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Mirit Ben Nun: Shortness of breath
'Shortness of breath' is not only a sign of physical weakness, it is a metaphor for a mental state of strong desire that knows no repletion; more and more, an unbearable glut, without repose. Mirit Ben Nun's type of work on the other hand requires an abundance of patience. This is a Sisyphean work (requiring hard labor) of marking lines and dots, filling every empty millimeter with brilliant blots. Therefore we are facing a paradox or a logical conflict. A patient and effortful work that stems from an urgent need to cover and fill, to adorn and coat. Her craft of layering reaches a state of a continuous ceremonial ritual.
This ritual digests every object into itself - useful or discarded -- available and ordinary or rare and exceptional -- they submit and devote to the overlay work. Mirit BN gathers scrap off the streets -- cardboard rolls of fabric, assortments of wooden boards and pieces, plates and planks -- and constructs a new link, her own syntax, which she alone is fully responsible for. The new combination -- a type of a sculptural construction -- goes through a process of patching by the act of painting.
In fact Mirit regards her three dimensional objects as a platform for painting, with a uniform continuity, even if it has obstacles, mounds and valleys. These objects beg her to paint, to lay down colors, to set in motion an intricate weave of abstract patterns that at times finds itself wandering the contours of human images and sometimes -- not. In those cases what is left is the monotonous activity of running the patterns, inch by inch, till their absolute coverage, till a short and passing instant of respite and than on again to a new onset.
Next to this assembly of garbage and it's recycling into 'painted sculptures' Mirit offers a surprising reunion between her illustrated objects and so called cheap African sculpture; popular artifacts or articles that are classified in the standard culture as 'primitive'.
This combination emphasizes the difference between her individualistic performance and the collective creation which is translated into cultural clichés. The wood carved image creates a moment of peace within the crowded bustle; an introverted image, without repetitiveness and reverberation. This meeting of strangers testifies that Mirit' work could not be labeled under the ´outsiders art´ category. She is a one woman school who is compelled to do the art work she picked out to perform. Therefore she isn't creating ´an image´ such as the carved wooden statues, but she produces breathless ´emotional jam' whose highest values are color, motion, beauty and plenitude. May it never lack, neither diluted, nor dull for even an instant
Tali Tamir
August 2010
Fernando Martínez Velásquez 'Embarazo Zulú', (Zulu Pregnancy), 2011, Exposición 'Salón Internacional de Artes Visuales Suramérica', 2013, edificio Suramericano, (Exhibition 'International Visual Art Salon South America' Suramericana building), Medellín, Colombia
Street art is visual art created in public locations, usually unsanctioned artwork executed outside of the context of traditional art venues. The term gained popularity during the graffiti art boom of the early 1980s and continues to be applied to subsequent incarnations. Stencil graffiti, wheatpasted poster art or sticker art, and street installation or sculpture are common forms of modern street art. Video projection, yarn bombing and Lock On sculpture became popularized at the turn of the 21st century.
The terms "urban art", "guerrilla art", "post-graffiti" and "neo-graffiti" are also sometimes used when referring to artwork created in these contexts.[1] Traditional spray-painted graffiti artwork itself is often included in this category, excluding territorial graffiti or pure vandalism.
Street art is often motivated by a preference on the part of the artist to communicate directly with the public at large, free from perceived confines of the formal art world.[2] Street artists sometimes present socially relevant content infused with esthetic value, to attract attention to a cause or as a form of "art provocation".[3]
Street artists often travel between countries to spread their designs. Some artists have gained cult-followings, media and art world attention, and have gone on to work commercially in the styles which made their work known on the streets.
Vlk Photo
Photo & Visual Art : uotmi
Model: Ty
(http://www.facebook.com/chipblog#/photo.php?pid=51142&id=1735893027&fbid=1026624722638)
Flauberto Artist- Visual Art Berlin Germany - My studio In Berlin Germany - Contact: flauberto.world@gmail.com
Flauberto ist in der kleinen Stadt Juazeirinhio, Paraiba geboren. Er lebt seit fünf Jahren in Berlin und nahm bereits an bedeutenden Gemeinschaftsaustellungen
u.a. in Brasilien, USA, Deutschland und de Schweiz teil.
„Flauberto findet seine Inspiration in der überfüllten Welt unserer Alltäglichen und aus Wortfetzen bestehenden, von Hektik geprägten Umwelt. In den Straßen der Großstadt, den Korridoren von U-Bahnhöfen oder den tausendfach
überklebten Outdoors an den Häuserwänden finden sich die grafischen Elemente seiner Bilder wieder. Die Leinwand scheint den gestalterischen
Gestus von Flauberto nur vorübergehend festzuhalten, denn die Intention des Striches und der Farbkombinantionen weisen weit aus dem verschlossenen,
geordneten Innenleben eines Raumes in die Unbegrenztheit einer ungewissen Außenwelt unter freiem Himmel.“
Flauberto“ ist einer der herausragenden Künstler der brasilianischen Kunstszene in Deutschland. Seine Werke, das sind Gemälde, Fotos und Zeichnungen zeigen einen einzigartigen Stil und befinden sich in ständigen Sammlungen der brasilianischen Botschaft, dem „Museu de Arte Contemporânea Assis Chateaubriand“ und Privatsammlungen in Russland, Schweiz, Deutschland und den USA. Außerdem wird er von den brasilianischen Medien zu den wichtigsten fünf aktuellen bildenden Künstlern des Bundesstaates Paraíba in Brasilien gezählt.
Der Künstler präsentierte seine Werke unter anderem im Jahr 2003 auf der Bienale von Novosibirsk in Russland und in einer Ausstellung in der Akademie der Künste in Berlin, erhielt im Jahr 2002 den Preis des Museums in Berlin-Dahlem als „ausgezeichneter Künstler der brasilianischen Kunstszene Deutschland“.
2002 realisierter er ebenfalls eine Retrospektive in den ehemaligen Räumen des brasilianischen Kulturinstituts (ICBRA) aber auch weitere Ausstellungen in Deutschland und im Ausland, wie die Teilnahme als Repräsentant Brasiliens am Projekt „United-Buddy-Bears“ in Berlin, Tokio, Sidney, Istambul, Shangai und Peking. 1998 wurde er in einer Galerie in Zürich und auch in Basel gehandelt. 1995 wurden seine Werke in einem Workshop in Minneapolis (USA) vorgestellt und besprochen.
Eine sich aufweitende Kunst -
Oder vielleicht eine Unordnung, die aus dem dunkeln der Rohmaterie seiner Kunst entnommen ist
Die ersten Aufzeichnungen des künstlerischen Schaffens von Flauberto stammen aus seiner Kindheit in Juazeirinho, einer kleinen und armen Stadt, die durch die Bundesstrasse BR-230 in der Mitte durchschnitten wird, eingewachsen in der gühenden Hitze in der desolaten Region von Cariri im Bundesstaat Paraiba. Seine Unruhe verschonte nicht die Wände der Häuser, die Mauern des Klassenzimmers, die grossen Türen der Lagerhäuser, die Banken und die Wände der Schule.
Es ist dieses weit zurückliegende Gedächtnis, welches sich in der emotionalen Fracht seiner aktuellen Arbeit verfasst, wenn die Welt und das Leben in Reichtweite ist, auf diesem Weg der seine Geschichte in der Mitte zerschneidet.
Das Ziel seiner Kunst ist mehr als die Bewusstheit, es ist die Besessenheit an Grenzüberschreitungen. Seine Arbeiten schreien nach Dringlichkeiten, sie beben wie die eigene Zeit und verlangen nach der Kolektivität.
“Ich habe ab 1994 angefangen intensiv Kunst zu machen, so dass Leben und Kunst in einem gemeinsamen Weg meinen künstlerischen Prozess begleitet haben. Bei der künstlerischen Tätigkeit habe ich sehr früh eine besessene, systematische und impulsive Form entwickelt . In den letzten 19 Jahren meines Schaffens habe ich mich besonders mit Zeichnungen und Malerei beschäftigt, habe aber auch Projekte mit Skulptur und Instalationen entwickelt. Die Themen meines Lebens waren immer die meines Lebens, wie Sex, Macht, Geld, und Religion, die immer verwirrende und festigende Elemente meiner Existenz waren.
Ich wusste nie zu erklären wie sich diese Dinge von einer Form in die andere (im Leben und in der Kunst) wandelten, jedoch bin ich ein autodidaktischer Künstler mit Intension und Selbstbildung. Sehr früh habe ich eine Art von Aversion zum Model der schulischen Bildung entwickelt , als ich das Studium an der Universität verlassen habe.
Seit Juazeirinho, die Stadt in der ich geboren bin und gelebt habe, fühle ich mich wie ein impulsives, obzesives und ängstliches Individuum, welches sich aus der Dunkelheit mit seinem eigenen Licht entzieht.
Ich will Fragen beantworten: Wer bin ich? zu wem gehöre ich? oder warum meine Kunst in meiner Kondition und meinem kreativen Prozess nachhallen wird ?
Ich und meine Kunst gehören zusammen, von den vorhandenen Händen mit der verzweifelten Lust am Fleisch.
Ich schaffe es nicht aufzuhören meinen Umkreis zu observieren, sei es in João Pessoa, Salvador, Rio de Janeiro, Basel, in der Schweiz, oder in Berlin.Städte die die Tragig meines Lebens darstellen.
Ab 2002 begann ich einen Prozess zu entwickeln der Fotografie mit Techniken wie Kollage, Foto-Kollage und digitale Manipulation, als Mittel oder Unterstützung aufweist. Ich habe in der Fotogafie ein Mittel gefunden, der persönlichen und pofessionellen Verwirklichung so klar und Transparent wie anderen Unterstützungen die ich schon genutzt habe, und die ich noch nutze. Ich setze in meine Fotografien die Unnachgiebigkeit und die Obzession der Grenzen von meiner Lust. Alles was ich mache ist ein Teil einer extrem persönlichen Entschlossenheit. Als ich mich entschloss die Fotografie in meinen Prozess der Produktion und Kreation einzubinden, machte ich dies, um an eine Objektivität und Tranzperenz des Mittels zu glauben um meine Ideen zu transportieren. Das erste Projekt von Fotos, dass ich 2002 begonnen hatte, versammelt 500 Fotografien die meine privaten Wünsche des Lebens und meine Augen vor der Welt ausdrücken. Um das Projekt zu realisieren, griff ich zum Universum der Informationen, wie Zeitungen, Jornale, Bücher, Fotos und Bilder die von anderen Künstlern gemacht wurden, also letztendlich alles was ich mit meinem lüsternden Blick erreichen konnte. Auf dem Weg der Hin- und Rückfahrt nach Hause werde ich Stücke des Lebens gesammelt haben, die meine Wünschen berühren. »
Die Perversion der Farben.
Es gab keinen anderen Weg für Flauberto wenn nicht die Kunst. Die Natur hat ihm eine Art der Perversation der Farben bereitgestellt. Als Kind seine Ziele am Abend in Juazeirinho, Paraibanischen Cariri, waren unfreiwilligerweise einfallen durch eine Leuchtende Kraft des “in den Augenen stechenden Grüns”.
Als Regen fiel füllte sich die Vegetation mit Blättern, und der Blick Flaubertos verlohr sich im kräftigen Grün des Juazeiro-Baumes, des Umbu-Baumes und des Catinga-Baumes.
Der Blick Flaubertos ist so - unterschiedlich, verzerrt und trügerisch. Aber in einer semantischen Frage, waren die Farben für Ihn immer eine Herausforderung, denn er muss nicht nur seine Namen lernen, denn auch mit einer Art bösen Magie leben, die mit einigen Farben, prinzipiell mit Grün, erscheint, die in Zusammenhang mit dem Kontext in welchem die gleichen eingefügt waren hervorstechen.
Aktuell hat Flauberto eine Sicht dieser Situation: die Fraben sehen wie kodiert aus, dominiert um zu malen.
Er entwickelte eine quasi machanisiert Technik, wo es für jede Farbe einen vorbestimmten Platz gibt. Jede Farbe hält eine bestimmte Distanz zur anderen und jede Farbe ist vorbereitet und nur einmal anwendbar, niemals aber in vielen Töpfen zur gleichen Zeit.
Ich lernte die Malerei von Flauberto kennen bevor ich Ihn persönlich kennengelernt habe, als ich an etwas anderes denkend eine Bank betrat, an jenem Platz der für Ausstellungen vorgesehen war, die mir immer ein Lächeln in meinen
Mundwinkeln hervorrief. An diesem Tag hielt ich verblüfft vor einer ausgestellten Zusammenstellung an.
Vom Nahen stellte ich die Unvollkommenheit in der Vorbeitung der Farben und der Leinwände des Künstlers fest und blieb verwirrt im Akzeptieren der primitiven Kunst oder einer bewussten oder gelehrten Manifestation von einem jungen Künstler.
Ich ging heraus mit Assoziationen von Grafiken von Keith Hering, und mit den unbearbeiteten Figuren von A.R. Penk, und mit den infantilen Malereien von Donald Baechler, ohne zu wissen was sozusagen der noch unbekannte Anfänger Flauberto mit der Produktion dieser Künstler gemeinsam hatte. Die vigorosen Grafiken Flaubertos sind Übungen der Dichotomie, schwingen wie ein taumelnder und aus den Fugen tretender Tanz zwischen einer kartesische Organisation und einem unkontrolliertem und rudimentären Kaos. Es sind Variiationen zwischen ausschweifenden Pinselstrichen des Malers bis hin zu den feinen Linien und Strichen die sich in den etwas grosseren Kompositionen verlieren. Seine Farben gehen von der Künstlichkeit von einem fluesziereneden Orange die Übelkeit hervorrufen, bis zu friedlichen Pasteltönen.
Persönlichkeit und Malerei wechseln sich zwischen lebhaft und trüb, grob und fein, populär und gelehrt, klever und naiv, bewusst und verwirt ab. Die letzten Malereien von Flauberto zeigen schon eine Annäherung mit einigen Konzepten, die im Wiebelwind von Aufnahmen der zeitgenossischen Kunst gelernt wurden in der der Künstler sich in den letzten Jahren befand.
Es scheint aber, dass er alles mit viel Personalität behandelt. Akademische Konzepte wie Gleichgewicht und Einigkeit die bei den meisten Künstlern aus unser Generation noch zu finden sind werden meistens missachtet. Die Organisation von Flaubertos Arbeitsmaterial wirkt in den Augen zu aller erst trostlos. Schwere Figuren werden auf leichte gelegt, senkrechte Bäume schweben aus den Seiten und harte Figuren drängeln sich in außergewöhnlicher und störender Masse durch. Seine Malerei ändert sich als ob er sie aufgrund der brasilianischen Musik und Rock geschaffen hat. Ich selber kenne keinen anderen Maler der für sich selbst eine Art von chronologischen Aktionen, die von der technischen Verbesserung bis hin zu Marketing-Aktionen gehen und sich in Stars der brasilianische Musik hineinversetzt. Er hat sich selbst vorgenommen Sachen zu schaffen, die sich jüngere Maler gar nicht trauen.
Wenn ich mit Ihnen über einige seiner Malereien spreche, scheint es als ob er immer schon einen fertige Antwort zu meinen Fragen hat. Ich muss zugeben, dass ich einige Zeit benötige um die Ergebnisse verarbeiten zu können und will meistens auch schon mal sagen z.B. dass ich nie solch ein Rot oder Lila benutzen würde. Seine Malereien überschreiten immer den Punkt bis zu dem ich kommen würde. An diesem Punkt könnte ich Jean Dubuffet mit seinem Art Brut Konzept erwähnen, oder andererseits in diesen wirren Zeiten der Multikulturalität die Diskussionen der Kritiker der modernen Kunst durchgehen, um zu versuchen die Arbeit von Flauberto zu verstehen, aber ich verbleibe lieber auf dem Feld der Zweifel, offen für die unerwarteten Schläge der Malerei von Flauberto aus Cariri
One among the 3 that i love. Not only it reflects my state of mine at that time (hopeless, loneliness and depression) but it's represent the pain which a woman has to keep it inside herself. (As a Thai lady you shouldn't 'show' every emotion. A modest behavior is very important)
Albert Einstein High School Visual Art Center EXPRESSIONS OF COMMUNITY Exhibition at Downtown Silver Spring Breezeway at Wayne Avenue Garage and Ellsworth Drive in Silver Spring, Maryland on Wednesday night, 25 November 2020 by Elvert Barnes Photography
Learn about the AEHS VAC EXPRESSIONS OF COMMUNITY Exhibition at www.downtownsilverspring.com/expressions-of-community/
Friends of the VAC at www.facebook.com/Friends-of-the-Visual-Art-Center-VAC-at-...
Elvert Barnes PUBLIC ART 2020 at elvertbarnes.com/PublicArt2020
Elvert Barnes COVID-19 Pandemic / Part 4 / End of Year 2020 docu-project at elvertbarnes.com/CV19EOY2020
THANKSGIVING WEDNESDAY EVENING WALK
Elvert Barnes HOLIDAY SEASON 2020 docu-project at elvertbarnes.com/HolidaySeason2020
Leipzig Spinnerei Herbstrundgang 9-2016
Leipzig Spinnerei autumn tour 2016/9
Kunstgalerien: Josef Filipp Galerie -
ASPN Jochen Plogsties: Shanzhai www.aspngalerie.de
Galerie b2_ HAYAHISA TOMIYASU: TTP www.galerie-b2.de
Art MÛR MONTRÉAL/LEIPZIG CAL LANE: DISOBEDIENT VIRTUES www.artmur.com
Galerie Dukan Paris/Leipzig Josef Filipp Galerie Rayk Goetze: Der Gegenwart www.filipp-galerie.com Galerie Jochen Hempel STEPHAN BALKENHOL: NEUE ARBEITEN www.jochenhempel.com Galerie Kleindienst CLAUDIA ANGELMAIER: LANDSCAPES www.galeriekleindienst.de R E I T E R STEFFEN JUNGHANS: "It's Me." www.reitergalleries.com THE GRASS IS GREENER HELGE HOMMES: CASPAR – [WIEDER] OHNE KOMPASS IM MORGENLAND Esther Niebel www.thegrassisgreener.de SPINNEREI archiv massiv JOHANNES TIEPELMANN: THE HICK LÆTITIA GORSY: BILDARCHIVE 29 Bertram Schultze,
HALLE 14:
TERRA MEDITERRANEA:
IN ACTION – ÜBER EINEN FLÜSSIGEN KONTINENT
Ana Adamović, Marwa Arsanios, Bank of No, Sofia Bempeza, Banu Cennetoğlu, Marianna Christofides, Tom Dale, Haris Epaminonda, Hackitectura, Lia Haraki, Timo Herbst & Marcus Nebe, Elizabeth Hoak- Doering, Eleni Kamma, Mahmoud Khaled, Zissis Kotionis, Mona Marzouk, Panayiotis Michael, Christodoulos Panayiotou, Nira Pereg, Polys Peslikas, Alexandros Pissourios, Ran Slavin, Paola Yacoub
PILOTENKUECHE ORIGIN
Amina & Karima Tarchouni [DE], Cristiano Carotti [IT], Fernando Davis [BR], Gabriel Secchin [BR], Latzi [IL], Milena Roglic [CA], Nina Perlman [US], Sally Lia Vigano [IT], Sofia Rossi Bunge [CH], So Jin Lim [KR], Wednesday Kim [US]
Artist Residency Martin Holz www.pilotenkueche.net
Werkschau
17./18. Sep 2016
INTERNATIONALE GASTGALERIEN
Billytown, Den Haag
Larm Gallery, Kopenhagen
Daine Singer, Melbourne
Black Swan Project, New York
Rutger Brandt Gallery, Amsterdam
Aeroplastics, Brüssel
Jonathan Ferrara, New Orleans
Christine König, Wien
Galerie Conradi, Hamburg
Galería Hilario Galguera, Mexico
Anca Poterasu Gallery, Bukarest
Pearl Lam Galleries, Hongkong/ Shanghai
L’Atelier-ksr, Monaco/Berlin
Guido Romero Pierini, Paris
Tobias Fischer
Visual art installation of antique boat and terracotta by Made Djirna (Indonesia) exhibit at the Singapore Art Museum during the Singapore Biennale 2016
a tribute to Emi Wada
HERO is the most expensive Chinese movie to date. Zhang Yimou has created a stunning epic.
The huge scale, use of color, and beautiful cinematography make this as much a piece of visual art as of storytelling. The martial arts scenes, reminiscent of Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, are awe-inspiring.
The story engages mind and emotion and draws us into the mystery of where the truth lies.
Hero is one of those near perfect blends of visual and story that film makes possible.
The exacting standards that were set for the story and the action sequences are no less stringent when it comes to the look of HERO. Three versions of the story, told from different perspectives each has its own color scheme – red, white and blue.
“The aesthetics of this film are inextricably bound up with the plot”, says director Zhang Yimou “The idea of using colors to tell the story came about quite early in the process of conceptualizing the film.
The look of the set, the costumes and so on was developed in concert with the script itself. I had an image in my head for a long time and then worked through the details of how to realize it through talking with the other people working on the film”.
Such obsessiveness is matched by Academy Award-winning costume designer, Emi Wada who cites director Zhang Yimou as one of her heroes.
For the costumes in HERO, Wada tried no less than thirty colors, hand dying each individual sample. However, after her colors were approved, Wada ran into an unforeseen problem. She elaborates: “We couldn’t make some colors with the dye and water in Beijing,” she sighed “Therefore we brought the dye from England and Japan and used mineral water to dye some of the fabric…we ended up with some thousand meters of cloth.”
So meticulous was Wada’s control of the design that the red costumes were created using fifty-four shades of color. Using different textures to characterize the individuals in the story.
Wada sought inspiration from ancient costumes in China, Korea and Japan. The silhouette of the costume is an ancient style. “But as this is an action movie, Wada explains “It also has to be as light as ballet costumes.”
Blue Skies is actually two layers. You have the demolished looking inside of a building with blue skies out the window. A dsolate sceen going to a nicer one. Camera was an Olympus E500 and it was illustrated in Corel and transferred to Exposure 2 for a Kodak Ektachrome 100vs film simulation
Drawing is a form of visual art in which a person uses various drawing instruments to mark paper or another two-dimensional medium. Instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoal, chalk, pastels, various kinds of erasers, markers, styluses, various metals (such as silverpoint), and electronic drawing.
An artist who practices or works in technical drawing may be called a drafter, draftsman, or draughtsman.[1]
A drawing instrument releases small amount of material onto a surface, leaving a visible mark. The most common support for drawing is paper, although other materials, such as cardboard, plastic, leather, canvas, and board, may be used. Temporary drawings may be made on a blackboard or whiteboard or indeed almost anything. The medium has been a popular and fundamental means of public expression throughout human history. It is one of the simplest and most efficient means of communicating visual ideas.[2] The wide availability of drawing instruments makes drawing one of the most common artistic activities.
Drawing is one of the major forms of expression within the visual arts. It is generally concerned with the marking of lines and areas of tone onto paper, where the accurate representation of the visual world is expressed upon a plane surface.[3] Traditional drawings were monochrome, or at least had little colour,[4] while modern colored-pencil drawings may approach or cross a boundary between drawing and painting. In Western terminology, drawing is distinct from painting, even though similar media often are employed in both tasks. Dry media, normally associated with drawing, such as chalk, may be used in pastel paintings. Drawing may be done with a liquid medium, applied with brushes or pens. Similar supports likewise can serve both: painting generally involves the application of liquid paint onto prepared canvas or panels, but sometimes an underdrawing is drawn first on that same support.
Drawing is often exploratory, with considerable emphasis on observation, problem-solving and composition. Drawing is also regularly used in preparation for a painting, further obfuscating their distinction. Drawings created for these purposes are called studies.
There are several categories of drawing, including figure drawing, cartooning, doodling and shading. There are also many drawing methods, such as line drawing, stippling, shading, the surrealist method of entopic graphomania (in which dots are made at the sites of impurities in a blank sheet of paper, and lines are then made between the dots), and tracing (drawing on a translucent paper, such as tracing paper, around the outline of preexisting shapes that show through the paper).
A quick, unrefined drawing may be called a sketch.
In fields outside art, technical drawings or plans of buildings, machinery, circuitry and other things are often called "drawings" even when they have been transferred to another medium by printing.
Drawing as a Form of Communication Drawing is one of the oldest forms of human expression, with evidence for its existence preceding that of written communication.[5] It is believed that drawing was used as a specialised form of communication before the invent of the written language,[5][6] demonstrated by the production of cave and rock paintings created by Homo sapiens sapiens around 30,000 years ago.[7] These drawings, known as pictograms, depicted objects and abstract concepts.[8] The sketches and paintings produced in prehistoric times were eventually stylised and simplified, leading to the development of the written language as we know it today.
Drawing in the Arts Drawing is used to express one's creativity, and therefore has been prominent in the world of art. Throughout much of history, drawing was regarded as the foundation for artistic practise.[9] Initially, artists used and reused wooden tablets for the production of their drawings.[10] Following the widespread availability of paper in the 14th century, the use of drawing in the arts increased. At this point, drawing was commonly used as a tool for thought and investigation, acting as a study medium whilst artists were preparing for their final pieces of work.[11][12] In a period of artistic flourish, the Renaissance brought about drawings exhibiting realistic representational qualities,[13] where there was a lot of influence from geometry and philosophy.[14]
The invention of the first widely available form of photography led to a shift in the use of drawing in the arts.[15] Photography took over from drawing as a more superior method for accurately representing visual phenomena, and artists began to abandon traditional drawing practises.[16] Modernism in the arts encouraged "imaginative originality"[17] and artists' approach to drawing became more abstract.
Drawing Outside of the Arts Although the use of drawing is extensive in the arts, its practice is not confined purely to this field. Before the widespread availability of paper, 12th century monks in European monasteries used intricate drawings to prepare illustrated, illuminated manuscripts on vellum and parchment. Drawing has also been used extensively in the field of science, as a method of discovery, understanding and explanation. In 1616, astronomer Galileo Galilei explained the changing phases of the moon through his observational telescopic drawings.[16] Additionally, in 1924, geophysicist Alfred Wegener used illustrations to visually demonstrate the origin of the continents.[16]
Notable draftsmen[edit]
Since the 14th century, each century has produced artists who have created great drawings.
Notable draftsmen of the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries include Leonardo da Vinci, Albrecht Dürer, Michelangelo and Raphael.
Notable draftsmen of the 17th century include Claude, Nicolas Poussin, Rembrandt, Guercino, and Peter Paul Rubens.
Notable draftsmen of the 18th century include Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, and Antoine Watteau.
Notable draftsmen of the 19th century include Paul Cézanne, Aubrey Beardsley, Jacques-Louis David, Pierre-Paul Prud'hon, Edgar Degas, Théodore Géricault, Francisco Goya, Jean Ingres, Odilon Redon, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Honoré Daumier, and Vincent van Gogh.
Notable draftsmen of the 20th century include Käthe Kollwitz, Max Beckmann, Jean Dubuffet, George Grosz, Egon Schiele, Arshile Gorky, Paul Klee, Oscar Kokoschka, Alphonse Mucha, M. C. Escher, André Masson, Jules Pascin, and Pablo Picasso.
The medium is the means by which ink, pigment or color are delivered onto the drawing surface. Most drawing media are either dry (e.g. graphite, charcoal, pastels, Conté, silverpoint), or use a fluid solvent or carrier (marker, pen and ink). Watercolor pencils can be used dry like ordinary pencils, then moistened with a wet brush to get various painterly effects. Very rarely, artists have drawn with (usually decoded) invisible ink. Metalpoint drawing usually employs either of two metals: silver or lead.[18] More rarely used are gold, platinum, copper, brass, bronze, and tinpoint.
Paper comes in a variety of different sizes and qualities, ranging from newspaper grade up to high quality and relatively expensive paper sold as individual sheets.[19] Papers can vary in texture, hue, acidity, and strength when wet. Smooth paper is good for rendering fine detail, but a more "toothy" paper holds the drawing material better. Thus a coarser material is useful for producing deeper contrast.
Newsprint and typing paper may be useful for practice and rough sketches. Tracing paper is used to experiment over a half-finished drawing, and to transfer a design from one sheet to another. Cartridge paper is the basic type of drawing paper sold in pads. Bristol board and even heavier acid-free boards, frequently with smooth finishes, are used for drawing fine detail and do not distort when wet media (ink, washes) are applied. Vellum is extremely smooth and suitable for very fine detail. Coldpressed watercolor paper may be favored for ink drawing due to its texture.
Acid-free, archival quality paper keeps its color and texture far longer than wood pulp based paper such as newsprint, which turns yellow and become brittle much sooner.
The basic tools are a drawing board or table, pencil sharpener and eraser, and for ink drawing, blotting paper. Other tools used are circle compass, ruler, and set square. Fixative is used to prevent pencil and crayon marks from smudging. Drafting tape is used to secure paper to drawing surface, and also to mask an area to keep it free of accidental marks sprayed or spattered materials and washes. An easel or slanted table is used to keep the drawing surface in a suitable position, which is generally more horizontal than the position used in painting.
Almost all draftsmen use their hands and fingers to apply the media, with the exception of some handicapped individuals who draw with their mouth or feet.[20]
Prior to working on an image, the artist typically explores how various media work. They may try different drawing implements on practice sheets to determine value and texture, and how to apply the implement to produce various effects.
The artist's choice of drawing strokes affects the appearance of the image. Pen and ink drawings often use hatching—groups of parallel lines.[21] Cross-hatching uses hatching in two or more different directions to create a darker tone. Broken hatching, or lines with intermittent breaks, form lighter tones—and controlling the density of the breaks achieves a gradation of tone. Stippling, uses dots to produce tone, texture or shade. Different textures can be achieved depending on the method used to build tone.[22]
Drawings in dry media often use similar techniques, though pencils and drawing sticks can achieve continuous variations in tone. Typically a drawing is filled in based on which hand the artist favors. A right-handed artist draws from left to right to avoid smearing the image. Erasers can remove unwanted lines, lighten tones, and clean up stray marks. In a sketch or outline drawing, lines drawn often follow the contour of the subject, creating depth by looking like shadows cast from a light in the artist's position.
Sometimes the artist leaves a section of the image untouched while filling in the remainder. The shape of the area to preserve can be painted with masking fluid or cut out of a frisket and applied to the drawing surface, protecting the surface from stray marks until the mask is removed.
Another method to preserve a section of the image is to apply a spray-on fixative to the surface. This holds loose material more firmly to the sheet and prevents it from smearing. However the fixative spray typically uses chemicals that can harm the respiratory system, so it should be employed in a well-ventilated area such as outdoors.
Another technique is subtractive drawing in which the drawing surface is covered with graphite or charcoal and then erased to make the image.[23]
Shading is the technique of varying the tonal values on the paper to represent the shade of the material as well as the placement of the shadows. Careful attention to reflected light, shadows and highlights can result in a very realistic rendition of the image.
Blending uses an implement to soften or spread the original drawing strokes. Blending is most easily done with a medium that does not immediately fix itself, such as graphite, chalk, or charcoal, although freshly applied ink can be smudged, wet or dry, for some effects. For shading and blending, the artist can use a blending stump, tissue, a kneaded eraser, a fingertip, or any combination of them. A piece of chamois is useful for creating smooth textures, and for removing material to lighten the tone. Continuous tone can be achieved with graphite on a smooth surface without blending, but the technique is laborious, involving small circular or oval strokes with a somewhat blunt point.
Shading techniques that also introduce texture to the drawing include hatching and stippling. A number of other methods produce texture. In addition to the choice of paper, drawing material and technique affect texture. Texture can be made to appear more realistic when it is drawn next to a contrasting texture; a coarse texture is more obvious when placed next to a smoothly blended area. A similar effect can be achieved by drawing different tones close together. A light edge next to a dark background stands out to the eye, and almost appears to float above the surface.
Form and proportion[edit]Measuring the dimensions of a subject while blocking in the drawing is an important step in producing a realistic rendition of the subject. Tools such as a compass can be used to measure the angles of different sides. These angles can be reproduced on the drawing surface and then rechecked to make sure they are accurate. Another form of measurement is to compare the relative sizes of different parts of the subject with each other. A finger placed at a point along the drawing implement can be used to compare that dimension with other parts of the image. A ruler can be used both as a straightedge and a device to compute proportions.
When attempting to draw a complicated shape such as a human figure, it is helpful at first to represent the form with a set of primitive shapes. Almost any form can be represented by some combination of the cube, sphere, cylinder, and cone. Once these basic shapes have been assembled into a likeness, then the drawing can be refined into a more accurate and polished form. The lines of the primitive shapes are removed and replaced by the final likeness. Drawing the underlying construction is a fundamental skill for representational art, and is taught in many books and schools. Its correct application resolves most uncertainties about smaller details, and makes the final image look consistent.[24]
A more refined art of figure drawing relies upon the artist possessing a deep understanding of anatomy and the human proportions. A trained artist is familiar with the skeleton structure, joint location, muscle placement, tendon movement, and how the different parts work together during movement. This allows the artist to render more natural poses that do not appear artificially stiff. The artist is also familiar with how the proportions vary depending on the age of the subject, particularly when drawing a portrait.
Perspective[edit]
Linear perspective is a method of portraying objects on a flat surface so that the dimensions shrink with distance. Each set of parallel, straight edges of any object, whether a building or a table, follows lines that eventually converge at a vanishing point. Typically this convergence point is somewhere along the horizon, as buildings are built level with the flat surface. When multiple structures are aligned with each other, such as buildings along a street, the horizontal tops and bottoms of the structures typically converge at a vanishing point.When both the fronts and sides of a building are drawn, then the parallel lines forming a side converge at a second point along the horizon (which may be off the drawing paper.) This is a two-point perspective.[25] Converging the vertical lines to a third point above or below the horizon then produces a three-point perspective.
Depth can also be portrayed by several techniques in addition to the perspective approach above. Objects of similar size should appear ever smaller the further they are from the viewer. Thus the back wheel of a cart appears slightly smaller than the front wheel. Depth can be portrayed through the use of texture. As the texture of an object gets further away it becomes more compressed and busy, taking on an entirely different character than if it was close. Depth can also be portrayed by reducing the contrast in more distant objects, and by making their colors less saturated. This reproduces the effect of atmospheric haze, and cause the eye to focus primarily on objects drawn in the foreground.