geleitet. Es stammte aus stillgelegten Zechen im Essener Norden und Nordosten, in Wattenscheid, Gelsenkirchen, Gladbeck, Bottrop, Herne, Herten, Recklinghausen, Oer-Erkenschwick und Datteln.
Im Frühjahr 2023 begannen die Arbeiten zur kompletten Verfüllung der beiden rund 1000 Meter tiefen Schächte 2 und XII. In den Schacht 2 mit einem Durchmesser von 5,5 Metern wurden 20.000 Kubikmeter Beton eingefüllt und in den Schacht XII mit einem Durchmesser von 7,5 Metern 39.000 Kubikmeter. In letzterem wurden noch drei Rohre verbaut, in Schacht 2 zwei weitere, die im Ernstfall dafür genutzt werden können, weiteres Grubenwasser abzupumpen. Die Zeche Zollverein dient damit weiterhin als Sicherungsstandort, sollte etwas beim Konzept der sogenannten Ewigkeitslasten nicht korrekt funktionieren. Am 1. April 2025 haben die Verantwortlichen von der RAG Aktiengesellschaft, der Vorstandsvorsitzende der Stiftung Zollverein Hans-Peter Noll und Oberbürgermeister Thomas Kufen den Bergbau in Essen symbolisch endgültig beendet.
Im Nachhinein werden die verbliebenen Tagesanlagen von Schacht XII, Schacht 1/2/8, Schacht 4/5/11 und Schacht 3/7/10 für eine neue Nutzung und als Industriedenkmal erhalten.
Wandel von Industriestruktur zur Industriekultur
Nach der Stilllegung 1986 kaufte das Land Nordrhein-Westfalen der Ruhrkohle AG das Gelände von Schacht XII ab, das bereits zur Stilllegung unter Denkmalschutz stand. Zur Unterschutzstellung trug Walter Buschmann maßgeblich bei.
Die Gesamtfläche der Zeche Zollverein ist das flächenmäßig größte Denkmal der Stadt Essen. In den folgenden Jahren wurde das Gelände von Schacht XII saniert. Die Bauhütte Zeche Zollverein Schacht XII GmbH beauftragte dazu 1989 den Architekten Heinrich Böll und beendete im Jahr 1999 ihre Arbeit. Von 1998 bis 2008 waren die dazu gegründete Entwicklungs-Gesellschaft Zollverein mbH (EGZ), die Stiftung Zollverein und die Stiftung Industriedenkmalpflege und Geschichtskultur für den Erhalt und die Nutzung der stillgelegten Anlagen zuständig. Seit 2008 sind diese Aufgaben in der Stiftung Zollverein gebündelt. Am 14. Dezember 2001[8] wurden die Schachtanlagen XII und 1/2/8 sowie die Kokerei Zollverein in die Liste des UNESCO – Kultur- und Naturerbes der Welt aufgenommen.
Die Ernennung zu einem Teil des deutschen UNESCO-Welterbes 2001 war der Beginn für den weiteren Ausbau des Geländes: Architekt Rem Koolhaas von OMA und Landschaftsarchitekt Henri Bava von Agence Ter entwickelten zwischen 2001 und 2002 den Masterplan für die Umgestaltung des Standortes in einen lebendigen Kultur- und Wirtschaftsstandort.
Im Herbst 2003 schrieb die Entwicklungsgesellschaft Zollverein zusammen mit der damaligen Essener Verkehrs-AG einen regionalen Designwettbewerb aus. Gesucht wurde ein entsprechendes „Zollverein-Design“ für die Straßenbahnlinie 107, die von Gelsenkirchen in den Essener Süden fährt und am Zollverein-Gelände hält. Aus den besten zehn von insgesamt 44 Einsendungen wählten die Leser des Magazins Zollverein 31/8 im Januar 2004 in Übereinstimmung mit der Jury den Entwurf des Büros Freiwild Kommunikation.
Im Sommer 2006 wurde der Umbau der Kohlenwäsche nach Entwürfen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft OMA (Projektarchitekt: Floris Alkemade) und Heinrich Böll nach knapp drei Jahren abgeschlossen. Heinrich Böll sanierte den repräsentativen Teil des Zechenensembles und übernahm die Ausführungsplanung und Bauleitung für das SANAA-Gebäude. Heinrich Böll gilt als einer der einflussreichsten Architekten im Bereich der Sanierung industrieller Anlagen im Ruhrgebiet. Heinrich Böll ist der Neffe des gleichnamigen Schriftstellers. Die umgebaute Kohlenwäsche von Schacht XII beherbergt das Besucherzentrum Ruhr der Route der Industriekultur und das Ruhrmuseum. Die authentisch erhaltenen Anlagen von Zeche und Kokerei sind heute als Denkmalpfad Zollverein erschlossen. Eine neue, gestalterisch an die bestehenden Bandbrücken angelehnte 55 m lange Gangway führt die Besucher auf 24 m Höhe in das Besucherzentrum Ruhr. Auf dem Dach der Kohlenwäsche wurde im Zuge des Umbaus der Erich-Brost-Pavillon errichtet. Hier finden Veranstaltungen jeder Art statt.
Das ehemalige Kesselhaus wurde von Norman Foster und Heinrich Böll für das Red-Dot-Design-Museum umgebaut. Auf dem angrenzenden Gelände von Schacht 1/2/8 ist die ehemalige Waschkaue heute Sitz des choreographischen Zentrums NRW (umgestaltet von Christoph Mäckler Architekten), das ehemalige Maschinenhaus beherbergt den Kunstschacht Zollverein und im ehemaligen Baulager ist seit 1987 die Keramische Werkstatt Margaretenhöhe ansässig. Auf Schacht 3/7/10 befindet sich das Phänomania-Erfahrungsfeld.
Die ehemalige Kokerei beherbergt Ausstellungsräume für Gegenwartskunst. Als Dauerausstellung wird die begehbare Rauminstallation Palace of Projects von Ilya & Emilia Kabakov gezeigt. Vom 26. August bis 3. Dezember 2006 war in der Kohlenwäsche die ENTRY2006–Wie werden wir morgen leben zu sehen. In einer großen Ausstellung wurden 300 Objekte von Designern und Architekten aus 20 Ländern gezeigt.
Im Juni 2006 wurde der Bau des Zollverein-Kubus nach Entwürfen des japanischen Architektenbüros SANAA und der Ausführung von Heinrich Böll abgeschlossen. Obwohl er nicht auf dem ursprünglichen Zechengelände, sondern an dessen Eingang steht, wird er zum Gesamtensemble gezählt.
Es gibt mehrere Restaurants und Cafés.
Kritik
Die Umnutzung der Gebäude für kulturelle Zwecke brachte erhebliche Eingriffe in den erhaltenen Bestand mit sich: Um benutzbare Flächen und klimatisierbare Räume zu schaffen und den Vorschriften des Brandschutzes zu genügen, wurden Teile der Maschineneinrichtung entfernt und verschrottet, Fassaden verändert und Einbauten vorgenommen. Dies beeinträchtigt die ästhetisch-technische Gesamtkomposition der Architekten Schupp und Kremmer. Während die Öffentlichkeit Zollverein meist als Leuchtturmprojekt der „Industriekultur“ wahrnimmt, beklagen Fachleute die mit dem Umbau verbundenen massiven Eingriffe in den Bestand, wodurch beispielsweise die Kohlenwäsche zum „potemkinschen Dorf der Denkmalpflege“ werde: die industrielle Anmutung verschleiere das Ausmaß der Verluste an Originalsubstanz.
Ruhrmuseum
Am 9. Januar 2010 eröffnete das als Dauerausstellung konzipierte neue Ruhrmuseum, bislang südlich der Essener Innenstadt als Ruhrlandmuseum ansässig, in der Kohlenwäsche. Die Ausstellungsräume wurden bereits seit August 2006 für verschiedene temporäre Ausstellungen, wie die Entry 2006 – Wie werden wir morgen leben? und Gold vor Schwarz (2008) mit den Schätzen der Essener Domschatzkammer genutzt.
Folkwang Universität der Künste
Neben Standorten in Essen-Werden, Duisburg, Bochum und Dortmund nutzt die Folkwang Universität der Künste seit 2010 als zweiten Essener Campus den Zollverein-Kubus des japanischen Architektenbüros SANAA. Zum Wintersemester 2017/2018 wurde in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft ein neues Universitätsgebäude (Architekten: MGF-Architekten, Stuttgart) eröffnet, das den Fachbereich Gestaltung beherbergt.
Zollverein-Park
Um die Zeche und die angrenzende Kokerei für die Bevölkerung und Touristen zugänglich zu machen, wurde Ende 2012 der von der Planergruppe Oberhausen in Zusammenarbeit mit F1rstdesign, LichtKunstLicht AG und Observatorium entworfene Zollverein Park fertiggestellt. Das Konzept basiert auf dem Anspruch, vorhandene Strukturen behutsam in die Neugestaltung mit einfließen zu lassen und die Geschichte des Ortes zu berücksichtigen. So wurden neue Wege, Plätze und Pavillons angelegt sowie Installationen und ein Beleuchtungskonzept entworfen. Die Pflege der Vegetation steht weiterhin im Vordergrund.
Industrienatur
Neben den Gebäuden von Zeche und Kokerei hat sich eine enorm artenreiche Flora und Fauna entwickelt. Die künstlichen, technogenen Substrate wie Bergematerial und Gleisschotter sind meist nährstoffarm und besitzen je nach Verdichtung eine geringe Wasserspeicherfähigkeit. Solche Standorte sind ideale Lebensräume für wärmeliebende Tier- und Pflanzenarten. Je nach Flächenentwicklung und Gestaltung finden sich auf dem Gelände unterschiedliche Vegetationsstadien von schütterer Vegetation auf Rohböden (offene Bereiche auf der Halde Skulpturenwald), Pioniervegetation und Hochstaudengesellschaften (Gleisbereiche um die Kohlenwäsche) über Gebüschstadien bis zum Vorwald (Industriewald auf den Halden). Eine solche Flora und Fauna, die sich auf ehemaligen Industrie- und Gewerbeflächen entwickelt hat, wird im Ruhrgebiet Industrienatur genannt. Aufgrund des Artenreichtums besitzt sie eine enorme Bedeutung für den Erhalt der urbanen Biodiversität. Diese Industrienatur ist bundesweit einzigartig und gilt entsprechend als Alleinstellungsmerkmal für das Ruhrgebiet. Zollverein zählt neben dem Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord zu den artenreichsten Industriebrachen im Ruhrgebiet.
Film und Fernsehen
Bilder der Zeche Zollverein sind seit September 2006 regelmäßig fester Bestandteil als Szenenübergang bei der in Essen spielenden RTL-Daily-Soap Alles was zählt.
Im Film Superstau kommt am Anfang des Films Ralf Richter von der Arbeit auf Zeche Zollverein (obwohl die Zeche zum Zeitpunkt der Dreharbeiten längst geschlossen war).
Im Film Das Wunder von Bern ist am Anfang die Zeche Zollverein im Hintergrund zu sehen.
Im Musikvideo In Town des deutschen Rappers Favorite ist die Zeche Zollverein deutlich zu erkennen.
Der Spielfilm Die Frühreifen handelt vom Leben im Ruhrgebiet der 1950er-Jahre und zeigt viele Szenen rund um die Zeche Zollverein.
Im Schimanski-Tatort Der Pott wird das Opfer vom Förderturm der Zeche Zollverein gestürzt.
Auch im Kölner Tatort Klassentreffen (752) ist die Zeche zu sehen.
Einige Szenen u. a. eine Verfolgungsjagd der RTL-Serie Die Klempnerin wurden auf dem Zechen- und Kokereigelände gedreht.
Für die RTL-Live-Show Die Passion wurde 2022 ein Musikvideo an der Kohlenwäsche erstellt.
Bei der Sendung Joko & Klaas gegen ProSieben mussten Joko & Klaas 45 Minuten auf der Rolltreppe zum Ruhrmuseum bleiben.
Postwertzeichen
Am 10. Juli 2003 gab die Deutsche Post AG eine Briefmarke mit dem Zollvereinmotiv aus. Heinz Schillinger gestaltete die Sondermarke.
Mit dem Erstausgabetag 5. Januar 2023 gab die Deutsche Post AG in der Serie Sehenswürdigkeiten in Deutschland ein Postwertzeichen im Nennwert von 110 Eurocent mit dem Motiv Zeche Zollverein heraus. Der Entwurf stammt von der Grafikerin Jennifer Dengler aus Bonn.
(Wikipedia)
Crasemann Landscape Architecture | Garden Design - Private Garden in Elmshorn
Crasemann Landschaftsarchitektur | Gartendesign - Privatgarten in Elmshorn
The 'Lawn Stage' connects two of the garden's rooms which will be more defined, when the planting will be more mature: Then a small grove of Japanese Maples (Acer palmatum) with a diverse choice of underplanting will direct views and visually separate the spaces.
The viewing triangle just visible in the front with it's narrower access from the garden opens up towards the marsh (Marsch) and invites to enjoy the wide open view.
Item on display at the “Multisensory Exhibition for the Blind and Visually Impaired Persons” that shows how visually impaired persons experience artwork via tactile plates and audio guides.
Curated by art historian and art educator Nataša Jovičić and the Modern Gallery, Zagreb, Croatia, the exhibition also sensitizes others to how people living with limited vision experience the world.
The exhibition was held on the sidelines of the Assemblies of WIPO Member States, which met from September 24 to October 2, 2018. WIPO co-organized the event with the government of Croatia.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Violaine Martin. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
The Palmer-Epard Cabin is historic, but not to this site. It was built in 1867 about fourteen miles away.
The modern visitor center overwhelms it visually, even more so from this POV.
When you lose your sight, a white cane becomes an essential tool in your daily life. If you're blind or visually impaired, white cane is a tool that enables you greater independence. However, if you think that it's a very simple tool, think again.
First of all, there are different types of canes: long cane, guide cane, identification cane, and support cane. They can be folding, telescopic, or rigid.
Canes can also be made of different materials: wood, aluminum, graphite, etc.
Then, there are also different types of cane tips that you can choose from: pencil tip, jumbo roller tip, rural tip, marshmallow tip, etc.
Although the cane sounds like a very easy tool to use, it's actually not. To be able to travel with a white cane safely, you need to learn a few techniques. First, you have to know how to hold the cane correctly. Then, there are the techniques of walking:
"The most commonly used techniques are:
•Diagonal technique: The cane is held in front, and slightly diagonally across the body. The tip is in contact with the ground or just above.
•Touch technique: The cane tip is arced from side to side. When the left foot steps forward the cane sweeps to the right, and when the right foot steps forward the cane sweeps to the left. This technique allows safe travel in all environments by clearing the area for each step before it's taken.
•Constant contact technique: The cane is held in front and sweeps from side to side. The tip remains in contact with the ground.
•Shoreline technique: The cane is used to follow a line such as a wall, a fence or the edge of a footpath."
( Cane Q&A / Guide Dogs NSW/ACT)
As a tribute to the White Cane Safety Day 2012, I decided to make a few of these white cane bracelets from Hama beads and give them away as gifts to my friends.
Keep the comments clean! No banners, awards or invitations, please!
WIPO Director General Francis Gurry (second from left), Morocco's Minister of Communications and Government Spokesperson Mustafa Khalfi (third from left), and members of the WIPO Secretariat applaud adoption of a new international treaty that will facilitate access to published works for blind, visually impaired and print-disabled persons. The treaty was formally adopted on June 27, 2013. The Kingdom of Morrocco hosted WIPO's Diplomatic Conference in Marrakesh from June 17 to 28, 2013.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Emmanuel Berrod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.