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343/365 Statistics by omgdolls

Calculating the median sewing time of the Giant

More fish than you by Jason Prince

35 92

Statistics

Length: 26-29cm

Wingspan: 47-63cm

Weight: 320-480g

Average lifespan: 18 years

Conservation status

Classified in the UK as Red under the Birds of Conservation Concern 5: the Red List for Birds (2021). Listed as Vulnerable on the global IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

When to see

March to August

Puffins are unmistakable birds with their black back and white underparts, distinctive black head with large pale cheeks and their tall, flattened, brightly-coloured bill. Its comical appearance is heightened by its red and black eye-markings and bright orange legs.

Used as a symbol for books and other items, this clown among seabirds is one of the world's favourite birds. With half of the UK population at only a few sites it is an Red List species.

What a difference 6 months makes! by David Marriott

24 6

Crikey! Thanks for all your comments, views and favourites.

Amazing support from you all.

Montage from bighugelabs.com/scout.php

30-Jun-2015 51 Explored, 2050k views, 3700 followers, 5 shots >1k faves, 3 shots >60k views,

31-Dec-2014 30 Explored, 850k views, 1600 followers

I'd like mornings better if they started later v_v by Ge AlNoaimi

36 3

Goes to mocha&&poker face <33

i love you guys<3

nd gddluck :**

:sigma: by Sagnik Ganguly

2 1

Girl. by Mitsushiro Nakagawa

86 6

title

Girl.

(Nikon.coolpix.8700. Shot.)

Manhattan. New york. America. 2007. shot ... 4 / 6

(Today's photo. It's probably published. But it was edited again in 2021. It may include unpublished ones.)

Images.

Judie Tzuke · Beverley Craven · Julia Fordham … Temporary

youtu.be/_RzmSwRP-7I

Important Notices.

I will distribute my T-shirt to the world for free.

m.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/50656401427/in/dateposted-p...

m.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/50613367691/in/dateposted-p...

最新のお知らせ。

以下の僕のTシャツ。無料配布。

コロナの影響で、運送方法は国によって変わります。

1/25

一人目が決まりました。

それはドイツの人です。

m.flickr.com/photos/ute_kluge/favorites/

僕は心から感謝します。ありがとう。

２０２０年１２月３日。発送しました。

船便です。２ヶ月から３ヶ月を要します。

2/25

二人目はタイの女性です。

youpic.com/photographer/Abbozzo/

僕は彼女へ受け取って欲しいとお願いしました。

２０２０年１２月１０日。発送しました。

船便です。２ヶ月から３ヶ月を要します。

3/25

3人目はメキシコの女性です。

www.facebook.com/OvejaDeSion

彼女はfotologの頃からずっと僕を支えてくれました。

彼女は僕の道案内をしてくれました。

ありがとう。

２０２０年１２月１０日発送しました。

EMSです。たぶん１ヶ月から２ヶ月以内で到着します。

4/25

4人目は、セルビア共和国の女性です。

youpic.com/photographer/IvanaPopov/

２０２０年１２月１４日発送しました。

船便です。たぶん２ヶ月から３ヶ月以内で到着します。

5/25

５人目は、インドネシアの男性です。

www.flickr.com/photos/33836533@N04/

２０２０年１２月２４日。発送しました。

EMSです。たぶん１ヶ月から２ヶ月以内で到着します。

6/25

6人目は、フランスの方です。

youpic.com/image/18158054/ombre-chinoise-by-ce-pe

www.flickr.com/photos/191604817@N04/

２０２１年１月７日。

僕は発送しました。

7/25

7人目も、フランスの方です。

www.flickr.com/photos/151630891@N07/

www.flickr.com/people/liveworkcreate/

２０２１年１月７日。

僕は発送しました。

8/25

８人目の方はルーマニアの方です。

www.flickr.com/photos/63mr/

2021年１月中に発送します。

9/25

9人目は日本の方です。16歳です。

www.instagram.com/kai.kawazu/

受賞歴

2017 小国町フォトコンテスト2部門

2018 EPSONmeet up selectionデータ部門優秀賞

2020 熊本高文連前期写真コンテスト優秀賞

Webフォトコンテスト協賛メーカー賞

10/25

10人目は、ブラジルの方です。

www.flickr.com/photos/mangelo/

２０２１年２月中に発送します。

11/25

11人目は、アメリカの方です。

youpic.com/photographer/HeathBrunner/

www.flickr.com/photos/181948650@N04/

vmaxrecords.bandcamp.com

soundcloud.com/vmaxrecords

２０２１年２月中に発送します。

12/25

12人目は、日本の方です。

youpic.com/photographer/OsamuTabata/

２０２１年２月中に発送します。

13/25

13人目は、イタリアの方です。

www.flickr.com/photos/122700703@N05/

youpic.com/photographer/raffadepa2019/

cacciatoredisogniblog.wordpress.com

２０２１年２月中に発送します。

14/25

14人目は、ロシアの方です。

www.flickr.com/photos/183731920@N08/

youpic.com/photographer/Andjey/

２０２１年３月中に発送します。

Mitsu.

youtu.be/D3q3p5edLZA

YOUTUBE、更新しました😃

アップルカー、プレゼンテーション。202３年秋、発表。（僕の妄想です😃）

（動画は思い立ってすぐにテキスト書いてアップしたので棒読みです😅以下のテキストが完成版なので是非お読みください😃）

Apple car, presentation. Announced in the fall of 2023. (It's my delusion 😃)

Please translate the following Japanese into English.

皆さんおはよう。

偶然だが、おととしの今日、私は新型コロナウィルスのワクチンを接種した。

みなさんのなかには、すでに二度目の接種を受けた方もいるだろう。

この新型コロナウィルスは世界に1つの境界線を引いた。

それまでとそれ以降だ。

私たちを取り巻く環境は激変した。

ウィルスに対応するためあらゆる場所に除菌液が設置され、部屋の空気を浄化し、そんな環境が至る所に展開されてきた。

アップルも、これらを認識しつつ、新しいプロジェクトに臨んできた。

新しい価値観を受け入れるためには、新しいスタイルが必要だ。

私たちの周囲もアップデートされなければ、私たちは生き残れないだろう。

アップルは時代を生き残るために、いくつかを提示してきた。

パーソナルコンピューターであるマッキントッシュ。

音楽デバイスであるアイポッド。

携帯電話であるアイフォーン。

そして、今日、アップルはみなさんに伝えたいことがある。

それはもうひとつのサヴァイヴだ。

アップルカー。

アップルは車を再発明する。

これまでの自動車の状態

今までのガソリン車を振り返ってみよう。

ガソリンという化石燃料を使い、ガスを排出する。そして環境を悪化させてきた。

山林は業火に見舞われ、大雨の大洪水に街はさらわれ、乾いた大地が覆い尽くす。

これからもこの状態が続くという事は地球自体の崩壊を招く。

私たちはそれを止めなければならない。少なくとも見直しに取り掛かることが重要だ。

世界的にトップだったトヨタはこれに積極的に取り掛からなかった。

すでに多くの世界で走っているハイブリッドのプリウス。

これは１９９２年に発表されたにも関わらず、新しい車種でさえも未だにハイブリッドのままだ。

発売してからの約３０年もの間、いったい彼らは何を目的としてこの車に固執し、開発してきたのか？

なぜ彼らはこの車種を見直さなかったのか？

現状のハイブリット、プラグインハイブリット。そういった類は結局は化石燃料を使っている。

彼らはこの新しい展開に積極的に臨んできたというが、現状維持という考えを変えなかった。

むしろ現時点においても、それがベストだとさえ言ってるように思えてならない。

私たちはそこで他の会社も見渡してみた。

電気自動車の現在

テスラだ。

皆さんご存知のようにテスラは積極的に環境問題に取り組み、世界規模で大きく発展し貢献してきた。化石燃料を使わない、そして自動運転、洗練されたデザイン。これらは多くの人たちを魅了してきた。

しかし広く普及はしたものの、皆さんの家のそばにこの車は走ってるだろうか？

答えはノーだ。

なぜ車が走っていないか。

私たちは3時間ほどしっかり考えた。

まぁ、たった3時間だが。

答えは単純だ。

車が高いからだ。高価すぎるのだ。

これはテスラに限らず電気自動車を作っているすべての会社に言えることだ。

とにかく車の値段が高すぎる。

私たちはこれを念頭に置きつつ、車を再発明した。

アップルカーのポイント

アップルカーのポイントは三つだ。

ひとつめ。

価格。

電気自動車が普及しない理由は非常に簡単だ。

価格が高いからだ

なぜ電気自動車が高いのか。それは本体価格の大半を占めるバッテリーの値段が最も高いからだ。

それが大きく占めている。

そこでアップルはリン酸鉄リチウムイオンバッテリーと言う素材を使うことに行き着いた。

これは全個体電池のように高価ではなく安価で、iPhoneのように充電する時間は短く、すぐに使えることを優先させ、かつ、耐久性に優れていると言うポイントがある。

私たちはこの2点を重視した。

車を短時間で充電し、短距離を即、走行可能となることを目指した。

iPhoneやアップルウォッチと同じ結論を反映させたのだ。

現在、電気自動車は長距離を走ることを目標としているが、果たして、きょう、あなたが会社から帰る際に、長距離用のバッテリが必要だろうか？

何百キロも走ることが必要だろうか？

すぐに家に帰り、すぐに充電し、また朝には出勤する。

全個体電池などという長距離が走れる高価なバッテリは、現段階では不要なのだ。

アップルはそう判断した。

次にアップルが目指したポイントの2つ目は安全性だ。

WHOの報告では、年間で世界中の事故死者数は１３５万人に上る。

これは、２４秒にひとりが命を落としている計算になる。

アップルはこの事故を劇的に減らそうと考えた。

Apple Watchを腕に巻いた子供が車の下にいた場合。

iPhone 5Gを持っている人が側道にいたり、信号待ちをしている場合。

彼らを事前に感知し、彼らには接近しないように考えた。

人の居場所を事前に察知することができれば、車は避けられる。

私たちは、車自体が人から離れることを計算した。

3つ目は先進性だ。

これまでの車と言うのは、車に乗るとわかるが、ダッシュボードにはいつもの通風口が口を開けて待っている。

これは見慣れた光景で、もううんざりだ。飽き飽きだ。

私たちはこの風景を大きく前進させる。

フロントガラスにAR機能を搭載し、ナビゲーションで誘う。

また、ダッシュボードには皆さんが持っているiPhoneやiPadを貼り付け、聴いていた音楽をそのまま車内で流せる。

もちろん、望めばそのままエンジンもスタートだ。

ワイパーなんてもう不要だ。水滴なんて風圧で飛ばすした方が美しい。

シートベルトもあなたが座れば自動で閉まる。きつ過ぎず、ゆる過ぎず、あなたは快適な空間を提供されるだろう。

また、ハンドルを握って前を見据えた瞬間にドライバーの健康状態をアップルカーは察知する。

あなたが酔っていたら、車は決して動かない。もう酔っ払い運転の事故は発生しないだろう。

以上の三つがアップルカーのポイントだ。

１　価格

２　安全性

３　先進性

アップルはこれらを重視した。

そして、皆さんが最も気になるのは価格のはずだ。

価格は29,999ドル。

車の予約は来週から。半年後にまずはアメリカから発売する。

それでは実際にアップルカーをお見せしよう。

ティム・クック、自分のApple Watchに顔を寄せて車に呼びかける。

アップルカー登場。

備考。

ここで重要なのは自動運転に触れていないこと。

多分アップルは自動運転には触れず、車をまず普及させることをアピールしてくるはず。

自動運転のアップデートは後回し。

色はのちに5色を展開。

Handley Page Victor K.2 tanker by Andy Clark

24 14

Statistics and Status

Elvington Air Museum,

Maintained in Ground Running, Taxy and High Speed Run Condition

Crew: 5

Length: 114 ft 11 in (35.05 m)

Wingspan: 110 ft 0 in (33.53 m)

Height: 28 ft 1½ in[44] (8.57 m)

Powerplant: 4 × Rolls-Royce RB.80 Conway

The Coastal Path at Durlston Country Park and National Nature Reserve in Swanage, Dorset, England - June 2011 by Saffy H

40 172

One of the most beautiful and serene places I have ever visited even though it is so busy. Durlston is large and there are many places where you can get away from the crowds. I took a walk along the coastal path to the Dancing Ledges 3 miles away and was rewarded with astounding views. As you walk along the top of the cliffs you get stunning views across a blue sea and see many different types of birds. I saw Guillemots, Razorbills, Shag, Fulmar, Gannet, Kittiwake, and Gulls along the cliffs. Other birds present included Linnet, Meadow Pipit, Whitethroat, Kestrel, Raven and Stonechat. I was lucky enough to see a Barking Deer or Muntjac as they are also known.

I also had a little pot of locally made Honeycombe Hash flavoured Purbeck ice cream.

www.durlston.co.uk/

Durlston Country Park and National Nature Reserve, situated 1 mile from Swanage in Dorset, is a fabulous 280 acre countryside paradise, consisting of sea-cliffs, coastal limestone downland, haymeadows, hedgerows and woodland. With stunning views, walking trails, the historic Great Globe, superb geology and fascinating wildlife there is always something different to see.

www.durlston.co.uk/index.php?nid=51&id=32

About Durlston Country Park

Situated in the south-east corner of the Isle of Purbeck in Dorset (grid ref SZ 03 77), a mile south of Swanage, lies Durlston Country Park – 280 acres of very special countryside.

The Country Park was established in the 1970s by Dorset County Council, and 30 years of careful management by the Ranger team have resulted in a superb site that everyone can enjoy.

Wildlife and Landscape

Few places in Britain equal Durlston: The bare statistics merely hint at the amazing diversity of wildlife: 33 species of breeding butterfly, over 250 species of bird recorded, 500 wildflowers, 500 moths and thousands of other invertebrates.

Durlston's special qualities stem from a combination of geography, geology, history and careful management which has created a mosaic of nationally important wildlife habitats: sea-cliffs, downs, ancient meadows, hedgerows, woodland, and dry-stone walls – each with their characteristic plants and animals.

History

Wildlife apart, there are plenty of other things to see: The history of Durlston can be detected in the now dry, glacial river valley, the ancient Saxon field systems, two types of quarry – the inland Purbeck Stone Quarr, and the Portland limestone cliff quarry known as Tilly Whim Caves.

High on the ridge remain the footings of a Napoleonic telegraph station, and Anvil Point Lighthouse adds further interest to a visit.

The eminent Victorian, George Burt, left a legacy of fascinating artefacts. These include the 'Great Globe' – 40 tons of Portland limestone, cast-iron bollards from the City, St Martin's and other parts of London, and Durlston Castle itself – all linked by scenic cliff-top paths with Victorian panels quoting poetry and facts of interest.

Facilities

The Visitor Centre

The Visitor Centre is a must for all - recent wildlife sightings, daily and monthly displays all ensure the latest information for visitors.

There are also live pictures from the seabird colony on the cliffs and sound from an underwater hydrophone.

A Ranger is always available to help you make the most of your visit.

Family Activities

Guided Walks and Events

A full programme of events – guided walks, boat trips, talks, children's events and other activities run throughout the year.

Paths and Trails

Four clearly waymarked Trails, each with its own information leaflet provide an ideal introduction to Durlston.

All Trails begin at the Visitor Centre.

A network of Public Footpaths criss-cross the site, with good access to the South-west Coast Path.

Education

Each year, thousands of school children and students use Durlston as an educational resource. A wide range of sessions and other educational facilities are provided by the Rangers to help them get the most from their visit.

Community

Friends of Durlston

The Park has always had close ties with the local community, and the Friends of Durlston organisation provides a focus for goodwill and support.

Over 700 Friends provide an enormous amount of practical help – from running the Visitor Centre counter and updating our wildlife records, to monitoring butterflies and building dry stone walls.

There is also a thriving social side to the 'Friends', with illustrated talks held monthly and other events throughout the year.

Achievements

Awards

The County Council's policy of 'Conservation for Public Enjoyment' has formed the basis of the Park's management for 30 years.

This, combined with the support of the Friends, has led to both organisations being jointly awarded the prestigious English Nature SSSI Award.

In 2006 Durlston recieved both the Royal Horticultural Society's 'Conservation and Environment Award' for outstanding conservation work

In 2008, for the third time, we were awarded the 'Green Flag', recognising the quality of amenities for visitors.

In 2010, Durlston was voted 2nd in a competition to find Britain's Favourite Park, organised by the Keep Briatin Tidy Group.

Designations

As an internationally important site for wildlife and geology, Durlston is protected by a host of designations. Durlston forms part of an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and the Purbeck Heritage Coast (which holds a Council of Europe Diploma for it's management).

Most of the Park is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and since 1997, a Special Area of Conservation. Most of the Park is also designated as a Site of Nature Conservation Importance, while in 1997, the Dorset and East Devon Coast was awarded World Heritage Site status for its geological importance.

In June 2008, Durlston was awarded National Nature Reserve Status by Natural England in recognition of the national importance of Durlston for wildlife.

This long list of accolades and designations that highlight the site's importance and provide a reminder of the great care that must be taken to conserve this wonderful facility for future generations.

At any time of year, a visit to Durlston is a memorable experience. Despite its popularity, there is still the peace and quiet to enjoy the natural splendours of the area, and no matter how many times you visit there is always something new to see and enjoy.

Vital Statistics by John

22 78

Think they'll spot us here?

Nah. This is a perfect lookout.

Good. When they enter the valley, fire the rockets.

They'll never know what hit 'em.

Yeah, we won't have to worry about them anymore.

Better off without em'.

Can you imagine, preferring creamy peanut butter to crunchy?

It's disgusting. The supreme leader is right: they're the scum of the earth.

Basically sub-human.

While we're waiting, pass me a cracker, would you?

You want peanut butter on that?

Sure.

Crunchy, right?

No. Kidding! Extra crunchy! I'm not taking any chances.

Ha ha. Good idea.

Vital Statistics by Whitney Lake

11 3

Statistics by Jaime Recabal

12 5

Thank you all for the five million views.

statistics. by Arianna Lerussi

34 5

diagramma a punti dei miei battiti.

m.: valentina

duemilaenove.

bologna.

modern elementary statistics by fred free

21 2

collage on paper / 2015

collaboration with random-cowboy (www.facebook.com/therealrandomcowboy)

Statistics by Tony Shertila

15 23

Statistics vary, but in less than seven years there won't be a single cell left in any of our bodies that's the same as it is today. This means that any human being who 'wants' to change is like a mountain river wanting to reach the valley floor. It's a done deal; that's what mountain rivers do, and 'changing' should be our first nature.

Guy Finley

2014 09 09 205112 Wirral New Brighton Light House 1HDR

2022 recap by Láber Attila

10 4

Well, it's better late than never as they say!

My comment on last year's recap seems to have made the Flickr creative team give up on the whole idea: after their weak attempt with the #MyFlickrYear highlights card, there was nothing similar this year-round.

Anyways, here is my rendition of my #2022 with some extra data collected from outside of the platform. One could say that many of these stats are just indicative of quantities, not quality.

And I'd completely agree because that's not the point: seeing how these numbers change from one year to the next just fascinates me for some odd reason. For instance, it's interesting to see that the number of drone pictures I took doubled compared to last year, but while only spending ~13% more of my free time enjoying the hobby, I travelled almost 50% more kilometres inland by train to the different shooting locations.

As usual, my top 25 favourite moments from the previous year can be found on my profile page, or in this album.

To check out all my pictures taken in 2022, follow this link.

Fresh uploads coming soon™!

2022 Flickr Statistics by Ben

5 4

Quite a fun year on Flickr! My thanks to all that visit my photostream!

2021 was not quite as intense on Flickr, as Larry and I were doing our '65 Summit Project' that year, where we summited 65 peaks with over 650 m of elevation gain, during that special milestone year for me. That year we ended up walking 825 km's in the mountains, and after adding up all the ups and downs, gaining 73 km's of elevation. That's a bit like going from sea level to the summit of Mt Everest more than 8 times. So 2022 was a year of recovery and having fun on Flickr.

My Most Fave'd Users... by Bill Adams

5 40

...From when this Flickr account (Bill Adams) was activated, which was in November of 2005.

As of this posting, I have fave'd 3,973 photos in 824 different photostreams.

What does this mean? I've not a clue. I just thought it was interesting.

PLEASE NOTE: The information presented here represents the number of faves I have left within the respective photostreams of my Contacts and other Flickr users. This is not the number of faves people have left for me.

Information about how often you fave my photos is not something I would ever publicly display.

I provided instructions on how you, too, can create this here.

You can actually read the information on this image if you view it like this.

10 million! by Kevin Dooley

19 47

Thanks for 10 million views Flickrites!

The Power of Google by Don McCullough

20 22

Flickr statistics reported that my picture of a turkey had 211k views yesterday. And Google was the referrer. That could make sense since it is a Thanksgiving photo. But it feels like either a mistake or a testament to the power of Google search. Given that today Google continues to refer to that photo but at more normal levels, I suspect a glitch.

Has anyone experienced a similar thing?

Reichmann Statistics by Chuzzlewit

Statistics : 9 000 000 + VIEWS - THANKS !!!! :-) by Jacques Rollet

7 5

Number of views at the end of 2015

Faces from photos on Flick

Public Service Resumes Professional Accountant & Finance Resumes by Jay Burnett

As an accounting student, recent graduate or a professional with existing, current or no Government working experience, a role within the Australian Government accounting and finance departments is a great way to make your mark, build professional skills and contribute to key Government priorities. The Australian Government are active in seeking talented individuals who are open minded to possibilities, such as economists, accountants, financial analysts, as well as a host of other occupations, including public policy, administration and social sciences.

One of the first orders of obtaining a position within the Australian Government is completing a professional and effective, cover letter, resume and key selection criteria that will open the door to interviews and job offers. Writing an application for the accounting and finance sectors can bring a wide set of challenges; namely, choosing what professional and educational statistics to include or leave out and figuring out how to produce a resume and responses to the key selection criteria that highlight your skills and talents. When sending through your application, it is imperative to ensure that you represent yourself in the best possible light. To ensure that your application is well received, it is important to focus on the key elements of the position description and link them to your responses to the key selection criteria, as well as within your cover letter, and resume.

Each industry and profession presents unique resume writing challenges, and the accounting and finance sector is no different. If you are interested in pursuing a career within the Australian Government, it is important to highlight your success factors, including quantitative statistics to support achievements, versatility and diversity, skills such as accounting procedures or financial analysis functions that you perform routinely, in addition to technical skills and qualifications. Documenting these capabilities will illustrate the breadth and depth of your experience and highlight why you will be a valuable Australian Government employee. If you are seeking to move into a new accounting or finance department, progress into a leadership position, or are simply starting out your career with the Australian Government, the team at Public Service Resumes will identify the transferrable skills and experiences that are relevant in order to demonstrate your full potential and success.

Selected Photos of Year 2014 by trm42

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Whew. The year is ending and went through all my published Flickr photos published this year.

From those I selected 52 photos and created separate photo album of those.

Please check out the Year 2014 album.

As a statistical information, I processed and published 387 photos in Flickr this year. Nowadays it seems that the post-process eats at least the same amount of time than the actual shooting... but that also means it increases the time spent on learning as the selection of photos and how to process them are as infinite subject to study as the shooting.

According to Flickr statistics, my photos have been viewed 380 000 times. Thank you all for that!

Let's hope next year will be at least so awesome as this year for all of us =)

Thanks for 18 million views! by Georg Sander

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Grand Trunk Railway Station, St. Marys, Ontario, Canada by Billy Wilson

Built in 1907 at no. 5 James Street North.

"The Grand Trunk Railway Station, located at 5 James Street North, is on the northeast corner of James and Queen Streets near downtown St. Marys. The one storey glazed brick building was constructed in 1907.

The property was designated by the Town of St. Marys in 1987 for its heritage value under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act (By-law 33-1987).

Situated at the intersection of James and Queen Streets, the Grand Trunk Railway Station's central location continues to provide easy access to St. Mary's historic downtown, just west of the Station. The building overlooks the valley of Trout Creek, a tributary of the Thames River. Directly south of the station is the historic water tower which acts as a St. Marys landmark to those entering by road or by rail. To the north is one of two long trestle bridges, constructed in 1858 by the Grand Trunk Railway, to cross the river valleys. The bridge's impressive limestone pillars still support the live rail line through St. Marys.

The Grand Trunk Railway Station has significant associations with the growth and development of the Town of St. Marys. St. Marys had a prime location on the main Toronto to Sarnia line of the Grand Trunk Railway and news of a stop coming to St. Marys and the potential for this to bring prosperity to the village was greeted with excitement. However, when the first stop, Junction Station, was built in 1858, residents were frustrated with its location at the far northeast village limits, one-and-a-half-kilometres from the business centre. Residents attempted to bring rail competition to the town in order to have a more convenient station and in 1879 the Grand Trunk yielded to the pressure and allowed all trains to stop closer to the town centre at a station called the “Switch,” a less than satisfactory facility located on what is now Elizabeth Street between King and James Streets. In 1907, after almost 30 years of pressure to have an adequate passenger depot built, construction on a new, state of the art station began. This station, constructed by E. Chandler, continues to serve as a VIA Rail station today and is also the town's Tourism office.

The Grand Trunk Railway Station is a fine example of an Ontario railway depot built in the early 20th century. The building is constructed with logan block, a glazed brick with a brownish tint, which contrasts with the St. Marys limestone vernacular. Typical of Ontario railway depots, the station features a layered hip roof with decorative bargeboard trim. Also of note is the frontispiece with a central gable on the facade." - info from Historic Places.

"St. Marys is a town in southwestern Ontario, Canada. It is located at the confluence of the north branch of the Thames River and Trout Creek southwest of Stratford, and is surrounded by the Township of Perth South in Perth County, Ontario. St. Marys operates under its own municipal government that is independent from the county's government. Nonetheless, the three entities "enjoy a large degree of collaboration and work together to grow the region as a leading location for industry and people". Census data published for Perth County by Statistics Canada includes St. Marys and most Perth County publications also do, at least in some sections of the document.

The town is also known by its nickname, "The Stone Town", due to the abundance of limestone in the surrounding area, giving rise to numerous limestone buildings and homes throughout the town. St. Marys Cement, a large cement producer founded in the town, capitalized on this close feed stock, and grew to be a major producer of cement in the province of Ontario.

St. Marys is home to the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame. It is the burial place of Arthur Meighen, Canada's ninth prime minister. Timothy Eaton, who went on to become one of Canada's most famous retailers, opened his first businesses in Canada in nearby Kirkton, Ontario, and later St. Marys." - info from Wikipedia.

Late June to early July, 2024 I did my 4th major cycling tour. I cycled from Ottawa to London, Ontario on a convoluted route that passed by Niagara Falls. During this journey I cycled 1,876.26 km and took 21,413 photos. As with my other tours a major focus was old architecture.

Find me on Instagram.

Stranger #74 – Killian by Raphaël Hénaut

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Stranger #74 – Killian

Killian studies economy at university. “I like statistics. A few years down the line, I hope I’ll have graduated, I want to start my own company. I’m attracted by fashion and modelling. I used to do sports but I got injured.” “What would you tell your younger self?” “Stop doing shit! I messed up. I skipped classes, there were good sides to it but not exclusively good.” “What would you tell people at the moment?” “To keep faith, that this will end some day. We’ll learn to live with it. Stick together! Stay united!”

I took a few different pictures of Killian. As I remember it, it was quite windy so it was a challenge to get Killian’s eyes unobscured by his hair which I managed by asking him to tilt his head back slightly. The added bonus was the defiant look it gave him in that picture.

Thank you very much Killian!

This picture is #74 in my 100 strangers project. Find out more about the project and see pictures taken by other photographers at the 100 Strangers Flickr Group page

This is my 69th submission to the Human Family Group. To view more street portraits and stories visit The Human Family Flickr Group page

Killian est étudiant en licence d’économie à l’université. “Je m’intéresse aux statistiques en économie. Dans quelques années, j’espère que j’aurai le diplôme déjà. Ensuite créer ma boîte. Je suis attiré par la mode, le mannequinat. Je faisais du sport avant mais je me suis blessé.” “Qu’est ce que tu aimerais pouvoir te dire quand tu étais plus jeune?” “Arrête de faire de la merde! J’ai fait de la merde, j’ai séché des cours. Ça a eu de bons côtés mais pas que.” “Qu’est ce que t’aimerais pouvoir dire aux gens en ce moment?” “Gardez confiance! Ça va bien finir par s’arrêter. On va apprendre à vivre avec. Serrez-vous les coudes! Restez unis!”

J’ai pris plusieurs photos de Killian. Il faisait beaucoup de vent ce jour là. Réussir à avoir les yeux de Killian sans que ses cheveux ne les cachent était un défi. Je lui ai demandé de lever un peu le menton ce qui a résolu le problème tout en lui donnant un côté défiant qui lui va bien pour ce portrait je trouve.

Merci beaucoup Killian!

Cette photo est la #74 dans mon projet 100 strangers. Apprenez-en plus au sujet du projet et visionnez les photos prises par d’autres photographes sur la page Flickr du groupe 100 Strangers

C’est ma 69ème participation au groupe The Human Family. Pour voir plus de portraits de rue et d’histoires, visitez la page Flickr du groupe The Human Family

Vital statistics by William6201

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The Network Rail measurement train, a converted intercity 125 unit, heads north through Chesterfield and catches some winter sun.

Exploring Explore by Don McCullough

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It was so exciting getting my first photo in Explore (Dec 1, 2012). People from all over were faving and commenting. I really enjoyed it.

So, I set out to figure out how to do it again. I found advice in the FAQ: take good photos, add tags and location, limit the number of groups to 5 - 15. I also found advice that said to avoid Award Groups. I have done that, but I also see photos in both Explore and Award Groups.

I actively joined the Flickr community ranging far and wide in Flickr groups adding comments and faves where they seemed to fit. If someone gave me a fave or a comment, I always visit their photostream and find a way to interact with them. I have built good Flickr friendships with people who provided good feedback and inspiration.

And it happened! I got into Explore again. And it was exciting all over again.

Over time, I started noticing some patterns. The biggest pattern is the lock out period. Flickr seems to allow 7 or 8 photos into Explore in any 60 day period. You can clearly see it in the chart.

I am still working on what makes the difference between low and high. Some photos just seem to catch fire. Others get into Explore down in the 400s and then drop. But I have not noticed a dramatic difference in the early levels of comments and faves. But once a photo gets upward momentum, it often gets many faves and comments.

I enjoy Explore, but understand that it is only a machine algorithm. I much prefer the interaction with real people. But if you are interested in Explore, here is what I have found.

Also, here is a good resource for info on Explore:

bighugelabs.com/scout.php

334/365 - Danbo is teaching statistics by Isabelle Puaut

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COPERTINA ... by enzoexposito

Sad Statistics by Ruth Raymond

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Painted stairs at St. Andrew’s Wesley United, downtown Vancouver. Snapped hastily from the car.

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There has to be an experiment going on that they forgot to tell us about. Some test that we're unaware of but are supposed to pass. In the last year we've had a professional football team go winless, a mayor removed from office, our largest industry on life support and needing a government bailout, houses reduced to selling for 1 penny, Tiger Stadium was finally destroyed, the number of abandoned houses approached 100,000, unemployment was between 18 and 50% depending on who's statistics you looked at, a staggering estimated 30,000 homeless people ( determined by the post office ) , and Detroit's population decreased for the 52nd year in a row. Surely this is a bad joke, right?

Give me some sunshine! by pushpindersinghbagga

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Give me some sunshine, give me some rain, Give me another chance, I wanna grow up once again!

Model - My friend Kuber Joshi

Update - At this point, he was tired of posing for me and just wanted to go home. There he sits; all exhausted and a bit hungry too. Whilst everyone was busy ignoring him at this time, I still stuck with my bro and tried to capture his original expression here.

Clicked at a recent photowalk with CFC. Its always better to take a foxy friend along on a PW, a personal model is sure a dream come true.

Critics / Suggestions Invited

Hall County, Georgia H.E.A.T. by x376

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This police car has unusual markings and very unusual blue lights facing the rear.

There is a problem in Georgia with the driving public. It is all about attitude..

Killer Roads Report: Georgia Highways Dangerous

Killer Roads Report: Georgia Highways More Dangerous Because of Negligent Motorists

A report based on auto accident statistics by the Department of Transportation between 1994 and 2008 lists the most dangerous roads in the country by the number of fatalities that have occurred here. The top 20 is made up in a large part by cities in heavily populated states, like Texas and California.

According to the data, 23,640 people died on Georgia highways in auto accidents between 1994 and 2008.

· 21.5 percent of these fatal accidents involved a speeding motorist.

· 25 percent involved an accident with at least one drunk driver.

· 55.7 percent of the fatal accidents, involved persons not buckled up at the time of the crash.

We also drilled into county-wide statistics for Georgia, and came up with some interesting statistics.

· The most dangerous highway in DeKalb County is I-285, with 95 accidents contributing to 104 deaths. Out of these, 25.3 accidents involved drunk driving, 18. 9 percent involved a speeding driver, and 41.3 percent involved failure to wear seatbelts.

· The most dangerous highway in Gwinnett County is I-85, with 83 accidents during the study period. These contributed to 90 deaths. More than 54 percent of these were linked to failure to buckle up, 38. 6 percent involved a drunk driver and 21.7 involved a speeding motorist

· In Clayton County, the highest number of fatalities between 1994 and 2008 were recorded on I-75, where there were 48 fatalities from a total of 43 crashes. Here, seatbelt use seems to be an even bigger factor in deaths, with 60.4 percent of fatal accidents involving failure to buckle up. The rates of DUI and speeding were comparatively lower at 18.6 percent and 16.3 percent respectively.

· In Fulton County, I-75 accounted for the highest number of fatalities, with 124 deaths from a total of 110 accidents. Here too, poor rates of seatbelt usage were a major factor in fatalities, with close to 60 percent of crashes involving motorists who were not buckled up.

It’s clear that motorist negligence including failure to wear safety seat belts, drunk driving and driving at excessive speeds, is contributing to the high death rates on these so-called “killer roads.”

The Atlanta accident lawyers at the Katz Law Firm represent injured victims of auto accidents in and around the metro Atlanta area.

www.georgiainjurylawblog.com/archives/auto-accident-claim...

Thanks for over 150 million views !!! by Walter

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#certificate #asdm #madrid #spain #machinelearning #statistics by grigorios skaltsas

Statistics by Ernie Viskupic

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At the Pacific Southwest Railway Museum in Campo, CA.

www.motortransportmuseum.org

20 million views by Gösta Knochenhauer

10 19

Thanks to all the friends who take the time to look at my pictures!

10 million 2018-12-01

11 million 2019-02-08, 1.735 views / public image

12 million 2019-04-23, 1,878 views / public image

13 million 2019-09-17, 1.907 views / public image

14 million 2020-01-20, 1,960 views / public image

15 million 2020-07-06, 2,104 views / public image

16 million 2021-04-16, 2,152 views / public image

17 million 2022-01-11 2,330 views / public image

19 million 2023-08-23 2,631 views / public image

20 million 2024-04-29 2,727 views / public image

An incredible 88 miljoen views. THANKS !!! by Walter

8 5

Flam - Flåmsdalen, Aurlandsfjorden-Sognefjorden, Aurland, Vestland County, Norway. by PHOTOGRAPHY by DM & DBM.

Flåm is a village in Aurland municipality in Vestland county. Flåm lies deep in the Aurlandsfjorden .

Flåm has 257 inhabitants (SSB, 2022), and mostly consists of scattered wooden buildings. Through the Flåmsdalen flows the Flåmselvi , which originates from the Omnsbreen north of the Hardangerjøkulen. According to Statistics Norway's definition, the conurbation is 0.4 km 2 .

The author Per Sivle was born in Flåm on a farm near Flåm church . There is a memorial to Sivle.

Commercial activities

In 2016, Flåm received 240,000 cruise passengers on day visits, which makes the place one of Norway's largest cruise ports. Some of the world's largest cruise ships have been in Flåm, such as "Queen Mary 2" and "Independence of The Seas" .

In 2017, it was reported that 1.4 million tourists visit Flåm in the course of a year, 90% of these are foreign and 40% from Asia. In 2017, over 250,000 visitors came by cruise ship. For 2018, 153 cruise ship calls with at least the same number of passengers have been reported. In 2018, it was estimated that over 1 million visited Flåm during the year. The tourism industry then had a turnover of around NOK 700 million, up from NOK 80 million in 1998. On some days, the large number of tourists has created congestion and it is being discussed whether it can withstand a larger scale.

Infrastructure

Flåm is particularly famous for the Flåm Railway , which runs between Flåm by the fjord and Myrdal station on the Bergen Railway . Flåmsbana is known for its steep ascent. It rises from 2 m. Flåm station to 870 m above sea level. Myrdal station at 17 kilometers. There is a rise of 5.1%, the maximum rise is south of Dalsbotn, 5.5%. [ needs reference ] From the course there is a view of Flåmsdalen. At Berekvam station there are crossing tracks where the trains from Flåm and Myrdal can cross each other. The train makes a stop at Kjosfossen .

Famous people and demonym

Flåm is also the birthplace of the Norwegian poet and writer Per Sivle .

Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic , European country and an independent state in the west of the Scandinavian Peninsula . Geographically speaking, the country is long and narrow, and on the elongated coast towards the North Atlantic are Norway's well-known fjords . The Kingdom of Norway includes the main country (the mainland with adjacent islands within the baseline ), Jan Mayen and Svalbard . With these two Arctic areas, Norway covers a land area of 385,000 km² and has a population of approximately 5.5 million (2023). Mainland Norway borders Sweden in the east , Finland and Russia in the northeast .

Norway is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy , where Harald V has been king and head of state since 1991 , and Jonas Gahr Støre ( Ap ) has been prime minister since 2021 . Norway is a unitary state , with two administrative levels below the state: counties and municipalities . The Sami part of the population has, through the Sami Parliament and the Finnmark Act , to a certain extent self-government and influence over traditionally Sami areas. Although Norway has rejected membership of the European Union through two referendums , through the EEA Agreement Norway has close ties with the Union, and through NATO with the United States . Norway is a significant contributor to the United Nations (UN), and has participated with soldiers in several foreign operations mandated by the UN. Norway is among the states that have participated from the founding of the UN , NATO , the Council of Europe , the OSCE and the Nordic Council , and in addition to these is a member of the EEA , the World Trade Organization , the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and is part of the Schengen area .

Norway is rich in many natural resources such as oil , gas , minerals , timber , seafood , fresh water and hydropower . Since the beginning of the 20th century, these natural conditions have given the country the opportunity for an increase in wealth that few other countries can now enjoy, and Norwegians have the second highest average income in the world, measured in GDP per capita, as of 2022. The petroleum industry accounts for around 14% of Norway's gross domestic product as of 2018. Norway is the world's largest producer of oil and gas per capita outside the Middle East. However, the number of employees linked to this industry fell from approx. 232,000 in 2013 to 207,000 in 2015.

In Norway, these natural resources have been managed for socially beneficial purposes. The country maintains a welfare model in line with the other Nordic countries. Important service areas such as health and higher education are state-funded, and the country has an extensive welfare system for its citizens. Public expenditure in 2018 is approx. 50% of GDP, and the majority of these expenses are related to education, healthcare, social security and welfare. Since 2001 and until 2021, when the country took second place, the UN has ranked Norway as the world's best country to live in . From 2010, Norway is also ranked at the top of the EIU's democracy index . Norway ranks third on the UN's World Happiness Report for the years 2016–2018, behind Finland and Denmark , a report published in March 2019.

The majority of the population is Nordic. In the last couple of years, immigration has accounted for more than half of population growth. The five largest minority groups are Norwegian-Poles , Lithuanians , Norwegian-Swedes , Norwegian-Syrians including Syrian Kurds and Norwegian-Pakistani .

Norway's national day is 17 May, on this day in 1814 the Norwegian Constitution was dated and signed by the presidency of the National Assembly at Eidsvoll . It is stipulated in the law of 26 April 1947 that 17 May are national public holidays. The Sami national day is 6 February. "Yes, we love this country" is Norway's national anthem, the song was written in 1859 by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (1832–1910).

Norway's history of human settlement goes back at least 10,000 years, to the Late Paleolithic , the first period of the Stone Age . Archaeological finds of settlements along the entire Norwegian coast have so far been dated back to 10,400 before present (BP), the oldest find is today considered to be a settlement at Pauler in Brunlanes , Vestfold .

For a period these settlements were considered to be the remains of settlers from Doggerland , an area which today lies beneath the North Sea , but which was once a land bridge connecting today's British Isles with Danish Jutland . But the archaeologists who study the initial phase of the settlement in what is today Norway reckon that the first people who came here followed the coast along what is today Bohuslân. That they arrived in some form of boat is absolutely certain, and there is much evidence that they could easily move over large distances.

Since the last Ice Age, there has been continuous settlement in Norway. It cannot be ruled out that people lived in Norway during the interglacial period , but no trace of such a population or settlement has been found.

The Stone Age lasted a long time; half of the time that our country has been populated. There are no written accounts of what life was like back then. The knowledge we have has been painstakingly collected through investigations of places where people have stayed and left behind objects that we can understand have been processed by human hands. This field of knowledge is called archaeology . The archaeologists interpret their findings and the history of the surrounding landscape. In our country, the uplift after the Ice Age is fundamental. The history of the settlements at Pauler is no more than fifteen years old.

The Fosna culture settled parts of Norway sometime between 10,000–8,000 BC. (see Stone Age in Norway ). The dating of rock carvings is set to Neolithic times (in Norway between 4000 BC to 1700 BC) and show activities typical of hunters and gatherers .

Agriculture with livestock and arable farming was introduced in the Neolithic. Swad farming where the farmers move when the field does not produce the expected yield.

More permanent and persistent farm settlements developed in the Bronze Age (1700 BC to 500 BC) and the Iron Age . The earliest runes have been found on an arrowhead dated to around 200 BC. Many more inscriptions are dated to around 800, and a number of petty kingdoms developed during these centuries. In prehistoric times, there were no fixed national borders in the Nordic countries and Norway did not exist as a state. The population in Norway probably fell to year 0.

Events in this time period, the centuries before the year 1000, are glimpsed in written sources. Although the sagas were written down in the 13th century, many hundreds of years later, they provide a glimpse into what was already a distant past. The story of the fimbul winter gives us a historical picture of something that happened and which in our time, with the help of dendrochronology , can be interpreted as a natural disaster in the year 536, created by a volcanic eruption in El Salvador .

In the period between 800 and 1066 there was a significant expansion and it is referred to as the Viking Age . During this period, Norwegians, as Swedes and Danes also did, traveled abroad in longships with sails as explorers, traders, settlers and as Vikings (raiders and pirates ). By the middle of the 11th century, the Norwegian kingship had been firmly established, building its right as descendants of Harald Hårfagre and then as heirs of Olav the Holy . The Norwegian kings, and their subjects, now professed Christianity . In the time around Håkon Håkonsson , in the time after the civil war , there was a small renaissance in Norway with extensive literary activity and diplomatic activity with Europe. The black dew came to Norway in 1349 and killed around half of the population. The entire state apparatus and Norway then entered a period of decline.

Between 1396 and 1536, Norway was part of the Kalmar Union , and from 1536 until 1814 Norway had been reduced to a tributary part of Denmark , named as the Personal Union of Denmark-Norway . This staff union entered into an alliance with Napoléon Bonaparte with a war that brought bad times and famine in 1812 . In 1814, Denmark-Norway lost the Anglophone Wars , part of the Napoleonic Wars , and the Danish king was forced to cede Norway to the king of Sweden in the Treaty of Kiel on 14 January of that year. After a Norwegian attempt at independence, Norway was forced into a loose union with Sweden, but where Norway was allowed to create its own constitution, the Constitution of 1814 . In this period, Norwegian, romantic national feeling flourished, and the Norwegians tried to develop and establish their own national self-worth. The union with Sweden was broken in 1905 after it had been threatened with war, and Norway became an independent kingdom with its own monarch, Haakon VII .

Norway remained neutral during the First World War , and at the outbreak of the Second World War, Norway again declared itself neutral, but was invaded by National Socialist Germany on 9 April 1940 .

Norway became a member of the Western defense alliance NATO in 1949 . Two attempts to join the EU were voted down in referendums by small margins in 1972 and 1994 . Norway has been a close ally of the United States in the post-war period. Large discoveries of oil and natural gas in the North Sea at the end of the 1960s led to tremendous economic growth in the country, which is still ongoing. Traditional industries such as fishing are also part of Norway's economy.

Stone Age (before 1700 BC)

When most of the ice disappeared, vegetation spread over the landscape and due to a warm climate around 2000-3000 BC. the forest grew much taller than in modern times. Land uplift after the ice age led to a number of fjords becoming lakes and dry land. The first people probably came from the south along the coast of the Kattegat and overland into Finnmark from the east. The first people probably lived by gathering, hunting and trapping. A good number of Stone Age settlements have been found which show that such hunting and trapping people stayed for a long time in the same place or returned to the same place regularly. Large amounts of gnawed bones show that they lived on, among other things, reindeer, elk, small game and fish.

Flintstone was imported from Denmark and apart from small natural deposits along the southern coast, all flintstone in Norway is transported by people. At Espevær, greenstone was quarried for tools in the Stone Age, and greenstone tools from Espevær have been found over large parts of Western Norway. Around 2000-3000 BC the usual farm animals such as cows and sheep were introduced to Norway. Livestock probably meant a fundamental change in society in that part of the people had to be permanent residents or live a semi-nomadic life. Livestock farming may also have led to conflict with hunters.

The oldest traces of people in what is today Norway have been found at Pauler , a farm in Brunlanes in Larvik municipality in Vestfold . In 2007 and 2008, the farm has given its name to a number of Stone Age settlements that have been excavated and examined by archaeologists from the Cultural History Museum at UiO. The investigations have been carried out in connection with the new route for the E18 motorway west of Farris. The oldest settlement, located more than 127 m above sea level, is dated to be about 10,400 years old (uncalibrated, more than 11,000 years in real calendar years). From here, the ice sheet was perhaps visible when people settled here. This locality has been named Pauler I, and is today considered to be the oldest confirmed human traces in Norway to date. The place is in the mountains above the Pauler tunnel on the E18 between Larvik and Porsgrunn . The pioneer settlement is a term archaeologists have adopted for the oldest settlement. The archaeologists have speculated about where they came from, the first people in what is today Norway. It has been suggested that they could come by boat or perhaps across the ice from Doggerland or the North Sea, but there is now a large consensus that they came north along what is today the Bohuslän coast. The Fosna culture , the Komsa culture and the Nøstvet culture are the traditional terms for hunting cultures from the Stone Age. One thing is certain - getting to the water was something they mastered, the first people in our country. Therefore, within a short time they were able to use our entire long coast.

In the New Stone Age (4000 BC–1700 BC) there is a theory that a new people immigrated to the country, the so-called Stone Ax People . Rock carvings from this period show motifs from hunting and fishing , which were still important industries. From this period, a megalithic tomb has been found in Østfold .

It is uncertain whether there were organized societies or state-like associations in the Stone Age in Norway. Findings from settlements indicate that many lived together and that this was probably more than one family so that it was a slightly larger, organized herd.

Finnmark

In prehistoric times, animal husbandry and agriculture were of little economic importance in Finnmark. Livelihoods in Finnmark were mainly based on fish, gathering, hunting and trapping, and eventually domestic reindeer herding became widespread in the Middle Ages. Archaeological finds from the Stone Age have been referred to as the Komsa culture and comprise around 5,000 years of settlement. Finnmark probably got its first settlement around 8000 BC. It is believed that the coastal areas became ice-free 11,000 years BC and the fjord areas around 9,000 years BC. after which willows, grass, heather, birch and pine came into being. Finnmarksvidda was covered by pine forest around 6000 BC. After the Ice Age, the land rose around 80 meters in the inner fjord areas (Alta, Tana, Varanger). Due to ice melting in the polar region, the sea rose in the period 6400–3800 BC. and in areas with little land elevation, some settlements from the first part of the Stone Age were flooded. On Sørøya, the net sea level rise was 12 to 14 meters and many residential areas were flooded.

According to Bjørnar Olsen , there are many indications of a connection between the oldest settlement in Western Norway (the " Fosnakulturen ") and that in Finnmark, but it is uncertain in which direction the settlement took place. In the earliest part of the Stone Age, settlement in Finnmark was probably concentrated in the coastal areas, and these only reflected a lifestyle with great mobility and no permanent dwellings. The inner regions, such as Pasvik, were probably used seasonally. The archaeologically proven settlements from the Stone Age in inner Finnmark and Troms are linked to lakes and large watercourses. The oldest petroglyphs in Alta are usually dated to 4200 BC, that is, the Neolithic . Bjørnar Olsen believes that the oldest can be up to 2,000 years older than this.

From around 4000 BC a slow deforestation of Finnmark began and around 1800 BC the vegetation distribution was roughly the same as in modern times. The change in vegetation may have increased the distance between the reindeer's summer and winter grazing. The uplift continued slowly from around 4000 BC. at the same time as sea level rise stopped.

According to Gutorm Gjessing, the settlement in Finnmark and large parts of northern Norway in the Neolithic was semi-nomadic with movement between four seasonal settlements (following the pattern of life in Sami siida in historical times): On the outer coast in summer (fishing and seal catching) and inland in winter (hunting for reindeer, elk and bear). Povl Simonsen believed instead that the winter residence was in the inner fjord area in a village-like sod house settlement. Bjørnar Olsen believes that at the end of the Stone Age there was a relatively settled population along the coast, while inland there was less settlement and a more mobile lifestyle.

Bronze Age (1700 BC–500 BC)

Bronze was used for tools in Norway from around 1500 BC. Bronze is a mixture of tin and copper , and these metals were introduced because they were not mined in the country at the time. Bronze is believed to have been a relatively expensive material. The Bronze Age in Norway can be divided into two phases:

Early Bronze Age (1700–1100 BC)

Younger Bronze Age (1100–500 BC)

For the prehistoric (unwritten) era, there is limited knowledge about social conditions and possible state formations. From the Bronze Age, there are large burial mounds of stone piles along the coast of Vestfold and Agder, among others. It is likely that only chieftains or other great men could erect such grave monuments and there was probably some form of organized society linked to these. In the Bronze Age, society was more organized and stratified than in the Stone Age. Then a rich class of chieftains emerged who had close connections with southern Scandinavia. The settlements became more permanent and people adopted horses and ard . They acquired bronze status symbols, lived in longhouses and people were buried in large burial mounds . Petroglyphs from the Bronze Age indicate that humans practiced solar cultivation.

Finnmark

In the last millennium BC the climate became cooler and the pine forest disappears from the coast; pine forests, for example, were only found in the innermost part of the Altafjord, while the outer coast was almost treeless. Around the year 0, the limit for birch forest was south of Kirkenes. Animals with forest habitats (elk, bear and beaver) disappeared and the reindeer probably established their annual migration routes sometime at that time. In the period 1800–900 BC there were significantly more settlements in and utilization of the hinterland was particularly noticeable on Finnmarksvidda. From around 1800 BC until year 0 there was a significant increase in contact between Finnmark and areas in the east including Karelia (where metals were produced including copper) and central and eastern Russia. The youngest petroglyphs in Alta show far more boats than the earlier phases and the boats are reminiscent of types depicted in petroglyphs in southern Scandinavia. It is unclear what influence southern Scandinavian societies had as far north as Alta before the year 0. Many of the cultural features that are considered typical Sami in modern times were created or consolidated in the last millennium BC, this applies, among other things, to the custom of burying in brick chambers in stone urns. The Mortensnes burial ground may have been used for 2000 years until around 1600 AD.

Iron Age (c. 500 BC–c. 1050 AD)

The Einangsteinen is one of the oldest Norwegian runestones; it is from the 4th century

Simultaneous production of Vikings

Around 500 years BC the researchers reckon that the Bronze Age will be replaced by the Iron Age as iron takes over as the most important material for weapons and tools. Bronze, wood and stone were still used. Iron was cheaper than bronze, easier to work than flint , and could be used for many purposes; iron probably became common property. Iron could, among other things, be used to make solid and sharp axes which made it much easier to fell trees. In the Iron Age, gold and silver were also used partly for decoration and partly as means of payment. It is unknown which language was used in Norway before our era. From around the year 0 until around the year 800, everyone in Scandinavia (except the Sami) spoke Old Norse , a North Germanic language. Subsequently, several different languages developed in this area that were only partially mutually intelligible. The Iron Age is divided into several periods:

Early Iron Age

Pre-Roman Iron Age (c. 500 BC–c. 0)

Roman Iron Age (c. 0–c. AD 400)

Migration period (approx. 400–600). In the migration period (approx. 400–600), new peoples came to Norway, and ruins of fortress buildings etc. are interpreted as signs that there has been talk of a violent invasion.

Younger Iron Age

Merovingian period (500–800)

The Viking Age (793–1066)

Norwegian Vikings go on plundering expeditions and trade voyages around the coastal countries of Western Europe . Large groups of Norwegians emigrate to the British Isles , Iceland and Greenland . Harald Hårfagre starts a unification process of Norway late in the 8th century , which was completed by Harald Hardråde in the 1060s . The country was Christianized under the kings Olav Tryggvason , fell in the battle of Svolder ( 1000 ) and Olav Haraldsson (the saint), fell in the battle of Stiklestad in 1030 .

Sources of prehistoric times

Shrinking glaciers in the high mountains, including in Jotunheimen and Breheimen , have from around the year 2000 uncovered objects from the Viking Age and earlier. These are objects of organic material that have been preserved by the ice and that elsewhere in nature are broken down in a few months. The finds are getting older as the melting makes the archaeologists go deeper into the ice. About half of all archaeological discoveries on glaciers in the world are made in Oppland . In 2013, a 3,400-year-old shoe and a robe from the year 300 were found. Finds at Lomseggen in Lom published in 2020 revealed, among other things, well-preserved horseshoes used on a mountain pass. Many hundreds of items include preserved clothing, knives, whisks, mittens, leather shoes, wooden chests and horse equipment. A piece of cloth dated to the year 1000 has preserved its original colour. In 2014, a wooden ski from around the year 700 was found in Reinheimen . The ski is 172 cm long and 14 cm wide, with preserved binding of leather and wicker.

Pytheas from Massalia is the oldest known account of what was probably the coast of Norway, perhaps somewhere on the coast of Møre. Pytheas visited Britannia around 325 BC. and traveled further north to a country by the "Ice Sea". Pytheas described the short summer night and the midnight sun farther north. He wrote, among other things, that people there made a drink from grain and honey. Caesar wrote in his work about the Gallic campaign about the Germanic tribe Haruders. Other Roman sources around the year 0 mention the land of the Cimbri (Jutland) and the Cimbri headlands ( Skagen ) and that the sources stated that Cimbri and Charyds lived in this area. Some of these peoples may have immigrated to Norway and there become known as hordes (as in Hordaland). Sources from the Mediterranean area referred to the islands of Scandia, Scandinavia and Thule ("the outermost of all islands"). The Roman historian Tacitus wrote around the year 100 a work about Germania and mentioned the people of Scandia, the Sviones. Ptolemy wrote around the year 150 that the Kharudes (Hordes) lived further north than all the Cimbri, in the north lived the Finnoi (Finns or Sami) and in the south the Gutai (Goths). The Nordic countries and Norway were outside the Roman Empire , which dominated Europe at the time. The Gothic-born historian Jordanes wrote in the 5th century about 13 tribes or people groups in Norway, including raumaricii (probably Romerike ), ragnaricii ( Ranrike ) and finni or skretefinni (skrid finner or ski finner, i.e. Sami) as well as a number of unclear groups. Prokopios wrote at the same time about Thule north of the land of the Danes and Slavs, Thule was ten times as big as Britannia and the largest of all the islands. In Thule, the sun was up 40 days straight in the summer. After the migration period , southern Europeans' accounts of northern Europe became fuller and more reliable.

Settlement in prehistoric times

Norway has around 50,000 farms with their own names. Farm names have persisted for a long time, over 1000 years, perhaps as much as 2000 years. The name researchers have arranged different types of farm names chronologically, which provides a basis for determining when the place was used by people or received a permanent settlement. Uncompounded landscape names such as Haug, Eid, Vik and Berg are believed to be the oldest. Archaeological traces indicate that some areas have been inhabited earlier than assumed from the farm name. Burial mounds also indicate permanent settlement. For example, the burial ground at Svartelva in Løten was used from around the year 0 to the year 1000 when Christianity took over. The first farmers probably used large areas for inland and outland, and new farms were probably established based on some "mother farms". Names such as By (or Bø) show that it is an old place of residence. From the older Iron Age, names with -heim (a common Germanic word meaning place of residence) and -stad tell of settlement, while -vin and -land tell of the use of the place. Farm names in -heim are often found as -um , -eim or -em as in Lerum and Seim, there are often large farms in the center of the village. New farm names with -city and -country were also established in the Viking Age . The first farmers probably used the best areas. The largest burial grounds, the oldest archaeological finds and the oldest farm names are found where the arable land is richest and most spacious.

It is unclear whether the settlement expansion in Roman times, migrations and the Iron Age is due to immigration or internal development and population growth. Among other things, it is difficult to demonstrate where in Europe the immigrants have come from. The permanent residents had both fields (where grain was grown) and livestock that grazed in the open fields, but it is uncertain which of these was more important. Population growth from around the year 200 led to more utilization of open land, for example in the form of settlements in the mountains. During the migration period, it also seems that in parts of the country it became common to have cluster gardens or a form of village settlement.

Norwegian expansion northwards

From around the year 200, there was a certain migration by sea from Rogaland and Hordaland to Nordland and Sør-Troms. Those who moved settled down as a settled Iron Age population and became dominant over the original population which may have been Sami . The immigrant Norwegians, Bumen , farmed with livestock that were fed inside in the winter as well as some grain cultivation and fishing. The northern border of the Norwegians' settlement was originally at the Toppsundet near Harstad and around the year 500 there was a Norwegian settlement to Malangsgapet. That was as far north as it was possible to grow grain at the time. Malangen was considered the border between Hålogaland and Finnmork until around 1400 . Further into the Viking Age and the Middle Ages, there was immigration and settlement of Norwegian speakers along the coast north of Malangen. Around the year 800, Norwegians lived along the entire outer coast to Vannøy . The Norwegians partly copied Sami livelihoods such as whaling, fur hunting and reindeer husbandry. It was probably this area between Malangen and Vannøy that was Ottar from the Hålogaland area. In the Viking Age, there were also some Norwegian settlements further north and east. East of the North Cape are the scattered archaeological finds of Norwegian settlement in the Viking Age. There are Norwegian names for fjords and islands from the Viking Age, including fjord names with "-anger". Around the year 1050, there were Norwegian settlements on the outer coast of Western Finnmark. Traders and tax collectors traveled even further.

North of Malangen there were Norse farming settlements in the Iron Age. Malangen was considered Finnmark's western border until 1300. There are some archaeological traces of Norse activity around the coast from Tromsø to Kirkenes in the Viking Age. Around Tromsø, the research indicates a Norse/Sami mixed culture on the coast.

From the year 1100 and the next 200–300 years, there are no traces of Norwegian settlement north and east of Tromsø. It is uncertain whether this is due to depopulation, whether it is because the Norwegians further north were not Christianized or because there were no churches north of Lenvik or Tromsø . Norwegian settlement in the far north appears from sources from the 14th century. In the Hanseatic period , the settlement was developed into large areas specialized in commercial fishing, while earlier (in the Viking Age) there had been farms with a combination of fishing and agriculture. In 1307 , a fortress and the first church east of Tromsø were built in Vardø . Vardø became a small Norwegian town, while Vadsø remained Sami. Norwegian settlements and churches appeared along the outermost coast in the Middle Ages. After the Reformation, perhaps as a result of a decline in fish stocks or fish prices, there were Norwegian settlements in the inner fjord areas such as Lebesby in Laksefjord. Some fishing villages at the far end of the coast were abandoned for good. In the interior of Finnmark, there was no national border for a long time and Kautokeino and Karasjok were joint Norwegian-Swedish areas with strong Swedish influence. The border with Finland was established in 1751 and with Russia in 1826.

On a Swedish map from 1626, Norway's border is indicated at Malangen, while Sweden with this map showed a desire to control the Sami area which had been a common area.

The term Northern Norway only came into use at the end of the 19th century and administratively the area was referred to as Tromsø Diocese when Tromsø became a bishopric in 1840. There had been different designations previously: Hålogaland originally included only Helgeland and when Norse settlement spread north in the Viking Age and the Middle Ages, Hålogaland was used for the area north approximately to Malangen , while Finnmark or "Finnmarken", "the land of the Sami", lay outside. The term Northern Norway was coined at a cafe table in Kristiania in 1884 by members of the Nordlændingernes Forening and was first commonly used in the interwar period as it eventually supplanted "Hålogaland".

State formation

The battle in Hafrsfjord in the year 872 has long been regarded as the day when Norway became a kingdom. The year of the battle is uncertain (may have been 10-20 years later). The whole of Norway was not united in that battle: the process had begun earlier and continued a couple of hundred years later. This means that the geographical area became subject to a political authority and became a political unit. The geographical area was perceived as an area as it is known, among other things, from Ottar from Hålogaland's account for King Alfred of Wessex around the year 880. Ottar described "the land of the Norwegians" as very long and narrow, and it was narrowest in the far north. East of the wasteland in the south lay Sveoland and in the north lay Kvenaland in the east. When Ottar sailed south along the land from his home ( Malangen ) to Skiringssal, he always had Norway ("Nordveg") on his port side and the British Isles on his starboard side. The journey took a good month. Ottar perceived "Nordveg" as a geographical unit, but did not imply that it was a political unit. Ottar separated Norwegians from Swedes and Danes. It is unclear why Ottar perceived the population spread over such a large area as a whole. It is unclear whether Norway as a geographical term or Norwegians as the name of a ethnic group is the oldest. The Norwegians had a common language which in the centuries before Ottar did not differ much from the language of Denmark and Sweden.

According to Sverre Steen, it is unlikely that Harald Hårfagre was able to control this entire area as one kingdom. The saga of Harald was written 300 years later and at his death Norway was several smaller kingdoms. Harald probably controlled a larger area than anyone before him and at most Harald's kingdom probably included the coast from Trøndelag to Agder and Vestfold as well as parts of Viken . There were probably several smaller kingdoms of varying extent before Harald and some of these are reflected in traditional landscape names such as Ranrike and Ringerike . Landscape names of "-land" (Rogaland) and "-mark" (Hedmark) as well as names such as Agder and Sogn may have been political units before Harald.

According to Sverre Steen, the national assembly was completed at the earliest at the battle of Stiklestad in 1030 and the introduction of Christianity was probably a significant factor in the establishment of Norway as a state. Håkon I the good Adalsteinsfostre introduced the leasehold system where the "coastal land" (as far as the salmon went up the rivers) was divided into ship raiders who were to provide a longship with soldiers and supplies. The leidange was probably introduced as a defense against the Danes. The border with the Danes was traditionally at the Göta älv and several times before and after Harald Hårfagre the Danes had control over central parts of Norway.

Christianity was known and existed in Norway before Olav Haraldson's time. The spread occurred both from the south (today's Denmark and northern Germany) and from the west (England and Ireland). Ansgar of Bremen , called the "Apostle of the North", worked in Sweden, but he was never in Norway and probably had little influence in the country. Viking expeditions brought the Norwegians of that time into contact with Christian countries and some were baptized in England, Ireland and northern France. Olav Tryggvason and Olav Haraldson were Vikings who returned home. The first Christians in Norway were also linked to pre-Christian local religion, among other things, by mixing Christian symbols with symbols of Odin and other figures from Norse religion.

According to Sverre Steen, the introduction of Christianity in Norway should not be perceived as a nationwide revival. At Mostratinget, Christian law was introduced as law in the country and later incorporated into the laws of the individual jurisdictions. Christianity primarily involved new forms in social life, among other things exposure and images of gods were prohibited, it was forbidden to "put out" unwanted infants (to let them die), and it was forbidden to have multiple wives. The church became a nationwide institution with a special group of officials tasked with protecting the church and consolidating the new religion. According to Sverre Steen, Christianity and the church in the Middle Ages should therefore be considered together, and these became a new unifying factor in the country. The church and Christianity linked Norway to Roman Catholic Europe with Church Latin as the common language, the same time reckoning as the rest of Europe and the church in Norway was arranged much like the churches in Denmark, Sweden and England. Norway received papal approval in 1070 and became its own church province in 1152 with Archbishop Nidaros .

With Christianity, the country got three social powers: the peasants (organized through the things), the king with his officials and the church with the clergy. The things are the oldest institution: At allthings all armed men had the right to attend (in part an obligation to attend) and at lagthings met emissaries from an area (that is, the lagthings were representative assemblies). The Thing both ruled in conflicts and established laws. The laws were memorized by the participants and written down around the year 1000 or later in the Gulationsloven , Frostatingsloven , Eidsivatingsloven and Borgartingsloven . The person who had been successful at the hearing had to see to the implementation of the judgment themselves.

Early Middle Ages (1050s–1184)

The early Middle Ages is considered in Norwegian history to be the period between the end of the Viking Age around 1050 and the coronation of King Sverre in 1184 . The beginning of the period can be dated differently, from around the year 1000 when the Christianization of the country took place and up to 1100 when the Viking Age was over from an archaeological point of view. From 1035 to 1130 it was a time of (relative) internal peace in Norway, even several of the kings attempted campaigns abroad, including in 1066 and 1103 .

During this period, the church's organization was built up. This led to a gradual change in religious customs. Religion went from being a domestic matter to being regulated by common European Christian law and the royal power gained increased power and influence. Slavery (" servitude ") was gradually abolished. The population grew rapidly during this period, as the thousands of farm names ending in -rud show.

The urbanization of Norway is a historical process that has slowly but surely changed Norway from the early Viking Age to today, from a country based on agriculture and sea salvage, to increasingly trade and industry. As early as the ninth century, the country got its first urban community, and in the eleventh century we got the first permanent cities.

In the 1130s, civil war broke out . This was due to a power struggle and that anyone who claimed to be the king's son could claim the right to the throne. The disputes escalated into extensive year-round warfare when Sverre Sigurdsson started a rebellion against the church's and the landmen's candidate for the throne , Magnus Erlingsson .

Emergence of cities

The oldest Norwegian cities probably emerged from the end of the 9th century. Oslo, Bergen and Nidaros became episcopal seats, which stimulated urban development there, and the king built churches in Borg , Konghelle and Tønsberg. Hamar and Stavanger became new episcopal seats and are referred to in the late 12th century as towns together with the trading places Veøy in Romsdal and Kaupanger in Sogn. In the late Middle Ages, Borgund (on Sunnmøre), Veøy (in Romsdalsfjorden) and Vågan (in Lofoten) were referred to as small trading places. Urbanization in Norway occurred in few places compared to the neighboring countries, only 14 places appear as cities before 1350. Stavanger became a bishopric around 1120–1130, but it is unclear whether the place was already a city then. The fertile Jæren and outer Ryfylke were probably relatively densely populated at that time. A particularly large concentration of Irish artefacts from the Viking Age has been found in Stavanger and Nord-Jæren.

It has been difficult to estimate the population in the Norwegian medieval cities, but it is considered certain that the cities grew rapidly in the Middle Ages. Oscar Albert Johnsen estimated the city's population before the Black Death at 20,000, of which 7,000 in Bergen, 3,000 in Nidaros, 2,000 in Oslo and 1,500 in Tunsberg. Based on archaeological research, Lunden estimates that Oslo had around 1,500 inhabitants in 250 households in the year 1300. Bergen was built up more densely and, with the concentration of exports there, became Norway's largest city in a special position for several hundred years. Knut Helle suggests a city population of 20,000 at most in the High Middle Ages, of which almost half in Bergen.

The Bjarkøyretten regulated the conditions in cities (especially Bergen and Nidaros) and in trading places, and for Nidaros had many of the same provisions as the Frostating Act . Magnus Lagabøte's city law replaced the bjarkøretten and from 1276 regulated the settlement in Bergen and with corresponding laws also drawn up for Oslo, Nidaros and Tunsberg. The city law applied within the city's roof area . The City Act determined that the city's public streets consisted of wide commons (perpendicular to the shoreline) and ran parallel to the shoreline, similarly in Nidaros and Oslo. The roads were small streets of up to 3 cubits (1.4 metres) and linked to the individual property. From the Middle Ages, the Norwegian cities were usually surrounded by wooden fences. The urban development largely consisted of low wooden houses which stood in contrast to the relatively numerous and dominant churches and monasteries built in stone.

The City Act and supplementary provisions often determined where in the city different goods could be traded, in Bergen, for example, cattle and sheep could only be traded on the Square, and fish only on the Square or directly from the boats at the quayside. In Nidaros, the blacksmiths were required to stay away from the densely populated areas due to the risk of fire, while the tanners had to stay away from the settlements due to the strong smell. The City Act also attempted to regulate the influx of people into the city (among other things to prevent begging in the streets) and had provisions on fire protection. In Oslo, from the 13th century or earlier, it was common to have apartment buildings consisting of single buildings on a couple of floors around a courtyard with access from the street through a gate room. Oslo's medieval apartment buildings were home to one to four households. In the urban farms, livestock could be kept, including pigs and cows, while pastures and fields were found in the city's rooftops . In the apartment buildings there could be several outbuildings such as warehouses, barns and stables. Archaeological excavations show that much of the buildings in medieval Oslo, Trondheim and Tønsberg resembled the oblong farms that have been preserved at Bryggen in Bergen . The land boundaries in Oslo appear to have persisted for many hundreds of years, in Bergen right from the Middle Ages to modern times.

High Middle Ages (1184–1319)

After civil wars in the 12th century, the country had a relative heyday in the 13th century. Iceland and Greenland came under the royal authority in 1262 , and the Norwegian Empire reached its greatest extent under Håkon IV Håkonsson . The last king of Haraldsätten, Håkon V Magnusson , died sonless in 1319 . Until the 17th century, Norway stretched all the way down to the mouth of Göta älv , which was then Norway's border with Sweden and Denmark.

Just before the Black Death around 1350, there were between 65,000 and 85,000 farms in the country, and there had been a strong growth in the number of farms from 1050, especially in Eastern Norway. In the High Middle Ages, the church or ecclesiastical institutions controlled 40% of the land in Norway, while the aristocracy owned around 20% and the king owned 7%. The church and monasteries received land through gifts from the king and nobles, or through inheritance and gifts from ordinary farmers.

Settlement and demography in the Middle Ages

Before the Black Death, there were more and more farms in Norway due to farm division and clearing. The settlement spread to more marginal agricultural areas higher inland and further north. Eastern Norway had the largest areas to take off and had the most population growth towards the High Middle Ages. Along the coast north of Stad, settlement probably increased in line with the extent of fishing. The Icelandic Rimbegla tells around the year 1200 that the border between Finnmark (the land of the Sami) and resident Norwegians in the interior was at Malangen , while the border all the way out on the coast was at Kvaløya . From the end of the High Middle Ages, there were more Norwegians along the coast of Finnmark and Nord-Troms. In the inner forest and mountain tracts along the current border between Norway and Sweden, the Sami exploited the resources all the way down to Hedmark.

There are no censuses or other records of population and settlement in the Middle Ages. At the time of the Reformation, the population was below 200,000 and only in 1650 was the population at the same level as before the Black Death. When Christianity was introduced after the year 1000, the population was around 200,000. After the Black Death, many farms and settlements were abandoned and deserted, in the most marginal agricultural areas up to 80% of the farms were abandoned. Places such as Skien, Veøy and Borgund (Ålesund) went out of use as trading towns. By the year 1300, the population was somewhere between 300,000 and 560,000 depending on the calculation method. Common methods start from detailed information about farms in each village and compare this with the situation in 1660 when there are good headcounts. From 1300 to 1660, there was a change in the economic base so that the coastal villages received a larger share of the population. The inland areas of Eastern Norway had a relatively larger population in the High Middle Ages than after the Reformation. Kåre Lunden concludes that the population in the year 1300 was close to 500,000, of which 15,000 lived in cities. Lunden believes that the population in 1660 was still slightly lower than the peak before the Black Death and points out that farm settlement in 1660 did not reach the same extent as in the High Middle Ages. In 1660, the population in Troms and Finnmark was 6,000 and 3,000 respectively (2% of the total population), in 1300 these areas had an even smaller share of the country's population and in Finnmark there were hardly any Norwegian-speaking inhabitants. In the High Middle Ages, the climate was more favorable for grain cultivation in the north. Based on the number of farms, the population increased 162% from 1000 to 1300, in Northern and Western Europe as a whole the growth was 200% in the same period.

Late Middle Ages (1319–1537)

Due to repeated plague epidemics, the population was roughly halved and the least productive of the country's farms were laid waste. It took several hundred years before the population again reached the level before 1349 . However, those who survived the epidemics gained more financial resources by sharing. Tax revenues for the state almost collapsed, and a large part of the noble families died out or sank into peasant status due to the fall in national debt . The Hanseatic League took over trade and shipping and dominated fish exports. The Archbishop of Nidaros was the country's most powerful man economically and politically, as the royal dynasty married into the Swedish in 1319 and died out in 1387 . Eventually, Copenhagen became the political center of the kingdom and Bergen the commercial center, while Trondheim remained the religious center.

From Reformation to Autocracy (1537–1660)

In 1537 , the Reformation was carried out in Norway. With that, almost half of the country's property was confiscated by the royal power at the stroke of a pen. The large seizure increased the king's income and was able, among other things, to expand his military power and consolidated his power in the kingdom. From roughly the time of the Reformation and in the following centuries, the state increased its power and importance in people's lives. Until around 1620, the state administration was fairly simple and unspecialised: in Copenhagen, the central administration mainly consisted of a chancellery and an interest chamber ; and sheriffs ruled the civil (including bailiffs and sheriffs) and the military in their district, the sheriffs collected taxes and oversaw business. The accounts were not clear and without summaries. The clergy, which had great power as a separate organization, was appointed by the state church after the Reformation, administered from Copenhagen. In this period, Norway was ruled by (mainly) Danish noble sheriffs, who acted as intermediaries between the peasants and the Oldenborg king in the field of justice, tax and customs collection.

From 1620, the state apparatus went through major changes where specialization of functions was a main issue. The sheriff's tasks were divided between several, more specialized officials - the sheriffs retained the formal authority over these, who in practice were under the national administration in Copenhagen. Among other things, a separate military officer corps was established, a separate customs office was established and separate treasurers for taxes and fees were appointed. The Overbergamtet, the central governing body for overseeing mining operations in Norway, was established in 1654 with an office in Christiania and this agency was to oversee the mining chiefs in the Nordenfjeld and Sønnenfjeld areas (the mines at Kongsberg and Røros were established in the previous decades). The formal transition from county government to official government with fixed-paid county officials took place after 1660, but the real changes had taken place from around 1620. The increased specialization and transition to official government meant that experts, not amateurs, were in charge of each area, and this civil service meant, according to Sverre Steen that the dictatorship was not a personal dictatorship.

From 1570 until 1721, the Oldenborg dynasty was in repeated wars with the Vasa dynasty in Sweden. The financing of these wars led to a severe increase in taxation which caused great distress.

Politically-geographically, the Oldenborg kings had to cede to Sweden the Norwegian provinces of Jemtland , Herjedalen , Idre and Särna , as well as Båhuslen . As part of the financing of the wars, the state apparatus was expanded. Royal power began to assert itself to a greater extent in the administration of justice. Until this period, cases of violence and defamation had been treated as civil cases between citizens. The level of punishment was greatly increased. During this period, at least 307 people were also executed for witchcraft in Norway. Culturally, the country was marked by the fact that the written language became Danish because of the Bible translation and the University of Copenhagen's educational monopoly.

From the 16th century, business became more marked by production for sale and not just own consumption. In the past, it was particularly the fisheries that had produced such a large surplus of goods that it was sold to markets far away, the dried fish trade via Bergen is known from around the year 1100. In the 16th century, the yield from the fisheries multiplied, especially due to the introduction of herring in Western Norway and in Trøndelag and because new tools made fishing for herring and skre more efficient. Line fishing and cod nets that were introduced in the 17th century were controversial because the small fishermen believed it favored citizens in the cities.

Forestry and the timber trade became an important business, particularly because of the boom saw which made it possible to saw all kinds of tables and planks for sale abroad. The demand for timber increased at the same time in Europe, Norway had plenty of forests and in the 17th century timber became the country's most important export product. There were hundreds of sawmills in the country and the largest had the feel of factories . In 1680, the king regulated the timber trade by allowing exports only from privileged sawmills and in a certain quantity.

From the 1520s, some silver was mined in Telemark. When the peasants chased the German miners whereupon the king executed five peasants and demanded compensation from the other rebellious peasants. The background for the harsh treatment was that the king wanted to assert his authority over the extraction of precious metals. The search for metals led to the silver works at Kongsberg after 1624, copper in the mountain villages between Trøndelag and Eastern Norway, and iron, among other things, in Agder and lower Telemark. The financial gain of the quarries at that time is unclear because there are no reliable accounts. Kongsberg made Denmark-Norway self-sufficient in silver and the copper works produced a good deal more than the domestic demand and became an important export commodity. Kongsberg and Røros were the only Norwegian towns established because of the quarries.

In addition to the sawmills, in the 17th century, industrial production ( manufactures ) was established in, among other things, wool weaving, soap production, tea boiling , nail production and the manufacture of gunpowder .

The monopoly until the Peace of Kiel (1660–1814)

Until 1660, the king had been elected by the Danish Riksråd, while he inherited the kingdom of Norway, which was a tradition in Norway. After a series of military defeats, the king committed a coup d'état and deposed the Riksdag. King Frederik III introduced absolute power, which meant that there were hardly any legal restrictions on the king's power. This reinforced the expansion of the state apparatus that had been going on for a few decades, and the civil administration was controlled to a greater extent from the central administration in Copenhagen. According to Sverre Steen, the more specialized and expanded civil service meant that the period of autocracy was not essentially a personal dictatorship: The changing monarchs had the formal last word on important matters, but higher officials set the conditions. According to Steen, the autocracy was not tyrannical where the citizens were treated arbitrarily by the king and officials: the laws were strict and the punishments harsh, but there was legal certainty. The king rarely used his right to punish outside the judiciary and often used his right to commute sentences or pardons. It almost never happened that the king intervened in a court case before a verdict had been passed.

In 1662, the sheriff system (in which the nobility played an important role) was abolished and replaced with amt . Norway was divided into four main counties (Akershus, Kristiansands, Bergenhus and Trondhjems) which were later called stiftamt led by stiftamtmen with a number of county marshals and bailiffs (futer) under them. The county administrator in Akershus also had other roles such as governor. The former sheriffs were almost absolute within their fiefs, while the new stifamtmen and amtmen had more limited authority; among other things, they did not have military equipment like the sheriffs. The county officials had no control over state income and could not enrich themselves privately as the sheriffs could, taxes and fees were instead handled by their own officials. County officials were employed by the king and, unlike the sheriffs, had a fixed salary. Officials appointed by the king were responsible for local government. Before 1662, the sheriffs themselves appointed low officials such as bailiffs, mayors and councillors. A church commissioner was given responsibility for overseeing the churchwardens' accounts. In 1664, two general road masters were appointed for Norway, one for Sonnafjelske (Eastland and Sørlandet) and one for Nordafjelske (Westlandet and Trøndelag; Northern Norway had no roads).

Both Denmark and Norway got new law books. The wretched state finances led to an extensive sale of crown property, first to the state's creditors. Further sales meant that many farmers became self-owned at the end of the 18th century. Industrial exploitation of Norwegian natural resources began, and trade and shipping and especially increasing timber exports led to economic growth in the latter part of the 1700s.

From 1500 to 1814, Norway did not have its own foreign policy. After the dissolution of the Kalmar Union in 1523, Denmark remained the leading power in the Nordic region and dominated the Baltic Sea, while Sweden sought to expand geographically in all directions and strengthened its position. From 1625 to 1660, Denmark lost its dominance: Christian IV lost to the emperor in the Thirty Years' War and ceded Skåne, Blekinge, Halland, Båhuslen , Jemtland and Herjedalen as well as all the islands in the inner part of the Baltic Sea. With this, Norway got its modern borders, which have remained in place ever since. Sweden was no longer confined by Norway and Denmark, and Sweden became the great power in the Nordic region. At the same time, Norway remained far from Denmark (until 1660 there was an almost continuous land connection between Norway and Denmark). During the Great Nordic War, Danish forces moved towards Scania and ended with Charles the 12th falling at Fredriksten . From 1720 to 1807 there was peace except for the short Cranberry War in 1788. In August 1807, the British navy surrounded Denmark and demanded that the Danish fleet be handed over. After bombing 2-7. On September 1807, the Danes capitulated and handed over the fleet (known as the "fleet robbery") and the arsenal. Two weeks later, Denmark entered into an alliance with Napoleon and Great Britain declared war on Denmark in November 1807. The Danish leadership had originally envisioned an alliance with Great Britain. Anger at the fleet robbery and fear of French occupation of Denmark itself (and thus breaking the connection with Norway) were probably the motive for the alliance with France. According to Sverre Steen, the period 1807-1814 was the most significant in Norway's history (before the Second World War). Foreign trade was paralyzed and hundreds of Norwegian ships were seized by the British. British ships, both warships and privateers , blocked the sea route between Norway and Denmark as described in " Terje Vigen " by Henrik Ibsen . During the Napoleonic Wars , there was a food shortage and famine in Norway, between 20 and 30 thousand people out of a population of around 900 thousand died from sheer lack of food or diseases related to malnutrition.

From the late summer of 1807, Norway was governed by a government commission led by the governor and commander-in-chief, Prince Christian August . Christian August was considered an honorable and capable leader. In 1808, a joint Russian and Danish/Norwegian attack on Sweden was planned; the campaign fails completely and Christian August concludes a truce with the Swedes. The Swedish king was deposed, the country got a new constitution with a limited monarchy and in the summer of 1808, Christian August was elected heir to the throne in Sweden. Christian August died a few months after he moved to Sweden and the French general Jean Baptiste Bernadotte became the new heir to the throne with the name "Karl Johan". After Napoleon was defeated at Leipzig in 1813, Bernadotte entered Holstein with Swedish forces and forced the Danish king to the Peace of Kiel .

Colonies and slave trade

Denmark-Norway acquired overseas colonies: St. Thomas (1665), St. Jan and St. Croix (18th century). At the same time, the kingdom entered into an agreement with rulers on the Gold Coast (Ghana) regarding the establishment of slave forts, including Christiansborg in Accra . The trade was triangular from Copenhagen to the Gold Coast with weapons, gunpowder and liquor which were exchanged for gold, ivory and slaves . The slaves were transported across the Atlantic to the Caribbean, among other things to the Danish-Norwegian colonies where St. Croix was most important. The ships returned to Copenhagen with sugar, tobacco, cotton and other goods. About 100,000 slaves were transported across the sea on Danish and Norwegian ships from 1660 to 1802. About 10% of the slaves died during the crossing. At least two of the slave ships ("Cornelia" and "Friderich") were in Norwegian ownership. Engelbret Hesselberg was a fut on St. Croix and after a slave rebellion in 1759, he had some of the rebels executed, among other things, by burning them alive, hanging them by their feet or putting them naked in a cage in the sun. At the end of the 18th century, opposition to the slave trade grew in Denmark-Norway, among others the Norwegian Claus Fasting promoted strong criticism. The slave trade was banned from 1803, while slavery itself was banned in Denmark from 1848.

Immigration to Norway

In the 1500s and 1600s, many people moved within Europe. From Germany, France and the Netherlands, enterprising people came to Sweden and Denmark, and gave rise to influential families. Danes in particular came to Norway who, formally speaking, were not foreigners, but were probably perceived as strangers by the local population. There was some immigration of ethnic Germans, some from areas under the Danish crown and others. Some immigrated from the Netherlands, England and Scotland. For example, half of those who applied for citizenship in Bergen in the 17th century were foreigners and they were often founders of new businesses. Immigrants from the Netherlands brought knowledge of line fishing and the preparation of herring; the Scot came with knowledge of the production of cuttlefish ; and Germans engaged in mining. Some foreigners ran large farms they bought near the cities, for example Frogner near Christiania and Lade near Trondheim. A large part of the country's leading echelon of officials and merchants were around 1,800 descendants of immigrants, and family names of foreign origin had a higher status. According to Sverre Steen, it was special for Norway that the immigrants and their descendants were given such a much stronger position than other residents.

Social and cultural conditions

Around 1800, most people, both women and men, in Norway could read and many could write. Foreigners traveling in Norway were surprised at how well-informed and interested Norwegian farmers were about the situation outside the country. In the 17th century, Peder Claussøn Friis translated Snorre Sturlason's royal sagas from Old Norse, and in a new edition this book became important in nation-building in later centuries. Early in the 18th century, Tormod Torfæus wrote Norway's history to 1387 in 4 volumes in Latin ; the preparation is considered to be scientifically unsustainable. In the 1730s, Ludvig Holberg wrote the popular scientific Danmarks Reges Historie , which is considered to maintain a high standard. According to Holberg, Norway emerged as a kingdom after the "nomenclature union in 1380". Holberg was the most important Norwegian cultural figure in the Danish era. Gerhard Schøning wrote Norges Reges Historie (in Danish) in the 1770s ; Schøning claimed that the Norwegians were a separate people from the dawn of time and had immigrated from the north-east without visiting Denmark.

1814

Norway remained the hereditary kingdom of the Oldenborg kings until 1814 , when the king had to renounce Norway at the Peace of Kiel on 14 January 1814 after being on the losing side during the Napoleonic Wars . Greenland, the Faroe Islands and Iceland were not included in the transfer to Sweden. The King of Sweden undertook to maintain the laws and freedoms the Norwegians had and Norway was to take over its share of the national debt. At the same time, the Swedish king ceded Rügen and Swedish Pomerania as well as 1 million dalers. Norway was ceded to the king of Sweden and the Treaty of Kiel established that Norway was a separate kingdom. Prince Christian Frederik traveled to Trondheim to calm the mood. Sixty leading citizens of Trondheim signed a letter in which they supported the prince's policy of independence and at the same time asked that a congress should be convened to lay the foundations for Norway's future constitution. On his return from Trondheim, he gathered 15 civil servants and 6 businessmen for the Stormannsmøetet at Eidsvoll 16-17. February where it was agreed on a constitutional assembly in the same place from 10 April. Until then, the prince was to rule the

Comet vital statistics by European Space Agency

Summary of properties of Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, as determined by Rosetta’s instruments during the first few months of its comet encounter. The full range of values are presented and discussed in a series of papers published in the 23 January 2015 issue of the journal Science.

More information: Getting to know Rosetta’s comet: www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Getting_...

Credits for individual results:

Shape model, rotation properties, volume and porosity: OSIRIS

Mass: RSI

Density: RSI/OSIRIS

Dust/Gas ratio: GIADA, MIRO and ROSINA

D/H ratio: ROSINA

Surface temperature: VIRTIS

Subsurface temperature and water vapour production rate: MIRO

Albedo: OSIRIS and VIRTIS

Comet images: NavCam

Thanks for 20 million views :-))) by Georg Sander

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Rhino poaching, where do we stand? by tdwrsa

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By end of August 2015, 749 had been poached in South Africa with a projected 1219 by the end of the year, which is a few less compared to 2014.

However, Minister Molewa of Environmental Affairs has decided in his untracebale wisdom, not the publish regular stats anymore, because he is not legally obliged to do so! Can you believe it. Maybe its rather not to be confronted to often by the failure to combat poaching. See www.stoprhinopoaching.com/statistics.aspx

The above de-horned rhino was snapped in Rietvlei Nature reserve.

Kyoto Kagai Statistics by In Memoriam: Onihide

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we are all statistics by Ingrid Endel

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It has been so long.

There are some advantages to being forgotten.

A fresh start.

No pressure.

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Facebook | 500px | Twitter | Instagram: ingridendel

A Great Year on the Trails! by MMR Dad

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Graffiti Statistics Graph by Grooover

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The trend line is showing a month on month decrease in graffiti incidents. The peak in mid year was due to school holidays.

View On Black

Thank You for 22 Million Views! :-) by Georg Sander

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MATH 221 Final Exam Statistics for Decision by Leah Nance

MATH 221 Final Exam Statistics for Decision

Purchase here

chosecourses.com/MATH%20221

Product Description

MATH 221 Final Exam with ALL Formulas DeVry. ALL Answers are 100% Correct.

This exam includes formulas in Word and in Excel, which can be used if numeric data is different from the one listed below.

1.The table below shows the number of male and female students enrolled in nursing at a university for a certain semester. A student is selected at random. Complete parts (a) through (d) (a)Find the probability that the student is male or a nursing major.

P (being male or being nursing major) =

(b) Find the probability that the student is female or not a nursing major.

P(being female or not being a nursing major) =

P(not being female or not being a nursing major) =

(d) Are the events “being male” and “being a nursing major” mutually exclusive? Explain.

2.An employment information service claims the mean annual pay for full-time male workers over age 25 without a high school diploma is $22,325. The annual pay for a random sample of 10 full-time male workers over age 25 without a high school diploma is listed. At a = 0.10, test the claim that the mean salary is $22,325. Assume the population is normally distributed.

20,660 – 21,134 – 22,359 – 21,398 – 22,974, – 16,919 – 19,152 – 23,193 – 24,181 – 26,281

(a) Write the claim mathematically and identify

Which of the following correctly states ?

(b) Find the critical value(s) and identify the rejection region(s).

What are the critical values?

Which of the following graphs best depicts the rejection region for this problem?

t =

(d) Decide whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.

reject because the test statistics is in the rejection region.

a. fail to reject because the test statistic is not in the rejection region.

c. reject because the test statistic is not in the rejection region.

d. fail to reject because the test statistic is in the rejection region.

(e) Interpret the decision in the context of the original claim.

a. there is sufficient evidence to reject the claim that the mean salary is $22,325.

b. there is not sufficient evidence to reject the claim that the mean salary is not $22,325.

c. there is sufficient evidence to reject the claim that the mean salary is not $22,325.

d. there is not sufficient evidence to reject the claim that the mean salary is $22,325.

3.The times per week a student uses a lab computer are normally distributed, with a mean of 6.1 hours and a standard deviation of 1.2 hours. A student is randomly selected. Find the following probabilities.

(a) The probability that the student uses a lab computer less than 5hrs a week.

(b) The probability that the student uses a lab computer between 6-8 hrs a week.

(a) =

(b) =

4.Write the null and alternative hypotheses. Identify which is the claim.

A study claims that the mean survival time for certain cancer patients treated immediately with chemo and radiation is 13 months.

5.Find the indicated probability using the standard normal distribution.

P(z>) =

6.The Gallup Organization contacts 1323 men who are 40-60 years of age and live in the US and asks whether or not they have seen their family doctor.What is the population in the study?

Answer:What is the sample in the study?

Answer:

7.The ages of 10 brides at their first marriage are given below.

4 32.2 33.6 41.2 43.4 37.1 22.7 29.9 30.6 30.8(a) find the range of the data set.

Range =

(b) change 43.4 to 58.6 and find the range of the new date set.

Range =

8.The following appear on a physician’s intake form. Identify the level of measurement of the data.

(a) Martial Status

(b) Pain Level (0-10)

(d) Height(a) what is the level of measurement for marital status(b) what is the level of measurement for pain level

What is the level of measurement for height

9.To determine her air quality, Miranda divides up her day into 3 parts; morning, afternoon, and evening. She then measures her air quality at 3 randomly selected times during each part of the day. What type of sampling is used?

10.Find the equation of the regression line for the given data. Then construct a scatter plot of the data and draw the regression line. Then use the regression equation to predict the value of y for each of the given x-values, if meaningful. The caloric content and the sodium content (in milligrams) for 6 beef hot dogs are shown in the table below.

•X= 150 calories

•X= 100 calories

•X = 120 calories

•X = 60 calories

Find the regression equation.

Choose the correct graph below.

(a) predict the value of y for x = 150.

Answer:

(b) predict the value of y for x = 100.

Answer:

(d) predict the value of y for x = 60.

Answer:

11. A restaurant association says the typical household spends a mean of $4072 per year on food away from home. You are a consumer reporter for a national publication and want to test this claim. You randomly select 12 households and find out how much each spent on food away from home per year. Can you reject the restaurant association’s claim at a = 0.10? Complete parts a through d.

•Write the claim mathematically and identify. Choose the correct the answer below.

Use technology to find the P-value.

P =

Decide whether to reject or fail the null hypothesis.

Interpret the decision in the context of the original claim. Assume the population is normally distributed. Choose the correct answer below.

12. The table below shows the results of a survey in which 147 families were asked if they own a computer and if they will be taking a summer vacation this year.

(a) find the probability that a randomly selected family is not taking a summer vacation year.

Probability =

(b) find the probability that a randomly selected family owns a computer

Probability =

(d) find the probability a randomly selected family is taking a summer vacation this year and owns a computer.

Probability =

•Are the events of owning a computer and taking a summer vacation this year independent or dependent events?

•

•13. Assume the Poisson distribution applies. Use the given mean to find the indicated probability.

Find P(5) when ᶙ = 4

P(5) =

14. In a survey of 7000 women, 4431 say they change their nail polish once a week. Construct a 99% confidence interval for the population proportion of women who change their nail polish once a week.

A 99% confidence interval for the population proportion is…

15 A random sample of 53 200-meter swims has a mean time of 3.32 minutes and the population standard deviation is 0.06 minutes. Construct a 90% confidence interval for the population mean time. Interpret the results.

The 90% confidence interval is

Interpret these results. Choose the correct answer:

Answer: With 90% confidence, it can be said that the population mean time is between the end points of the given confidence interval.

16. Determine whether the variable is qualitative or quantitative: Weight

Quantitative

Qualitative

17. 32% of college students say that they use credit cards because of the reward program. You randomly select 10 college students and ask each to name the reason he or she uses credit cards. Find the probability that the number of college students who say they use credit cards because of the reward program is (a) exactly two, (b), more than two, and (c), between two and five inclusive.

(a) P(2) =

(b) P(X>2) =

18. A light bulb manufacturer guarantees that the mean life of a certain type of light bulb is at least 950 hours. A random sample of 74 light bulbs has a mean life of 943 hours with a standard deviation of 90 hours. Do you have enough evidence to reject the manufacturer’s claim? Use ᶏ = 0.04

•Identify the critical value(s).(c) identify the standardized test statistic.

z =

(d) decide whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.A. Reject . There is sufficient evidence to reject the claim that the bulb life is at least 950 hours.

B. Fail to reject . There is not sufficient evidence to reject the claim that the mean bulb life is at least 950 hours.

C. Fail to reject . There is sufficient evidence to reject the claim that mean bulb life is at least 950 hours.

D. Reject . There is not sufficient evidence to reject the claim that mean bulb life is at least 950 hours.

19. Use technology to find the sample size, mean, medium, minimum data value, and maximum data value of the data. The data represents the amount (in dollars) made by several families during a community yard sale.

25 67.25 156 134.75 98.25 149.25 124.75 109.75 117 104.75 76The sample size is

The mean is

The medium is

The minimum data value is

The maximum data value is

20. A researcher wishes to estimate, with 95% confidence, the proportion of adults who have high-speed internet access. Her estimate must be accurate within 5% of the true proportion.

(a) find the minimum sample size needed, using a prior study that found 54% of the respondents said they have high-speed internet access.

(b) no preliminary estimate is available. Find the minimum sample size needed.(a) what is the minimum sample size needed using a prior study that found that 54% of the respondents said they have high-speed internet access?

n =

(b) what is the minimum sample size needed assuming that no preliminary estimate is available?

n =

21. You interview a random sample of 50 adults. The results of the survey show that 50% of the adults said they were more likely to buy a product where there are free samples. At ᶏ = 0.05, can you reject the claim that at least 54% of the adults are more likely to buy a product when there are free samples?State the null and alternative hypotheses. Choose the correct answer below.

Determine the critical value(s).

The critical value(s) is/are

find the z-test statistic.

z =

what is the result of the test?

A. reject . The data provide sufficient evidence to reject the claim.

1.fail to reject . The data provide sufficient evidence to reject the claim.

C. Reject . The data do not provide sufficient evidence to reject the claim.

D. fail to reject . The data do not provide sufficient evidence to reject the claim.

22. The budget (in millions of dollars) and worldwide gross (in millions of dollars) for eight movies are shown below. Complete parts (a) through (c)

Budget X209203198198179176175168

Gross Y254341453656721104918391267

(a) display the data in a scatter plot. Choose the correct graph below.

(b) calculate the correlation coefficient r.

r =

The correlation is a …linear correlation.

23. A machine cuts plastic into sheets that are 30 feet (360 inches) long. Assume that the population of lengths is normally distributed. Complete parts a and b.

•The company wants to estimate the mean length the machine is cutting the plastic within 0.125 inch. Determine the minimum sample size required to construct a 95% confidence interval for the population mean. Assume the population standard deviation is 0.25 inch.

n =

Repeat part (a) using an error tolerance of 0.0625 inch.

n =

Which error tolerance requires a larger sample size? Explain.

1.The tolerance E = 0.0625 inch requires a larger sample size. As error size decreases, a larger sample must be taken to ensure the desired accuracy.

2.The tolerance E = 0.125 inch requires a larger sample size. As error size decreases, a larger sample must be taken to ensure the desired accuracy.

3.The tolerance E = 0.125 inch requires a larger sample size. As error size increases, a larger sample must be taken to ensure the desired accuracy.

4.The tolerance E = 0.0.625 inch requires a larger sample size. As error size increases, a larger sample must be taken to ensure the desired accuracy.

James Morrison lends a hand at Stroud Foodbank by Matt Bigwood

Watch our video interview at stroudtimes.com

Today, award-winning musician James Morrison, visited his local food bank in Stroud, Gloucestershire to lend a hand, packing emergency food parcels and chatting to the local community.

The visit comes as anti-poverty charity the Trussell Trust revealed that food banks in its network provided more than 2.1 million emergency food parcels to people across the UK over the past year, in new statistics published yesterday

More than 830,000 parcels were provided for children as families struggle following the £20-a-week cut to Universal Credit and the soaring rise in living costs.

The soul singer, who rose to fame with his debut single ‘You Give Me Something’, told staff and volunteers at Stroud District Foodbank how he himself had experienced poverty when he would often go to school hungry

He said: “I know what it’s like to go without - it’s something I can really relate to. My mum was a single mum and a nurse and she did everything she could but with three of us, there just wasn’t enough money to have three meals a day.

“We often went without breakfast and free school meals got me through. I still rarely eat breakfast and can go without food for long periods of time because of my childhood. It’s played a huge part in who I am because I know how it feels to not have enough.”

He said if his family had received a food parcel it would have been a huge help, but that the situation was a ‘double-edged sword’, because food banks ‘should not need to exist’.

“It’s not right that so many people are having to come to the food bank for help. It’s shocking how many people do not have enough money to be able to feed their families,” he said.

“I want people to know this centre is here. People can come and get help – but also come and support, volunteer and donate and do anything they can to try and help end this situation, because it’s not sustainable how many people do not have enough to eat, in our country.”

Food bank manager, Amanda-Jane Strover, welcomed James and said it was important to highlight the impossible situations many people across the country were facing as they experience financial hardship. She said her food bank had seen an increase in the need for support in recent months

“It’s been absolutely wonderful having James here today. He understands the situations people are facing. We have given 500 different people food parcels this month and we are hearing from more and more people needing help,” she said.

Stroud District Foodbank is part of a network of over 1,300 food bank centres supported by the Trussell Trust, which provide emergency food to people locked in poverty and campaign for change to end the need for food banks in the UK.

James is encouraging people to sign a petition to help end the need for food banks, supported by the Trussell Trust, Independent Food Aid Network and Feeding Britain network.

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