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Is a sovereign Arab emirate situated in the northeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south and Iraq to the north and lies on the northwestern shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the Arabic "akwat", the plural of "kout", meaning fortress built near water. The emirate covers an area of 20,000 square kilometres (6,880 sq mi) and has a population of about 3.0 million.
Historically, the region was the site of Characene, a major Parthian port for trade between India and Mesopotamia. The Bani Utbah tribe were the first permanent Arab settlers in the region and laid the foundation of the modern emirate. By 19th century, Kuwait came under the influence of the Ottoman Empire and after the World War I, it emerged as an independent sheikhdom under the protection of the British Empire. Kuwait's large oil fields were discovered in the late 1930s. After it gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1961, the nation's oil industry saw unprecedented growth. In 1990, Kuwait was invaded and annexed by neighboring Iraq. The seven month-long Iraqi occupation came to an end after a direct military intervention by United States-led forces. Nearly 773 Kuwaiti oil wells were set ablaze by the retreating Iraqi army resulting in a major environmental and economic catastrophe. Kuwait's infrastructure was badly damaged during the war and had to be rebuilt.
Kuwait is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government, with Kuwait City serving as the country's political and economic capital. The country has the world's fifth largest oil reserves and petroleum and petroleum products now account for nearly 95% of export revenues, and 80% of government income. Kuwait is the eleventh richest country in the world per capita and has the highest human development index (HDI) in the Arab world.[10] Kuwait is classified as a high income economy by the World Bank and is designated as a major non-NATO ally of the United States.
History
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kuwait
Geography
Kuwait is situated in Southwest Asia, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iraq and Saudi Arabia. Once a small Persian Gulf sheikhdom known locally as a center for pearl diving and boat construction, Kuwait came to international prominence in the post-World War II era largely because of its enormous oil revenues. Yet its history as an autonomous political entity is much older, dating back to the eighteenth century. At that time, the town of Kuwait was settled by migrants from central Arabia who arrived at what was then a lightly populated fishing village under the suzerainty of the Bani Khalid tribe of Arabia. Members of one family, the Al Sabah, have ruled Kuwait from that time.
Since2009 Kuwait has been ruled by Shaykh Jabir al Ahmad al Jabir Al Sabah and his designated successor, Shaykh Saad al Abd Allah as Salim Al Sabah, the prime minister and crown prince. In the postwar period, these men have supported, with some ambivalence, the strengthening of popular participation in decision making as provided for in the constitution.
Kuwait is located at the far northwestern corner of the Persian Gulf. It is a small state of about 200.000 square kilometers, a little smaller than the state of New Jersey. At its most distant points, it is about 200 kilometers north to south and 170 kilometers east to west.
Other Info
Oficial name:
دولة الكويت
Dawlat al-Kuwayt
Independence:
June 19, 1961
Area:
17.818km2
Inhabitants:
3.670.000
Languages:
Arabic, Gulf Spoken [afb] 500,000 in Kuwait (1986). Alternate names: Khaliji. Dialects: Kuwaiti Hadari Arabic. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic
More information.
Arabic, Standard [arb] Middle East, North Africa. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic
More information.
Mehri [gdq] 14,358 in Kuwait (2000 WCD). Scattered individuals in Kuwait. Alternate names: Mahri. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, South Arabian
Capital city:
Kuwait city
Meaning country name:
From the Arabic diminutive form of "Kut/Kout" meaning "fortress built near water".
Description Flag:
The flag of Kuwait (Arabic: علم الكويت) was adopted on September 7, 1961 and officially hoisted November 24, 1961.
The colours' meaning came from a poem by Safie Al-Deen Al-Hali:
White are our deeds
Black are our battles
Green are our lands
Red are our swords
Rules of hanging and flying the flag:
Horizontally: The green stripe should be on top.
Vertically: The green strip should be on the right side of the flag.
Coat of arms:
The Coat of arms of Kuwait (Arabic: شعار الكويت) was adopted in 1962 and it consists of the shield of the flag design in color superimposed on a falcon with wings displayed. The falcon supports a disk containing a sailing ship (dhow) with the full name of the State written (in Arabic) at the top of the disk.
The dhow is a symbol of the maritime tradition of the country and is also found in the national coats of arms of Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. The falcon is a symbol of the Banu Quraish line, to which the prophet Muhammad belonged and is likewise found in many coats of arms of the Arabian Peninsula.
The coat of arms replaced an older emblem with a falcon and two crossed flags.
National Anthem: Al-Nasheed Al-Watani, Arabic: النشيد الوطني, meaning "National Anthem".
Arabic text
وطني الكويت سلمت للمجد *** وعلى جبينك طالع السعد
يا مهد آباءالأولى كتبوا *** سفرالخلود فنادت الشهب
الله أكبر إنهم عرب *** طلعت كواكب جنة الخلد
بوركت يا وطني الكويت لنا *** سكنا وعشت على المدى وطنا
يفديك حر في حماك بنى *** صرح الحياة بأكرم الأيدي
نحميك يا وطني وشاهدنا *** شرع الهدى والحق رائدنا
وأميرنا للعز قائدنا *** رب الحمية صادق الوعد
تمّ الاسترجاع من
Transliteration
Refrain
Watanil Kuwait Salemta Lilmajdi
Wa Ala Jabeenoka Tali-Ossadi
Watanil Kuwait
Watanil Kuwait
Watanil Kuwait Salemta Lilmajdi.
1
Ya Mahda Abaa-il Ola Katabou
Sefral Khloudi Fanadati Shohobo
Allaho Akbar Ehnahom Arabo
Talaat Kawakebo Jannatil Kholdi
2
Bourekta Ya Watanil Kuwaita Lana
Sakanan Wa Eshta Alal Mada Watana
Yafdeeka Horron Fi Hemaka Bana
Sarhol Hayati Be Akramil Aydi
3
Nahmeeka Ya Watani Wa Shahidona
Sharoul Hoda Wal Haqqo Ra-Edona
Wa Amirona Lil Ezzi Qa-Edona
Rabbol Hamiyati Sadqol Waadi
English translation
Kuwait, my country, may you be safe and glorious!
May you always enjoy good fortune!
You are the cradle of my ancestors,
Who put down its memory.
With everlasting symmetry, showing all eternity,
Those Arabs were heavenly,
Kuwait, my country,
May you be safe and glorious!
May you always enjoy good fortune.
Blessed be my Country a homeland for harmony,
Warded by true sentry giving their soils aptly,
Building high its history, Kuwait,
My country, we're for you my Country,
Led by faith and loyalty,
With its Amir equally,
Fencing us all fairly, with warm love and verity,
Kuwait, my country,
May you be safe and glorious.
May you always enjoy good fortune!
Internet Page: www.da.gov.kw
Kuwait in diferent languages
eng | arg | ast | cat | dan | dsb | eus | fin | fur | glg | hau | hsb | ina | ita | jav | jnf | lld | nor | que | rup | sme | spa | srd | swa | swe | tet: Kuwait
afr | fry | lim | nld: Koeweit
ces | hrv | slk | slv: Kuvajt
bre | lin | oci: Koweit
deu | ltz | nds: Kuweit / Kuweit; Kuwait / Kuwait
est | vor: Kuveit
fao | hun: Kuvait
gag | kaa: Kuveyt / Кувейт
ibo | wol: Kuwet
ind | msa: Kuwait / كويت
kin | run: Koweti
pol | szl: Kuwejt
roh | ron: Kuweit
wln | zza: Kuweyt
aze: Küveyt / Күвејт
bam: Kɔwɛyiti
bos: Kuvajt / Кувајт
cor: Koweyt
crh: Küveyt / Кувейт
csb: Kùwejt
cym: Coweit
epo: Kuvajto
fra: Koweït
frp: Koveyit
gla: Cubhait; Cuait; Kubhait
gle: Cuáit / Cuáit
glv: Yn Choowait
hat: Kowet
haw: Kuete
isl: Kúveit
kmr: Kûvêyt / Кувейт / کووڤێیت; Qûvêyt / Qувейт / قووڤێیت
kur: Kuweyt / کووەیت; Kûweyt / کوووەیت
lat: Cuvaitum; Kuvaitum; Quatum
lav: Kuveita
lit: Kuveitas
mlg: Kowaita
mlt: Kuwajt
mol: Kuweit / Кувейт
nrm: Cohouête
por: Koweit; Quaite; Kuwait; Couaite; Kuait; Coveite
rmy: Kuweit / कुवेइत
scn: Cuvait
slo: Kuveit / Кувеит
smg: Kovėits
smo: Kuati
som: Kuwayt; Kuweyt
sqi: Kuvajti
ton: Kiueiti
tuk: Kuweýt / Кувейт
tur: Kuveyt; Küveyt
uzb: Kuvayt / Кувайт
vie: Cô-oét
vol: Kuväytän
abq | alt | bul | che | chm | chv | kbd | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | mon | oss | rus | tyv | udm | ukr: Кувейт (Kuvejt)
bak | tat: Кувейт / Kuveyt
bel: Кувейт / Kuviejt; Кувэйт / Kuvejt
kaz: Куейт / Kweyt / كۋەيت
lbe: Кувайт (Kuwajt)
mkd: Кувајт (Kuvajt)
srp: Кувајт / Kuvajt
tgk: Кувайт / کویت / Kuvajt
ara: الكويت (al-Kuwayt)
ckb: کووەیت / Kuweyt
fas: کویت / Koveyt
prs: کویت (Kovait)
pus: کويټ (Kuwayṫ); کويت (Kuwayt)
uig: كۇۋەيت / Kuweyt / Кувейт
urd: کویت (Kuvæt)
div: ކުވެއިތް (Kuve'it); ކުވެއިތު (Kuve'itu)
syr: ܟܘܘܝܬ (Kūwayt)
heb: כוית / כווית (Kuvayt)
lad: קוב'אייט / Kuvayt
yid: קוּװײַט (Kuvayt)
amh: ኩዌት (Kuwet)
ell-dhi: Κουβέιτ (Koyvéit)
ell-kat: Κοβέϊτ (Kovéït); Κουβέϊτ (Koyvéït); Κουέτ (Koyét)
hye: Քուվեյթ (Ḳouveyṭ)
kat: ქუვეითი (Ḳuveiṭi); კუვეიტი (Kuveiti)
hin: कुवैत (Kuvæt)
nep: कुवेत (Kuvet)
ben: কুয়েত (Kuyet)
pan: ਕੁਵੈਤ (Kuvæt)
kan: ಕುವೈತ್ (Kuvait)
mal: കുവൈറ്റ് (Kuvaiṟṟ); കുവൈത്ത് (Kuvaitt)
tam: குவெய்த் (Kuveyt); குவைத் (Kuvait)
tel: కువైట్ (Kuvaiṭ)
zho: 科威特 (Kēwēitè)
jpn: クウェイト (Kuweito); クェート (Kuwēto)
kor: 쿠웨이트 (Kuweiteu)
dzo: ཀུ་ཝེཊ་ (Ku.weṭ.)
mya: ကူဝိတ္ (Kuweiʿ)
tha: คูเวต (Kʰūwēt)
khm: គុយវ៉ែត (Kuyvæt); គុយវែត (Kuyvæt)
Very thankful and excited to be covering this year's Fantasy Faire! This Is my take on Urðr (Urd), one of the Three norns of Norse Mythology.
Important Fantasy Faire 2024 Info & Links:
Event Dates - April 18th - May 5th
---SPONSORED----
Thank you to The Engine Room, and AERTH.
♦The Engine Room♦ NOW OPEN
++[Seydr] Timelord Horns
++V/. VoluptasVirtualis - [Esbaa]
♦AERTH♦ Onyxa Scales Tattoos @ WAREHOUSE SALE
---Other Items---
♦Angelicus♦ - Agness head gear, Everyday belt, and Runic forehead tattoo
♦Kegel Clothing♦ - Valk
♦Static♦ - Solstice Spiral Horns [Horns were flipped]
Die AKN betreibt in ihrem Bw in Kaltenkirchen unterandrem eine Unterflurradsatzdrehbank (URD). Da diese in Norddeutschland nur in begrenzter Zahl zu Verfügung stehen nutzen auch andere EVU`s diesen Service. Im Mai 2923 gastierte der evb 628 150 in Holstein zur "Fußpflege". Am Nachmittags des 25.05.23 ging es für ihn zurück nach Niedersachsen. Jedoch führe sein weg ihn erstmal Richtung Norden nach Neumünster um dort auf das Netz der DB zu wechseln. Bei Nützen konnte ich die Überführung ab.lichten
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Day after the storm......
Nikon D750 | Sigma 24-105mm f4 ART | 1/640s | f/9 | ISO 800
Copyright © 2016 Johan Bengtsson All rights reserved
Urðr (Old Norse "fate" is one of the Norns in Norse mythology. Along with Verðandi (possibly "happening" or "present" and Skuld (possibly "debt" or "future, Urðr makes up a trio of Norns that are described as deciding the fates of people. Urðr is attested in stanza 20 of the Poetic Edda poem Völuspá and the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning.
Urðr is together with the Norns located at the well Urðarbrunnr beneath the world ash tree Yggdrasil of Asgard. They spin threads of life, cut marks in the pole figures and measure people's destinies, which shows the fate of all human beings and gods. Norns are always present when a child is born and decide its fate. The three Norns represent the past (Urðr), future (Skuld) and present (Verðandi).
Urðr is commonly written as Urd or Urth. In some English translations, her name is glossed with the Old English form of urðr; Wyrd.
The storm Urd was not as bad as expected, but there were still strong winds this morning. The small cargo Ship Marie Lehmann here struggles against the wind ...
El Salvador (Spanish: República de El Salvador, literally meaning "Republic of the Savior"; original name in Nahuatl was Cōzcatlān) is the smallest and also the most densely populated country in Central America. It borders the Pacific Ocean between Guatemala and Honduras. It lies on the Gulf of Fonseca, as do Honduras and Nicaragua further south.
It has a population of approximately 7.2 million people as of 2009. The capital city of San Salvador is, by some distance, the largest city of the republic. In 2001 El Salvador dropped its own currency, the colón, and adopted the U.S. dollar instead.
History
Before Spanish conquest
Before the Spanish conquest, the area that now is El Salvador was composed of three great indigenous states and several principalities. The indigenous inhabitants were the Pipils, a tribe of the nomadic people of Nahua settled down for a long time in central Mexico. The region of the east was populated and governed by the Lencas. The North zone of the Lempa Hi River was populated and governed by the Chortis, a Mayan people.
Early in their history, the Pipil became one of the few Mesoamerican indigenous groups to abolish human sacrifice. Otherwise, their culture was similar to that of their Aztec and Maya neighbors. Remains of Nahua culture are still found at ruins such as Tazumal (near Chalchuapa), San Andrés, and Joya de Cerén (north of Colón).
Spanish conquest
The first Spanish attempt to subjugate this area failed in 1524, when Pedro de Alvarado was forced to retreat by Pipil warriors. In 1525, he returned and succeeded in bringing the district under control of the Captaincy General of Guatemala, which retained its authority until 1821, despite an abortive revolution in 1811. It was Alvarado who named the district for El Salvador ("The Savior.")
Independece
The first "shout of independence" in El Salvador came in 1811, at the hands of criollo elite. Many intellectuals and merchants had grown tired of the overpowering control that Spain still had in the American colonies, and were interested in expanding their export markets to Britain and the United States. The Indigenous uprisings aimed at Spanish subjugation plagued the territory at this time, and they were re-interpreted by the Republicans to serve their purpose and show popular support for independence. Thus a movement grew amongst the middle class criollo and mestizo classes. Ultimately, the 1811 declaration of independence failed when the vice royalty of Guatemala sent troops to San Salvador in order to crush the movement. However, the momentum was not lost and many of the people involved in the 1811 movement became involved in the 1821 movement.
In 1821, El Salvador and the other Central American provinces declared their independence from Spain. When these provinces were joined with Mexico in early 1822, El Salvador resisted, insisting on autonomy for the Central American countries. Guatemalan troops sent to enforce the union were driven out of El Salvador in June 1822. El Salvador, fearing incorporation into Mexico, petitioned the United States Government for statehood. But in 1823, a revolution in Mexico ousted Emperor Agustín de Iturbide, and a new Mexican congress voted to allow the Central American provinces to decide their own fate. That year, the United Provinces of Central America was formed of the five Central American states under Gen. Manuel José Arce.
In 1832, Anastasio Aquino led an indigenous revolt against creoles and mestizos in Santiago Nonualco, a small town in the province of San Vicente. The source of the discontent of the indigenous people was lack of land to cultivate. The problem of land distribution has been the source of many political conflicts in Salvadoran history.
The Central American federation was dissolved in 1838 and El Salvador became an independent republic.
Geography
El Salvador is located in Central America. It has a total area of 8,123 square miles (21,040 km²) (about the size of New Jersey). It is the smallest country in continental America and is affectionately called the "Tom Thumb of the Americas" ("Pulgarcito de America"). It has 123.6 square miles (320 km²) of water within its borders.
Several small rivers flow through El Salvador into the Pacific Ocean, including the Goascorán, Jiboa, Torola, Paz and the Río Grande de San Miguel. Only the largest river, the Lempa River, flowing from Guatemala and Honduras across El Salvador to the ocean, is navigatable for commercial traffic.
Volcanic craters enclose lakes, the most important of which are Lake Ilopango (70 km²/27 sq mi) and Lake Coatepeque (26 km²/10 sq mi). Lake Güija is El Salvador's largest natural lake (44 km²/17 sq mi). Several artificial lakes were created by the damming of the Lempa, the largest of which is Embalse Cerrón Grande (135 km²).
El Salvador shares borders with Guatemala and Honduras. It is the only Central American country that does not have a Caribbean coastline. The highest point in the country is Cerro El Pital at 8,957 feet (2,730 m), which shares a border with Honduras.
Other info
Oficial Name:
Républica de El Salvador
Independence:
From Spain September 15, 1821
- from the UPCA 1842
Area:
21.041 km2
Inhabitants:
6.810.000
Languages:
Kekchí [kek] 12,286 in El Salvador. Alternate names: Quecchí, Cacché. Classification: Mayan, Quichean-Mamean, Greater Quichean, Kekchi
More information.
Lenca [len] Ethnic population: 36,858 in El Salvador (1987). Town of Chilango. Classification: Unclassified Nearly extinct.
More information.
Pipil [ppl] 20 (1987). Ethnic population: 196,576 (1987). Municipio of Dolores, Ocotepeque Department, near the El Salvador border. Extinct in Honduras. Alternate names: Nahuat, Nawat. Dialects: Not intelligible with Isthmus Nahuatl of Mexico. Classification: Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Aztecan, General Aztec, Pipil Nearly extinct.
More information.
Salvadoran Sign Language [esn] Alternate names: El Salvadoran Sign Language. Classification: Deaf sign language
More information.
Spanish [spa] 5,900,000 in El Salvador (1995). Alternate names: Español, Castellano. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian
More information.
Extinct languages
Cacaopera [ccr] Extinct. Department of Morazán. Dialects: Close to Matagalpa. Classification: Misumalpan
Capital city:
San Salvador
Meaning country name:
Its national name is the Republic of El Salvador. In Spanish, it is "República de El Salvador". The country was named after the Spanish word for "The Savior", in honor of Jesus Christ.
The Pipels, who arrived from central Mexico, most famous one known as "Atlacatl" renamed the area Cuscatlán", because of the lush fertility of the land. Cuscatlán translates as "Land of Precious Jewels" in the native indigenous tongue known as Pipil-Nahuat (Nahuatl in central Mexico).
"The saviour" in Spanish, named after Jesus.
Description Flag:
The flag of El Salvador was adopted on September 27, 1972. It is based on the flag of the United Provinces of Central America and was initially adopted in 1822, abandoned in 1865, reinstated in 1912, and last confirmed in 1972.
The two blue stripes represent the oceans that bathe the Central American coasts: the Pacific and the Atlantic. The white stripe represents peace.
There are two versions of the flag, one containing the National Coat of Arms and the other the words "DIOS UNION LIBERTAD" (Spanish: God, Union, Liberty). The one bearing the Coat of Arms is used by the government or state organizations. The other version is used for civil purposes. Both flags have a 3:5 aspect ratio.
From 1865 to 1912, a different flag was in use, based on the flag of the United States, with a field of alternating blue and white stripes and a red canton containing white stars.
Coat of arms:
The coat of arms of El Salvador has been in use in its current form since 15 September 1912. Its center consists of a triangle, in which five volcanoes rise out of the sea. They symbolize the five member states of the United Provinces of Central America. Above the volcanoes is a red Phrygian cap on a staff before a golden sun and the date 15 September, 1821, Independence Day of El Salvador. Over it is a rainbow. Behind the coat of arms there are five flags representing the flags of the Federal Republic of Central America raised. Under it, there is a scroll which states the national motto of El Salvador: Dios, Unión, Libertad (Span., "God, Union, Liberty"). All of this is surrounded by a laurel garland, which is tied together under the national flag. The garland is divided into 14 different parts, which symbolize the 14 Departaments, the Salvadorian subnational administrative units. All this is surrounded by golden letters, which form the Spanish words REPÚBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMÉRICA CENTRAL (English: Republic of El Salvador in Central America).
Motto:
"God, Union, Liberty"
National Anthem: Himno Nacional de El Salvador
CHORUS
Saludemos la patria orgullosos
de hijos suyos podernos llamar;
y juremos la vida animosos,
sin descanso a su bien consagrar.
FIRST VERSE
De la paz en la dicha suprema,
siempre noble soñó El Salvador;
fue obtenerla su eterno problema,
conservarla es su gloria mayor.
Y con fe inquebrantable el camino
del progreso se afana en seguir,
por llenar su grandioso destino,
conquistarse un feliz porvenir.
Le protege una ferrea barrera
contra el choque de ruin deslealtad,
desde el día que en su alta bandera
con su sangre escribió: ¡LIBERTAD!
CHORUS
SECOND VERSE
Libertad es su dogma, es su guía
que mil veces logró defender;
y otras tantas, de audaz tiranía
rechazar el odioso poder.
Dolorosa y sangrienta es su historia,
pero excelsa y brillante a la vez;
manantial de legitima gloria,
gran lección de espartana altivez.
No desmaya en su innata bravura,
en cada hombre hay un héroe inmortal
que sabrá mantenerse a la altura
de su antiguo valor proverbial.
THIRD VERSE
Todos son abnegados, y fieles
al prestigio del bélico ardor
con que siempre segaron laureles
de la patria salvando el honor.
Respetar los derechos extraños
y apoyarse en la recta razón
es para ella, sin torpes ámanos
su invariable, mas firme ambición.
Y en seguir esta línea se aferra
dedicando su esfuerzo tenaz,
en hacer cruda guerra a la guerra;
su ventura se encuentra en la paz.
CHORUS
English translation
CHORUS
Let us salute the motherland,
Proud to be called her children.
To her well-being let us swear
Boldly and unceasingly to devote our lives.
(repeat)
Devote our lives! (repeat 4 times)
FIRST VERSE
Of peace enjoyed in perfect happiness,
El Salvador has always nobly dreamed.
To achieve this has been her eternal proposition,
To keep it, her greatest glory.
With inviolable faith, she eagerly follows
The way of progress
In order to fulfil her high destiny
And achieve a happy future.
A stern barrier protects her
Against the clash of vile disloyalty,
Ever since the day when her lofty banner,
In letters of blood, wrote "Freedom",
Wrote "Freedom", wrote "Freedom".
CHORUS
SECOND VERSE
Freedom is her dogma and her guide;
A thousand times she has defended it,
And as many times has she repelled
The hateful power of atrocious tyranny.
Her history has been bloody and sad,
Yet at the same time sublime and brilliant,
A source of legitimate glory
And a great lesson in Spartan pride.
Her innate bravery shall not waver:
In every man there is an immortal hero
Who knows how to maintain the level
Of the proverbial valour of old.
CHORUS
THIRD VERSE
All are self-denying and faithful
To the tradition of warlike ardour
With which they have always reaped fame
By saving the motherland's honour.
To respect the rights of others
And base her actions on right and justice
Is for her, without infamous intrigue,
The constant and most firm ambition.
And in following this line she persists,
Dedicating her tenacious efforts
In giving hard battle for battle;
Her happiness is found in peace.
CHORUS
Internet Page: www.elsalvador.com
E.Salvador in diferent languages
eng | ast | cat | cor | cym | dan | dsb | est | eus | fao | fin | fry | hsb | ina | isl | ita | jav | jnf | lin | lld | mlt | nld | nor | que | roh | ron | rup | scn | sme | spa | swa | swe | vor | wln | zza: El Salvador
bre | ces | frp | hrv | hun | slv: Salvador
afr | fra | por | tur: Salvador; El Salvador
deu | ltz | nds: El Salvador / El Salvador
aze | bos: Salvador / Салвадор
ind | msa: El Salvador / السالۏادور
kaa | uzb: Salvador / Сальвадор
kin | run: Ele Salvadore
lav | mlg: Salvadora
pol | szl: Salwador
arg: El Salvador; O Salbador
bam: Ɛlisaliwadɔri
crh: El Salvador / Эль Сальвадор
epo: Salvadoro
fur: Il Salvadôr
gla: El Salbhador
gle: An tSalvadóir / An tSalvadóir
glg: O Salvador
glv: Yn Salvador
hat: Salvadò
ibo: El Salvadọ
kmr: Salvador / Салвадор / سالڤادۆر
kur: Salvador / سالڤادۆر
lat: Salvatoria
lit: Salvadoras
mol: El Salvador / Ел Салвадор
nrm: Saint-Sâoveu
oci: Lo Salvador
rmy: El Salvador / एल साल्वादोर
slk: Salvádor
slo: Elsalvador / Елсалвадор
smg: Salvaduors
sqi: Salvadori
srd: El Salvadòr
tet: Salvadór
tgl: Salbador
tuk: Salwador / Сальвадор
vie: En-san-va-đo
vol: Salvadorän
wol: Salbadoor
alt | che | chm | chv | kbd | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | mon | oss | rus | tyv | udm | ukr: Сальвадор (Sal'vador)
bak | bel | tat: Сальвадор / Salvador
bul | mkd: Ел Салвадор (El Salvador)
abq: Сальвадор (Salvador)
kaz: Сальвадор / Salvador / سالۆادور
srp: Ел Салвадор / El Salvador
tgk: Салвадор / سلودار / Salvador
ara: السلفادور (as-Salfādūr); إلسلفادور (Ilsalfādūr)
fas: السالوادور (Elsālvādor)
prs: السلوادور (Elsalvādōr)
pus: السلوادور (Ilsalwādor); اېلسلوادور (Elsalvādor)
uig: سالۋادور / Salwador / Сальвадор
urd: ال سلواڈور (Al Salvāḋor); ایل سلواڈور (Æl Salvāḋor); ایل سالواڈور (Æl Sālvāḋor)
div: އެލް ސަލްވަޑޯ (El Salvaḋō)
heb: אל-סלודור / אל-סלוודור (El-Salvadôr); אל-סאלוואדור (El-Sâlvâdôr); אל-סלואדור (El-Salvâdôr); אל-סלבדור (El-Salṿadôr); אל-סאלבאדור (El-Sâlṿâdôr)
lad: איל סאלב'אדור / El Salvador
yid: על סאַלװאַדאָר (El Salvador)
amh: ኤል ሳልቫዶር (El Salvador); ሳልቨዶር (Salvädor)
ell-dhi: Ελ Σαλβαδόρ (El Salvadór); Σαλβαντόρ (Salvantór)
ell-kat: Σαλβαδώρ (Salvadṓr); Σαλβαδόρ (Salvadór); Σαλβαντόρ (Salvantór)
hye: Սալվադոր (Salvador); Էլ Սալվադոր (Ēl Salvador)
kat: სალვადორი (Salvadori)
hin: एल-साल्वाडोर (El-Sālvāḍor); एल-साल्वेडोर (El-Sālveḍor); सलवाडोर (Salvāḍor); सैल्वैडोर (Sælvæḍor); अल साल्वाडोर (Al Sālvāḍor)
ben: এল সালভাডোর (El Sālbʰādor); এল সালভাদর (El Sālbʰādôr); সালভেডর (Sālbʰeḍôr)
pan: ਈਲ ਸਾਲਵੇਡੋਰ (Īl Sālveḍor)
kan: ಎಲ್ ಸಾಲ್ವಡಾರ್ (El Sālvaḍār)
mal: എല് സാല്വഡോര് (El Sālvaḍōr)
tam: எல் சல்வடோர் (El Čalvaṭōr); எல் சால்வடார் (El Čālvaṭār)
tel: ఎల్ సాల్వడోర్ (El Sālvaḍār); ఎల్ సాల్వడర్ (El Sālvaḍar)
zho: 薩爾瓦多/萨尔瓦多 (Sà'ěrwǎduō)
jpn: エル・サルヴァドル (Eru Saruvadoru); エルサルバドル (Erusarubadoru)
kor: 엘살바도르 (Elsalbadoreu)
bod: སར་ཝ་དོར་ (Sar.wa.dor.)
mya: အယ္ဆာဗေဒုိ (Ɛsʰabedo)
tha: เอลซัลวาดอร์ (Ēnsânwādɔ̄[r])
khm: អែលសាល់វ៉ាឌ័រ (Ælsalvādŏr); អែលសាវាឌ័រ (Ælsāvādŏr); អែលសាលវ៉ាឌ័រ (Ælsālvādŏr)
known as the Land of a Thousand Hills, is a landlocked country located in the Great Lakes region of eastern-central Africa, bordered by Uganda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania.
Although close to the equator, the country has a cool temperate climate due to its high elevation. The terrain consists mostly of grassy uplands and gently rolling hills. Abundant wildlife, including rare mountain gorillas, have resulted in tourism becoming one of the biggest sectors of the country's economy.
Rwanda has received considerable international attention due to its 1994 genocide, in which an estimated 800,000 people were killed. Since then the country has made a recovery and is now considered as a model for developing countries. In 2009 a CNN report labeled Rwanda as Africa's biggest success story, having achieved stability, economic growth (average income has tripled in the past ten years) and international integration.The government is widely seen as one of the more efficient and honest ones in Africa. Fortune magazine published an article recently titled "Why CEOs Love Rwanda." The capital, Kigali, is the first city in Africa to be bestowed with the Habitat Scroll of Honor Award in the recognition of its "cleanliness, security and urban conservation model." In 2008, Rwanda became the first country to elect a national legislature in which a majority of members were women. Rwanda is, as of November 2009, a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, making the country one of only two in the Commonwealth without a British colonial past.
History
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Rwanda
Geography
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Rwanda
Other info
Oficial Name:
Republika y'u Rwanda
Independence:
July 1, 1962
Area:
26.338 km2
Inhabitants:
7.500.000
Languages:
English [eng] 300 in Rwanda (2004). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English
More information.
French [fra] 2,300 in Rwanda (2004). Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Rhaetian, Oïl, French
More information.
Rwanda [kin] 6,491,700 in Rwanda (1998). Population total all countries: 7,275,292. Also spoken in Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda. Alternate names: Ruanda, Kinyarwanda, Ikinyarwanda, Orunyarwanda, Urunyaruanda. Dialects: Igikiga (Kiga, Tshiga), Bufumbwa, Hutu (Lera, Ululera, Hera, Ndara, Shobyo, Tshogo, Ndogo), Rutwa (Twa). Intelligible with Rundi. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Rwanda-Rundi (J.60)
Capital city:
Kigali
Meaning country name:
From the name of the people Vanyaruanda, a word of unknown origin, but obviously cognate to the name of Rwanda. Also known fondly as "Land of a Thousand Hills" (Pays des milles collines).
Description Flag:
The new flag of Rwanda was adopted on October 25, 2001.
The flag has four colours: blue, green, and two forms of yellow (standard yellow for the middle band and what the Pantone system calls "sun yellow" for the sun); the difference between the two yellows is barely noticeable.
The blue band represents happiness and peace, the yellow band symbolizes economic development, and the green band symbolizes the hope of prosperity. The sun represents enlightenment.
The flag was designed by Alphonse Kirimobenecyo
Coat of arms:
The current Coat of arms of Rwanda was restyled in 2001 to match the color scheme of the new national flag. The text reads "Republic of Rwanda-Unity, Work, Patriotism" in Kinyarwanda. The central tribal devices are surmounted on a cog wheel and encircled by a square knot.
The previous arms dated from the 1960s-the colors green, yellow and red represented peace; the nation's hope for future development; and the people. The arms and the flag itself were changed because they had become associated with the brutality of the Rwandan Genocide.
Motto:
" Ubumwe, Umurimo, Gukunda Igihugu "
National Anthem: Rwanda Nziza
KINYARWANDA LYRICS
Rwanda nziza gihugu cyacu
Wuje imisozi, ibiyaga n'ibirunga
Ngobyi iduhetse gahorane ishya.
Rekatukurate tukuvuge ibigwi
Wowe utubumbiye hamwe twese
Abanyarwanda uko watubyaye
Berwa, sugira, singizwa iteka.
Horana Imana murage mwiza
Ibyo tugukesha ntibishyikirwa:
Umuco dusangiye uraturanga
Ururimi rwacu rukaduhuza
Ubwenge, umutima, amaboko yacu
Nibigukungahaze bikwiye
Nuko utere imbere ubutitsa.
Abakurambere b'intwari
Bitanze batizigama
Baraguhanga uvamo ubukombe
Utsinda ubukoroni na mpatsebihugu
Byayogoje Afurika yose
None uraganje mu bwigenge
Tubikomeyeho uko turi twese.
Komeza imihigo rwanda dukunda
Duhagurukiye kukwitangira
Ngo amahoro asabe mu bagutuye
Wishyire wizane muri byose
Urangwe n'ishyaka, utere imbere
Uhamye umubano n'amahanga yose
Maze ijabo ryawe riguhe ijambo.
FRENCH LYRICS
Rwanda, notre beau et cher pays
Paré de collines, de lacs et de volcans
Mère patrie, sois toujours comblée de bonheur
Nous tous tes enfants : Abanyarwanda
Chantons ton éclat et proclamons tes hauts faits
Toi, giron maternel de nous tous
Sois à jamais admiré, prospère et couvert d’éloges.
Précieux héritage, que Dieu te protège
Tu nous as comblé de biens inestimables
Notre culture commune nous identifie
Notre unique langue nous unifie
Que notre intelligence, notre conscience et nos forces
Te comblent de richesses diversifiées
Pour un développement sans cesse renouvelé.
Nos valeureux aïeux
Se sont donnés corps et âmes
Jusqu’à faire de toi une grande nation
Tu as eu raison du joug colonialo-impérialiste
Qui a dévasté l’Afrique tout entière
Et te voici aise de ton indépendance souveraine
Acquis que sans cesse nous défendrons.
Maintiens ce cap, Rwanda bien-aimé
Debout nous nous engageons pour toi
Afin que la paix règne dans tout le pays
Que tu sois libre de toute entrave
Que ta détermination engage le progrès
Qu’excellent tes relations avec tous les pays
Et qu’enfin ta fierté te vaille estime.
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Rwanda, our beautiful and dear country
Adorned of hills, lakes and volcanoes
Motherland, would be always filled of happiness
Us all your children: Abanyarwanda
Let us sing your glare and proclaim your high facts
You, maternal bosom of us all
Would be admired forever, prosperous and cover of praises.
Invaluable heritage, that God protects to you
You filled us priceless goods
Our common culture identifies us
Our single language unifies us
That our intelligence, our conscience and our forces
Fill you with varied riches
For an unceasingly renewed development.
Our valorous ancestors
Gave themselves bodies and souls
As far as making you a big nation
You overcame the colonial-imperialistic yoke
That has devastated Africa entirely
And has your joy of your sovereign independence
Acquired that constantly we will defend.
Maintain this cape, beloved Rwanda,
Standing, we commit for you
So that peace reigns countrywide
That you are free of all hindrance
That your determination hires progress
That you have excellent relations with all countries
And that finally your pride is worth your esteem.
Internet Page: www.gov.rw
Rwanda in diferent languages
eng | afr | bre | cat | ces | cor | cym | dan | fra | hat | jav | jnf | lin | mlt | nld | nor | oci | pol | que | rup | slk | sme | swa | swe | wln | zza: Rwanda
ast | dsb | eus | fao | fin | gla | glg | hrv | hsb | hun | ina | ita | lat | lav | lit | lld | roh | ron | scn | slv | smg | spa | sqi | srd | tet | tur: Ruanda
aze | bos | crh | kaa | mol | slo | tuk | uzb: Ruanda / Руанда
arg | est | por | vor: Ruanda; Rwanda
deu | ltz | nds: Ruanda / Ruanda
frp | nrm: Rouanda
kin | run: Urwanda
bam: Uruwanda
epo: Ruando
fry: Rûanda
fur: Ruande
gle: Ruanda / Ruanda
glv: Rooandey
hau: Ruwanda
ind: Ruwanda / رواندا
isl: Rúanda
kmr: Rûanda / Р’уанда / ڕووئاندا
kur: Rûanda / رووئاندا
mlg: Roanda
msa: Rwanda / رواندا
rmy: Rwanda / र्वान्दा
smo: Ruanata
som: Ruwaanda; Ruwaandha
vie: Ru-an-đa
vol: Ruandän
wol: Ruwandaa
abq | alt | bul | che | chm | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | mkd | mon | rus | tyv | udm | ukr: Руанда (Ruanda)
bak | bel | srp | tat: Руанда / Ruanda
chv: Руандӑ (Ruandă)
kaz: Руанда / Rwanda / رۋاندا
kbd: Руандэ (Ruandă)
oss: Руандӕ (Ruandä)
tgk: Руанда / روؤنده / Ruanda
ara: رواندا (Ruwāndā)
fas: روآندا / Ruândâ; رواندا / Ruvândâ
prs: رواندا (Rūāndā)
pus: رواندا (Rūāndā); روندا (Ruwandā)
uig: رۇئاندا / Ruanda / Руанда
urd: روانڈا (Rūānḋā)
div: ރުވާންޑާ (Ruvānḋā)
heb: רואנדה (Rûʾandah)
lad: רואנדה / Ruanda
yid: רואַנדאַ (Ruanda)
amh: ሩዋንዳ (Ruwanda)
ell: Ρουάντα (Royánta)
hye: Ռուանդա (Ṙouanda)
kat: რუანდა (Ruanda)
hin: रवांडा (Ravāṁḍā); रूआण्डा (Rūāṇḍā)
ben: রুয়ান্ডা (Ruyānḍā)
pan: ਰਵਾਂਡਾ (Rvā̃ḍā)
kan: ರ್ವಾಂಡ (Rvāṁḍa)
mal: റുവാണ്ട (Ṟuvāṇṭa)
tam: ருவாண்டா (Ruvāṇṭā)
tel: రవాండా (Ravāṁḍā)
zho: 盧安達/卢旺达 (Lúwàngdá)
jpn: ルワンダ (Ruwanda)
kor: 르완다 (Reuwanda)
mya: ရဝမ္ဒာ (Ẏáwãda)
tha: รวันดา (Rawândā)
khm: រវ៉ាន់ដា (Rovandā); រ្វ៉ាន់ដា (Rvandā)
In order to get some new faces, I have invited those who want it to the portrait photography. I will be able to post the photos and the objects will have the best portraits freely available.
We had been on the ferry for only two hours and he missed his sweetheart like crazy already.. no, I made that up! : D I have no idea who he was but I liked the light..
MS Urd somewhere on the Baltic Sea between Hanko, Finland and Nynäshamn, Sweden.
Kamera: Leica IIIc (1946) IIIf upgraded
Linse: Leica Summar 50mm f/2 (1937)
Film: Rollei Ortho 25 Plus
Kjemi: Rodinal (1:25 / 4 min. @ 20°C)
«No meg nyleg norner vekte»,
han ville få tyde vonde draumar
- Den forne Gudrunkvida
Officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea. To the north-northwest lies Guadeloupe, to the southeast Martinique. Its size is 754 square kilometres (291 sq mi) and the highest point in the country is Morne Diablotins, which has an elevation of 1,447 metres (4,750 ft). The Commonwealth of Dominica has an estimated population of 72,500. The capital is Roseau.
Dominica has been nicknamed the "Nature Isle of the Caribbean" for its seemingly unspoiled natural beauty. It is the youngest island in the Lesser Antilles, still being formed by geothermal-volcanic activity, as evidenced by the world's second-largest boiling lake. The island features lush mountainous rainforests, home of many rare plant, animal, and bird species. There are xeric areas in some of the western coastal regions, but heavy rainfall can be expected inland. The Sisserou Parrot (also known as the Imperial Amazon), the island's national bird, is featured on the national flag. Dominica's economy is heavily dependent on both tourism and agriculture.
Christopher Columbus named the island after the day of the week on which he spotted it, a Sunday (dominica in Latin), November 3, 1493. In the next hundred years after Columbus' landing, Dominica remained isolated, and even more Caribs settled there after being driven from surrounding islands as European powers entered the region. France formally ceded possession of Dominica to the United Kingdom in 1763. The United Kingdom then set up a government and made the island a colony in 1805.
The emancipation of African slaves occurred throughout the British Empire in 1834, and, in 1838, Dominica became the first British Caribbean colony to have a legislature controlled by an African majority. In 1896, the United Kingdom reassumed governmental control of Dominica, turning it into a Crown colony. Half a century later, from 1958 to 1962, Dominica became a province of the short-lived West Indies Federation. In 1978, Dominica became an independent nation.
History
In 1635 France claimed Dominica. Shortly thereafter, French missionaries became the first European inhabitants of the island. Carib incursions continued, though, and in 1660, the French and British agreed that both Dominica and St. Vincent should be abandoned. Dominica was officially neutral for the next century, but the attraction of its resources remained; rival expeditions of British and French foresters were harvesting timber by the start of the 18th century.
Largely because of Dominica's position between Martinique and Guadeloupe, France eventually became predominant, and a French settlement was established and grew. As part of the 1763 Treaty of Paris that ended the Seven Years' War, the island became a British possession. In 1778, during the American Revolutionary War, the French mounted a successful invasion with the active cooperation of the population. The 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended the war, returned the island to Britain. French invasions in 1795 and 1805 ended in failure.
In 1763, the British established a legislative assembly, representing only the white population. In 1831, reflecting a liberalization of official British racial attitudes, the Brown Privilege Bill conferred political and social rights on free non-whites. Three African people were elected to the legislative assembly the following year. Following the abolition of slavery, in 1838 Dominica became the only British Caribbean colony to have a African-controlled legislature in the 19th century. Most African legislators were smallholders or merchants who held economic and social views diametrically opposed to the interests of the small, wealthy English planter class. Reacting to a perceived threat, the planters lobbied for more direct British rule.
In 1865, after much agitation and tension, the colonial office replaced the elective assembly with one that had one-half of members who were elected and one-half who were appointed. Planters allied with colonial administrators outmanoeuvred the elected legislators on numerous occasions. In 1871, Dominica became part of the Leeward Island Federation. The power of the African population progressively eroded. Crown Colony government was re-established in 1896. All political rights for the vast majority of the population were effectively curtailed. Development aid, offered as compensation for disenfranchisement, proved to have a negligible effect.
Following World War I, an upsurge of political consciousness throughout the Caribbean led to the formation of the Representative Government Association. Marshalling public frustration with the lack of a voice in the governing of Dominica, this group won one-third of the popularly elected seats of the legislative assembly in 1924 and one-half in 1936. Shortly thereafter, Dominica was transferred from the Leeward Island Administration and was governed as part of the Windwards until 1958, when it joined the short-lived West Indies Federation.
After the federation dissolved, Dominica became an associated state of the United Kingdom in 1967 and formally took responsibility for its internal affairs. On November 3, 1978, the Commonwealth of Dominica was granted independence by the United Kingdom.
Independence did little to solve problems stemming from centuries of economic underdevelopment, and in mid-1979, political discontent led to the formation of an interim government. It was replaced after the 1980 elections by a government led by the Dominica Freedom Party under Prime Minister Eugenia Charles, the Caribbean's first female prime minister. Chronic economic problems were compounded by the severe impact of hurricanes in 1979 and in 1980.
In 1981 Dominica was threatened with a takeover by mercenaries.
Attempted coup
In 1981, a group of right-wing "mercenaries" led by Mike Perdue of Houston and Wolfgang Droege of Toronto, attempted to overthrow the government of Eugenia Charles. The North America mercenary group was to aid ex-Prime Minister Patrick John and his Dominica Defence Force in regaining control of the island in exchange for control over the island's future development. The entire plan failed and the ship hired to transport the men of Operation Red Dog never even made it off the dock as the FBI was tipped off. The self-titled mercenaries lacked any formal military experience and/or training and the majority of the crew had been misled into joining the armed coup by the con-man ringleader Mike Perdue. White supremacist Don Black was also jailed for his part in the attempt, which violated US neutrality laws. The book, "Bayou of Pigs" written by Stewart Bell details the story of this missguided attempt to turn Dominica into a criminal paradise.
Since the 1980s
By the end of the 1980s, the economy recovered, but weakened again in the 1990s because of a decrease in banana prices.
In the January 2000 elections, the Edison James United Workers Party (UWP) was defeated by the Dominican Labour Party (DLP), led by Roosevelt P. "Rosie" Douglas. Douglas died after only a few months in office and was replaced by Pierre Charles, who died in office in January 2004. Roosevelt Skerrit, also of the DLP, replaced Charles as Prime Minister. Under Prime Minister Skerrit's leadership, the DLP won elections in May 2005 that gave the party 12 seats in the 21-member Parliament to the UWP's 8 seats. An independent candidate affiliated with the DLP won a seat as well. Since that time, the independent candidate joined the government and one UWP member crossed the aisle, making the current total 14 seats for the DLP and 7 for the UWP.
Geography
Dominica is an island nation and borderless country in the Caribbean Sea, the northernmost of the Windward Islands. The size of the country is about 289.5 square miles (754 km²). The capital is Roseau.
Dominica is largely covered by rainforest and is home to the world's second-largest boiling lake. Dominica has many waterfalls, springs, and rivers. The Calibishie area in the country's northeast has sandy beaches. Some plants and animals thought to be extinct on surrounding islands can still be found in Dominica's forests. The volcanic nature of the island has attracted scuba divers. The island has several protected areas, including Cabrits National Park, as well as 365 rivers.
It is said that when his royal sponsors asked Christopher Columbus to describe this island in the "New World", he crumpled a piece of parchment roughly and threw it on the table. This, Columbus explained, is what Dominica looks like—completely covered with mountains with nary a flat spot.
Morne Trois Pitons National Park is a tropical forest blended with scenic volcanic features. It was recognised as a World Heritage Site on April 4, 1995, a distinction it shares with four other Caribbean islands.
The Commonwealth of Dominica is engaged in a long-running dispute with Venezuela over Venezuela's territorial claims to the sea surrounding Isla Aves (literally Bird Island, but in fact called Bird Rock by Dominica authorities), a tiny islet located 140 miles (224 km) west of the island of Dominica.
There are two primary population centres: Roseau and Portsmouth.
Dominica possesses the most pristine wilderness in the Caribbean.[citation needed] Originally, it was protected by sheer mountains which led the European powers to build ports and agricultural settlements on other islands. More recently, the citizens of this island have sought to preserve its spectacular natural beauty by discouraging the type of high-impact tourism which has damaged nature in most of the Caribbean.
Visitors can find large tropical forests, including one which is on the UNESCO list of World Heritage sites, hundreds of streams, coastlines and coral reefs.
The Sisserou parrot is Dominica's national bird and is indigenous to its mountain forests.
The Caribbean Sea offshore of the island of Dominica is home to many cetaceans. Most notably a group of sperm whales live in this area year round. Other cetaceans commonly seen in the area include spinner dolphins, pantropical spotted dolphins and bottlenose dolphins. Less commonly seen animals include killer whales, false killer whales, pygmy sperm whales, dwarf sperm whales, Risso's dolphins, common dolphins, Atlantic spotted dolphins, humpback whales and Bryde's whales. This makes Dominica a destination for tourists interested in whale-watching.
Dominica is especially vulnerable to hurricanes as the island is located in what is referred to as the hurricane region. In 1979, Dominica was hit directly by category 5 Hurricane David, causing widespread and extreme damage. On August 17, 2007, Hurricane Dean, a category 1 at the time, hit the island. A mother and her seven-year-old son died when a landslide caused by the heavy rains fell onto their house. In another incident two people were injured when a tree fell on their house. Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit estimated that 100 to 125 homes were damaged, and that the agriculture sector was extensively damaged, in particular the banana crop.
Other Info
Oficial name:
Commonwealth of Dominica
Independence:
November 3, 1978
Area:
751km2
Inhabitants:
72.500
Languages:
Dominican Creole French [acf] 42,600 in Dominica (1998). Alternate names: Lesser Antillean Creole French, Patwa, Patois, Kwèyòl. Classification: Creole, French based
More information.
English [eng] 10,000 in Dominica (2004). Dialects: Dominican English. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English
More information.
Kokoy Creole English [aig] 200 in Dominica (2004). Kokoy dialect is in 2 villages: Marigot and Wesley in northeast Dominica. Alternate names: Leeward Caribbean Creole English. Classification: Creole, English based, Atlantic, Eastern, Southern
More information.
Extinct languages
Carib, Island [crb] Extinct. Formerly also in Lesser Antilles, excluding Trinidad. Also spoken in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Dialects: Was not intelligible with Black Carib (D. Taylor 1959). Vincentian on Saint Vincent may have been closer to Black Carib than to Island Carib. Not inherently intelligible with Garífuna (D. Taylor IJAL 1959:67). Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Caribbean
Capital city:
Roseau
Meaning of country name: From the Latin "Dies Dominica" meaning "Sunday": the day of the week on which Christopher Columbus first landed on the island.
Description Flag:
The flag of Dominica was adopted on November 3, 1978, with some small changes being made in 1981, 1988, and 1990. The flag features a green background. A red circle at the centre features a Sisserou Parrot (Amazona imperialis) surrounded by ten green stars, which represent the island's ten parishes. Four strips of three coloured bands (yellow, black and white) radiate horizontally and vertically from the circle.
Before 1981, the colours of the bands were ordered differently and the green stars had no borders. Before 1988, the parrot faced in the opposite direction. In 1990, the colour of the stars, originally lime green, was darkened to match the green of the background, the yellow border around the stars was changed to black, the coloration of the parrot was brought more into alignment with reality, and some proportions were changed. There seems to be, generally, a lack of standardisation on many minor points of the flag in Dominica.
The flag's elements have symbolic meanings. The parrot is Dominica's national bird, meant to inspire citizens to soar to achieve their highest goals. In addition to representing the island's parishes, the stars also symbolise hope and equality. The combined lines form a cross, reflecting Dominica's Christian faith, and the three lines individually represent the Trinity. The flag's colours were also chosen for their associations: green - the island's verdant landscape; red - social justice; yellow - sunshine, agriculture; black - earth, African ancestry; white - clear waters, purity.
Coat of arms:
The coat of arms of Dominica was adapted on July 21, 1961. It consists of a shield with two guardian Sisserou Parrots bracing the shield atop of which is a raging lion. The quadrants of the shield depict a canoe, a banana tree, a palm and a mountain frog. Below the crest is the national motto: Après Bondie C'est La Ter (After God the Earth).
Motto: "Après Bondie, C'est La Ter"
National Anthem: Isle of beauty, isle of splendour
Isle of beauty, isle of splendour,
Isle to all so sweet and fair,
All must surely gaze in wonder
At thy gifts so rich and rare.
Rivers, valleys, hills and mountains,
All these gifts we do extol.
Healthy land, so like all fountains,
Giving cheer that warms the soul.
Dominica, God hath blest thee
With a clime benign and bright,
Pastures green and flowers of beauty
Filling all with pure delight,
And a people strong and healthy,
Full of godly, rev'rent fear.
May we ever seek to praise Thee
For these gifts so rich and rare.
Come ye forward, sons and daughters
Of this gem beyond compare.
Strive for honour, sons and daughters,
Do the right, be firm, be fair.
Toil with hearts and hands and voices.
We must prosper! Sound the call,
In which ev'ryone rejoices,
"All for Each and Each for All."
Internet Page: www.discoverdominica.com
Dominica in diferent languages
eng | afr | arg | ast | bre | cat | cym | dan | est | fin | glg | glv | ina | ita | jnf | lat | lin | lld | nld | nor | oci | por | roh | ron | rup | sco | sme | spa | srd | swe | vie | vor: Dominica
ces | cor | dsb | eus | fao | fry | hrv | hsb | hun | jav | lav | lit | mlg | mlt | pol | slk | slv | swa | tur | wol | zza: Dominika
aze | bos | crh | kaa | slo | tuk | uzb: Dominika / Доминика
deu | ltz | nds: Dominika / Dominika; Dominica / Dominica
fra | nrm: Dominique
bam: Dɔminiki
epo: Dominiko
frp: Domenica
fur: Dominiche
gla: Doiminicia
gle: Doiminice / Doiminice
hat: Dominik
ibo: Dọminika
ind: Dominika / دومينيكا
isl: Dóminíka
kmr: Domînîka / Доминика / دۆمینیکا; Domînîk / Доминик / دۆمینیک
kur: Domînîka / دۆمینیکا
mol: Dominica / Доминика
msa: Dominica / دومينيكا
que: Duminika
rmy: Dominika / दोमिनिका
scn: Domìnica
smg: Duomėnė̄ka
sqi: Domenika
tet: Domínika
ton: Tominika
vol: Dominikeän
wln: Dominike
abq | alt | bul | che | chm | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | mkd | mon | rus | tyv | udm: Доминика (Dominika)
bak | srp | tat: Доминика / Dominika
bel: Дамініка / Daminika
chv: Доминикӑ (Dominikă)
kaz: Доминика / Domïnïka / دومينيكا
kbd: Доминикэ (Dominikă)
oss: Доминикӕ (Dominikä)
tgk: Доминика / دامینیکه / Dominika
ukr: Домініка (Dominika)
ara: الدومينيك (ad-Dūmīnīk); دومينيكا (Dūmīnīkā)
fas: دومینیکا (Domīnīkā); دمینیکا (Domīnīkā); دومینیک (Domīnīk); دمینیک (Domīnīk)
prs: دومینیکا (Dōmīnīkā)
pus: دومينيکا (Domīnīkā)
uig: دومىنىكا / Dominika / Доминика
urd: ڈومینیکا (Ḋômīnīkā)
div: ޑޮމިނިކާ (Ḋominikā)
heb: דומיניקה (Dômînîqah)
lad: דומיניקה / Dominika
yid: דאָמיניקאַ (Dominika)
amh: ዶሚኒካ (Dominika)
ell: Ντομίνικα (Ntomínika); Δομίνικα (Domínika); Δομινίκη (Dominíkī)
hye: Դոմինիկա (Dominika)
kat: დომინიკა (Dominika)
hin: डोमिनिका (Ḍominikā)
ben: ডোমিনিকা (Ḍominikā); দোমিনিকা (Dominikā); ডমিনিকা (Ḍôminikā)
pan: ਡੋਮੀਨੀਕਾ (Ḍomīnīkā)
kan: ಡೊಮಿನಿಕ (Ḍominika)
mal: ഡൊമിനിക്ക (Ḍominikka)
tam: டொமினிக்கா (Ṭomiṉikkā); டொமினிகா (Ṭomiṉikā)
tel: డొమినికా (Ḍominikā)
zho: 多米尼克 (Duōmǐníkè)
jpn: ドミニカ (Dominika)
kor: 도미니카 (Dominika)
mya: ဒုိမီနီကာ (Dominika)
tha: โดมินิกา (Dōminikā)
khm: ដូមីនិក (Dūmīnik); ដូមីនីកា (Dūmīnīkā)
Officially the Kingdom of Tonga (Tongan: Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga), an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, comprises 169 islands, 36 of them inhabited. The Kingdom stretches over a distance of about 800 kilometres (500 miles) in a north-south line. The islands that constitute the archipelago lie south of Samoa, about one-third of the way from New Zealand to Hawaiʻi.
Tonga also became known as the Friendly Islands because of the friendly reception accorded to Captain James Cook on his first visit in 1773. He happened to arrive at the time of the ʻinasi festival, the yearly donation of the first fruits to the Tuʻi Tonga, the islands' paramount chief, and received an invitation to the festivities. According to the writer William Mariner, in reality the chiefs had wanted to kill Cook during the gathering, but could not agree on a plan.
Apart from being the only sovereign monarchy among the island nations of the Pacific Ocean, Tonga can also lay claim to being the only island nation in the region to have avoided formal colonisation. Tonga plans to become a fully functioning constitutional monarchy after legislative reform and a more fully representative election take place in 2010.
Etymology
In many Polynesian languages the word tonga means "south". The name of Tonga derives from the word Tongahahake, which translates to "Southeast", originally meaning "the wind that blows from the Southeast". The proper pronunciation of the name 'Tonga' is /toŋa/, and not /tɒŋɡə/, a pronunciation used for an Indian carriage spelled in the same way and so causing confusion.
History
An Austronesian-speaking group linked to the archeological construct known as the Lapita cultural complex reached and colonised Tonga around 1500–1000 BCE. (Scholars continue to debate the dates of the initial settlement of Tonga.) Reaching the Tongan islands (without modern navigational tools and techniques) was a remarkable feat accomplished by the Lapita peoples. Not much is known about Tonga before European contact because of the lack of a writing system during prehistoric times. But oral history has persisted, and Europeans have recorded it (and given it Eurocentric interpretations). (The Tongan people first encountered Europeans in 1616 when the Dutch vessel Eendracht made a short visit to the islands to trade.)
By the 12th century Tongans, and the Tongan paramount chief, the Tuʻi, had a reputation across the central Pacific, from Niue to Tikopia, leading some historians to speak of a 'Tongan Empire'. In the 15th century and again in the 17th, civil war erupted. Into this situation the first European explorers arrived, beginning in 1616 with the Dutch explorers Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire (who called on the northern island of Niuatoputapu), and in 1643 with Abel Tasman(who visited Tongatapu and Haʻapai). Later noteworthy European visitors included James Cook (British Navy) in 1773, 1774, and 1777, Alessandro Malaspina (Spanish Navy) in 1793, the first London missionaries in 1797, and the Wesleyan Methodist Walter Lawry Buller in 1822.
In 1845 the ambitious young warrior, strategist, and orator Tāufaʻāhau united Tonga into a kingdom. He held the chiefly title of Tuʻi Kanokupolu, but was baptised with the name King George. In 1875, with the help of missionary Shirley Waldemar Baker, he declared Tonga a constitutional monarchy, formally adopted the western royal style, emancipated the "serfs", enshrined a code of law, land tenure, and freedom of the press, and limited the power of the chiefs.
Tonga became a British-protected state under a Treaty of Friendship on 18 May 1900, when European settlers and rival Tongan chiefs tried to oust the second king. Within the British Empire, which posted no higher permanent representative on Tonga than a British Consul (1901–1970), Tonga formed part of the British Western Pacific Territories (under a colonial High Commissioner, residing on Fiji) from 1901 until 1952. Although under the protection of Britain, Tonga remained the only Pacific nation never to have given up its monarchical government - as did Tahiti and Hawaiʻi. The Tongan monarchy, unlike that of the UK, follows a straight line of rulers.
The Treaty of Friendship and Tonga's protectorate status ended in 1970 under arrangements established by Queen Salote Tupou III prior to her death in 1965. Tonga joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970 (atypically as an autochthonous monarchy, that is one with its own hereditary monarch rather than Elizabeth II), and the United Nations in September 1999. While exposed to colonial pressures, Tonga has never lost indigenous governance, a fact that makes Tonga unique in the Pacific and gives Tongans much pride, as well as confidence in their monarchical system. As part of cost cutting measures across the British Foreign Service, the British Government closed the British High Commission in Nukuʻalofa in March 2006, transferring representation of British interests in Tonga to the UK High Commissioner in Fiji. The last resident British High Commissioner was Paul Nessling.
Geography
Located in Oceania, Tonga is an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, directly south of Western Samoa and about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand. Its 176 islands, 36 of them inhabited, are divided into three main groups--Vava'u, Ha'apai, and Tongatapu--and cover an 800-kilometre (500 mi.)-long north-south line. The largest island, Tongatapu, on which the capital city of Nukuʻalofa is located, covers 257 square kilometres (99 sq. mi.). Geologically the Tongan islands are of two types: most have a limestone base formed from uplifted coral formations; others consist of limestone overlaying a volcanic base.
Other Info
Oficial name:
Pule'anga Fakatu'i 'o Tonga
Independence:
4 June 1970
Area:
748 km2
Inhabitants:
103.000
Languages:
Lea fakatonga
English [eng] Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English
More information.
Niuafo'ou [num] 690 (1981 SIL). Niuafo'ou and 'Eua islands. Dialects: Probably a dialect of East Uvean (Wallisian). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Central Pacific, East Fijian-Polynesian, Polynesian, Nuclear, Samoic-Outlier, East Uvean-Niuafo'ou
More information.
Tongan [ton] 96,334 in Tonga (1998). Population total all countries: 105,319. Also spoken in American Samoa, Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand, Niue, USA, Vanuatu. Alternate names: Tonga. Dialects: Close to Niue. There are slight dialect differences from north to south. Lexical similarity 86% with Wallisian, 66% with Samoan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Central Pacific, East Fijian-Polynesian, Polynesian, Tongic
More information.
Extinct languages
Niuatoputapu [nkp] Extinct. Ethnic population: 1,630 (1981). Niuatoputapu Island. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Central Pacific, East Fijian-Polynesian, Polynesian, Nuclear, Samoic-Outlier
Capital city:
Nuku'Alofa
Meaning country name:
From the Tongan "South" or "southern", describing the islands' location relative to Samoa.
Friendly Islands (former name): named by Captain James Cook in 1773 after the friendliness and hospitality of the people he met on the islands.
Description Flag:
The flag of Tonga was adopted on November 4, 1875.
The flag looks similar to the flag of the Red Cross. The flag was originally identical to that flag, but to avoid confusion, it was changed so that the red cross appeared as a canton of a red ensign, making it similar to the 17th century red ensign. The flag has been in use since 1864 but was officially adopted in 1875. The constitution of Tonga states that the flag shall never be altered.
Coat of arms:
The Coat of arms of Tonga (ko e Sila ʻo Tonga) was designed in 1875 with the creation of the constitution. The three swords represent the three dynasties or lines of the kings of Tonga, namely the Tuʻi Tonga, Tuʻi Haʻatakalaua and the current Tuʻi Kanokupolu). Tonga was finally united under one king, King Siaosi Tupou I, who then orchestrated the formation of the first formal government and also the coat of arms. The dove with the olive branch symbolises the wish for God's peace to reign in Tonga forever (the dove and olive branch are taken directly from the story of Noah and the Great Flood in the Holy Bible). The three stars symbolise the main island groups of Tonga, which are Tongatapu, Vavaʻu and Haʻapai. The Crown symbolises the ruling monarchy, the King of Tonga. The text on the scroll at the bottom reads Ko e ʻOtua mo Tonga ko hoku Tofiʻa in the Tongan language: God and Tonga are my inheritance.
There is no official specification of how exactly the seal should look like. Even the shield on the front gate of the late king's palace is different from the old black/white copy used by the (ex-) government printer on all official stationery, is different from the copy on the prime minister's office webpage, etc. Some have pointed crowns, some rounded; some have normal flags, others have flags looking more like banners; some use the modern orthography, some the old (Ko e Otua mo Toga ko hoku Tofia); some have black swords, others white; and so forth.
Motto:
"Ko e 'Otua mo Tonga ko hoku tofi'a"
National Anthem: Ko e fasi 'o e tu'i 'o e 'Otu Tonga
Tongan lyrics (modern spelling)
'E 'otua māfimafi
ko homau 'eiki koe
ko koe ko e falala'anga
mo e 'ofa ki Tonga.
'Afio hifo 'emau lotu
'aia 'oku mau faí ni
mo ke tali homau loto
ʻo maluʻi ʻa Tupou.
English lyrics (literal translation)
Oh, almighty God!
You are our Lord,
It is You, the pillar
And the love of Tonga.
Look down on our prayer
That is what we do now
And may You answer our wish
To protect Tupou.
Internet Page: www.govt.to
Tonga in diferent languages
eng | afr | arg | ast | bre | cat | ces | cor | cym | dan | dsb | est | eus | fao | fin | fra | frp | fry | fur | gla | glg | hat | hrv | hsb | hun | ina | isl | ita | jav | jnf | kin | lat | lav | lim | lin | lit | lld | mlg | mlt | nld | nor | pol | por | que | roh | ron | run | rup | scn | slk | slv | sme | smo | spa | sqi | srd | swa | swe | tet | ton | tpi | tur | vor | wln | wol | zza: Tonga
bos | crh | kaa | mol | slo | tuk | uzb: Tonga / Тонга
deu | ltz | nds: Tonga / Tonga
ind | msa: Tonga / توڠڬا
aze: Tonqa / Тонга
bam: Tɔnga
epo: Tongo
fij: Toga
gle: Tonga / Tonga
glv: Yn Tongey
kmr: Tonga / Тонга / تۆنگا
kur: Tonga / تۆنگا
nrm: Tounga
oci: Tònga
rmy: Tonga / तोन्गा
smg: Tuonga
som: Toonga
tah: Toʻa
vie: Tông-ga
vol: Tonguäns
abq | alt | bul | che | chm | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | mkd | mon | rus | tyv | udm: Тонга (Tonga)
bak | srp | tat: Тонга / Tonga
bel: Тонга / Tonha
chv: Тонгӑ (Tongă)
kaz: Тонга / Tonga / تونگا
kbd: Тонгэ (Tongă)
oss: Тонгӕ (Tongä)
tgk: Тонга / تانگه / Tonga
ukr: Тонґа (Tonga)
ara: تونغا (Tūnġā); تونجا (Tūngā)
fas: تونگا / Tongâ
prs: تونگا (Tōngā)
pus: تونګا (Tongā)
uig: تونگا / Ton’ga / Тонга
urd: ٹونگا (Ṫôngā); تونگا (Tôngā)
div: ޓޮނގާ (Ṫoṅgā)
heb: טונגה (Ṭôngah)
lad: טונגה / Tonga
yid: טאָנגאַ (Tonga)
amh: ቶንጋ (Tonga)
ell: Τόνγκα (Tóngka); Τόγκα (Tógka)
hye: Տոնգա (Tonga); Թոնգա (Ṭonga)
kat: ტონგა (Tonga)
hin: टोंगा (Ṭoṁgā)
ben: টোঙ্গা (Ṭoṅgā); টঙ্গা (Ṭôṅgā)
pan: ਟੋਨਗਾ (Ṭongā)
kan: ಟೋಂಗ (Ṭōṁga)
mal: ടോംഗ (Ṭōṁga); ടോന്ഗ (Ṭōnga)
tam: டொங்கா (Ṭoṅkā); தொங்கா (Toṅkā); டோங்கா (Ṭōṅkā)
tel: టోంగా (Ṭōṁgā)
zho: 湯加/汤加 (Tāngjiā)
jpn: トンガ (Tonga)
kor: 통가 (Tongga)
mya: တာန္ဂာ (Tãga)
tha: ตองกา (Tɔ̄ṅkā); ท็องกา (Tʰɔṅkā)
khm: តុងហ្គា (Tuṅhkā)
Tibete (Ásia)
བོད་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས་
( I want you to know that I am not anyone's side in this struggle for self-determination, nor have an opinion about the occupation of this territory by China.)
( 我想让你知道我不是任何人的一边，这自决的斗争，决心，也没有一个对这一中国领土的占领意见。)
THIS NOT A COUNTRY, ITS A HISTORICAL REGION, ITS LOCATED IN China .
THERE ARE O WANTS TO BE INDEPENDENTE. IF SOMEONE DONT LIKE OF THIS THEME IM SORRY, I DON’T WANT THIS USED BY ANYONE TO ILEGAL ACTS.
THANKS ABOUT THE CONCERNING
Flags
Oficial name:
བོད་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས་ (Tibetan)
Bod-rang-skyong-ljongs (Wylie)
西藏自治区 (Chinese)
Xīzàng Zìzhìqū (Pinyin)
Area:
1.221.600 km2
Inhabitants:
2.700.000
Languages:
བོད་སྐད་ bod skad- Tibeten and Chinese
Capital city:
Lhasa
Meaning tibet name:
Tibetans call their homeland Bod (བོད་), pronounced [pʰøʔ] in Lhasa dialect. It is first attested in the geography of Ptolemy as βαται (batai) (Beckwith, C. U. of Indiana Diss. 1977). Tibetans refer to Tibet as a "fatherland" (Tibetan: ཕ་ཡུལ་; Wylie: pha-yul), whereas "motherland" (Tibetan: མ་ཡུལ་; Wylie: ma-yul) is a neologism introduced in the 1960s to refer to China.[citation needed]
Tibetan plateauThe modern Chinese name for Tibet, 西藏 (Xīzàng), is a phonetic transliteration derived from the region called Tsang (western Ü-Tsang). The name originated during the Qing Dynasty of China, ca. 1700. It can be broken down into "xi" 西 (literally "west"), and "zang" 藏 (literally "Buddhist scripture" or "storage"). The pre-1700s historic Chinese term for Tibet was 吐蕃, pronounced as Tǔbō in mainland China and Tǔfān on Taiwan, its reconstructed Medieval Chinese pronunciation is /t'obwǝn/, which comes from the Turkish word for "heights" which is also the origin of the English term "Tibet."
The government of the People's Republic of China equates Tibet with the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR). As such, the name "Xizang" is equated with the TAR. In order to refer non-TAR Tibetan areas, or to all of cultural Tibet, the term 藏区 Zàngqū (literally, "ethnic Tibetan areas") is used. However, Chinese-language versions of pro-Tibetan independence websites, such as the Free Tibet Campaign, the Voice of Tibet, and Tibet Net use 西藏 ("Xizang"), not 藏区 ("Zangqu"), to mean historic Tibet.
Some English-speakers reserve "Xizang", the Chinese word transliterated into English, for the TAR, to keep the concept distinct from that of historic Tibet. Some pro-independence advocates duplicate the situation into the Chinese language, and use 土番 (Tubo) or 图伯特 (Tubote), which are both phonetic transcriptions of the word "Tibet", to refer to historic Tibet.[citation needed]
The character 藏 (zàng) has been used in transcriptions referring to Tsang as early as the Yuan Dynasty, if not earlier, though the modern term "Xizang" (western Tsang) was devised in the 18th century. The Chinese character 藏 (Zàng) has also been generalized to refer to all of Tibet, including other concepts related to Tibet such as the Tibetan language (藏文, Zàngwén) and the Tibetan people (藏族, Zàngzú).
The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European languages, is derived from the Arabic word Tubbat. This word is derived via Persian from the Turkic word Töbäd (plural of Töbän), meaning "the heights". in Medieval Chinese, 吐蕃 (Pinyin Tǔfān, often given as Tubo), is derived from the same Turkic word. Tǔfān was pronounced /t'o-bwǝn/ in Medieval times.
The exact derivation of the name is, however, unclear. Some scholars believe that the named derived from that of a people who lived in the region of northeastern Tibet and were referred to as 'Tübüt'. This was the form adapted by the Muslim writers who rendered it Tübbett, Tibbat, etc., from as early as the 9th century, and it then entered European languages from the reports of the medieval European accounts of Piano-Carpini, Rubruck, Marco Polo and the Capuchin monk Francesco della Penna.
Description Flag:
During the reign of the seventh-century king, Songtsen Gampo, Tibet was one of the mightiest empires in Central Asia. Tibet, then, had an army of 2,860,000 men. Each regiment of the army had its own banner. The banner of Ya-ru To regiment had a pair of snow lions facing each other, that of Ya-ru Ma a snow lion standing upright, springing upwards towards the sky, and that of U-ru To a white flame against a red background.
This tradition continued until the Thirteenth Dalai Lama designed a new banner and issued a proclamation for its adoption by all the military establishments. This banner became the present Tibetan national flag.
SYMBOLISM
In the centre stands a magnificient snow-clad mountain, which represents the great nation of Tibet, widely known as the Land Surrounded by Snow Mountains.
The Six red bands spread across the dark blue sky represent the original ancestors of the Tibetan people: the six tribes called Se, Mu, Dong, Tong, Dru, and Ra which in turn gave rise to the (twelve) descendants. The combination of six red bands (for the tribes) and six dark blue bands (for the sky) represents the unceasing enactment of the virtuous deeds of protection of the spiritual teachings and secular life by the black and red guardian protector deities with which Tibet has been connected since times immemorial.
At the top of the snowy mountain, the sun with its rays shinning brilliantly in all directions represents the equal enjoyment of freedom, spiritual and material happiness and prosperity by all beings in the land of Tibet.
On the slopes of the mountain a pair of snow lions stand proudly, blazing with the manes of fearlessness, which represent the country's victorious accomplishment of a unified spiritual and secular life.
The beautiful and radiant three-coloured jewel held aloft represents the ever-present reverence respectfully held by the Tibetan people towards the three supreme gems, the objects of refuge: Buddha, Dharma and Sangha.
The two coloured swirling jewel held between the two lions represents the people's guarding and cherishing of the self discipline of correct ethical behavior, principally represented by the practices of the ten exalted virtues and the 16 humane modes of conduct.
Lastly, the adornment with a yellow border symbolises that the teachings of the Buddha, which are like pure, refined gold and unbounded in space and time, are flourishing and spreading.
National Anthem: Shine of Buddha's
TIBETAN LYRICS
Sishi pende dögu jungwi ter,
Tubten sampel norbu önang bar.
Tendro nordzin gyache kyongwi gön
Trinlê kyi rölsto gyê;
Dorje khamsu tenpê
Chokün chamtse kyong.
Namkö gawa gyaden u pang gungla beg.
Puntso deshi nga-thang gyê.
Pöjong chöl sumgyi khyönla deoden sarpè khyap,
Chösi kyi pelon tar.
Tubten chochu gyepê dzamling yanpi kyegu shidi pela jor.
Pöjong tendrö getzen nyi-ö kyi,
Trashic-nang humdu tromi zi,
Nacho münpi yule gye-gyur chi.
English
Let the radiant light shine of Buddha's wish-fulfilling gem teachings,
the treasure mine of all hopes for happiness and benefit
in both worldly life and liberation.
O Protectors who hold the jewel of the teachings and all beings,
nourishing them greatly,
may the sum of your virtuous deeds grow full.
Firmly enduring in a diamond-hard state, guard all directions with
Compassion and love.
Above our heads may divinely appointed rule abide
endowed with a hundred benefits and let the power increase
of four fold auspiciousness,
May a new golden age of happiness and bliss spread
throughout the three provinces of Tibet
and the glory expand of religious-secular rule.
By the spread of Buddha's teachings in the ten directions,
may everyone throughout the world
enjoy the glories of happiness and peace.
In the battle against dark negative forces
may the auspicious sunshine of the teachings and beings of
Tibet and the brilliance of a myriad radiant prosperitys
be ever triumphant.
Internet Page: www.tibet.net
dharma-haven.org/tibetan/language.htm
Tibet in diferent languages
eng | bre | cat | ces | dan | eus | fra | gla | glg | hrv | hun | ita | lld | nld | nor | roh | ron | scn | slk | slv | swe | tgl: Tibet
aze | bos | kaa | mol | slo | tuk | uzb: Tibet / Тибет
arg | ast | spa: Tíbet
deu | ltz | nds: Tibet / Tibet
est | fin: Tiibet
ind | msa: Tibet / تيبيت
pol | szl: Tybet
epo: Tibeto
gle: An Tibeit / An Tibeit
kmr: Tîbêt / Тибет / تیبێت
kur: Tîbet / تیبەت
lat: Thibetum; Tibetum; Tibetia
lav: Tibeta
lit: Tibetas
por: Tibete
sme: Tibehta
smg: Tėbets
vie: Tây Tạng
vor: Tiibeť
abq | alt | bul | che | chv | kbd | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | oss | rus: Тибет (Tibet)
bak | srp | tat: Тибет / Tibet
bel: Тыбет / Tybiet; Тыбэт / Tybet
bua: Түбэд (Tübäd); Түгэд (Tügäd)
kaz: Тибет / Tïbet / تيبەت
mon: Төвд (Tövd); Түвд (Tüvd)
tgk: Тибет / تیبت / Tibet
tyv: Төвүт (Tövüt); Тибет (Tibet)
ukr: Тибет (Tybet)
ara: التبت (at-Tubbat / at-Tibit)
fas: تبت (Tabbat)
prs: تبت (Tebat)
pus: تبت (Tibat)
uig: شىزاڭ / Shizang / Шизаң; تىبەت / Tibet / Тибәт
urd: تبت (Tibbat)
heb: טיבט (Ṭîbeṭ)
lad: טיביט / Tibet
yid: טיבעט (Tibet)
amh: ቲቤት (Tibet)
ell: Θιβέτ (Ṯivét)
hye: Տիբետ (Tibet)
kat: ტიბეტი (Tibeti)
hin: तिब्बत (Tibbat)
nep: भोट (Bʰoṭ); तिब्बत (Tibbat)
ben: তিব্বত (Tibbôt)
ori: ତିବ୍ବତ (Tibbôt)
pan: ਤਿੱਬਤ (Tibbat)
sin: ටිබැට් (Ṭibæṭ); ටිබැටය (Ṭibæṭaya)
kan: ಟಿಬೆಟ್ (Ṭibeṭ)
mal: ടിബട്ട് (Ṭibaṭṭ); തിബട്ട് (Tibaṭṭ)
tam: திபெத் (Tipet)
tel: టిబెట్ (Ṭibeṭ)
zho: 西藏 (Xīzàng); 吐博 (Tǔbó)
yue: 西藏 (Sàijohng)
jpn: チベット (Chibetto)
kor: 티베트 (Tibeteu)
bod: བོད་ (Bod.); བོད་ཡུལ་ (Bod.yul.); བོད་ལྗོངས་ (Bod.ljoṅs.)
dzo: བོད་ (Bod.)
mya: တိဗက္ (Tíbeʿ)
tha: ธิเบต (Tʰibēt)
lao: ຕິເບດ (Tibēt); ຕີເບດ (Tībēt)
And just my very dear music ♫ ♪[I'm Free] by The Who ( 1969 )
Et puis aussi ma playlist ♫ ♪ [Best of] by Loran
Depois de ser chamada de menininha pelo Tomoe, Skuld deu o sermão mais tímido do mundo. Dizendo que era muito mais velha que ele e que ele deveria saber disso (pelo menos foi o que ela tentou dizer no meio de tanta frase cortada pela vergonha). Tomoe não quis acreditar muito, afinal como uma garota tão pequenina e com rosto inocente poderia existir há mais tempo que ele? Mas ele preferiu fingir que acreditava para não ficar um clima ruim.
Já era quase noite quando os dois terminaram as tarefas e decidiram parar para descansar. Skuld, depois de passar um dia inteiro ao lado do Tomoe, estava totalmente à vontade com a presença da raposa e super feliz por poder interagir com ele de forma normal. Afinal, como ela poderia fazê-lo gostar dela se nem conseguir falar ela conseguia? Mas agora ela tagarelava sem parar, sobre várias coisas (importantes ou aleatórias). Ela é assim, com pessoas próximas ela fica muito aberta e pronta para conversar por horas. Só que Tomoe estava exausto e no meio da tagarelice da garota acabou dormindo.
- E daí eu fiquei tão brava com a Urd que destruí todo o lado da tapeçaria que ela tinha feito! Mas depois eu me arrependi... Será que fiz mal? Tomoe? Tomoe? – E percebeu que o rapaz dormia pesadamente do lado dela, quase roncando. - Minha conversa foi tão chata que te fez cair no sono? – pensou com seus botões - Mas você fica tão bonito dormindo... Tão calmo... O peito subindo e descendo em paz... - E num momento impulsivo, chegou mais próximo dele e deitou no seu ombro, sentindo o calor que saía do corpo dele. – Você não vai se lembrar disso mesmo, então não faz mal eu ficar aqui um pouquinho, né? – Disse baixinho pra ele. – E como você não vai lembrar, queria te dizer uma coisa... Te amo...
Nesse momento Tomoe se mexeu um pouco e sorriu. Skuld chegou a pensar que ele tivesse ouvido e ficado feliz, mas logo tirou isso da cabeça... ele deveria apenas estar sonhando. E estava mesmo sonhando, mas com uma outra garota (de cabelos negros bem longos) dizendo que o amava.
Approximately 4,000 years old; a massive granite capstone rests on the three upright supporting stones of this dolmen in a field within Dartmoor National Park.
Known as Spinsters Rock, one theory links the name to the three Fatal Sisters of Norse mythology who weave the destiny of the world; presumably referring to the sisters, Urd, Verdandi, and Skuld who lived at the bottom of Yggdrasil - the World Tree.
Sankt Peter-Ording (nordfriesisch: St. Peter-Urdem[2]) ist eine Gemeinde im Kreis Nordfriesland in Schleswig-Holstein. Sie hat als einziges deutsches Seebad eine eigene Schwefelquelle und trägt daher die Bezeichnung „Nordseeheil- und Schwefelbad“. Nach den Übernachtungszahlen ist Sankt Peter-Ording in Schleswig-Holstein das führende Seebad
And just my very dear music ♫ ♪[I'm Free] by The Who ( 1969 )
Et puis aussi ma playlist ♫ ♪ [Best of] by Loran