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For more on the origin and the present day state of the original nomads of India read here ..
www.flickr.com/photos/ezee123/3670984925
The nomads of India represent the origin of the Gypsys in Europe. The gypsys to be found in Europe trace their descent to the Banjaras and Lahmanis of India. A DNA mapping project would prove it without doubt but the basic structure on which this is worked out is the language used by the Roma gypsies of Europe.
Their language has a core syntax of verbs and nouns that are Hindi in origin. Their count is totally Indian and so are the words that would refer to eating and drinking and living. Thereafter the language has broadened with layers of words adopted from areas through which the migration took place from India to Europe. Words have been picked up from Burushashki, Persian, Kurdish and then a layer of Byzantine languages like Greek, Ossetic and Armenian.
A whole lot of cultural traditions and familial relationships are identical for the Lahmanis and the Roma Gypsys.
So here is to a great living culture that has not changed much in thousands of years.
_DSC9745 nef V sel cu br grad sm face grad copy bnw emerald filter tone enhanced
William Combe’s “The Tour of Doctor Syntax: In Search of the Picturesque” was begun in 1809 and published in book form in 1812. Together with the accompanying aquatints by Thomas Rowlandson that inspired the poem, it satirizes the aesthetic ideals lying behind the picturesque and its frequently pompous followers. The poem tells how Dr Syntax, a curate, sets off in search of the ideal picturesque landscape only to be continually thwarted by bathetic and farcical inconveniences. During the course of the poem the unfortunate Dr Syntax stumbles into a lake while attempting to reach the perfect location from which to sketch a suitably ruined castle, is chased by a bull and driven to distraction by the incessant bleating of sheep. - See more at: www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-tour-of-doctor-syntax#stha...
This first tour of Dr. Syntax is accompanied by thirty colored illustrations by Thomas Rowlandson.
A frame demo'ing systems for Mobile Frame Zero using the C6 concept by micah bauer.
For more, see the Mobile Frame Hangar post and my C6 set.
Credit to dark_syntax for the idea he gave me on the angled bridge tower.
Designed for use in Mobile Frame Zero: Intercept Orbit.
via Instagram Featured Artist @tylerdunning I'm starting a new series! This year is the US National Park Centennial! As such, I want to feature artists that inspire me. My hope is to share their thoughts and experiences in various National Parks. First off is Tyler Dunning. A vastly talented man and a cherished friend. His photo above and his words below: "I think of national parks as I think of Harry Potter: both are convenient and easy access points to a deeper understanding of the world at large. For example, you’re not going to give a child David Foster Wallace and say, “This is literature, kid. Learn to love it.” No, you first offer them an enchanted domain of wizards and ghouls. You offer them J. K. Rowling. The story then sucks them in, and through that, they gain a familiarity with language, and syntax, and style, and voice. An intense web of interconnectivity surfaces. Only then do they move to the harder, less glamorous stuff. Willingly. That’s how love works. National parks are no different: waterfalls as wizards, grizzlies as ghouls. The monumentalism and otherworldliness draws us in, and, yet, through this, we gain a familiarity with ecology, and habitat, and stewardship, and resource management. You start seeing the interconnectivity. You start yearning for the harder, less glamorous stuff: mundane plains, inaccessible backcountry, historic wilderness. You start seeing magic everywhere." - @tylerdunning Tylerdunning.com #featuredartist #yearofintention #nationalpark #npcentennial #friendsperation #alaska #glacier #writing ift.tt/1Sehqn7
Carol Bove (b. 1971 Switzerland )
Carol Bove’s sculpture turns the clean lines of Modernism on its head. Her formal syntax is an adept language of bends, dents, torques, kinks, crumples, creases, and other folds that animate the sculptural surface. The artist has called these works “collage sculptures” – a type of activity that navigates a productive tension between the industrially formed and the merely found, between the obsolete and the newly minted. The physical friction of her material is animated through a bold, candy-coloured palette of reds, yellows, pinks and greens placed in dynamic contrast to her rough untreated steel. The slick finish of her paint jars with the rough faded materiality of her found objects. In this mode, the surface colour promotes the illusion that her steel tubes are constructed from a soft, malleable substance. Bove’s deft twists, folds, and bends demand a kinaesthetic approach from the viewer: they force the body, eye, and mind to shift, move and circumnavigate the work. If these objects were to tell a story it would be an account of movement and pressure, force and softness.
Arriving -
A rather upbeat and lively logo I have to say!
LNER Azuma 801225 from Edinburgh to London, working 1E22, early evening at Newark Northgate.
I had a brief glimpse of the graphics the other day, and thought to get my own picture of it . . .
LNER - eLeaNoR - syntax > rhythm > pronunciation :)
A rework of my previous truck, now with working tipper (I like this one quite a bit so I thought I'd share a breakdown pic), and another alt model, a European racing truck, bringing my alt count to 5 for Lego set 31027.
This was shot looking towards Ogibashi from Yuki's rooftop. We were at his place for a party last Saturday. Great view, lovely neighbourhood.
Link to a map here: sorry about the odd link syntax but Flickr bans links to tinyurl
www [dot] tinyurl [dot] com/nuhu9o
Nikon D300
Tokina 11-16mm f/2.8
5-frame bracketed HDR, using the wall as my tripod
Blended in Photomatix
Tweaked to tone down the colour saturation in Photoshop
- 104 studs (Duplo studs)
- 100% Duplo - although I've experimented with System solutions for Duplo SNOT, this build is pure Duplo.
- The stands are not built into the ship.
- While she stays together sitting on a table, she cannot be moved in one piece (NOT swooshable) and is a little fragile.
- I've never built anything this large, let alone tried to photograph any builds this large. I have no idea how I'm going to get good pics of this monster.
- More pics in my Duplo album.
"The Belle of Belfast City", vessel number 8 of the Jovian Transport Corporation, serves the shipping lanes between the mining operations on the Jovian moons and manufacturing centers on Earth and Mars.
She has never missed a schedule, never lost cargo, and never suffered any sort of serious mechanical failure in the nearly 50 years since she entered service in 2372. Her crew is often heard describing her ability to out perform other ships saying "She'll take you down like an 8-ball" earning her the nickname "The 8-Belle".
- 936m in length
- 2 officers, 16 merchant marines including 2 NCO's
- Variable-rail cargo system capable of hauling standard cargo containers and over/odd-sized cargo.
Mirit Ben Nun: Shortness of breath
'Shortness of breath' is not only a sign of physical weakness, it is a metaphor for a mental state of strong desire that knows no repletion; more and more, an unbearable glut, without repose. Mirit Ben Nun's type of work on the other hand requires an abundance of patience. This is a Sisyphean work (requiring hard labor) of marking lines and dots, filling every empty millimeter with brilliant blots. Therefore we are facing a paradox or a logical conflict. A patient and effortful work that stems from an urgent need to cover and fill, to adorn and coat. Her craft of layering reaches a state of a continuous ceremonial ritual.
This ritual digests every object into itself - useful or discarded -- available and ordinary or rare and exceptional -- they submit and devote to the overlay work. Mirit BN gathers scrap off the streets -- cardboard rolls of fabric, assortments of wooden boards and pieces, plates and planks -- and constructs a new link, her own syntax, which she alone is fully responsible for. The new combination -- a type of a sculptural construction -- goes through a process of patching by the act of painting.
In fact Mirit regards her three dimensional objects as a platform for painting, with a uniform continuity, even if it has obstacles, mounds and valleys. These objects beg her to paint, to lay down colors, to set in motion an intricate weave of abstract patterns that at times finds itself wandering the contours of human images and sometimes -- not. In those cases what is left is the monotonous activity of running the patterns, inch by inch, till their absolute coverage, till a short and passing instant of respite and than on again to a new onset.
Next to this assembly of garbage and it's recycling into 'painted sculptures' Mirit offers a surprising reunion between her illustrated objects and so called cheap African sculpture; popular artifacts or articles that are classified in the standard culture as 'primitive'.
This combination emphasizes the difference between her individualistic performance and the collective creation which is translated into cultural clichés. The wood carved image creates a moment of peace within the crowded bustle; an introverted image, without repetitiveness and reverberation. This meeting of strangers testifies that Mirit' work could not be labeled under the ´outsiders art´ category. She is a one woman school who is compelled to do the art work she picked out to perform. Therefore she isn't creating ´an image´ such as the carved wooden statues, but she produces breathless ´emotional jam' whose highest values are color, motion, beauty and plenitude. May it never lack, neither diluted, nor dull for even an instant
Tali Tamir
August 2010
Tribute build of my favorite SHIP from SHIPtember 2013, Jacob Unterreiner's Phoenix.
Special thanks to dark_syntax for the suggestions on the connections for the side "wings".
Beauty as Syntax, 1992. Oil and water-based paints, metal sign, collage, chalk on plywood (1934-2025) Kent Logan gift. SFMOMA
With all the great parts on the PaB walls right now I was planning another Small PaB Cup challenge ala Mantiskings's Single Set Challenge like the one I did last January, but after scoping out the wall, making a plan and buying the cupful of parts, I haven't had much time and I lost motivation.
A few days ago I sat down with the cup and started fiddling and this happened. I don't think I'm going to finish the challenge, but at least I got something from the cup. Once finished, it struck me how much it looked like a Poke Ball. HA!
Boone Hall Plantation.
What is special about Boone Hall? It has a wonderful Virginian Live Oak alley which was planted from 1743 to 1843. The plantation has been continuously producing crops since 1681. It especially focuses on Gullah culture and the slave quarters with presentations by black Americans. Eight slave cabins (1790-1810) depict different aspects of Gullah culture and history. The plantation style homestead was only built in 1936 but the original house was built around 1700. It has beautiful flower gardens and the azaleas should be at their best. In the 1850s the plantation had 85 slaves with many involved in red brick production. Its main crops in early years were indigo and then cotton from the early 1800s. Its structures include the round smokehouse (1750); and the cotton gin factory (1853).
Gullah Culture and Language and Blacks in Charleston.
Gullah language is recognised as a distinct language and the black American population of coastal Sth Carolina and Georgia recognise themselves as Gullah people. But where did this culture originate? American historian Joseph Opala has spent decades researching the connections between Sierra Leone in Africa and Sth Carolina. A majority of the coastal black slaves arriving in Sth Carolina in the 1700s came from Sierra Leone where the area was known as the “Rice Coast” of Africa. The slaves brought with them the knowledge and skills for rice cultivation in Sth Carolina; their rice cooking methods; their West African language; their legends and myths; and their beliefs in spirits and voodoo. The Gullah people are thought to have the best preserved African culture of any black American group. Few have moved around the USA and black families in Charleston are now tracing their family history (and having family reunions with relatives) in Sierra Leone and Gambia, despite a break of 250 years in family contact! Many can trace their family links back to the Mende or Temne tribal groups in Sierra Leone. The Gullah language is a Creole language based on English but with different syntax more akin to African languages and with many African words and a few French words. The word Gullah is believed to be a mispronunciation of the African word Gora or Gola which came from several tribal groups in Sierra Leone. The direct links with Sierra Leone have been supported by the discovery of an African American funeral song which is identical to one sung by villagers in Sierra Leone.
The Gullah women in Charleston are also known for their weaving- the Sweetgrass basket sellers who can be found in several locations around the city. The skill and tradition of basket making came directly from Africa. And although they do not usually use the term voodoo the Gullah people believe in spirits and the power of roots, herbs or potions to ward off evil spirits or to snare a reluctant lover. If a spell is cast upon you can be “rooted” or “fixed” by this witchcraft and unable to resist the spell. This spiritual tradition is still strong and even whites in Charleston paint the ceilings of their piazzas blue to ward off old hags and evil spirits (and the colour is also meant to deter mosquitoes.)
In the city of Charleston about 18,000 of its residents were slaves in 1861. Large households often had 10 to 20 slaves to do gardening, the laundry, the cooking, the cleaning, the food serving, caring for the horses etc. Some households hired out servants to others for short periods and some households sold products produced by the slaves - dresses, other clothing, pastries, shoes, hats, horse shoes etc. Some slaves were musicians and played for their masters or were hired out for social functions to other houses; others were hired out with horse teams for transportation of others etc. So not all slaves worked as domestic servants. But there were also free blacks in Charleston. Often illegitimate children were freed upon their white father’s death and some slaves received small incomes if they had special skills and they could saved enough to buy their freedom. Eventually some free blacks became slave owners themselves by either purchasing slaves or by inheriting slaves from their white fathers. One of the wealthiest free blacks in Charleston in the Antebellum period was Richard DeReef who owned a wharf where he ran a timber business. He also owned a number of rental properties in Charleston. Richard was not a former slave. His African father with his Indian wife had migrated to Sth Carolina in the late 1700s when this was still possible. As his business grew Richard purchased slaves of his own. Despite his wealth Richard DeReef was considered a mixed race or coloured man and was never accepted into Charleston society. After the Civil War when the Radical Republicans from the North were overseeing/controlling Southern governments Richard DeReef was elected as a city councillor in 1868. That was the year that the new federally enforced state constitution allowing blacks to vote came into force. DeReef probably only served for a year or two. By 1870 the Ku Klux Klan was active and blacks disappeared from elected positions. When Northerners left Sth Carolina to its own devises in 1877, with the end of Northern Reconstruction, Sth Carolina stripped blacks of their right to vote by new state laws. Ballots for each of the usual eight categories of office had to be placed in a different ballot box. If any ballot was placed incorrectly all votes by that person were illegal. Later in the 1880s southern states brought in grandfather clauses- you could only vote if your grandfather did. This meant that slaves were not eligible to vote.
A Quatro mech with a Mobile Frame Zero Chub for scale.
My first time working with Quatro. The pieces are softer, more rubbery, like Mega Bloks Duplo clones. The fit and clutch of Duplo is looser than System and Quatro is, in turn, looser than Duplo. However the fit between System, Duplo, and Quatro is still quite good. The standard bricks would make good filler for large-scale System builds (reducing weight and adding strength) and the large curved slopes might make good elements in Duplo builds.
A Orbitons Max.
A combo alt-model from sets 41527, 41528, and 41529.
Inspired by the super cool Nixels Mechs from Ezra Wibowo (Cragster Max and Glorp Corp Max) and Dvdliu (Wiztastics Max).
More pics
264 metre gauge steam locomotives of the YL class were built between 1952 and 1956. The first ten engines - including this 5001 - were built by Robert Stephenson & Hawthorns in the United Kingdom. The further 254 were built by Hitachi, Henschel and Mavag.
____________________
LOCOMOTIVES OF INDIA
The locomotives of India presently consist of electric and diesel locomotives. Steam locomotives are no longer used in India, except in heritage trains. A locomotive is also called loco or engine.
The Bengal Sappers of the Indian Army were the first to run a steam locomotive in India. The steam locomotive named ‘Thomason’ ran with two wagons for carrying earth from Roorkee to Piran Kaliyar in 1851, two years before the first passenger train ran from Bombay to Thane in 1853.
CLASSIFICATION OF LOCOMOTIVES
In India, locomotives are classified according to their track gauge, motive power, the work they are suited for and their power or model number. The class name includes this information about the locomotive. It comprises 4 or 5 letters. The first letter denotes the track gauge. The second letter denotes their motive power (Diesel or Electric) and the third letter denotes the kind of traffic for which they are suited (goods, passenger, mixed or shunting). The fourth letter used to denote locomotives' chronological model number. However, from 2002 a new classification scheme has been adopted. Under this system, for newer diesel locomotives, the fourth letter will denote their horsepower range. Electric locomotives don't come under this scheme and even all diesel locos are not covered. For them this letter denotes their model number as usual.
A locomotive may sometimes have a fifth letter in its name which generally denotes a technical variant or subclass or subtype. This fifth letter indicates some smaller variation in the basic model or series, perhaps different motors, or a different manufacturer. With the new scheme for classifying diesel locomotives (as mentioned above) the fifth item is a letter that further refines the horsepower indication in 100 hp increments: 'A' for 100 hp, 'B' for 200 hp, 'C' for 300 hp, etc. So in this scheme, a WDP-3A refers to a 3100 hp loco, while a WDM-3F would be a 3600 hp loco.
Note: This classification system does not apply to steam locomotives in India as they have become non-functional now. They retained their original class names such as M class or WP class.
THE CLASSIFICATION SYNTAXES
THE FIRST LETTER (GAUGE)
- W – Indian broad gauge (the "W" Stands for Wide Gauge - 5 ft 6 in)
- Y – metre gauge (the "Y" stands for Yard Gauge - 3 ft or 1000mm)
- Z – narrow gauge(2 ft 6 in)
- N – narrow gauge (toy gauge) (2 ft)
THE SECOND LETTER (MOTIVE POWER)
- D – diesel
- C – DC electric (can run under DC overhead line only)
- A – AC electric (can run under AC overhead line only)
- CA – both DC and AC (can run under both AC and DC overhead line); 'CA' is considered a single letter
- B – Battery electric locomotive (rare)
THE THIRD LETTER (JOB TYPE)
- G – goods
- P – passenger
- M – mixed; both goods and passenger
- S – shunting (also known as switching engines or switchers in the USA and some other countries)
- U – multiple units (EMU/DMU)
- R – Railcars
For example, in "WDM 3A":
- "W" means broad gauge
- "D" means diesel motive power
- "M" means suitable for both goods and passenger service
- "3A" means the locomotive's power is 3,100 hp ('3' stands for 3000 hp, 'A' denotes 100 hp more)
Or, in "WAP 5":
"W" means broad gauge
"A" mean AC electric traction motive power
"P" means suitable for Passenger service
"5" denotes that this locomotive is chronologically the fifth electric locomotive model used by the railways for passenger service.
BROAD GAUGE (5 ft 6 in) LOCOMOTIVES USED IN INDIA
STEAM TRACTION
COMPANY DESIGNS
In the nineteenth century, the various railway concessions ordered locomotives to their own specification, usually from British manufacturers. This multiplicity of similar, but different designs, increased manufacturers' costs and slowed production. During the 1890s, British manufacturers had full order books, so Indian railway companies looked to Germany and the United States for locomotives.
BENGAL NAGPUR RAILWAY
- Class F – 0-6-0
- Class GM – 2-6-0. Probably modified.
- BNR class HSG – 2-8-0+0-8-2 Garratt homed at Bengal Nagpur Railway (BNR) now Eastern Railway and South-Eastern Railway. First successful Garratts in India.
- Class M – 4-6-2. Probably modified.
- BNR class N – 4-8-0+0-8-4 Garratt. Largest locomotive to run in India. Highest capacity to hold water as compared to any Garratt in the world. One is preserved at National Rail Museum, Delhi.
- BNR class NM – 4-8-0+0-8-4 Garratt. Similar to N class. Ten built in 1931 by Beyer Peacock. Withdrawn in the late 1960s.
- BNR class P – 4-8-2+2-8-4 Garratt. Four built by Beyer Peacock in 1939. In the early 1970s, they were at Bhilai (BIA) shed before being withdrawn.
BOMBAY, BARODA AND CENTRAL INDIAN RAILWAY
- BB&CI class P – 4-6-2;
- Class A - 2-4-0T. Probably an Atlantic. Belonged to Palej shed.
- Class U36 – 0-4-2 used for hauling suburban trains at Mumbai.
- Class D1 – 4-4-0. One of them named Princess May.
- Class M – 4-6-2. Probably modified.
EASTERN BENGAL RAILWAY
EAST INDIAN RAILWAY COMPANY
- Class CT – 0-6-4T. Probably converted to Super-heater.
- EIR class G – 2-2-2T. First two named Express and Fairy Queen Built in 1856, the latter is the world's oldest locomotive to be in working order. Later rebuilt by Perambur Loco Works. Housed at E.I.R.
- EIR class P – 4-6-0;
GREAT INDIAN PENINSULA RAILWAY
- GIPR classes Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 – 0-8-4T. Used on Thull ghat as bankers (for pushing trains up the ghat).
- GIPR Class F – 2-6-0.
- GIPR Class F3 – 2-6-0.
- GIPR class J1 – 0-6-0
- Class D4 – 4-6-0. One named Hero.
- Class D5 – 4-6-0 Passenger locomotive.
- Class E1 – 4-4-2 Atlantic built by North British Locomotive Co. Ltd between 1907-8. Rebuilt with super-heater between 1925-28.
- Class T – Tank locomotive was used for hauling Mumbai suburban trains on G.I.P.R.
- Class Y – 2-8-4T
- Crane Tank – 0-6-0T. One is preserved at National Rail Museum, New Delhi.
MADRAS AND SOUTHERN MAHRATTA RAILWAY
- M&SM class V – 4-4-0. One is preserved.
- Class BTC – 2-6-4T. Based on BESA specifications.
- Class T – 0-4-2 at Madras.
NIZAM´S GUARANTEED STATE RAILWAY
- NSR class A - 2-6-0T owned by Nizam State Railway (NSR). One (No. 48) preserved at National Rail Museum,Delhi. Probably an Atlantic.
NORTH WESTERN RAILWAY (BRITISH INDIA)
- Class EM – 4-4-2 probably modified. One preserved at National Rail Museum,Delhi.
- NWR class GAS – 2-6-2+2-6-2 Garratt owned by North
Western Railway (NWR) now most of which is in Pakistan. Only one built in 1925. Retired in 1937.
- NWR class P – 2-4-0;
- Class E1 – 4-4-2.
- Class N1 – 4-8-0
OUDH AND ROHILKHAND RAILWAY
- Class B26 – 0-6-0. One preserved at National Rail Museum,Delhi.
SOUTH INDIAN RAILWAY
OTHERS
- Class B – 2-6-0.
- Class E – 2-4-0.
- Class F – 2-8-2 built between 1926-1950 by Nasmyth Wilson for service on Central Railway (CR).
- Class G – 2-6-0 probably meant for freight.
- Class NA2 –
- Class PTC – 2-6-4T owned by Delhi at Northern Railway (N.R.). Probably Converted Passenger locomotives.
- Class Y2 – 2-8-2T. These are reclassified L2.
- Phoenix – 0-4-0T. One is preserved at National Rail Museum, Delhi
- Ramgotty – 2-2-0T. One is preserved at National Rail Museum, Delhi. Converted to Broad Gauge. Oldest locomotive at National Rail Museum, Delhi.
- Sultan, Sahib and Sindh – These are the ones which hauled the legendary train from VT to Thana in 1853.
BRITISH ENGINEERING STANDARDS ASSOCIATION (BESA) DESIGNS
After acrimonious words in The Times and Parliament, the British Engineering Standards Committee (later British Engineering Standards Association or BESA) began to design a series of locomotives for use by all railways in India. The first two designs emerged in 1903: a 4-4-0 passenger, and 0-6-0 goods. The designs were revised in 1905 and 1906 with additional types added due to requests for heavier and more powerful locomotives:
- Class SP – Standard Passenger – 4-4-0;
- Class SG – Standard Goods – 0-6-0;
- Class PT – Passenger Tank – 2-6-4T;
- Class HP – Heavy Passenger – 4-6-0;
- Class AP – Atlantic Passenger – 4-4-2;
- Class HG – Heavy Goods – 2-8-0;
- Class HT – Heavy Tank – 2-8-2T.
These BESA designs however were advisory, not mandatory, and were customized by the railway companies to their own taste. The railway companies could not even agree to use the same classification system: only the state operated railways used the class designations SP, SG, PT, HP, AP, HG and HT. Once superheating became accepted, superheated versions were classified SPS, SGS, etc. if built with superheaters, and SPC, SGC, etc. if converted from saturated to superheated.
INDIAN RAILWAYS STANDARD (IRS) DESIGNS
After World War I, new, larger, more powerful locomotives were designed by the British consulting engineers to the Indian Government. These started to appear from 1927 onwards:
- Class XA – branch passenger 4-6-2 design, 12.5-ton axleload;
- Class XB – light passenger 4-6-2 design, 17-ton axleload;
- Class XC – heavy passenger 4-6-2 design, 19.5-ton axleload;
- Class XD – light goods 2-8-2 design, 17-ton axleload;
- Class XE – heavy goods 2-8-2 design, 22.5-ton axleload;
- Class XF – light shunting 0-8-0 design, 18-ton axleload;
- Class XG – heavy shunting 0-8-0 design, 23-ton axleload;
- Class XH – 4-cylinder 2-8-2, 28-ton axleload (none built);
- Class XP – experimental passenger 4-6-2, 18.5-ton axleload;
- Class XS – experimental 4-cylinder 4-6-2, 21.5-ton axleload;
- Class XT – light tank 0-4-2T, 15-ton axleload.
WORLD WAR II DESIGNS
During World War II, large numbers of 2-8-2 locomotives were acquired from the United States and Canada, and were designated as classes AWD and CWD respectively. The Baldwin Locomotive Works adapted the USATC S160 Class locomotive design India which became class AWC. 60 broad gauge locomotives were built in 1944 as part of an order of 180 locomotives to the S160 design. In addition to modified frame spreaders, axles, cylinders, and cab, the Indian locomotives had a turbo-generator and electric lighting fitted, which was not included in the standard design for use in Europe. Many parts, including boilers, were identical to those used for the standard gauge locomotives.
INDIAN GOVERNMENT RAILWAYS (IGR) STANDARD DESIGNS
Shortly before World War II, new classes were designed; but it would post-war before many of them came into service. These new designs were signalled by the change of broad gauge prefix from 'X' to 'W'. In addition, plans were put into place to start manufacturing locomotives in India. The new classes were:
- Class WP – passenger 4-6-2, 18.5-ton axleload;
- Class WG – goods 2-8-2, 18.5-ton axleload;
- Class WL (1st) – light 4-6-2, 16-ton axleload (four for North Western Railway in 1939; all to Pakistan at Partition);
- Class WL (2nd) – light 4-6-2, 16.75-ton axleload;
- Class WM – 2-6-4T, 16.25-ton axleload;
- Class WT – 2-8-4T, 18-ton axleload;
- Class WU – 2-4-2T, 16.5-ton axleload;
- Class WV – 2-6-2T, 16.25-ton axleload;
- Class WW – 0-6-2T, 16.5-ton axleload.
All broad gauge steam locomotives in India have been withdrawn from normal service, with only occasional steam specials continuing to operate.
DIESEL TRACTION
CLASSIFICATION CODES
- WDM – Wide Diesel Mixed
- WDP – Wide Diesel Passenger
- WDG – Wide Diesel Goods
- WDS – Wide Diesel Shunter
- WCDS – Wide Converted Diesel Shunter
MIXED TYPE LOCOMOTIVES
- WDM 1 (First mainline diesel electric locomotives used in India. Introduced in 1957. Imported from ALCO. Out of service now. 1950 hp)
- WDM 2 (Most widely used and first homemade mainline diesel-electric locomotives in India. Original prototypes were made by ALCO. Introduced in 1962. More than 2700 have been made. Rated at 2600 hp)
- WDM 2A,WDM 2B (Technical variants of WDM 2. WDM2A stands are dual braked and WDM2B are air braked usually)
- WDM 2G It is the first Multi-Gen-set locomotive of Indian Railway manufactured by DLMW, Patiala in 2013. As of February 2014 only one loco has entered service and has been numbered as #80000. It has been cleared for a max. speed of 105 km/h.
- WDM 3 (Only 8 were imported. They used hydraulic transmission and are currently non-functional. 2500 hp. 120 km/h. Built in 1970 by Henschel & Son)
WDM 3A (Formerly WDM 2C. Another WDM 2 variant. It is not related to WDM 3. Max speed 120 km/h. 30450kgf of tractive effort. Built since 1994) One of the most heavily used diesel locomotives in India at present.
- WDM 3A R (Formerly WDM 2. It is a rebuilt with DBR fitted on Short Hood. It is not related to WDM 3. They are rebuilt at DLMW, Patiala)
- WDM 3B (Co-Co bogies. Rated at 120 km/h. Homed at Uttar Pradesh sheds. 23 built by DLW. Similar to WDM3D. 3100 hp)
- WDM 3C, WDM 3D (higher powered versions of WDM 3A. 3300 hp. WDM3C is rebuilt from WDM2. WDM3C max speed 120 km/h. WDM3D max speed 160 km/h)
- WDM 3E (Reclassified as WDM 3D. Restricted to freight at 105 km/h. 8 units known. Manufactured by DLW. 3500 hp)
- WDM 3F Manufactured by Diesel Locomotive Works (DLW). 3600 hp. HAHS bogies. Conventional DBR. Air brake only.
- WDM 4 (Entered service along with WDM 2. Prototypes designed by General Motors. Though considered superior to WDM 2 in many ways, these locomotives weren't chosen as General Motors did not agree to a technology transfer agreement. 2600 hp)
- WDM 6 (Very rare class; only two were made; Exported to Sri Lanka. Rated at 1350 hp. Max speed 75 km/h. 19200kgf tractive effort. Fabricated Bo-Bo bogies)
- WDM 7 (Fifteen of these locos were built from June 1987 through 1989, they were designed for branch-line duties, but they are now used mostly for shunting. Rated at 2000 hp)
Note: No locomotive class was designated as WDM 5 in India.
PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVES
- WDP 1 (Bo-Bo bogies. 80 tons weight. Rated speed of 140 kmph. 12 cylinder engine. 2300 hp. Built by DLW in 1970. Homed at Vijayawada and Tughlakabad sheds only.)
- WDP 2 (New class name WDP 3A. Dedicated passenger diesel locomotive. Entered service in 1998. Max speed 140kmph. Built by DLW. 29.25 tons of tractive effort. 3100 hp)
- WDP 3 (These locomotives are actually prototypes of the class WDP 1 and never entered serial production. Designed in 1996 by DLW. 2300 hp. Co-Co bogies.)
- WDP 4 (EMD (former GM-EMD) GT46PAC, fundamentally a passenger version of the WDG 4 (GT46MAC). 4000 hp)
- WDP 4B (EMD (former GM-EMD) GT46PAC, An improved version of the WDP 4, this is a more powerful version and has 6 traction motors, just like the WDG 4. Also comes with wider cabin to aid visibility and minor exterior design changes.As of now,serial production of the single cab locomotives has been stopped. 4500 hp)
- WDP 4D (EMD (former GM-EMD) GT46PAC, This is basically a - WDP 4B with twin cabs. Minor changes were made to the locomotive to facilitate the addition of a second cabin. This locomotive comes with LCD instrument display and toilet for the drivers. Has entered serial production and regular service. 4500 hp.
GOODS LOCOMOTIVES
- WDG 2 (New class name WDG 3A. These class is actually a technically upgraded form of WDM 2. Max speed 100 km/h. Built by DLW)
- WDG 3B, WDG 3C, WDG 3D (Technical upgraded forms of WDG 2 or WDG 3A. WDG 3B and WDG 3C are rebuilt to WDG 3A. WDG 3C is rated at 3330 hp.)
- WDG 4 (Dedicated goods locomotives. These are General motors' GT46MAC models. First units were imported in 1999. They are numbered from #12000 upward till #12999 and #70000 upwards. Local production started in 2002. 4000-4500 hp)
- WDG 4D (Technical variant of WDG4 with dual cabs. IGBT. Max speed 105 km/h restricted to 100 km/h. Air conditioned cabs. First dual cab freight dedicated diesel engine in India)
- WDG 5 (Another Freight dedicated Locomotive developed by Diesel Locomotive Works and Supported by Electro Motive Diesels. First unit was rolled out from DLW on 25 February 2012. They are numbered from #50001 upward (Two produced as of 29 April 2015). Rated at 5500 hp. Equipped with Fire Control System, TFT Display and Driver's Toilet. The locomotive/series is named 'BHEEM', after the strong Pandav brother from epic of Mahabharat. The locomotive has completed its trials and has entered serial production. These locomotives are assigned to the Sabarmati Diesel Loco Shed.
SHUNTING LOCOMOTIVES (also known as switching engines)
- WDS 1 (First widely deployed and successful diesel locomotives used in India. Imported in 1944-45. currently out of service. 386 hp)
- WDS 2 (o-C-o bogies. 8 cylinder engine. Homed at Central Railway. Max speed 54 kmph. Built by Kraus Maffei in 1954-55. 440 hp. 15420kgf of tractive effort)
- WDS 3 (All locomotives of this class were rebuilt and reclassified as WDS 4C in 1976-78. 618 hp. 17100kgf of tractive effort. Built in 1961)
- WDS 4,WDS 4A,WDS 4B,WDS 4D (Designed by Chittaranjan Locomotive Works. 600-700 hp. C bogies. Built between 1968-97.)
- WDS 4C (Rebuilt by CLW, WDS 3 locos as mentioned above. 700 hp. 18000kgf tractive effort. C bogies. Out of service. Max speed 65kmph.)
- WDS 5 (Some of these locomotives are used for industrial shunting. A few are used on Indian Railways. Rated at 1065 hp)
- WDS 6 (Heavy-haul shunters made in large numbers for industrial concerns as well as for Indian Railways Rated at 1200/1350 hp)
- WDS 6R, WDS 6SL and WDS 6AD (Technical variants of WDS 6. WDS6SL is exported to Sri Lanka. WDS6AD has a max speed of 50 kmph and a 6-cylinder engine.)
- WDS 8 (Only five of these were made by CLW, and all were transferred to steel works 800 hp. Max speed 35kmph. 22000kgf tractive effort)
There were also a few hydraulic diesel shunters in use at Integral Coach Factory, Diesel Locomotive Works and Chittaranjan Locomotive Works. These were rated at 250 hp.
Note: There is no electric shunting engine in India. Classes from WDS 1 to WDS 4D have hydraulic transmission. The WDS 4, 4B, 4C and 4D are the only still existing broad gauge locomotives with diesel-hydraulic transmission.
CONVERTED LOCOMOTIVES
WCDS6 is a converted YDM4 locomotive into a broad gauge locomotive. This rebuilding was carried out by the Golden Rock shed. It was built for large industrial concerns. The first one was delivered to RITES. Rest being same, new water and air lines are added. They also have a modified control stand and dual brake system. Also, they have Broad Gauge bogies and under-frames.
DIESEL MUTIPLE UNITS
A few routes in India currently have Diesel multiple unit service. Depending on the transmission system they are classified as DEMU (diesel-electric transmission) or DHMU (diesel-hydraulic transmission). There are diesel railcar service in a few places known as 'railbus'.
DC ELECTRIC TRACTION
Note: These locomotives are no longer used, or were used only in sections around and in Mumbai which is the only location in India still or was using DC traction. The power operated is 1500V DC.
MIXED TYPE LOCOMOTIVES
- WCM 1 (First electric locomotives with the now familiar Co-Co wheel arrangement to be used in India. Seven built by English Electric at Vulcan Foundry in 1954–55. 3700 hp)
- WCM 2 (Out of service. Co-Co bogies. 120 kmph speed. 12 Built by Vulcan Foundry between 1956-57. Modified by RDSO. 3120 hp)
- WCM 3 (3600 hp. Co-Co – Used in Kolkata, then transferred to Mumbai; three built by Hitachi in 1958. Out of service. Max speed 120kmph)
- WCM 4 (4000 hp. Co-Co – seven built by Hitachi in 1960. Out of service. Rated at 120 kmph. Meant for freight. 31300kgf tractive effort)
- WCM 5 (Built by Chittaranjan locomotive works to RDSO's design specifications. Auxiliaries by Westinghouse and North Boyce. Built in 1962, these are India's first indigenously designed DC electric locomotives. The first was named Lokamanya after the freedom fighter Bal Gangadhar Tilak. 3700 hp Co-Co.)
- WCM 6 (5000 hp, only two were built in 1995 by CLW. Now converted to run on AC power. 105kmph initially now restricted to 65kmph )
PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVES
- WCP 1, WCP 2 (GIPR EA/1 and EA/2. Historically very important locomotives as these are the very first electric loco to be used in India. The first locomotive was named as Sir Roger Lumley and is currently preserved in the National Rail Museum, New Delhi. Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works (SLM) built one in 1928 and 21 in 1930 (WCP1), and one in 1938 (WCP2). 1′Co2′ wheel arrangement; 2160 hp)
- WCP 3, WCP 4 (GIPR EB/1 and EC/1, these are also among the earliest electric locos used in India. One of each class built by Hawthorn Leslie and Company in 1928; 2′Co2′ wheel arrangement.)
GOODS LOCOMOTIVES
- WCG 1 (GIPR EF/1. These are Swiss crocodile locomotives imported in 1928 from Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works (ten) and Vulcan Foundry (30). These are among the earliest electric locos used in India. The first locomotive was named as Sir Leslie Wilson and is currently preserved in the National Rail Museum, New Delhi. 2600–2950 hp)
- WCG 2 (Designed by Chittaranjan locomotive works in 1970. 57 built until 1977. 4200 hp. Max speed 90kmph. 35600kgf tractive effort. Were used extensively around the year 2000 when Mumbai was out of traction power. Out of service.
ELECTRIC MULTIPLE UNITS
WCU 1 to WCU 15 (Used in Mumbai region only)
AC ELECTRIC TRACTION
The 25 kV AC system with overhead lines is used throughout the rest of the country.
MIXED TYPE LOCOMOTIVES
- WAM 1 (Among the first AC electric locomotives used in India. Introduced in 1959. Now out of service. 3010 hp. Max speed 112kmph)
- WAM 2 (Out of service. Bo-Bo Bogies. Max speed 112 kmph. Built by Mitsubishi between 1960-64. 2910 hp. 25240kgf tractive effort)
- WAM 3 (Out of service. Bo-Bo bogies. Same as WAM 2 except for reverse pantographs. Built in 1964 by Mitsubishi)
- WAM 4 (Indigenously designed by Chittaranjan Locomotive Works in 1970. Highly powerful class. One of the most successful locomotives in India. 3850 hp)
- WAM 4B, WAM 4P, WAM 4PD, WAM 4PR, WAM 4PDBHS, WAM 46PD, WAM 4PDB3P, WAM 42S3P, WAM 46PDBHS, WAM 46PE, WAM 4G, WAM 4H and WAM 4E (Technical variants of WAM4)
PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVES
- WAP 1 (Designed by Chittaranjan locomotive works in 1980 for the Kolkata-Delhi Rajdhani Express. A very successful class. 3900 hp. Max speed 130 kmph).
- WAP 2 (Decommissioned in the late 1980s. Similar to WAM2 & 3. 4 built. Also had Flexicoil Mark-ll bogies. 2910 hp. Only 4 units built)
- WAP 3 (Rebuilt to WAP-1. Similar to WAP-1. Approximated speed of 160 kmph restricted to 145 kmph. 5 Built since 1987.)
- WAP 4 (Upgraded from WAP 1 for higher loads by Chittaranjan locomotive works in 1994. One of the most successful locomotives in India. Very powerful class. 5000 hp. Tested for Max speed 160 kmph. Restricted to 140 kmph)
- WAP 5 (Imported in 1995 from Switzerland and used on premier express trains. 5450 hp. Max speed tested for 184 kmph. Restricted to 160 kmph)
- WAP 6 (Most of them rebuilt to WAP-4. Max speed 170 kmph. 16 built by Chittaranjan Locomotive Works in 1997. 5000 hp.)
- WAP 7 (Same design as WAG 9 with modified gear ratio. Highly powerful class. 6000 hp. Tested for 155 kmph. Restricted to 140 kmph. Built by CLW since 2000)
GOODS LOCOMOTIVES
- WAG 1 (Out of service after 2002. B-B bogies. Max speed 80 km/h. Built by several builders between 1963-66. 2930 hp. First freight dedicated locomotive under AC traction)
- WAG 1S (Technical variants of WAG 1)
- WAG 2 ( Out of service. B-B bogies. Max speed 80 km/h. WAP 2 are technical variants of WAG 2. Built by several builders between 1964-65. 3450 hp)
- WAG 3 (Out of service. Monomotor bogies. Max speed 80 km/h. 10 Built in 1965. 3590 hp. 30000 kgf tractive effort. Above 6000 tons hauling capacity up to 70 km/h on level track)
- WAG 3A (Technical variant of WAG 3)
- WAG 4 (Out of service. B-B bogies. Max speed 80 km/h. Technical variants are WAG 4A,D. Built by Chittaranjan Locomotive Works between 1966-71. 3590 hp)
- WAG 5 (The most successful electric locomotives in India. Designed by Chittaranjan locomotive works in 1984. More than 1100 were made. 3850 hp)
(WAG 5A, WAG 5B, WAG 5D, WAG 5E, WAG 5H, WAG 5HA, WAG 5HB, WAG 5HD, WAG 5HE, WAG 5PE, WAG 5RH - Technical variants of WAG 5)
- WAG 6A (Imported from Allmänna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget (ASEA). 6110 hp. Max speed 100 km/h. Bo-Bo-Bo Bogies. The most powerful non-3 phase AC electric locomotives in India)
- WAG 6B, WAG 6C (Variants of WAG 3A. Built by Hitachi in 1988. Regenerative brakes. 44950 kgf tractive effort. Upgradeable to 160 km/h)
- WAG 7 (Very successful class. Built by CLW and BHEL. 5350 hp. 41000kgf. Max speed 100kmph. 123tons in weight)
- WAG 7H (Technical variant of WAG7 with 132tons of weight and 45000kgf of tractive effort. Two units built)
- WAG 8 (Out of service. Similar in looks to WCAM 2 and technically to WCAM 3. Built by BHEL in 1998. Experimental class)
- WAG 9 (Currently the most powerful class in India, rated at 6350 hp. Same design as WAP 7 with modified gear ratio. Designed by Adtranz, Switzerland.)
(WAG 9H, WAG9i and WAG9Hi - Technical variants of WAG9. WAG9H is the heavier version. WAG9i is the one fitted with IGBT traction converters. WAG9Hi is probably a combination of WAG9H and WAG9i)
ELECTRIC MULTIPLE UNITS
- WAU 1 to WAU 4
DUAL (both AC and DC) traction
Main article: Indian Railways WCAM class
Note: These locomotives are used only in sections around Mumbai. They can run under AC traction too. The main purpose behind the manufacture of these type of locomotives was to provide transportation in and out Mumbai area without changing the engine.
-MIXED TYPE LOCOMOTIVES
WCAM 1 (Designed by Chittaranjan Locomotive works, total 53 were built and supplied between 1975-79. All owned by Western Railway) Only locomotive currently used having reverse pantographs. Now decommissioned.
- WCAM 2/2P (Designed by Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, total 20 were built and supplied between 1995-96. Tested 135kmph under AC)
- WCAM 3 (50 Designed by Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited. 4600 hp under DC traction and 5000 hp under AC traction. All owned by Central Railway. Most widely used loco in the Mumbai Pune section).
GOODS LOCOMOTIVES
- WCAG 1 (12 Designed by Bharat heavy electricals limited between 1999-2000. Similar to the WCAM 3 in outer structure. 4600 hp under DC traction and 5000 hp under AC traction.
Note: There is no dedicated dual current passenger locomotive in India, but in Mumbai area, there are some EMUs which can run under dual traction.
BATTERY TRACTION
In 1927, English Electric and WBC built 2 shunters for use in yards at Bombay(now Mumbai). They had Bo-Bo bogies. Rated at 240 hp. They weighed 58 tons.
METRE GAUGE (3 ft 3⅜ in) LOCOMOTIVES USED IN INDIA
STEAM TRACTION
COMPANY TYPES
Nilgiri Mountain Railway X class
BESA DESIGNS
Passenger 4-6-0
Mixed-traffic 4-6-0
Goods 4-8-0
Tank 2-6-2T
WARTIME DESIGNS
Class MAWD – 2-8-2 USATC S118 Class
Class MWGX – 4-6-2+2-6-4 Garratt
INDIAN RAILWAY STADARDS DESIGNS
- Class YA – 4-6-2 with 9-ton axleload (none built);
- Class YB – 4-6-2 with 10-ton axleload
- Class YC – 4-6-2 with 12-ton axleload
- Class YD – 2-8-2 with 10-ton axleload
- Class YE – 2-8-2 with 12-ton axleload (none built)
- Class YF – 0-6-2; later examples were 2-6-2
- Class YK – 2-6-0 version of the 2-6-2 YF
- Class YL – 2-6-2
- Class YT – light 0-4-2T
- Class YG – 2-8-2 goods locomotive
- Class YP – 4-6-2 passenger locomotive
DIESEL TRACTION (MIXED TYPE ONLY)
- YDM 1 - The first diesel locomotives on 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge. Imported from Britain in 1955. They were 20 in number. Mainly found on Western Railway. Phased out by the 1990s.
- YDM 2 - Originally used on Southern Railway. Built by CLW. Only 41 in numbers. Mostly used for shunting purposes or to pull short passenger trains.
- YDM 3 - Produced by GM-EMD in 1961-62. (Model no. GA-12). Mainly found near Ahmedabad. (Sabarmati Loco Shed).
- YDM 4 - Most widely and successful diesel locomotive used in India on meter gauge. 550 units produced by DLW (Varanasi) and Alco. Found in Mhow, Sabarmati Phulera, Lumding, Coonoor, Villupuram, Izatnagar Sheds and many other sheds.
- YDM 4A - The 99 locos supplied by Montreal Locomotive Works in 1964-69.
- YDM 5 - Same specifications as of YDM-3 but an addition of 10 t (9.8 long tons; 11.0 short tons) weight to the axles. Supplied by GM-EMD in 1964.
Currently all diesel locomotives except YDM-4 and YDM-4A are supposed to be withdrawn from service.
ELECTRIC TRACTION
ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES
- YCG 1 (These locomotives are among the earliest electric locomotives in India. This class was imported to serve the Chennai area in the early 1930s.)
- YAM 1 (These locomotives were in service until 2002 around Chennai. 1740 hp). 20 were Imported from Japan
ELECTRIC MULTIPLE UNITS
- YAU class (First EMU service in India. Introduced in the 1920s in Chennai area).
NARROW GAUGE (2 ft 6 in and 2 ft) LOCOMOTIVES USED IN INDIA
STEAM TRACTION (2 ft 6 in)
COMPANY DESIGNS
- Barsi Light Railway class A – 0-8-4T
- Barsi Light Railway class B – 4-8-4T
- Barsi Light Railway class C – 0-6-0ST
- Barsi Light Railway class D – 0-4-0
- Barsi Light Railway class E – Sentinel railcars
- Barsi Light Railway class F – 2-8-2
- Barsi Light Railway class G – 4-6-4
INDIAN RAILWAY STANDARDS DESIGNS
- Class ZA – 2-6-2 with 4.5-ton axleload (none built);
- Class ZB – 2-6-2 with 6-ton axleload;
- Class ZC – 2-8-2 with 6-ton axleload (none built);
- Class ZD – 4-6-2 with 8-ton axleload (none built);
- Class ZE – 2-8-2 with 8-ton axleload;
- Class ZF – 2-6-2T with 8-ton axleload
STEAM TRACTION (2 ft)
COMPANY DESIGNS
DARJEELING HIMALAYAN RAILWAY
- DHR A Class – 0-4-0WT;
- DHR B Class – 0-4-0ST; 777 and 778 preserved
- DHR C Class – 4-6-2
- DHR D Class – 0-4-0+0-4-0 Garratt
INDIAN RAILWAY STANDARDS DESIGNS
- QA – 2-6-2 with 4.5-ton axleload (none built).
- QB – 2-6-2 with 6-ton axleload (none built);
- QC – 2-8-2 with 6-ton axleload (none built).
DIESEL TRACTION (2 ft 6 in) (mixed type only)
- ZDM 1 (Available at Gwalior Junction)
- ZDM 2
- ZDM 3 (Later rebuilt as ZDM 4C class)
- ZDM 4 (Available at Gwalior Junction)
- ZDM 4A
- ZDM 4B, 4C, 4D
- ZDM 5
DIESEL TRACTION (2 ft) (mixed type only)
- NDM-1 - for the Matheran Hill Railway
- NDM-5 - for The Maharaja Railways of India
- NDM-6 – this class is currently in operation on the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway and the Matheran Hill Railway
BATTERY TRACTION
- NBM 1 – designed by BHEL in 1987; powered by battery.
Note: All narrow gauge locomotives in India are mixed type locomotives.
Note: There is no narrow gauge electric locomotive in India.
WIKIPEDIA
A tablescrap from when I was working on The 8-Belle.
Unlike my previous Duplo builds which were pure Duplo, this uses technic pistons as pins (thanks to optimus-convoy for the technique).
Wondering about this after talking the other day with Tom Carden, who called the square one of the great success stories of Space Syntax. It doesn't look anything like their diagram, which shows everyone clustering around the edges of the fountains.
It's hard to tell what the actual usage patterns are from photos. Is the east side of the center of it really more popular?
The sharp horizontal line across the middle is clearly some sort of artifact rather than a representation of reality.
Base map data © OpenStreetMap contributors, CC-BY-SA. Geotagged tweets from the Twitter streaming API, June, 2011-May, 2012.
David Gruber has built his life around listening to the hidden languages of nature. For years, he focused on light, diving among coral reefs and uncovering a world that most people never see. He and his team discovered that many fish and corals glow in living colors invisible to the human eye. They even revealed the first biofluorescent sea turtle. These discoveries reshaped what we know about the ocean and suggested that much of life is carried out in ways that remain beyond human perception. More recently, Gruber’s attention has shifted from light to sound, from the shimmer of coral to the deep, resonant clicks of whales. His current undertaking, Project CETI, may be the boldest attempt yet to enter into dialogue with another species.
Sperm whales communicate in bursts of clicks known as codas. These sequences vary in timing and rhythm, and scientists have long suspected that they may form a kind of language. The whales live in family groups, travel immense distances, and appear to pass down cultural knowledge across generations. For decades, researchers have recorded their sounds, hearing patterns but unable to make sense of them. Gruber recognized that the same advances in artificial intelligence that had transformed human translation might finally make it possible to understand the voices of whales.
Project CETI, which he founded, brings together a wide constellation of minds: biologists, linguists, cryptographers, engineers, and experts in AI. They have built recording systems able to capture whale sounds over wide areas of ocean, creating the largest archive of non-human communication ever assembled. Robotic hydrophones drift through the deep, gathering data night and day. On shore, advanced algorithms sift through the recordings, searching for repetitions and contexts that might reveal structure and meaning. The aim is not only to map the system of codas but to begin the work of translation, to find out if whales use syntax, if they name one another, if they share knowledge and stories.
The project is striking not only for its technical ambition but for its philosophical reach. Gruber speaks of it as an act of listening rather than decoding. To translate another species is to admit that intelligence is not uniquely human, and that we live alongside beings who have their own cultures, memories, and ways of understanding the world. He has said that success in this work could shift our view of life as profoundly as the moment when Copernicus showed that Earth is not the center of the universe. Imagine, he suggests, a civilization of whales that has endured for millions of years, carrying forward a culture based not on writing but on sound. To recognize and understand such a world would transform our sense of what it means to share a planet.
Gruber’s own path to this moment has been anything but linear. He trained as a biologist but was shaped as much by his time in the water as by the lab. His explorations of marine biofluorescence earned him recognition as a National Geographic Explorer and respect as a scientist who combines technical innovation with a naturalist’s eye. Moving from glowing corals to whale codas may seem like a leap, but for him it reflects a single thread. In both cases, he is searching for the hidden languages of life, whether carried in light or in sound.
Project CETI has already captured international attention. It has been supported by the Audacious Project and other institutions that see in it both scientific promise and cultural urgency. Within the next decade, the team hopes to show the beginnings of a working translation. If they succeed, the results will challenge not only how we understand whales but how we see ourselves. To hear the voices of another intelligent species is to recognize their presence in a way that cannot be ignored. It would change how we imagine the oceans, and perhaps how we measure our responsibility to them.
For Gruber, the work is about more than science. It is about humility, about listening to the world around us with new attention. He envisions a future where our children might learn whale stories as part of their education, just as they learn human history. To cross the boundary between species, even partially, would mark a turning point in our understanding of life. His project asks us to pause, to listen, and to imagine that the Earth is speaking in many voices, some of which we are only just beginning to hear.
My 13th Mecha Mixel-Nixel Expeditionary Force (MMNEF) mech; this one from the Klinkers tribe.
For more on the MMNEF click here.
Alternate model for Umbaran MHC polybag set 30243
more pics in my Alt Model/SSC set
Another shot at Mantiskings's Single Set
C6 Mobile Strike Frame unarmed.
Inspired by the work of Dark Syntax I revisited C6 trying to make something that is a little less boxy than my last large frame.
Built for Mobile Frame Zero.
A bit of everything here for an Ijad frame squad for Mobile Frame Zero.
From left to right: 2x Modified Ghanats based on Soren's Ghanat, my very one own CFD-01b Aggressor, another one of Soren's Modified Ghanats, my very own Scorpo, and an almost exact replica of Dark_Syntax's PaM-37 "Chela".
A Mobile Frame Zero frame from only the bricks inLego set 40109.
Another shot at Mantiskings's Single Set Challenge
While working up all the previous alt models from this set, I never felt the mecha inspiration strike; it just never happened. This set is VERY limited in 'standard microsacle mecha parts'. I went back to the set and focused on trying to get a MFZ frame from it. This tries to channel a Mad Dog / Vulture vibe.
264 metre gauge steam locomotives of the YL class were built between 1952 and 1956. The first ten engines - including this 5001 - were built by Robert Stephenson & Hawthorns in the United Kingdom. The further 254 were built by Hitachi, Henschel and Mavag.
____________________
LOCOMOTIVES OF INDIA
The locomotives of India presently consist of electric and diesel locomotives. Steam locomotives are no longer used in India, except in heritage trains. A locomotive is also called loco or engine.
The Bengal Sappers of the Indian Army were the first to run a steam locomotive in India. The steam locomotive named ‘Thomason’ ran with two wagons for carrying earth from Roorkee to Piran Kaliyar in 1851, two years before the first passenger train ran from Bombay to Thane in 1853.
CLASSIFICATION OF LOCOMOTIVES
In India, locomotives are classified according to their track gauge, motive power, the work they are suited for and their power or model number. The class name includes this information about the locomotive. It comprises 4 or 5 letters. The first letter denotes the track gauge. The second letter denotes their motive power (Diesel or Electric) and the third letter denotes the kind of traffic for which they are suited (goods, passenger, mixed or shunting). The fourth letter used to denote locomotives' chronological model number. However, from 2002 a new classification scheme has been adopted. Under this system, for newer diesel locomotives, the fourth letter will denote their horsepower range. Electric locomotives don't come under this scheme and even all diesel locos are not covered. For them this letter denotes their model number as usual.
A locomotive may sometimes have a fifth letter in its name which generally denotes a technical variant or subclass or subtype. This fifth letter indicates some smaller variation in the basic model or series, perhaps different motors, or a different manufacturer. With the new scheme for classifying diesel locomotives (as mentioned above) the fifth item is a letter that further refines the horsepower indication in 100 hp increments: 'A' for 100 hp, 'B' for 200 hp, 'C' for 300 hp, etc. So in this scheme, a WDP-3A refers to a 3100 hp loco, while a WDM-3F would be a 3600 hp loco.
Note: This classification system does not apply to steam locomotives in India as they have become non-functional now. They retained their original class names such as M class or WP class.
THE CLASSIFICATION SYNTAXES
THE FIRST LETTER (GAUGE)
- W – Indian broad gauge (the "W" Stands for Wide Gauge - 5 ft 6 in)
- Y – metre gauge (the "Y" stands for Yard Gauge - 3 ft or 1000mm)
- Z – narrow gauge(2 ft 6 in)
- N – narrow gauge (toy gauge) (2 ft)
THE SECOND LETTER (MOTIVE POWER)
- D – diesel
- C – DC electric (can run under DC overhead line only)
- A – AC electric (can run under AC overhead line only)
- CA – both DC and AC (can run under both AC and DC overhead line); 'CA' is considered a single letter
- B – Battery electric locomotive (rare)
THE THIRD LETTER (JOB TYPE)
- G – goods
- P – passenger
- M – mixed; both goods and passenger
- S – shunting (also known as switching engines or switchers in the USA and some other countries)
- U – multiple units (EMU/DMU)
- R – Railcars
For example, in "WDM 3A":
- "W" means broad gauge
- "D" means diesel motive power
- "M" means suitable for both goods and passenger service
- "3A" means the locomotive's power is 3,100 hp ('3' stands for 3000 hp, 'A' denotes 100 hp more)
Or, in "WAP 5":
"W" means broad gauge
"A" mean AC electric traction motive power
"P" means suitable for Passenger service
"5" denotes that this locomotive is chronologically the fifth electric locomotive model used by the railways for passenger service.
BROAD GAUGE (5 ft 6 in) LOCOMOTIVES USED IN INDIA
STEAM TRACTION
COMPANY DESIGNS
In the nineteenth century, the various railway concessions ordered locomotives to their own specification, usually from British manufacturers. This multiplicity of similar, but different designs, increased manufacturers' costs and slowed production. During the 1890s, British manufacturers had full order books, so Indian railway companies looked to Germany and the United States for locomotives.
BENGAL NAGPUR RAILWAY
- Class F – 0-6-0
- Class GM – 2-6-0. Probably modified.
- BNR class HSG – 2-8-0+0-8-2 Garratt homed at Bengal Nagpur Railway (BNR) now Eastern Railway and South-Eastern Railway. First successful Garratts in India.
- Class M – 4-6-2. Probably modified.
- BNR class N – 4-8-0+0-8-4 Garratt. Largest locomotive to run in India. Highest capacity to hold water as compared to any Garratt in the world. One is preserved at National Rail Museum, Delhi.
- BNR class NM – 4-8-0+0-8-4 Garratt. Similar to N class. Ten built in 1931 by Beyer Peacock. Withdrawn in the late 1960s.
- BNR class P – 4-8-2+2-8-4 Garratt. Four built by Beyer Peacock in 1939. In the early 1970s, they were at Bhilai (BIA) shed before being withdrawn.
BOMBAY, BARODA AND CENTRAL INDIAN RAILWAY
- BB&CI class P – 4-6-2;
- Class A - 2-4-0T. Probably an Atlantic. Belonged to Palej shed.
- Class U36 – 0-4-2 used for hauling suburban trains at Mumbai.
- Class D1 – 4-4-0. One of them named Princess May.
- Class M – 4-6-2. Probably modified.
EASTERN BENGAL RAILWAY
EAST INDIAN RAILWAY COMPANY
- Class CT – 0-6-4T. Probably converted to Super-heater.
- EIR class G – 2-2-2T. First two named Express and Fairy Queen Built in 1856, the latter is the world's oldest locomotive to be in working order. Later rebuilt by Perambur Loco Works. Housed at E.I.R.
- EIR class P – 4-6-0;
GREAT INDIAN PENINSULA RAILWAY
- GIPR classes Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 – 0-8-4T. Used on Thull ghat as bankers (for pushing trains up the ghat).
- GIPR Class F – 2-6-0.
- GIPR Class F3 – 2-6-0.
- GIPR class J1 – 0-6-0
- Class D4 – 4-6-0. One named Hero.
- Class D5 – 4-6-0 Passenger locomotive.
- Class E1 – 4-4-2 Atlantic built by North British Locomotive Co. Ltd between 1907-8. Rebuilt with super-heater between 1925-28.
- Class T – Tank locomotive was used for hauling Mumbai suburban trains on G.I.P.R.
- Class Y – 2-8-4T
- Crane Tank – 0-6-0T. One is preserved at National Rail Museum, New Delhi.
MADRAS AND SOUTHERN MAHRATTA RAILWAY
- M&SM class V – 4-4-0. One is preserved.
- Class BTC – 2-6-4T. Based on BESA specifications.
- Class T – 0-4-2 at Madras.
NIZAM´S GUARANTEED STATE RAILWAY
- NSR class A - 2-6-0T owned by Nizam State Railway (NSR). One (No. 48) preserved at National Rail Museum,Delhi. Probably an Atlantic.
NORTH WESTERN RAILWAY (BRITISH INDIA)
- Class EM – 4-4-2 probably modified. One preserved at National Rail Museum,Delhi.
- NWR class GAS – 2-6-2+2-6-2 Garratt owned by North
Western Railway (NWR) now most of which is in Pakistan. Only one built in 1925. Retired in 1937.
- NWR class P – 2-4-0;
- Class E1 – 4-4-2.
- Class N1 – 4-8-0
OUDH AND ROHILKHAND RAILWAY
- Class B26 – 0-6-0. One preserved at National Rail Museum,Delhi.
SOUTH INDIAN RAILWAY
OTHERS
- Class B – 2-6-0.
- Class E – 2-4-0.
- Class F – 2-8-2 built between 1926-1950 by Nasmyth Wilson for service on Central Railway (CR).
- Class G – 2-6-0 probably meant for freight.
- Class NA2 –
- Class PTC – 2-6-4T owned by Delhi at Northern Railway (N.R.). Probably Converted Passenger locomotives.
- Class Y2 – 2-8-2T. These are reclassified L2.
- Phoenix – 0-4-0T. One is preserved at National Rail Museum, Delhi
- Ramgotty – 2-2-0T. One is preserved at National Rail Museum, Delhi. Converted to Broad Gauge. Oldest locomotive at National Rail Museum, Delhi.
- Sultan, Sahib and Sindh – These are the ones which hauled the legendary train from VT to Thana in 1853.
BRITISH ENGINEERING STANDARDS ASSOCIATION (BESA) DESIGNS
After acrimonious words in The Times and Parliament, the British Engineering Standards Committee (later British Engineering Standards Association or BESA) began to design a series of locomotives for use by all railways in India. The first two designs emerged in 1903: a 4-4-0 passenger, and 0-6-0 goods. The designs were revised in 1905 and 1906 with additional types added due to requests for heavier and more powerful locomotives:
- Class SP – Standard Passenger – 4-4-0;
- Class SG – Standard Goods – 0-6-0;
- Class PT – Passenger Tank – 2-6-4T;
- Class HP – Heavy Passenger – 4-6-0;
- Class AP – Atlantic Passenger – 4-4-2;
- Class HG – Heavy Goods – 2-8-0;
- Class HT – Heavy Tank – 2-8-2T.
These BESA designs however were advisory, not mandatory, and were customized by the railway companies to their own taste. The railway companies could not even agree to use the same classification system: only the state operated railways used the class designations SP, SG, PT, HP, AP, HG and HT. Once superheating became accepted, superheated versions were classified SPS, SGS, etc. if built with superheaters, and SPC, SGC, etc. if converted from saturated to superheated.
INDIAN RAILWAYS STANDARD (IRS) DESIGNS
After World War I, new, larger, more powerful locomotives were designed by the British consulting engineers to the Indian Government. These started to appear from 1927 onwards:
- Class XA – branch passenger 4-6-2 design, 12.5-ton axleload;
- Class XB – light passenger 4-6-2 design, 17-ton axleload;
- Class XC – heavy passenger 4-6-2 design, 19.5-ton axleload;
- Class XD – light goods 2-8-2 design, 17-ton axleload;
- Class XE – heavy goods 2-8-2 design, 22.5-ton axleload;
- Class XF – light shunting 0-8-0 design, 18-ton axleload;
- Class XG – heavy shunting 0-8-0 design, 23-ton axleload;
- Class XH – 4-cylinder 2-8-2, 28-ton axleload (none built);
- Class XP – experimental passenger 4-6-2, 18.5-ton axleload;
- Class XS – experimental 4-cylinder 4-6-2, 21.5-ton axleload;
- Class XT – light tank 0-4-2T, 15-ton axleload.
WORLD WAR II DESIGNS
During World War II, large numbers of 2-8-2 locomotives were acquired from the United States and Canada, and were designated as classes AWD and CWD respectively. The Baldwin Locomotive Works adapted the USATC S160 Class locomotive design India which became class AWC. 60 broad gauge locomotives were built in 1944 as part of an order of 180 locomotives to the S160 design. In addition to modified frame spreaders, axles, cylinders, and cab, the Indian locomotives had a turbo-generator and electric lighting fitted, which was not included in the standard design for use in Europe. Many parts, including boilers, were identical to those used for the standard gauge locomotives.
INDIAN GOVERNMENT RAILWAYS (IGR) STANDARD DESIGNS
Shortly before World War II, new classes were designed; but it would post-war before many of them came into service. These new designs were signalled by the change of broad gauge prefix from 'X' to 'W'. In addition, plans were put into place to start manufacturing locomotives in India. The new classes were:
- Class WP – passenger 4-6-2, 18.5-ton axleload;
- Class WG – goods 2-8-2, 18.5-ton axleload;
- Class WL (1st) – light 4-6-2, 16-ton axleload (four for North Western Railway in 1939; all to Pakistan at Partition);
- Class WL (2nd) – light 4-6-2, 16.75-ton axleload;
- Class WM – 2-6-4T, 16.25-ton axleload;
- Class WT – 2-8-4T, 18-ton axleload;
- Class WU – 2-4-2T, 16.5-ton axleload;
- Class WV – 2-6-2T, 16.25-ton axleload;
- Class WW – 0-6-2T, 16.5-ton axleload.
All broad gauge steam locomotives in India have been withdrawn from normal service, with only occasional steam specials continuing to operate.
DIESEL TRACTION
CLASSIFICATION CODES
- WDM – Wide Diesel Mixed
- WDP – Wide Diesel Passenger
- WDG – Wide Diesel Goods
- WDS – Wide Diesel Shunter
- WCDS – Wide Converted Diesel Shunter
MIXED TYPE LOCOMOTIVES
- WDM 1 (First mainline diesel electric locomotives used in India. Introduced in 1957. Imported from ALCO. Out of service now. 1950 hp)
- WDM 2 (Most widely used and first homemade mainline diesel-electric locomotives in India. Original prototypes were made by ALCO. Introduced in 1962. More than 2700 have been made. Rated at 2600 hp)
- WDM 2A,WDM 2B (Technical variants of WDM 2. WDM2A stands are dual braked and WDM2B are air braked usually)
- WDM 2G It is the first Multi-Gen-set locomotive of Indian Railway manufactured by DLMW, Patiala in 2013. As of February 2014 only one loco has entered service and has been numbered as #80000. It has been cleared for a max. speed of 105 km/h.
- WDM 3 (Only 8 were imported. They used hydraulic transmission and are currently non-functional. 2500 hp. 120 km/h. Built in 1970 by Henschel & Son)
WDM 3A (Formerly WDM 2C. Another WDM 2 variant. It is not related to WDM 3. Max speed 120 km/h. 30450kgf of tractive effort. Built since 1994) One of the most heavily used diesel locomotives in India at present.
- WDM 3A R (Formerly WDM 2. It is a rebuilt with DBR fitted on Short Hood. It is not related to WDM 3. They are rebuilt at DLMW, Patiala)
- WDM 3B (Co-Co bogies. Rated at 120 km/h. Homed at Uttar Pradesh sheds. 23 built by DLW. Similar to WDM3D. 3100 hp)
- WDM 3C, WDM 3D (higher powered versions of WDM 3A. 3300 hp. WDM3C is rebuilt from WDM2. WDM3C max speed 120 km/h. WDM3D max speed 160 km/h)
- WDM 3E (Reclassified as WDM 3D. Restricted to freight at 105 km/h. 8 units known. Manufactured by DLW. 3500 hp)
- WDM 3F Manufactured by Diesel Locomotive Works (DLW). 3600 hp. HAHS bogies. Conventional DBR. Air brake only.
- WDM 4 (Entered service along with WDM 2. Prototypes designed by General Motors. Though considered superior to WDM 2 in many ways, these locomotives weren't chosen as General Motors did not agree to a technology transfer agreement. 2600 hp)
- WDM 6 (Very rare class; only two were made; Exported to Sri Lanka. Rated at 1350 hp. Max speed 75 km/h. 19200kgf tractive effort. Fabricated Bo-Bo bogies)
- WDM 7 (Fifteen of these locos were built from June 1987 through 1989, they were designed for branch-line duties, but they are now used mostly for shunting. Rated at 2000 hp)
Note: No locomotive class was designated as WDM 5 in India.
PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVES
- WDP 1 (Bo-Bo bogies. 80 tons weight. Rated speed of 140 kmph. 12 cylinder engine. 2300 hp. Built by DLW in 1970. Homed at Vijayawada and Tughlakabad sheds only.)
- WDP 2 (New class name WDP 3A. Dedicated passenger diesel locomotive. Entered service in 1998. Max speed 140kmph. Built by DLW. 29.25 tons of tractive effort. 3100 hp)
- WDP 3 (These locomotives are actually prototypes of the class WDP 1 and never entered serial production. Designed in 1996 by DLW. 2300 hp. Co-Co bogies.)
- WDP 4 (EMD (former GM-EMD) GT46PAC, fundamentally a passenger version of the WDG 4 (GT46MAC). 4000 hp)
- WDP 4B (EMD (former GM-EMD) GT46PAC, An improved version of the WDP 4, this is a more powerful version and has 6 traction motors, just like the WDG 4. Also comes with wider cabin to aid visibility and minor exterior design changes.As of now,serial production of the single cab locomotives has been stopped. 4500 hp)
- WDP 4D (EMD (former GM-EMD) GT46PAC, This is basically a - WDP 4B with twin cabs. Minor changes were made to the locomotive to facilitate the addition of a second cabin. This locomotive comes with LCD instrument display and toilet for the drivers. Has entered serial production and regular service. 4500 hp.
GOODS LOCOMOTIVES
- WDG 2 (New class name WDG 3A. These class is actually a technically upgraded form of WDM 2. Max speed 100 km/h. Built by DLW)
- WDG 3B, WDG 3C, WDG 3D (Technical upgraded forms of WDG 2 or WDG 3A. WDG 3B and WDG 3C are rebuilt to WDG 3A. WDG 3C is rated at 3330 hp.)
- WDG 4 (Dedicated goods locomotives. These are General motors' GT46MAC models. First units were imported in 1999. They are numbered from #12000 upward till #12999 and #70000 upwards. Local production started in 2002. 4000-4500 hp)
- WDG 4D (Technical variant of WDG4 with dual cabs. IGBT. Max speed 105 km/h restricted to 100 km/h. Air conditioned cabs. First dual cab freight dedicated diesel engine in India)
- WDG 5 (Another Freight dedicated Locomotive developed by Diesel Locomotive Works and Supported by Electro Motive Diesels. First unit was rolled out from DLW on 25 February 2012. They are numbered from #50001 upward (Two produced as of 29 April 2015). Rated at 5500 hp. Equipped with Fire Control System, TFT Display and Driver's Toilet. The locomotive/series is named 'BHEEM', after the strong Pandav brother from epic of Mahabharat. The locomotive has completed its trials and has entered serial production. These locomotives are assigned to the Sabarmati Diesel Loco Shed.
SHUNTING LOCOMOTIVES (also known as switching engines)
- WDS 1 (First widely deployed and successful diesel locomotives used in India. Imported in 1944-45. currently out of service. 386 hp)
- WDS 2 (o-C-o bogies. 8 cylinder engine. Homed at Central Railway. Max speed 54 kmph. Built by Kraus Maffei in 1954-55. 440 hp. 15420kgf of tractive effort)
- WDS 3 (All locomotives of this class were rebuilt and reclassified as WDS 4C in 1976-78. 618 hp. 17100kgf of tractive effort. Built in 1961)
- WDS 4,WDS 4A,WDS 4B,WDS 4D (Designed by Chittaranjan Locomotive Works. 600-700 hp. C bogies. Built between 1968-97.)
- WDS 4C (Rebuilt by CLW, WDS 3 locos as mentioned above. 700 hp. 18000kgf tractive effort. C bogies. Out of service. Max speed 65kmph.)
- WDS 5 (Some of these locomotives are used for industrial shunting. A few are used on Indian Railways. Rated at 1065 hp)
- WDS 6 (Heavy-haul shunters made in large numbers for industrial concerns as well as for Indian Railways Rated at 1200/1350 hp)
- WDS 6R, WDS 6SL and WDS 6AD (Technical variants of WDS 6. WDS6SL is exported to Sri Lanka. WDS6AD has a max speed of 50 kmph and a 6-cylinder engine.)
- WDS 8 (Only five of these were made by CLW, and all were transferred to steel works 800 hp. Max speed 35kmph. 22000kgf tractive effort)
There were also a few hydraulic diesel shunters in use at Integral Coach Factory, Diesel Locomotive Works and Chittaranjan Locomotive Works. These were rated at 250 hp.
Note: There is no electric shunting engine in India. Classes from WDS 1 to WDS 4D have hydraulic transmission. The WDS 4, 4B, 4C and 4D are the only still existing broad gauge locomotives with diesel-hydraulic transmission.
CONVERTED LOCOMOTIVES
WCDS6 is a converted YDM4 locomotive into a broad gauge locomotive. This rebuilding was carried out by the Golden Rock shed. It was built for large industrial concerns. The first one was delivered to RITES. Rest being same, new water and air lines are added. They also have a modified control stand and dual brake system. Also, they have Broad Gauge bogies and under-frames.
DIESEL MUTIPLE UNITS
A few routes in India currently have Diesel multiple unit service. Depending on the transmission system they are classified as DEMU (diesel-electric transmission) or DHMU (diesel-hydraulic transmission). There are diesel railcar service in a few places known as 'railbus'.
DC ELECTRIC TRACTION
Note: These locomotives are no longer used, or were used only in sections around and in Mumbai which is the only location in India still or was using DC traction. The power operated is 1500V DC.
MIXED TYPE LOCOMOTIVES
- WCM 1 (First electric locomotives with the now familiar Co-Co wheel arrangement to be used in India. Seven built by English Electric at Vulcan Foundry in 1954–55. 3700 hp)
- WCM 2 (Out of service. Co-Co bogies. 120 kmph speed. 12 Built by Vulcan Foundry between 1956-57. Modified by RDSO. 3120 hp)
- WCM 3 (3600 hp. Co-Co – Used in Kolkata, then transferred to Mumbai; three built by Hitachi in 1958. Out of service. Max speed 120kmph)
- WCM 4 (4000 hp. Co-Co – seven built by Hitachi in 1960. Out of service. Rated at 120 kmph. Meant for freight. 31300kgf tractive effort)
- WCM 5 (Built by Chittaranjan locomotive works to RDSO's design specifications. Auxiliaries by Westinghouse and North Boyce. Built in 1962, these are India's first indigenously designed DC electric locomotives. The first was named Lokamanya after the freedom fighter Bal Gangadhar Tilak. 3700 hp Co-Co.)
- WCM 6 (5000 hp, only two were built in 1995 by CLW. Now converted to run on AC power. 105kmph initially now restricted to 65kmph )
PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVES
- WCP 1, WCP 2 (GIPR EA/1 and EA/2. Historically very important locomotives as these are the very first electric loco to be used in India. The first locomotive was named as Sir Roger Lumley and is currently preserved in the National Rail Museum, New Delhi. Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works (SLM) built one in 1928 and 21 in 1930 (WCP1), and one in 1938 (WCP2). 1′Co2′ wheel arrangement; 2160 hp)
- WCP 3, WCP 4 (GIPR EB/1 and EC/1, these are also among the earliest electric locos used in India. One of each class built by Hawthorn Leslie and Company in 1928; 2′Co2′ wheel arrangement.)
GOODS LOCOMOTIVES
- WCG 1 (GIPR EF/1. These are Swiss crocodile locomotives imported in 1928 from Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works (ten) and Vulcan Foundry (30). These are among the earliest electric locos used in India. The first locomotive was named as Sir Leslie Wilson and is currently preserved in the National Rail Museum, New Delhi. 2600–2950 hp)
- WCG 2 (Designed by Chittaranjan locomotive works in 1970. 57 built until 1977. 4200 hp. Max speed 90kmph. 35600kgf tractive effort. Were used extensively around the year 2000 when Mumbai was out of traction power. Out of service.
ELECTRIC MULTIPLE UNITS
WCU 1 to WCU 15 (Used in Mumbai region only)
AC ELECTRIC TRACTION
The 25 kV AC system with overhead lines is used throughout the rest of the country.
MIXED TYPE LOCOMOTIVES
- WAM 1 (Among the first AC electric locomotives used in India. Introduced in 1959. Now out of service. 3010 hp. Max speed 112kmph)
- WAM 2 (Out of service. Bo-Bo Bogies. Max speed 112 kmph. Built by Mitsubishi between 1960-64. 2910 hp. 25240kgf tractive effort)
- WAM 3 (Out of service. Bo-Bo bogies. Same as WAM 2 except for reverse pantographs. Built in 1964 by Mitsubishi)
- WAM 4 (Indigenously designed by Chittaranjan Locomotive Works in 1970. Highly powerful class. One of the most successful locomotives in India. 3850 hp)
- WAM 4B, WAM 4P, WAM 4PD, WAM 4PR, WAM 4PDBHS, WAM 46PD, WAM 4PDB3P, WAM 42S3P, WAM 46PDBHS, WAM 46PE, WAM 4G, WAM 4H and WAM 4E (Technical variants of WAM4)
PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVES
- WAP 1 (Designed by Chittaranjan locomotive works in 1980 for the Kolkata-Delhi Rajdhani Express. A very successful class. 3900 hp. Max speed 130 kmph).
- WAP 2 (Decommissioned in the late 1980s. Similar to WAM2 & 3. 4 built. Also had Flexicoil Mark-ll bogies. 2910 hp. Only 4 units built)
- WAP 3 (Rebuilt to WAP-1. Similar to WAP-1. Approximated speed of 160 kmph restricted to 145 kmph. 5 Built since 1987.)
- WAP 4 (Upgraded from WAP 1 for higher loads by Chittaranjan locomotive works in 1994. One of the most successful locomotives in India. Very powerful class. 5000 hp. Tested for Max speed 160 kmph. Restricted to 140 kmph)
- WAP 5 (Imported in 1995 from Switzerland and used on premier express trains. 5450 hp. Max speed tested for 184 kmph. Restricted to 160 kmph)
- WAP 6 (Most of them rebuilt to WAP-4. Max speed 170 kmph. 16 built by Chittaranjan Locomotive Works in 1997. 5000 hp.)
- WAP 7 (Same design as WAG 9 with modified gear ratio. Highly powerful class. 6000 hp. Tested for 155 kmph. Restricted to 140 kmph. Built by CLW since 2000)
GOODS LOCOMOTIVES
- WAG 1 (Out of service after 2002. B-B bogies. Max speed 80 km/h. Built by several builders between 1963-66. 2930 hp. First freight dedicated locomotive under AC traction)
- WAG 1S (Technical variants of WAG 1)
- WAG 2 ( Out of service. B-B bogies. Max speed 80 km/h. WAP 2 are technical variants of WAG 2. Built by several builders between 1964-65. 3450 hp)
- WAG 3 (Out of service. Monomotor bogies. Max speed 80 km/h. 10 Built in 1965. 3590 hp. 30000 kgf tractive effort. Above 6000 tons hauling capacity up to 70 km/h on level track)
- WAG 3A (Technical variant of WAG 3)
- WAG 4 (Out of service. B-B bogies. Max speed 80 km/h. Technical variants are WAG 4A,D. Built by Chittaranjan Locomotive Works between 1966-71. 3590 hp)
- WAG 5 (The most successful electric locomotives in India. Designed by Chittaranjan locomotive works in 1984. More than 1100 were made. 3850 hp)
(WAG 5A, WAG 5B, WAG 5D, WAG 5E, WAG 5H, WAG 5HA, WAG 5HB, WAG 5HD, WAG 5HE, WAG 5PE, WAG 5RH - Technical variants of WAG 5)
- WAG 6A (Imported from Allmänna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget (ASEA). 6110 hp. Max speed 100 km/h. Bo-Bo-Bo Bogies. The most powerful non-3 phase AC electric locomotives in India)
- WAG 6B, WAG 6C (Variants of WAG 3A. Built by Hitachi in 1988. Regenerative brakes. 44950 kgf tractive effort. Upgradeable to 160 km/h)
- WAG 7 (Very successful class. Built by CLW and BHEL. 5350 hp. 41000kgf. Max speed 100kmph. 123tons in weight)
- WAG 7H (Technical variant of WAG7 with 132tons of weight and 45000kgf of tractive effort. Two units built)
- WAG 8 (Out of service. Similar in looks to WCAM 2 and technically to WCAM 3. Built by BHEL in 1998. Experimental class)
- WAG 9 (Currently the most powerful class in India, rated at 6350 hp. Same design as WAP 7 with modified gear ratio. Designed by Adtranz, Switzerland.)
(WAG 9H, WAG9i and WAG9Hi - Technical variants of WAG9. WAG9H is the heavier version. WAG9i is the one fitted with IGBT traction converters. WAG9Hi is probably a combination of WAG9H and WAG9i)
ELECTRIC MULTIPLE UNITS
- WAU 1 to WAU 4
DUAL (both AC and DC) traction
Main article: Indian Railways WCAM class
Note: These locomotives are used only in sections around Mumbai. They can run under AC traction too. The main purpose behind the manufacture of these type of locomotives was to provide transportation in and out Mumbai area without changing the engine.
-MIXED TYPE LOCOMOTIVES
WCAM 1 (Designed by Chittaranjan Locomotive works, total 53 were built and supplied between 1975-79. All owned by Western Railway) Only locomotive currently used having reverse pantographs. Now decommissioned.
- WCAM 2/2P (Designed by Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, total 20 were built and supplied between 1995-96. Tested 135kmph under AC)
- WCAM 3 (50 Designed by Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited. 4600 hp under DC traction and 5000 hp under AC traction. All owned by Central Railway. Most widely used loco in the Mumbai Pune section).
GOODS LOCOMOTIVES
- WCAG 1 (12 Designed by Bharat heavy electricals limited between 1999-2000. Similar to the WCAM 3 in outer structure. 4600 hp under DC traction and 5000 hp under AC traction.
Note: There is no dedicated dual current passenger locomotive in India, but in Mumbai area, there are some EMUs which can run under dual traction.
BATTERY TRACTION
In 1927, English Electric and WBC built 2 shunters for use in yards at Bombay(now Mumbai). They had Bo-Bo bogies. Rated at 240 hp. They weighed 58 tons.
METRE GAUGE (3 ft 3⅜ in) LOCOMOTIVES USED IN INDIA
STEAM TRACTION
COMPANY TYPES
Nilgiri Mountain Railway X class
BESA DESIGNS
Passenger 4-6-0
Mixed-traffic 4-6-0
Goods 4-8-0
Tank 2-6-2T
WARTIME DESIGNS
Class MAWD – 2-8-2 USATC S118 Class
Class MWGX – 4-6-2+2-6-4 Garratt
INDIAN RAILWAY STADARDS DESIGNS
- Class YA – 4-6-2 with 9-ton axleload (none built);
- Class YB – 4-6-2 with 10-ton axleload
- Class YC – 4-6-2 with 12-ton axleload
- Class YD – 2-8-2 with 10-ton axleload
- Class YE – 2-8-2 with 12-ton axleload (none built)
- Class YF – 0-6-2; later examples were 2-6-2
- Class YK – 2-6-0 version of the 2-6-2 YF
- Class YL – 2-6-2
- Class YT – light 0-4-2T
- Class YG – 2-8-2 goods locomotive
- Class YP – 4-6-2 passenger locomotive
DIESEL TRACTION (MIXED TYPE ONLY)
- YDM 1 - The first diesel locomotives on 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge. Imported from Britain in 1955. They were 20 in number. Mainly found on Western Railway. Phased out by the 1990s.
- YDM 2 - Originally used on Southern Railway. Built by CLW. Only 41 in numbers. Mostly used for shunting purposes or to pull short passenger trains.
- YDM 3 - Produced by GM-EMD in 1961-62. (Model no. GA-12). Mainly found near Ahmedabad. (Sabarmati Loco Shed).
- YDM 4 - Most widely and successful diesel locomotive used in India on meter gauge. 550 units produced by DLW (Varanasi) and Alco. Found in Mhow, Sabarmati Phulera, Lumding, Coonoor, Villupuram, Izatnagar Sheds and many other sheds.
- YDM 4A - The 99 locos supplied by Montreal Locomotive Works in 1964-69.
- YDM 5 - Same specifications as of YDM-3 but an addition of 10 t (9.8 long tons; 11.0 short tons) weight to the axles. Supplied by GM-EMD in 1964.
Currently all diesel locomotives except YDM-4 and YDM-4A are supposed to be withdrawn from service.
ELECTRIC TRACTION
ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES
- YCG 1 (These locomotives are among the earliest electric locomotives in India. This class was imported to serve the Chennai area in the early 1930s.)
- YAM 1 (These locomotives were in service until 2002 around Chennai. 1740 hp). 20 were Imported from Japan
ELECTRIC MULTIPLE UNITS
- YAU class (First EMU service in India. Introduced in the 1920s in Chennai area).
NARROW GAUGE (2 ft 6 in and 2 ft) LOCOMOTIVES USED IN INDIA
STEAM TRACTION (2 ft 6 in)
COMPANY DESIGNS
- Barsi Light Railway class A – 0-8-4T
- Barsi Light Railway class B – 4-8-4T
- Barsi Light Railway class C – 0-6-0ST
- Barsi Light Railway class D – 0-4-0
- Barsi Light Railway class E – Sentinel railcars
- Barsi Light Railway class F – 2-8-2
- Barsi Light Railway class G – 4-6-4
INDIAN RAILWAY STANDARDS DESIGNS
- Class ZA – 2-6-2 with 4.5-ton axleload (none built);
- Class ZB – 2-6-2 with 6-ton axleload;
- Class ZC – 2-8-2 with 6-ton axleload (none built);
- Class ZD – 4-6-2 with 8-ton axleload (none built);
- Class ZE – 2-8-2 with 8-ton axleload;
- Class ZF – 2-6-2T with 8-ton axleload
STEAM TRACTION (2 ft)
COMPANY DESIGNS
DARJEELING HIMALAYAN RAILWAY
- DHR A Class – 0-4-0WT;
- DHR B Class – 0-4-0ST; 777 and 778 preserved
- DHR C Class – 4-6-2
- DHR D Class – 0-4-0+0-4-0 Garratt
INDIAN RAILWAY STANDARDS DESIGNS
- QA – 2-6-2 with 4.5-ton axleload (none built).
- QB – 2-6-2 with 6-ton axleload (none built);
- QC – 2-8-2 with 6-ton axleload (none built).
DIESEL TRACTION (2 ft 6 in) (mixed type only)
- ZDM 1 (Available at Gwalior Junction)
- ZDM 2
- ZDM 3 (Later rebuilt as ZDM 4C class)
- ZDM 4 (Available at Gwalior Junction)
- ZDM 4A
- ZDM 4B, 4C, 4D
- ZDM 5
DIESEL TRACTION (2 ft) (mixed type only)
- NDM-1 - for the Matheran Hill Railway
- NDM-5 - for The Maharaja Railways of India
- NDM-6 – this class is currently in operation on the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway and the Matheran Hill Railway
BATTERY TRACTION
- NBM 1 – designed by BHEL in 1987; powered by battery.
Note: All narrow gauge locomotives in India are mixed type locomotives.
Note: There is no narrow gauge electric locomotive in India.
WIKIPEDIA
Alla fine degli anni '30 la Zeiss Ikon AG Dresden inizió lo sviluppo di una reflex monoottica, per eguagliare il successo della Kine-Exakta. Strettamente derivata dalla Contax II con aggiunto un pentaprisma adottó il nome di SYNTAX ed il 1.9.1941 fu brevettata ma l'avvento della guerra in Germania prima ed il bombardamento di Dresda tra il 14 ed il 15 Febbraio poi, bloccarono i piani.
Dopo il conflitto Dresda passò sotto il dominio della Germania Est e gli stabilimenti Zeiss furono nazionalizzati dal governo socialista mentre tutto il materiale fu requisito e trasportato in Russia, tecnici compresi, dal regime Comunista come rimborso per i danni di guerra. Per riavviare la prime produzioni furono quindi utilizzati addirittura i pezzi delle Contax presenti in magazzino. Quando peró le scorte furono terminate bisognó approntare qualcosa di nuovo, e non tutti i mali vengono per nuocere. Infatti la prima reflex moderna derivata da quella lontana SYNTAX, la Contax Spiegel (specchio) meglio nota come Contax S, nasce ufficialmente nel 1949 e a seguito dell'assegnazione del marchio Carl Zeiss alla Zeiss Ikon occidentale i modelli esportati furono venduti con il nome di Pentacon, acronimo di PENTAprism CONtax. Novitá assoluta, l'apparecchio era munito di un pentaprisma e cosí era possibile avere un'immagine naturale nel mirino e non capovolta o invertita, il pentaprisma era giá stato adottato in guerra per i sistemi di puntamento balistici, ma mai prima di allora si era visto in un'apparecchio fotografico. La casa aveva sostituito il vecchio otturatore di metallo a saracinesca con uno di tessuto a scorrimento orizzontale rendendone il corpo snello ed agile e aveva cambiato il sistema di montaggio dell'obiettivo passando al metodo a vite 42mm che verrá adottato poi da numerose altre marche diventando di fatto universale. Altra particolaritá l'assenza del ritorno automatico dello specchio, che per abbassarsi necessita la ricarica della macchina.
Poiché il marchio Contax era stato rivendicato dalla Zeiss Ikon AG di Stoccarda, i modelli di esportazione dovettero avere un altro nome e sebbene il nome Pentax, più breve e conciso, fosse già un marchio registrato di Dresda, non fu utilizzato e fu successivamente venduto alla giapponese Asahi Optical. Invece, dai nomi Penta-prisma e Contax si formò l'acronimo Pentacon. Pertanto, le fotocamere prodotte per la DDR e per il mercato dell'Europa orientale potettero continuare a fregiarsi del nome Contax mentre dal 1953 in poi quelle per l'esportazione verso i mercati Occidentali ebbero il nome Pentacon. Le prime fotocamere Pentacon portavano nell'incisa sulla calotta la famosa torre di Ernemann, simbolo della casa, e l'incisione aggiuntiva Zeiss Ikon. Questi modelli sono spesso indicati dai collezionisti come Pentacon ZI. Nelle fotocamere successive è stato rappresentato lo "ZI" dell'incisione della torre.
- Tipo di otturatore meccanico in tela a scorrimento orizzontale
- Tempi di esposizione B, 1/1, 1/2, 1/5, 1/10, 1/20, 1/50, 1/100, 1 / 200,1 / 500, 1/1000
- Mirino a pentaprisma fisso con schermo di messa a fuoco a vetro smerigliato
- Specchio senza ritorno immediato
- Avanzamento del film a manopola, contatore manuale,
- Innesto dell'obiettivo a vite M42x1
- Autoscatto meccanico, circa 10 s
- sistema flash sincronizzazione X con presa coassiale sul coperchio superiore, nessuna slitta per accessori
La FM é l'ultima della serie Contax, prodotta in 17.300 esemplari dalla Zeiss di Dresda tra il '58 ed il '61 si contraddistingue per i tempi fino ad 1/1000s, introduzione del prisma ad immagine spezzata e dell'automatismo per la chiusura dei diaframmi ed é anche l'ultima ad avere la doppia denominazione Pentacon/Contax, infatti al '59 in poi il marchio Contax scomparirá definitivamente anche dal mercato interno e bisognerá aspettare la fine degli anni '70 per ritrovarlo sui modelli di pregio coprodotti dalla giapponese Yashica e dalla Zeiss di Stoccarda. L' obiettivo originale é il famoso Carl Zeiss-Jena Tessar 50mm/2,8 semiautomatico a preselezione, formato da quattro lenti in tre gruppi completo di paraluce in metallo e paraluce in gomma per l'oculare tutto rigorosamente originale.
La particolaritá di questa lente consiste nel suo automatismo: Prima di scattare va girata la ghiera del diaframma per aprirlo, questo rimane fermo alla massima apertura in modo da poter agevolmente focheggiare. Quando si preme il pulsante di scatto l'automatismo della macchina preme lo spillo posto sulla montatura dell'obiettivo e il diaframma si chiude al valore preselezionato. Il sistema verrá poi adottato da tutti gli obiettivi con passo a vite con la differenza della riapertura automatica del diaframma.
luv this song 'Pride' by Syntax
'And I believe in reinvention,
Do you believe that life is holding the clue?
Take away all the lonely moments,
Give me full communication with you.
Your smile, shine a little light, alright?
Don't hide, shine a little light,
Give up on your pride.'
Carol Bove (b. 1971 Switzerland )
Carol Bove’s sculpture turns the clean lines of Modernism on its head. Her formal syntax is an adept language of bends, dents, torques, kinks, crumples, creases, and other folds that animate the sculptural surface. The artist has called these works “collage sculptures” – a type of activity that navigates a productive tension between the industrially formed and the merely found, between the obsolete and the newly minted. The physical friction of her material is animated through a bold, candy-coloured palette of reds, yellows, pinks and greens placed in dynamic contrast to her rough untreated steel. The slick finish of her paint jars with the rough faded materiality of her found objects. In this mode, the surface colour promotes the illusion that her steel tubes are constructed from a soft, malleable substance. Bove’s deft twists, folds, and bends demand a kinaesthetic approach from the viewer: they force the body, eye, and mind to shift, move and circumnavigate the work. If these objects were to tell a story it would be an account of movement and pressure, force and softness.
C6 Mobile Strike Frame rear view
Inspired by the work of Dark Syntax I revisited C6 trying to make something that is a little less boxy than my last large frame.
Built for Mobile Frame Zero.
... I'm going to prison for sure .....
As you can see I've taken refuge in a church. Incidentally one of my English friends suggested I point out, the hand gesture in Texas is the victory signal of the University of Texas. Their mascot is the longhorn steer and the upraised fingers symbolize the horns. I'm not about to do anything immoral here on an international forum. I'm in enough trouble already.
I just got this email with very improper syntax and some of the most "incommon" sense I've read for a while. I got a smile and thought I'd share it with you. At some point I'm sure I'm supposed to send money to cover the expense of handling the information the letter is demanding... ah so ...
Here's the email .....
Anti-Terrorist and Monetary Crimes Division
Fbi Headquarters In Washington, D.C.
Federal Bureau Of Investigation
J. Edgar Hoover Building
935 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, D.C. 20535-0001
ATTENTION: SIR/MADAM,
For your information, we have been authorized by the President Barrack Obama to get everyone who is involved in money laundering and terrorism; this was as a result of what happened by a Nigerian man with reported links to al-Qaida tried to blow up a US airliner with a new type of explosive device Friday before being tackled by passengers in what officials said was an attempted Christmas Day terror.
Now your name has also been included in the list of terrorism and money laundering because you have been taking this matter for granted but now we have started taking our legal action because no one is above the law and we can not allow anyone to bring shame to our country, since you have decided not to cooperate with us by furnishing us with the required certificate, we have therefore forwarded your name and information including your picture to the office of the Presidency as he required and right now he has warned us seriously and ordered that we should get everyone arrested and charge them to court immediately because this is not a childish play.
The best you can do right now is to forward to us the certificate that is FBI Identification Record, Tax Clearance and Diplomatic Immunity Seal Of Transfer (DIST) so that we can forward it to the President and tell him that you earned the fund legally and not a money laundering or for sponsoring terrorism because this is what we are going to charge you of course you know the penalty and our government will not tolerate it any longer. For your information, you have only 3 working days to provide it otherwise you will be arrested immediately and hand your case file over to the presidency.
The ball is in your court, note that the person you will contact that will help you to get the certificate is Barrister David West an attorney from HOMELAND SECURITY SERVICE or the Executive/Chairman of HOMELAND SECURITY SERVICE Mr.Bennie G.Thompson. we are now back and ready to take up this case to any level because we won't seat down and watch foreigners not only citizens to involve in illegal action, especially in money laundering and terrorism act.
Be warned and don’t fail to get back to us immediately otherwise you will hear our knock on your door with hand-cuff, on your return to this message, we are going to confirm the email address of Barrister David West so that you can contact him for the issuance of the certificate as soon as possible.
We look forward to hear from you today.
Thanks for your Co-operation.
Director Mr.Robert Mueller.
WASHINGTON DC
Anti-Terrorist and Monetary Crimes Division
Fbi Headquarters In Washington, D.C.
Federal Bureau Of Investigation.
I'm in the yellow pages right now looking for a lawyer to save me if at all possible.
My 13th Mecha Mixel-Nixel Expeditionary Force (MMNEF) mech; this one from the Klinkers tribe.
For more on the MMNEF click here.
Mobile Frame Zero frames using only the bricks currently available from the Lego stores Pick A Model bins for this quarters Pick A Model.
I spent some more time with the 16 bricks in the current PaM.
The main pod houses the cockpit and main power source, and allows for one of three conveyance/manipulator configurations: humanoid, chicken walker, or quad. The arms on the humanoid can be fitted to the chicken walker or quad, but I'm not sure how useful they'd be. I'm still striking out on coming up with weapons systems, but these cores should be easy and cheap enough that if you wanted a company of them you could pull parts from elsewhere for systems. Also, these three frames only use 12 unique parts.
PaM-10/35h "Panda-H"
PaM-10/29q "Panda-Q"
PaM-10/29c "Panda-C"
C&C solicited as always!
Based heavily on (Read: Legs stolen from) Dark_Syntax's Vulture Riff Redux.
(Seen here: www.flickr.com/photos/dark_syntax/9170584169/)
The black bow under the chin is too long. It restricts the dome joint's movement. I need to get my hands on one of these: www.bricklink.com/catalogItem.asp?P=11477