View allAll Photos Tagged synthesizing
More info here: www.youtube.com/watch?v=5FRZj74T1_w
The Beat Destructor is a small hand held beat maker that synthesizes industrial beats with various sounds and tempos.
Jasper Mooney developed this metallurgical marvel in the form of these highly specialized traps forged from a unique experimental alloy synthesizing silver, steel and cinnabarite. When used in conjunction with newly discovered pheromones, the hunting of lycanthropes is like a walk in the park.
The League of S.T.E.A.M.
Wild Wild West Con 2011
Tucson, AZ
Dr. Fryer is synthesizing precursor solutions to be used in the sol-gel (solution-to-gel) fabrication of metal oxide thin films for high-temperature gas sensing. These liquid solutions are then conditioned into gels, which are coated onto glass substrates and then calcined (aka “baked”/”cooked”/”annealed”/etc.) at 900°C to produce solid, ceramic thin films, roughly 100-nm-thick. After optimizing the fabrication of these films, they will be incorporated into surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor devices. Developing thin film gas sensing materials that are stable in high-temperature, corrosive atmospheres is the goal of Dr. Fryer’s work here at NETL.
For Zahrah Alghamdi, material and memory are inextricably intertwined. Many of her works involve large accumulations of material that seemingly layer the histories and cultures of the places from which they come. When Alghamdi, who grew up in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia, visited Palm Springs, she was struck by the connection between the desert landscapes and architectures. For Desert X, she has created a sculpture that echoes and synthesizes the traditionally built forms from her country with the architectural organization she found in the Coachella Valley. The result takes the form of a monolithic wall comprised of stacked forms impregnated with cements, soils, and dyes specific to each region. It expresses a highly individualized language corresponding to feelings, emotions, and memories associated with place and time.
Zahrah Alghamdi (Al Bahah, Saudi Arabia, 1977) explores memory and history through traditional architecture in both medium and assemblage. Her laborious and meticulous process involves assembling particles of earth, clay, rocks, leather, and water. Her medium and process draw on the notion of “embodied memory” to translate and delineate themes of cultural identity, memory, and loss. Alghamdi represented Saudi Arabia in the 2019 Venice Biennale and participated in Desert X AlUla 2020.
ESPAÑOL
Para Zahrah Alghamdi, el material y la memoria están estrechamente entrelazados. Muchas de sus obras condensan grandes cúmulos de material cual si fuesen estratos superpuestos de historias y culturas de los sitios de donde provienen. Alghamdi creció en Al Bahah, en la región suroeste de Arabia Saudita, y cuando visitó Palm Springs quedó impresionada por la conexión entre los paisajes y las arquitecturas del desierto. Para Desert X, creó una escultura que sintetiza y hace eco a las formas de construcción tradicionales de su país con la organización arquitectónica que encontró en el Valle de Coachella. El resultado toma la forma de un muro monolítico compuesto por elementos apilados, impregnados de cemento, tierra y tinturas específicas de los procesos de edificación de cada región; expresando un lenguaje sumamente personal que atañe a sentimientos, emociones y recuerdos asociados a un lugar y a un tiempo.
Zahrah Alghamdi explora memoria e historia a través de la arquitectura tradicional como medio y montaje. Su trabajo y meticulosos procesos comprenden el ensamblaje de partículas de tierra, arcilla, rocas, cuero y agua. La noción de “memoria encarnada” sirve como base de producción y prácticas para traducir y delinear temas de identidad cultural, memoria y pérdida. Alghamdi representó a Arabia Saudita en la Bienal de Venecia 2019 y participó en Desert X AlUla 2020.
What Lies Behind the Walls
33.964250, -116.484250
Pierson Boulevard between Foxdale Drive and Miracle Hill Road, Desert Hot Springs
On view from sunrise to sunset
Generous support is provided by Ba’a Foundation.
The BAOER series wear-resistant ceramic dope is a kind of jelling material. As the materials are formed through special treatment and strict control, plus a series of chemical reactions, this dope can have extremely high intensity and hardness in normal temperature, meeting the standards of bonding strength of ceramics. The product, thus, gets its name. This wear-resistance ceramic dope is mainly composed of aggregate, tiny bonding powder, nanometer, micron, and so on. The particles densely pile up, making its intensity in normal temperature exceed 150-180 MPa, with the highest as 210 MPa. The materials are formed by ionic compound and synthesized covalent compound, combined with intensification measures and special chemical integration, thus reaching high intensity and rigidity, which can effectively resist the wallop and shearing stress of materials. The toughness and intensity of this dope is reliability, thus effectively avoiding dilapidation and flake off. Besides, the multiple measures to strengthen its intensity effectively improve its dynamic capability. The low-expansion coefficient stabilizes its bulk, so there is seldom crack. Furthermore, the jointless construction method greatly enhances its integrity. The raw materials are able to bear acid and alkaline, so this dope has stable capability, making it impossible to have chemical reaction with the medium. Meanwhile, the most of the raw materials are synthesized in high temperature. Therefore, the crystalloids are well-formed, and suffer no influence from the environment, so it is one of the best inert materials, thus effective resisting the action of medium and various kinds of chemical erosion. Specifically, the main features of this product can be summarized as follows.
1. This wear-resistant ceramic dope of our company is an independently invented and produced patent product. Its patent number is 200710078149.1.
2. This product enjoys excellent adhesive force. Besides the adoption of tortoise shell steel mesh instead of linear steel mesh greatly lessens linear expansion, thus making the integration of wear-resistant ceramic dope, steel mesh, and the base firm.
3. The capability of this wear-resistant ceramic dope is far better than those products like wear-resistant gumming dirt, pounding materials etc. During the process of construction, pure water is added instead of glue water. The high intensity and high capability of wear resistance are achieved through a series of physical and chemical reactions among raw materials.
4. This product has excellent diffusibility, homogeneity, and high intensity in constructing.
5. This product enjoys high intensity and good toughness, with its pressive strength as high as 210 MPa, and folding strength as high as 50 MPa.
6. This product is able to endure high temperature, as high as 1800.Its wear-resistant capability in high temperature is unbeatable by any other wear-resistant product so far.
7. This product has outstanding wear-resistant capability, and enjoys a long life-span. Compared with the common steel plate, this wear-resistant ceramic dope with the same thickness can be used more than 6 times longer.
8. This product boasts outstanding price performance ratio. The use of wear-resistant ceramic dope can greatly reduce the cost, thus enjoying prominent economical benefits.
9. The construction process is convenient. As for the maintenance of this product, the advantage is also evident. Almost no disassembling is required for the treatment of all wear-resistant parts, which can significantly reduce the cost and time of maintenance.
10. This product an be used widely. No matter which industry it is, as long as theirs is treatment involves the wear and tear in high or low temperature, this product can serve the occasion.
In all, the wear-resistant ceramic dope of our company enjoys its unique advantages and features in whichever aspect as advancement in technology, reliability in capability, economical benefits in life-span, and convenience in construction. We, therefore, warmly and sincerely welcome every client to differentiate and choose our products.
Dan Haynes and Dushyant Shekhawat, in the Materials Synthesis and Electrochemistry Lab at NETL in Morgantown, WV, synthesizing a pyrochlore catalyst for hydrocarbon reforming.
Facilitating the group on crop residue tradeoffs.
On 9 and 10 November 2011, the ILRI Board of Trustees hosted a 2-day 'liveSTOCK Exchange' to discuss and reflect on livestock research for development. The event synthesized sector and ILRI learning and helped frame future livestock research for development directions. The liveSTOCK Exchange also celebrated the leadership and contributions of Dr. Carlos Seré as ILRI Director General (photo credit: ILRI/Ewen Le Borgne).
Geeta Chandran (Delhi) - Bharatnatyam - 20 October 2010 (Wednesday)
Geeta Chandran has been trained by eminent Bharatanatyam gurus, including Smt Swarna Saraswathy and Guru KN Dakshinamurthi Pillai. She has ably synthesized her eclectic training to present unique dance presentations in which she skilfully weaves abstract notions of joy, beauty, values, aspiration, myth and spirituality. Celebrated for her composite understanding of Bharatanatyam, Geeta is also an accomplished Carnatic vocalist. She is known for her work in television, film and theatre as also in dance education, activism and journalism. She is the founder-president of Natya Vriksha where she teaches and promotes Bharatanatyam. She is also the artistic director of the Natya Vriksha Dance Company, which has travelled all over the world with its superb dance presentations. Geeta has received many prestigious awards and fellowships, including the Padma Shri.
Presentation
In Revision, her presentation for the evening, Geeta Chandran and her Natya Vriksha Dance Company present a selection of classical numbers from the Bharatanatyam repertoire. It is suffused with the dancer’s focus on choreographic processes of intent, content and context. The intent is to celebrate the pristine classicism of Bharatanatyam. Through her Thanjavur bani, Geeta uses the adavu as the basis of her revision. This basic unit of Bharatanatyam is cast and recast in prismatic formations. The content remains the classical. The traditional Mallari, Alarippu, Padam and Tillana form the basis of Geeta’s revision. The context is what’s been altered. Since a solo dance is transformed into a group experience, the inter-body connections create new contexts for movement. There is also the context of the space in which the pieces are being performed. The grandeur of the dance has been re-contextualized for the Purana Qila monument.
Elihu Vedder’s Dancing Girl from 1871 demonstrates the way the artist absorbed and synthesized various influences to create a harmonious whole. In the painting, a fair-haired model stands holding an elaborately decorated tambourine. She is placed before a luxurious tapestry depicting lush vegetation and exotic animals, including lions, camels, and deer. She is richly attired in a Renaissance-style gown, but she raises her skirts to reveal Turkish-style leggings and slippers, suggesting that the setting is a harem. Surrounding her are various elements for entertainment: a wheel for predicting fortunes for her audience, juggling balls, and sticks. Although the painting is called Dancing Girl, she is not depicted dancing, but rather posing serenely, lips parted, gazing to the side. She is less an actor and more an aesthetic object, like the tapestry and painted tambourine.
Elihu Vedder (1836–1923) lived an unconventional life and produced work that was highly individual and imaginative—sometimes even sublime, mysterious, and haunting. Called a visionary artist even during his lifetime, he created paintings and drawings that often invite comparisons with the British artist William Blake.
Source: Reynolda House
words from the New Forms facebook event page:
Alexi Baris has been creating experimental electronic and ambient recordings for years, blending field recordings with imaginary synthesized sounds. His 2020 release Thema on Montreal-based label Total Stasis, draws on a dialogue between the exterior and interior within found, repurposed, and recorded sound. The album has been described as environmental ambient and micro-jazz played by electronic micro-organisms inhabiting your browser and domestic setting (Boomkat).
Baris’ live performances bring to life this microverse of fidgety sounds and tonal synths with a delivery that’s less abrasive and more soothing than you might expect.
Dr. Fryer is synthesizing precursor solutions to be used in the sol-gel (solution-to-gel) fabrication of metal oxide thin films for high-temperature gas sensing. These liquid solutions are then conditioned into gels, which are coated onto glass substrates and then calcined (aka “baked”/”cooked”/”annealed”/etc.) at 900°C to produce solid, ceramic thin films, roughly 100-nm-thick. After optimizing the fabrication of these films, they will be incorporated into surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor devices. Developing thin film gas sensing materials that are stable in high-temperature, corrosive atmospheres is the goal of Dr. Fryer’s work here at NETL.
Attempting to synthesize a new type of antibiotic which would overcome many of the resistances that bacterial strains have developed over the years to commonly used antibiotics. The balloons allow the reactions to be done under anaerobic (air-free) conditions which is sometimes a requirement of organic syntheses.
Texas A&M University may or may not have model releases for people photographed on campus, in classrooms, research laboratories, or other areas related to Texas A&M. Use of the images for non-university purposes is subject to approval. Please contact the Office of Communications and Public Relations, Division of Research for further information: vpr-communications@tamu.edu or (979) 845-8069.
Plants with abnormally high anthocyanin quantities are popular as ornamental plants in around the world. Anthocyanins begins to synthesize in plants during autumn/fall especially during this period the leafs begins breaking down the chlorophyll (green colour pigment).
Eliminate the background effects: View On Black
This work is Copyright © 2009 for Thushan Sanjeewa. All rights reserved. Use without written permission by me is illegal.
Run gel and visualize my DNA
This project is part of the Ars Electronica Garden Prague. The Platform: The crisis in recent months is forcing us to rethink matters that we took for granted. Among them is the notion of public space as an open platform for meeting people and exchanging ideas, a space without borders that is suddenly confronted with security rules. At the same time, Ars Electronica is moving from the closed underground spaces of POSTCITY to Kepler Gardens, a public space that must cope with new demands, while maintaining the extant values of a democratic space.
For more informations please visit:
ars.electronica.art/keplersgardens/en/synthesizing-distan...
Credit: Project Authors
A mind map is a graphical way to represent information, ideas and concepts. It helps you to analyze, comprehend, synthesize, recall and generate new ideas better. Just as every great idea, its power lies in its simplicity. Mindmapping engages your brain in a much richer way, both analytical and aristic manner. Best of all, it is FUN! Let us start off by creating your very first mindmap.
Step 1: Decide A Topic
This determines the focus of your mindmap. It should be no more than a few words. By keeping your topic simple, you will be able to understand more aspects of it through mindmapping. Place that topic in the center of the page, preferably in bold or CAPITALISED letters.
Step 2: Set Your Creativity Free
Illustrate your mindmap with images and different colours to represent its content. Our brains associate pictures and colours better than plain text.
Step 3: Generating Ideas
Start writing what comes to your mind. Be very succinct in your choices of words as you mindmap. Keep it to as little words as possible.
Step 4: Continue Branching
Branch out from your main topic and extend your thoughts from one idea to the next. Draw lines between the thoughts to create lateral thinking. Form different branches for your sub-topics as necessary.
That's all you need to take notice for your mindmapping. For practical examples, give us a call.
Our SUPERTUTORs shall guide you and your child step-by-step.
Get Complimentary Diagnosis Report to analyse your child's strengths & weaknesses in school.
Visit www.TuitionSuperMart.com
Or call 6886 4987 for more info.
β-Carotene is an organic, strongly coloured red-orange pigment abundant in fungi, plants, and fruits. It is a member of the carotenes, which are terpenoids, synthesized biochemically from eight isoprene units and thus having 40 carbons. Its chemical formula is C40H56.
Source: Licensed from stock.adobe.com/
I had to synthesize elemental bromine, using water as the solvent for the reactants. The liquid bromine is formed from bromide ion and bromate ion, plus acid, using the following redox reaction:
5 Br- + BrO3- + 6 H+ = 3 Br2 + 3 H2O
or... with names,
bromide and bromate, mixed with some acid, form liquid bromine in water.
Sunday May 2, 2010
uploaded 4 weeks late
On 31 October and 1 November 2013, the Ethiopian Highlands project team of Africa RISING convened a review and planning meeting to review progress and results in 2013, synthesize ongoing diagnostic work and agree on the general outline of 2014 plans.
Photo credit: ILRI / Ewen Le Borgne
More information at: africa-rising.wikispaces.com/ethiopia_planning_oct2013
Power supply for gyrodec turntable motor. Digital synthesized 50Hz sinewave from eprom, audio power amp modules used to drive the two motor windings. 67.5Hz for 45rpm option didnt work since the motor would not run that fast.
Maplin Mosfet power amp modules.
I note from this picture the transformer dated feb 84...it was then that I built a Crimson Elektrik power amplifier - the heatsinks are also salvaged from that construction. Feb 84..I was 15! I still remember the day I was putting it all together.
Images generated by deep generator network (DGN, Nguyen, et al) as specified here: www.evolvingai.org/synthesizing
Western Horse Lubber Grasshopper: Taeniopoda eques or T. Eqes.
Central District, Dufy Neighborhood, Tucson, AZ.
9-4-11.
Photo By: Chic Bressel.
OK, It is Taeniopoda eques or T. Eqes
From Wikepedia:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taeniopoda_eques
Taeniopoda eques
The western horse lubber grasshopper, Taeniopoda eques, is a relatively large grasshopper species of the Romaleidae family found in the arid lower Sonoran life zone of the southwestern United States and Northern Mexico. [1] Northern populations are identifiable by their shiny black bodies and black and yellow reticulated forewings. Some southern populations are yellow in the adult stage. The species is unique in using its black coloration to thermoregulate and in being chemically defended. The aposematic coloration warns vertebrate predators of its unpalatability and allows the grasshopper to roost conspicuously upon desert shrubs.
Taeniopoda eques
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Orthoptera
Superfamily: Acridoidea
Family: Romaleidae
Subfamily: Romaleinae
Genus: Taeniopoda
Species: T. eques
Binomial name
Taeniopoda eques
Burmeister, 1838
Etymology
T. eques was first described by Burmeister in 1838. [4] The vernacular lubber refers to the flightless terrestrial status of the Romaleinae subfamily. [3] Eques is the Latin term for “horseman”. [5]
Description
T. eques is one of the largest grasshopper species in North America. A female of the species can reach 7 centimeters long and weigh 9 grams. The mature male weighs 3 grams on average. [2]There is a wide range of sizes due to influences in its specific habitat. [1] Males stridulate more commonly than females by expanding the hind wings against the closed forewings, thus flashing the bright red hindwings. [2] It is unique among desert grasshoppers because of its conspicuous size and coloring. The body is mostly black, with finely patterned black and yellow forewings with green veins and red hindwings with black borders. The antennae and head of the adult include orange markings. The forewings of males normally extend past the tip of the abdomen. [6] However, most T. eques cannot fly, with only approximately 10 percent of males possessing wings long enough for flight. [7] The T. eques nymph resembles the adult in coloration, except the nymph also possesses yellow head markings and black antennae. [1]
Distribution and Habitat
T. eques ranges from Southern Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas to Central Mexico, and inhabits the lower Sonoran life zone, which consists primarily of sparse desert brush and grasslands. It can be found among Acacia, Mimosa, Ephedra, and Yucca shrubs. In the United States, this grasshopper species is the only member of its genus (Taeniopoda) and one of the largest arthropods. In the United States, it inhabits the Chihuahuan Desert community from southern Arizona to the Big Bend region of Texas. [2] [8] The Chihuahuan Desert receives a high amount of summer precipitation compared to other deserts, which is necessary for the grasshopper’s development. [1]
Diet
T. eques does not feed on the same plants it roosts on. In an experiment, it was found to be unable to survive on Acacia and Mimosa shrubs alone. It feeds mainly on foliage, flowers, and seed pods of low-growing summer desert annuals. T. eques only forages during daylight hours and at night it roosts near the tops of desert shrubs to hide from nocturnal ground predators. At dawn, it descends to the desert floor to feed upon the different annual species which are abundant following summer rains. T. eques drink free-standing water from raindrops. [3][6][2] T. eques is known to be polyphagous, and also consumes a variety of other material, including spider silk and feces. It is an opportunistic carnivore and can occasionally be found scavenging for insect and vertebrate cadavers. Odors can be detected to find both mammal and insect carcasses, which may provide a source of protein and nitrogen in the diet. The female is more likely engage in scavenger behavior than the male T. eques. This difference may be explained by the female’s greater need for protein and other nutrients to facilitate more rapid maturation and egg production. Cannibalism has been observed upon molting or incapacitated individuals of its own species. [9]
Life Cycle
T. eques is univoltine, producing only one brood of offspring per year. Females lay eggs at the base of shrubs or large rocks, depositing the approximately 50 eggs in a single pod 4-8 centimeters deep into the soil. The females also eject a liquid with the eggs, which dries and forms a hard case protecting the egg pod. In the United States, eggs are deposited in subterranean egg pods in October. The number of egg pods laid is dependent upon the rate of development in the adults and the time available before the frost sets in. The grasshoppers reach maturity in October and die in November during the winter freeze. [2] Thermoregulation is necessary for speeding the development of T. eques to increase its reproductive chances before the favorable growing season ends. [7]
Along with the onset of the summer rainy season, the young hatch in synchrony from subterranean egg pods in July. The larvae are especially vulnerable to predatory ants for about the first 3 minutes after hatching. After shedding the provisional cuticle, the larvae climb up the nearest vertical object. They are born reddish in color, but transform to black within 2 hours. [2]
Despite of its large size, T. eques has a relatively speedy rate of larval development, undergoing 5 nymphal molts to reach the adult stage in about 40 days. Recently molted individuals are brown but darken within 2 hours at warm temperatures. Temperature influences whether they can complete the molting process. At temperatures less than 25°C, molting is usually not initiated. At temperatures above 36°C, they can become stuck in old exoskeletons. Individuals are exposed to predation and sibling [cannibalism_zoology|cannibalism] during molting. T. eques is different from other aposematic grasshoppers in its asynchronous molting. [2]
Mating begins about 12 days after maturity, and about 30 days after the adults molt, females begin laying egg pods each containing about 50 eggs. Egg pods are deposited 6 to 9 centimeters underground. Females continue to lay subsequent egg pods at 18 day intervals until they are killed by the freeze in November. [2]
Behavior
Thermoregulation
Thermoregulation is necessary for all essential life functions of T. eques and most other behaviors, including food consumption and digestion, predator escape, reproduction, walking, flying, and ovipositing. The desert environment of T. eques is often unpredictable and allows the grasshopper only about four months, the time between the onset of the summer rains and the arrival of the winter freeze, to complete its entire life cycle. Growth and development are further slowed by cold desert nights, and in October, cold days. T. eques speed development by solar basking, aided by its black heat-absorbing coloration. By thermoregulating, the grasshopper can maintain an optimal body temperature between 30 to 40 degrees Celsius for most of the day. Elevating body temperature for extended periods allows T. eques to metabolize faster, thus permitting maximum growth and reproduction before the onset of winter. [7] [10]Without thermoregulation, T. eques could not survive in its northern range. [7]
The unique black coloration of T. eques is thermally beneficial, contributing to the species’ shorter larval development time compared to the light- colored desert grasshoppers. T. eques has also developed behavioral thermoregulatory mechanisms for sunlight exposure. Flanking occurs when the grasshopper orients its body perpendicular to sunlight, maximizing thoracic heat gain. The sun-side hind leg is lowered, the shade-side hind leg is raised, and the abdomen is lowered to reduce wing shading. Moving into the centers of bushes allows for shading to limit sun exposure at midday to prevent overheating. [7][2]
Defense
Ants regularly attack hatching and molting nymphs. Vertebrates sharing the habitat of T. eques rarely disturb lubbers and prefer other lubber grasshopper species instead. Only invertebrates and grasshopper mice have been shown to be undeterred by adult T. eques defenses. [2]
T. eques possesses a multi-sensory defense system. The chemical secretion has a strong coffee-vanilla odor and composed of a complex mixture of synthesized phenolics and plant toxins produced from the grasshopper’s diet. [2] When consumed, the toxic tissues of T. eques cause vomiting or death in predators. [11] The species relies on a comprehensive aposematic display containing chemical deterrents, and visual and auditory elements for defense against vertebrate predators. [6] For example, when attacked by mice, the grasshoppers spray the odorous secretion from their metathoracic spiracles while producing a hissing noise. The secretion surrounds the insect in a noxious deterrent cloud. Adults also turn sideways to predators and display their bright red hind wings while waving their bright antennae and spiny hind legs in a threatening manner. Together these signals warn naïve predators and remind experienced predators of the grasshopper’s toxicity. [11][2]
Social Behavior
In the first stage of life, pod mates aggregate and move and feed together, but disperse after a few days. Aggregation is tightest in this first instar period and may be a method of defense for the vulnerable developing grasshoppers. Thereafter they are solitary, although mature T. eques are attracted to the largest bush at dusk which provides the appearance of clumping. This behavior may provide benefits of increasing opportunities for mating and enhancing aposematic displays against predators. [2]
Sexual Behavior and Pheromones
Both sexes of mature T. eques engage in promiscuous behavior. Males are sexually aggressive, actively mounting females and males of the species as well as individuals from other grasshopper and lizard species. [2]
Males cautiously stalk females before suddenly mounting without any communicatory leg or wing signaling. Females react violently when mounted by jumping, kicking, running, and rotating from side to side [12] However, immediately following copulation, females become docile and carry males on their backs. Males do not guard ovipositing females. [2]
The female T. eques releases a pheromone that elicits male attraction and sexual behavior over a short distance. Male T. eques can remain in copulation for up to 24 hours, continuously passing spermatophores to the female.
Trait Interaction Multiple phenotypic traits interact in T. eques since chemical defense from vertebrates releases the species from the need to be small and hidden. Thus T. eques has evolved a large body size, to increase fecundity, deter small invertebrate predators, increase water retention, and allow for deep ovipositing. However, the large adult size requires long development and growth, which is difficult in its short season. It speeds growth by evolving thermoregulation mechanisms including dark color and solar exposure positions, both allowed only because of chemical defense. These features cause T. eques to be conspicuous; however, chemical deterrents protect it against predators. The species can allocate resources to reproduction instead of wings and flight muscles. As with many other chemically defended insects, T. eques is flightless and sluggish.
100_8324 - Version 2
Synthesized Sapphire
REPLACEMENT NEEDLE
for Vaco T-45 Cartridge
To Install: Press needle shank into matching knotch [sic] in cartridge with needle tip centered against
small plastic block at front of cartridge.
CLEVITE-WALCO
EAST ORANGE, N. J.
2nd Place Visual, Qi Li, Post Doctorate, Materials Science and Engineering
"Yolk-shell" structured microcapsules with organic-inorganic hybrid shell
We synthesized polymer-based microcapsules using a microemulsion method. Titanium oxide nanoparticles are incorporated in the polymer precursor to give rise to a hybrid shell structure. In this SEM image, a smaller microcapsule is sitting inside a cracked microcapsule with larger size, which yields an interesting "yolk-shell" architecture.
A seminal figure in the history of the Delta blues, Robert Johnson (1911-1938) synthesized the music of Delta blues pioneers such as Son House with outside traditions. He in turn influenced artists such as Muddy Waters and Elmore James. Johnson's compositions, notable for their poetic qualities, include the standards "Sweet Home Chicago" and "Dust My Broom." Johnson's mysterious life and early death continue to fascinate modern fans. He is thought to be buried in this graveyard.
There were three rumored cemeteries and no one was completely sure which one was the right one and the only clue offered by his death certificate was that he was buried at "Zion Baptist Church."
This cemetery is now recognized as the most probable final resting spot of the blues legend, based on her testimony and the relative vicinity to the residence at the Star of the West Plantation where Johnson died.
Jason Levine is a musician, performer, and computational poet who collaborated with Professor Eran Egozy. His residency focused on the interactive and generative qualities of coding to create real-time software systems for live performance. In April Levine visited classes, gave a public lecture, and led a workshop where he discussed his livecoding performing practice, and more generally how algorithms can be appropriated to create music and art. Workshop participants learned how to use the Extempore livecoding language to synthesize sounds and create rhythmic patterns, and were encouraged to experiment with using code in an improvisational or artisanal mode in contrast to the traditional problem solving mentality associated with coding.
Learn more at arts.mit.edu
All photos ©James Addison
Please ask before use
On 9 and 10 November 2011, the ILRI Board of Trustees hosted a 2-day 'liveSTOCK Exchange' to discuss and reflect on livestock research for development. The event synthesized sector and ILRI learning and helped frame future livestock research for development directions. The liveSTOCK Exchange also celebrated the leadership and contributions of Dr. Carlos Seré as ILRI Director General (photo credit: ILRI/Zerihun Sewunet).
Loyola University New Orleans offers state-of-the-art chemistry labs where students learn through hands-on experiments. In the organic Chemistry classes students practice purifying, synthesizing, and identifing organic compounds. Some of the techniques practiced in this class are acid/base extraction, recrystallization, distillation, and organic reactions, among others.
Photo by Kyle Encar
Taken on April 14, 2015
Copyright 2015 Loyola University New Orleans
Enter to win a TEAM REDLINE XTREME VIP 500 experience of a lifetime: www.vpxsports.com/contest-giveaway/redline-xtreme-racing-...
Visit us at www.vpxsports.com
Shop at shop.vpxsports.com
NASA / JPL
Voyager 2
NASA JPL image number: S-2-52, P-23960C
August 29, 1981
Saturn's F-ring
JPL caption on verso:
This synthesized picture illustrates the brightness contours that represent the fine structure observed in Saturn's F-ring using a stellar occulation profile compiled by the Voyager 2 photopolarimeter. Because of the instrument's high sensitivity and the small apparent size of the star used, Delta Scorpii, structure was observed on a much finer scale ---hundreds of meters---than would otherwise be possible. The highest-resolution of the Voyager imaging system is seldom better than 10 kilometers. The F-ring was represented here by sweeping the "trace" in longitude with much the same overall form as seen at several points by the imaging system, with a dense outer core and a diffuse set of inner strands. A great deal of radial structure at the subkilometer scale, however, is evident in these data. It must be remembered that the azimuthal symmetry and lack of kinks or knots here are only artifacts of the representation, which takes a single narrow slice of the rings. The Voyager project is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
Vintage chromogenic print on Kodak paper, 20.3 x 25.4cm (8 x 10in), with "This Paper Manufactured By Kodak" watermarks and JPL caption affixed on verso.
For half a century, the square was decorated with the Maderno fountain and with the obelisk raised by Pope Sixtus V, but the southern part of the square remained empty. In 1667, Pope Clement X commissioned Gian Lorenzo Bernini to build a second fountain, which closely followed the design of the Maderno fountain. The Bernini fountain was completed in 1677.
Gian Lorenzo Bernini was an Italian sculptor and architect. While a major figure in the world of architecture, he was more prominently the leading sculptor of his age, credited with creating the Baroque style of sculpture. As one scholar has commented, "What Shakespeare is to drama, Bernini may be to sculpture: the first pan-European sculptor whose name is instantaneously identifiable with a particular manner and vision, and whose influence was inordinately powerful ..." In addition, he was a painter (mostly small canvases in oil) and a man of the theatre: he wrote, directed and acted in plays (mostly Carnival satires), for which he designed stage sets and theatrical machinery. He produced designs as well for a wide variety of decorative art objects including lamps, tables, mirrors, and even coaches.
As an architect and city planner, he designed secular buildings, churches, chapels, and public squares, as well as massive works combining both architecture and sculpture, especially elaborate public fountains and funerary monuments and a whole series of temporary structures (in stucco and wood) for funerals and festivals. His broad technical versatility, boundless compositional inventiveness and sheer skill in manipulating marble ensured that he would be considered a worthy successor of Michelangelo, far outshining other sculptors of his generation. His talent extended beyond the confines of sculpture to a consideration of the setting in which it would be situated; his ability to synthesize sculpture, painting, and architecture into a coherent conceptual and visual whole has been termed by the late art historian Irving Lavin the "unity of the visual arts".
Saint Peter's Square is a large plaza located directly in front of St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, the papal enclave in Rome, directly west of the neighborhood (rione) of Borgo. Both the square and the basilica are named after Saint Peter, an apostle of Jesus whom Catholics consider to be the first Pope.
At the centre of the square is the Vatican obelisk, an ancient Egyptian obelisk erected at the current site in 1586. Gian Lorenzo Bernini designed the square almost 100 years later, including the massive Doric colonnades, four columns deep, which embrace visitors in "the maternal arms of Mother Church". A granite fountain constructed by Bernini in 1675 matches another fountain designed by Carlo Maderno in 1613.
The open space which lies before the basilica was redesigned by Gian Lorenzo Bernini from 1656 to 1667, under the direction of Pope Alexander VII, as an appropriate forecourt, designed "so that the greatest number of people could see the Pope give his blessing, either from the middle of the façade of the church or from a window in the Vatican Palace" Bernini had been working on the interior of St. Peter's for decades; now he gave order to the space with his renowned colonnades, using a simplified Doric order, to avoid competing with the palace-like façade by Carlo Maderno, but he employed it on an unprecedented colossal scale to suit the space and evoke a sense of awe.
There were many constraints from existing structures (illustration, right). The massed accretions of the Vatican Palace crowded the space to the right of the basilica's façade; the structures needed to be masked without obscuring the papal apartments. The Vatican obelisk marked a centre, and a granite fountain by Maderno stood to one side: Bernini made the fountain appear to be one of the foci of the ovato tondo embraced by his colonnades and eventually matched it on the other side, in 1675, just five years before his death. The trapezoidal shape of the piazza, which creates a heightened perspective for a visitor leaving the basilica and has been praised as a masterstroke of Baroque theater (illustration, below right), is largely a product of site constraints.
According to the Lateran Treaty the area of St. Peter's Square is subject to the authority of Italian police for crowd control even though it is a part of the Vatican state.
The colossal Doric colonnades, four columns deep, frame the trapezoidal entrance to the basilica and the massive elliptical area which precedes it. The ovato tondo's long axis, parallel to the basilica's façade, creates a pause in the sequence of forward movements that is characteristic of a Baroque monumental approach. The colonnades define the piazza. The elliptical center of the piazza, which contrasts with the trapezoidal entrance, encloses the visitor with "the maternal arms of Mother Church" in Bernini's expression. On the south side, the colonnades define and formalize the space, with the Barberini Gardens still rising to a skyline of umbrella pines. On the north side, the colonnade masks an assortment of Vatican structures; the upper stories of the Vatican Palace rise above.
At the center of the ovato tondo stands the Vatican obelisk, an uninscribed Egyptian obelisk of red granite, 25.5 m (84 ft) tall, supported on bronze lions and surmounted by the Chigi arms in bronze, in all 41 m (135 ft) to the cross on its top. The obelisk was originally erected in Heliopolis, Egypt, by an unknown pharaoh.
The Emperor Augustus had the obelisk moved to the Julian Forum of Alexandria, where it stood until AD 37, when Caligula ordered the forum demolished and the obelisk transferred to Rome. He had it placed on the spina which ran along the center of the Circus of Nero. It was moved to its current site in 1586 by the engineer-architect Domenico Fontana under the direction of Pope Sixtus V; the engineering feat of re-erecting its vast weight was memorialized in a suite of engravings. The obelisk is the only obelisk in Rome that has not toppled since antiquity. During the Middle Ages, the gilt ball atop the obelisk was believed to contain the ashes of Julius Caesar. Fontana later removed the ancient metal ball, now in a Roman museum, and found only dust inside; Christopher Hibbert however writes that the ball was found to be solid. Though Bernini had no influence in the erection of the obelisk, he did use it as the centerpiece of his magnificent piazza, and added the Chigi arms to the top in honor of his patron, Alexander VII.
The paving is varied by radiating lines in travertine, to relieve what might otherwise be a sea of setts. In 1817 circular stones were set to mark the tip of the obelisk's shadow at noon as the sun entered each of the signs of the zodiac, making the obelisk a gigantic sundial's gnomon.
St. Peter's Square today can be reached from the Ponte Sant'Angelo along the grand approach of the Via della Conciliazione (in honor of the Lateran Treaty of 1929). The spina (median with buildings which divided the two roads of Borgo Vecchio and Borgo nuovo) which once occupied this grand avenue leading to the square was demolished ceremonially by Benito Mussolini himself on October 23, 1936, and was completely demolished by October 8, 1937. St. Peter's Basilica was now freely visible from the Castel Sant'Angelo. After the spina, almost all the buildings south of the passetto were demolished between 1937 and 1950, obliterating one of the most important medieval and renaissance quarters of the city. Moreover, the demolition of the spina canceled the characteristic Baroque surprise, nowadays maintained only for visitors coming from Borgo Santo Spirito. The Via della Conciliazione was completed in time for the Great Jubilee of 1950.
Vatican City is a landlocked independent country, city-state, microstate, and enclave within Rome, Italy. It became independent from Italy in 1929 with the Lateran Treaty, and it is a distinct territory under "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction" of the Holy See, itself a sovereign entity under international law, which maintains the city-state's temporal power and governance, diplomatic, and spiritual independence. The Vatican is also a metonym for the Holy See, Pope, and Roman Curia.
With an area of 49 hectares (121 acres) and as of 2023 a population of about 764, it is the smallest state in the world both by area and by population. As governed by the Holy See, Vatican City State is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchical state ruled by the Pope, who is the bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church. The highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergy of various origins. After the Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) the popes have mainly resided at the Apostolic Palace within what is now Vatican City, although at times residing instead in the Quirinal Palace in Rome or elsewhere.
The Holy See dates back to early Christianity and is the principal episcopal see of the Catholic Church, which has approximately 1.329 billion baptised Catholics in the world as of 2018 in the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches. The independent state of Vatican City, on the other hand, came into existence on 11 February 1929 by the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and Italy, which spoke of it as a new creation, not as a vestige of the much larger Papal States (756–1870), which had previously encompassed much of Central Italy.
Vatican City contains religious and cultural sites such as St. Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel, the Vatican Apostolic Library, and the Vatican Museums. They feature some of the world's most famous paintings and sculptures. The unique economy of Vatican City is supported financially by donations from the faithful, by the sale of postage stamps and souvenirs, fees for admission to museums, and sales of publications. Vatican City has no taxes, and items are duty-free.
The Holy See also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the pope in his role as the Bishop of Rome. It includes the apostolic episcopal see of the Diocese of Rome, which has ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the worldwide Catholic Church and sovereignty over the city-state known as the Vatican City. As the supreme body of government of the Catholic Church, the Holy See enjoys the status of a sovereign juridical entity under international law.
According to Catholic tradition and historical records, it was founded in the first century by Saints Peter and Paul, and by virtue of the doctrines of Petrine and papal primacy, it is the focal point of full communion for Catholic Christians around the world. The Holy See is headquartered in, operates from, and exercises "exclusive dominion" over the independent Vatican City State enclave in Rome, of which the Pope is sovereign.
The Holy See is administered by the Roman Curia (Latin for "Roman Court"), which is the central government of the Catholic Church. The Roman Curia includes various dicasteries, comparable to ministries and executive departments, with the Cardinal Secretary of State as its chief administrator. Papal elections are carried out by part of the College of Cardinals.
Although the Holy See is often metonymically referred to as the "Vatican", the Vatican City State was distinctively established with the Lateran Treaty of 1929, between the Holy See and Italy, to ensure the temporal, diplomatic, and spiritual independence of the papacy. As such, papal nuncios, who are papal diplomats to states and international organizations, are recognized as representing the Holy See and not the Vatican City State, as prescribed in the Canon law of the Catholic Church. The Holy See is thus viewed as the central government of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church, in turn, is the largest non-government provider of education and health care in the world.
The Holy See maintains bilateral diplomatic relations with 183 sovereign states, signs concordats and treaties, and performs multilateral diplomacy with multiple intergovernmental organizations, including the United Nations and its agencies, the Council of Europe, the European Communities, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and the Organization of American States.
According to Catholic tradition, the apostolic see of Diocese of Rome was established in the 1st century by Saint Peter and Saint Paul. The legal status of the Catholic Church and its property was recognised by the Edict of Milan in 313 by Roman emperor Constantine the Great, and it became the state church of the Roman Empire by the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 by Emperor Theodosius I.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, the temporal legal jurisdisction of the papal primacy was further recognised as promulgated in Canon law. The Holy See was granted territory in Duchy of Rome by the Donation of Sutri in 728 of King Liutprand of the Lombards, and sovereignty by the Donation of Pepin in 756 by King Pepin of the Franks.
The Papal States thus held extensive territory and armed forces in 756–1870. Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Roman Emperor by translatio imperii in 800. The Pope's temporal power peaked around the time of the papal coronations of the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire from 858, and the Dictatus papae in 1075, which conversely also described Papal deposing power. Several modern states still trace their own sovereignty to recognition in medieval papal bulls.
The sovereignty of the Holy See was retained despite multiple sacks of Rome during the Early Middle Ages. Yet, relations with the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy Roman Empire were at times strained, reaching from the Diploma Ottonianum and Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma regarding the "Patrimony of Saint Peter" in the 10th century, to the Investiture Controversy in 1076–1122, and settled again by the Concordat of Worms in 1122. The exiled Avignon Papacy during 1309–1376 also put a strain on the papacy, which however finally returned to Rome. Pope Innocent X was critical of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 as it weakened the authority of the Holy See throughout much of Europe. Following the French Revolution, the Papal States were briefly occupied as the "Roman Republic" from 1798 to 1799 as a sister republic of the First French Empire under Napoleon, before their territory was reestablished.
Notwithstanding, the Holy See was represented in and identified as a "permanent subject of general customary international law vis-à-vis all states" in the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815). The Papal States were recognised under the rule of the Papacy and largely restored to their former extent. Despite the Capture of Rome in 1870 by the Kingdom of Italy and the Roman Question during the Savoyard era (which made the Pope a "prisoner in the Vatican" from 1870 to 1929), its international legal subject was "constituted by the ongoing reciprocity of diplomatic relationships" that not only were maintained but multiplied.
The Lateran Treaty on 11 February 1929 between the Holy See and Italy recognised Vatican City as an independent city-state, along with extraterritorial properties around the region. Since then, Vatican City is distinct from yet under "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction" of the Holy See (Latin: Sancta Sedes).
The Holy See is one of the last remaining seven absolute monarchies in the world, along with Saudi Arabia, Eswatini, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Brunei and Oman. The Pope governs the Catholic Church through the Roman Curia. The Curia consists of a complex of offices that administer church affairs at the highest level, including the Secretariat of State, nine Congregations, three Tribunals, eleven Pontifical Councils, and seven Pontifical Commissions. The Secretariat of State, under the Cardinal Secretary of State, directs and coordinates the Curia. The incumbent, Cardinal Pietro Parolin, is the See's equivalent of a prime minister. Archbishop Paul Gallagher, Secretary of the Section for Relations with States of the Secretariat of State, acts as the Holy See's minister of foreign affairs. Parolin was named in his role by Pope Francis on 31 August 2013.
The Secretariat of State is the only body of the Curia that is situated within Vatican City. The others are in buildings in different parts of Rome that have extraterritorial rights similar to those of embassies.
Among the most active of the major Curial institutions are the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, which oversees the Catholic Church's doctrine; the Congregation for Bishops, which coordinates the appointment of bishops worldwide; the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, which oversees all missionary activities; and the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, which deals with international peace and social issues.
Three tribunals exercise judicial power. The Roman Rota handles normal judicial appeals, the most numerous being those that concern alleged nullity of marriage. The Apostolic Signatura is the supreme appellate and administrative court concerning decisions even of the Roman Rota and administrative decisions of ecclesiastical superiors (bishops and superiors of religious institutes), such as closing a parish or removing someone from office. It also oversees the work of other ecclesiastical tribunals at all levels. The Apostolic Penitentiary deals not with external judgments or decrees, but with matters of conscience, granting absolutions from censures, dispensations, commutations, validations, condonations, and other favors; it also grants indulgences.
The Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See coordinates the finances of the Holy See departments and supervises the administration of all offices, whatever be their degree of autonomy, that manage these finances. The most important of these is the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See.
The Prefecture of the Papal Household is responsible for the organization of the papal household, audiences, and ceremonies (apart from the strictly liturgical part).
One of Pope Francis's goals is to reorganize the Curia to prioritize its role in the church's mission to evangelize. This reform insists that the Curia is not meant to be a centralized bureaucracy, but rather a service for the Pope and diocesan bishops that is in communication with local bishops' conferences. Likewise more lay people are to be involved in the workings of the dicasteries and in giving them input.
The Holy See does not dissolve upon a pope's death or resignation. It instead operates under a different set of laws sede vacante. During this interregnum, the heads of the dicasteries of the Curia (such as the prefects of congregations) cease immediately to hold office, the only exceptions being the Major Penitentiary, who continues his important role regarding absolutions and dispensations, and the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, who administers the temporalities (i.e., properties and finances) of the See of St. Peter during this period. The government of the See, and therefore of the Catholic Church, then falls to the College of Cardinals. Canon law prohibits the College and the Camerlengo from introducing any innovations or novelties in the government of the church during this period.
In 2001, the Holy See had a revenue of 422.098 billion Italian lire (about US$202 million at the time), and a net income of 17.720 billion Italian lire (about US$8 million). According to an article by David Leigh in the Guardian newspaper, a 2012 report from the Council of Europe identified the value of a section of the Vatican's property assets as an amount in excess of €680m (£570m); as of January 2013, Paolo Mennini, a papal official in Rome, manages this portion of the Holy See's assets—consisting of British investments, other European holdings and a currency trading arm. The Guardian newspaper described Mennini and his role in the following manner: "... Paolo Mennini, who is in effect the Pope's merchant banker. Mennini heads a special unit inside the Vatican called the extraordinary division of APSA – Amministrazione del Patrimonio della Sede Apostolica – which handles the 'patrimony of the Holy See'."
The orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See are conferred by the Pope as temporal sovereign and fons honorum of the Holy See, similar to the orders awarded by other heads of state.
The Holy See has been recognized, both in state practice and in the writing of modern legal scholars, as a subject of public international law, with rights and duties analogous to those of States. Although the Holy See, as distinct from the Vatican City State, does not fulfill the long-established criteria in international law of statehood—having a permanent population, a defined territory, a stable government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states—its possession of full legal personality in international law is shown by the fact that it maintains diplomatic relations with 180 states, that it is a member-state in various intergovernmental international organizations, and that it is: "respected by the international community of sovereign States and treated as a subject of international law having the capacity to engage in diplomatic relations and to enter into binding agreements with one, several, or many states under international law that are largely geared to establish and preserving peace in the world."
Since medieval times the episcopal see of Rome has been recognized as a sovereign entity. The Holy See (not the State of Vatican City) maintains formal diplomatic relations with and for the most recent establishment of diplomatic relations with 183 sovereign states, and also with the European Union, and the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, as well as having relations of a special character with the Palestine Liberation Organization; 69 of the diplomatic missions accredited to the Holy See are situated in Rome. The Holy See maintains 180 permanent diplomatic missions abroad, of which 74 are non-residential, so that many of its 106 concrete missions are accredited to two or more countries or international organizations. The diplomatic activities of the Holy See are directed by the Secretariat of State (headed by the Cardinal Secretary of State), through the Section for Relations with States. There are 12 internationally recognized states with which the Holy See does not have relations. The Holy See is the only European subject of international law that has diplomatic relations with the government of the Republic of China (Taiwan) as representing China, rather than the government of the People's Republic of China (see Holy See–Taiwan relations).
The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office speaks of Vatican City as the "capital" of the Holy See, although it compares the legal personality of the Holy See to that of the Crown in Christian monarchies and declares that the Holy See and the state of Vatican City are two international identities. It also distinguishes between the employees of the Holy See (2,750 working in the Roman Curia with another 333 working in the Holy See's diplomatic missions abroad) and the 1,909 employees of the Vatican City State. The British Ambassador to the Holy See uses more precise language, saying that the Holy See "is not the same as the Vatican City State. ... (It) is the universal government of the Catholic Church and operates from the Vatican City State." This agrees exactly with the expression used by the website of the United States Department of State, in giving information on both the Holy See and the Vatican City State: it too says that the Holy See "operates from the Vatican City State".
The Holy See is a member of various international organizations and groups including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), International Telecommunication Union, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The Holy See is also a permanent observer in various international organizations, including the United Nations General Assembly, the Council of Europe, UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
Relationship with Vatican City and other territories.
The Holy See participates as an observer to African Union, Arab League, Council of Europe, the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), Organization of American States, International Organization for Migration and in the United Nations and its agencies FAO, ILO, UNCTAD, UNEP, UNESCO, UN-HABITAT, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, WFP, WHO, WIPO. and as a full member in IAEA, OPCW, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
Although the Holy See is closely associated with Vatican City, the independent territory over which the Holy See is sovereign, the two entities are separate and distinct. After the Italian seizure of the Papal States in 1870, the Holy See had no territorial sovereignty. In spite of some uncertainty among jurists as to whether it could continue to act as an independent personality in international matters, the Holy See continued in fact to exercise the right to send and receive diplomatic representatives, maintaining relations with states that included the major powers Russia, Prussia, and Austria-Hungary. Where, in accordance with the decision of the 1815 Congress of Vienna, the Nuncio was not only a member of the Diplomatic Corps but its dean, this arrangement continued to be accepted by the other ambassadors. In the course of the 59 years during which the Holy See held no territorial sovereignty, the number of states that had diplomatic relations with it, which had been reduced to 16, actually increased to 29.
The State of the Vatican City was created by the Lateran Treaty in 1929 to "ensure the absolute and visible independence of the Holy See" and "to guarantee to it indisputable sovereignty in international affairs." Archbishop Jean-Louis Tauran, the Holy See's former Secretary for Relations with States, said that Vatican City is a "minuscule support-state that guarantees the spiritual freedom of the Pope with the minimum territory".
The Holy See, not Vatican City, maintains diplomatic relations with states. Foreign embassies are accredited to the Holy See, not to Vatican City, and it is the Holy See that establishes treaties and concordats with other sovereign entities. When necessary, the Holy See will enter a treaty on behalf of Vatican City.
Under the terms of the Lateran Treaty, the Holy See has extraterritorial authority over various sites in Rome and two Italian sites outside of Rome, including the Pontifical Palace at Castel Gandolfo. The same authority is extended under international law over the Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See in a foreign country.
Though, like various European powers, earlier popes recruited Swiss mercenaries as part of an army, the Pontifical Swiss Guard was founded by Pope Julius II on 22 January 1506 as the personal bodyguards of the Pope and continues to fulfill that function. It is listed in the Annuario Pontificio under "Holy See", not under "State of Vatican City". At the end of 2005, the Guard had 134 members. Recruitment is arranged by a special agreement between the Holy See and Switzerland. All recruits must be Catholic, unmarried males with Swiss citizenship who have completed basic training with the Swiss Armed Forces with certificates of good conduct, be between the ages of 19 and 30, and be at least 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) in height. Members are armed with small arms and the traditional halberd (also called the Swiss voulge), and trained in bodyguarding tactics.
The police force within Vatican City, known as the Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City, belongs to the city state, not to the Holy See.
The Holy See signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, a binding agreement for negotiations for the total elimination of nuclear weapons.
The main difference between the two coats of arms is that the arms of the Holy See have the gold key in bend and the silver key in bend sinister (as in the sede vacante coat of arms and in the external ornaments of the papal coats of arms of individual popes), while the reversed arrangement of the keys was chosen for the arms of the newly founded Vatican City State in 1929.
My labmate synthesizes different fluorophores. She got a highly fluorescent side product (didn't know what it was), and decided to drop-freeze it in liquid nitrogen for fun. A few other fluorescent molecules were also drop-frozen, and this was the result!
COCOFIT: www.vpxsports.com/health-and-libido-supplements/cocofit
Enter to win a TEAM REDLINE XTREME VIP 500 experience of a lifetime: www.vpxsports.com/contest-giveaway/redline-xtreme-racing-...
Visit us at www.vpxsports.com
Shop at shop.vpxsports.com
Enter to win a TEAM REDLINE XTREME VIP 500 experience of a lifetime: www.vpxsports.com/contest-giveaway/redline-xtreme-racing-...
Visit us at www.vpxsports.com
Shop at shop.vpxsports.com