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DAVOS/SWITZERLAND, 24JAN14 - Philipp M. Hildebrand (L), Vice-Chairman, BlackRock, United Kingdom listens to Mario Draghi (R), President, European Central Bank, Frankfurt during the session 'The Path from Crisis to Stability' at the Annual Meeting 2014 of the World Economic Forum at the congress centre in Davos, January 24, 2014.
WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM/swiss-image.ch/Photo Remy Steinegger
After knotweed is removed from an area, it's very important to restore stability to the stream and river banks. Planting native shrubs and vegetation in its place will help do that and can also help filter the pollutants that enter the water.
Mrs. Robin Smith (right), political advisor to the U.S. Army Africa Commanding General and U.S. Army Col. Darius S. Gallegos (left), Center of Excellence for Stability Police Units (CoESPU) deputy director attend the Graduation Ceremony of the 14th Protection of Civilians Course at the CoESPU in Vicenza, Italy, Feb. 21, 2017. (U.S. Army Photo by Visual Information Specialist Paolo Bovo/released)
Jan Brockmeijer (2nd L) Deputy Director, Monetary and Capital Markets Department of the International Monetary Fund delivers his opening remarks with Gaston Gelos (C)
Division Chief, Global Financial Stability Analysis Division, IMF; Nico Valckx (2nd R)
Senior Economist, Global Financial Stability Analysis Division, IMF; Luis Brandao Marques(R)
Senior Economist, Global Financial Stability Analysis Division, IMF and Keiko Utsunomiya (L)
Senior Communications Officer, Communications Department, IMF during the press conference for the Global Stability Report Analytical Chapters October 1, 2014 at the IMF Headquarters 2 in Washington, DC. IMF Staff Photograph/Stephen Jaffe
An Afghan National Army commando dismounts a UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter during a mission in Chawkai district, Kunar province, Afghanistan, Feb. 25, 2012. The commando-led mission was to conduct reconnaissance for a future village stability platform where Afghan forces and coalition special operations forces can live and work with villagers. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Clayton Weis/Released)
DAVOS/SWITZERLAND, 24AN15 - Han Duck-Soo captured during the session Davos Insights on Growth and Stability in the congress centre at the Annual Meeting 2015 of the World Economic Forum in Davos, January 24, 2015.
WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM/Benedikt von Loebell
Vertrauen in Standfestigkeit ist alles.
Trust in stability is everything.
So kommen Heidschnucken an Pflaumen aus dem Baum
Thus Heidschnucken come in plums from the tree.
PHILIPPINE SEA (Sept. 24, 2020) Landing Signalman Boatswain’s Mate 2nd Class Logan Ribble, from Oldsmar, Fla., signals an MH-60S Seahawk helicopter from the “Archangels” of Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron (HSC) 25, Detachment 6, as it delivers stores to the flight deck of the amphibious dock landing ship USS Germantown (LSD 42) as the ship conducts a replenishment-at-sea with the fleet replenishment oiler USNS John Ericsson (T-AO 194). Germantown, part of Expeditionary Strike Group Seven (ESG 7), along with the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, is operating in the U.S. 7th Fleet area of responsibility to enhance interoperability with allies and partners, and serve as a ready response force to defend peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Taylor DiMartino)
The UN 139 Slovakia Military Outpost in Dhekelia, a British Overseas Territory, has an interesting history that spans several decades. Here is a summary of its story in 1000 words:
The origins of the UN 139 Slovakia Military Outpost can be traced back to the establishment of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) in 1964. UNFICYP was created to maintain peace and stability on the island following intercommunal violence between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots. As part of its mission, UNFICYP established various military outposts, including UN 139, to monitor the ceasefire line and prevent further hostilities.
Dhekelia, located in the southeastern part of Cyprus, became a significant area of operations for UNFICYP due to its strategic location. In 1974, following a coup d'état in Cyprus and subsequent Turkish military intervention, the island was divided into two parts: the Republic of Cyprus in the south, predominantly inhabited by Greek Cypriots, and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in the north, inhabited mainly by Turkish Cypriots. The area around Dhekelia fell under the control of the British military.
With the new political landscape, the UN 139 Slovakia Military Outpost gained importance as it played a crucial role in monitoring the ceasefire line between the two sides. The outpost served as a base for peacekeepers from Slovakia, who were part of the UNFICYP contingent. Their main tasks included patrolling the buffer zone, conducting observation and reporting activities, and providing support to local communities affected by the conflict.
Over the years, the UN 139 Slovakia Military Outpost witnessed several developments and challenges. In the late 1970s, tensions between the two communities remained high, leading to occasional outbreaks of violence. UNFICYP, including the soldiers stationed at the outpost, worked tirelessly to defuse tensions and maintain a peaceful environment. They also facilitated dialogue between the Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities in an effort to promote reconciliation and find a lasting solution to the conflict.
In the 1990s, UNFICYP's role expanded to include humanitarian and development activities. The UN 139 Slovakia Military Outpost played a crucial role in supporting these efforts. Peacekeepers engaged in various community-based projects, such as renovating schools and medical facilities, providing assistance to refugees, and promoting intercultural dialogue. These initiatives aimed to foster trust and understanding between the communities and contribute to the overall peacebuilding process.
The early 2000s marked a turning point in the Cyprus peace process. The UNFICYP mandate was extended, and efforts intensified to reach a comprehensive settlement between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots. The UN 139 Slovakia Military Outpost remained an integral part of these endeavors, with peacekeepers actively participating in confidence-building measures and supporting the implementation of peace agreements.
In recent years, the situation in Cyprus has seen some positive developments. The resumption of talks between the leaders of the two communities has raised hopes for a peaceful resolution to the conflict. The UN 139 Slovakia Military Outpost continues to play its role in monitoring the ceasefire line and supporting peacebuilding efforts. Peacekeepers from Slovakia work alongside troops from other contributing countries, demonstrating the international community's commitment to maintaining stability in the region.
The UN 139 Slovakia Military Outpost has not been without its challenges. The buffer zone it monitors is an area of tension and occasional incidents. There have been instances of unauthorized crossings and violations of the ceasefire agreement. However, the presence of UNFICYP and its outposts, including UN 139, acts as a deterrent and helps to mitigate potential conflicts.
As of today, the UN 139 Slovakia Military Outpost remains operational, with peacekeepers from Slovakia continuing their mission in Cyprus. They work in collaboration with other UNFICYP units, local authorities, and international partners to create an environment conducive to peace and stability. Their commitment and dedication contribute to the ongoing efforts to find a comprehensive solution to the Cyprus issue.
In conclusion, the UN 139 Slovakia Military Outpost in Dhekelia, a British Overseas Territory, has played a vital role in the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus. Throughout its history, it has served as a base for peacekeepers from Slovakia who have worked tirelessly to monitor the ceasefire line, support peacebuilding initiatives, and promote dialogue between the Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities. As the Cyprus peace process continues, the outpost remains an important component in the pursuit of a lasting and peaceful resolution to the conflict.
Akrotiri and Dhekelia, officially the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (SBA), is a British Overseas Territory on the island of Cyprus. The areas, which include British military bases and installations formerly part of the Crown colony of Cyprus, were retained by the British under the 1960 treaty of independence signed by the United Kingdom, Greece, Turkey and representatives from the Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities. The territory serves an important role as a station for signals intelligence and provides a vital strategic part of the United Kingdom surveillance-gathering network in the Mediterranean and the Middle East.
History
The Sovereign Base Areas were created in 1960 by the London and Zürich Agreements, when Cyprus achieved independence from the British Empire, as recorded by the United Nations in 1960 as treaty 5476. The United Kingdom desired to retain sovereignty over these areas, as this guaranteed the use of UK military bases on Cyprus, including RAF Akrotiri, and a garrison of the British Army. The importance of the bases to the British is based on the strategic location of the island, at the eastern edge of the Mediterranean, close to the Suez Canal and the Middle East; the ability to use the RAF base as staging post for military aircraft; and for training.
Garrison officers' mess Dhekelia, 1969
In July and August 1961, there were a series of bomb attacks against the pipeline carrying fresh water to the Dhekelia Sovereign Base Area. The pipeline was breached by explosions twelve times.
In the early 1970s the U.S. built an over-the-horizon radar named Cobra Shoe, which could observe aeroplane operations and missile tests in southern Russia. This was operated by the RAF on behalf of the USAF. This augmented an earlier British system built in the early 1960s named Project Sandra. The U.S. use of the base was hidden from the Cypriot government due to their sensitivities.
In 1974, following a military coup by the Cypriot National Guard, Turkey invaded the north of Cyprus, leading to the establishment of the internationally unrecognized Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. This did not affect the status of the bases. Greek Cypriots fleeing from the Turkish forces were permitted to travel through the Dhekelia Sovereign Base Area and were given humanitarian aid, with those from Achna setting up a new village (Dasaki Achnas or Achna Forest) which is still in the Dhekelia Sovereign Base Area. The Turkish advance halted when it reached the edge of the Dhekelia Sovereign Base Area to avoid military conflict with the United Kingdom. In the Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area a tented refugee camp was set up at "Happy Valley" (part of the Episkopi Cantonment) to house Turkish Cypriots fleeing from Limassol and the villages surrounding the Area, until in 1975 they were flown out of RAF Akrotiri via Turkey to northern Cyprus. Some Greek Cypriot refugees remain housed on land in the parts of Trachoni and Kolossi villages that fall within the Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area.
In 1974, the British government decided that British forces would be entirely withdrawn from Cyprus, because the sprawling bases had become undefendable in the light of increasing troop demands in Northern Ireland, and because of pressure on the defence budget.[citation needed] The U.S. very strongly objected to any British withdrawal that would result in the United States losing access to GCHQ signals intelligence from Cyprus, since it had lost access to its many signals intelligence bases in Turkey due to its political dispute with Turkey following the invasion of Cyprus. The U.S. agreed to contribute to base costs, and the British cancelled the closure plan. U.S. use of the base increased, such as Lockheed U-2 spy flights on Syria, though flights were generally at night "to avoid local curiosity".
Politics
Current status
The territory is composed of two base areas. One is Akrotiri (Greek: Ακρωτήρι pronounced [akroˈtiri]; Turkish: Ağrotur Turkish pronunciation: [ˈaːɾotuɾ]), or the Western Sovereign Base Area (WSBA), which includes two main bases at RAF Akrotiri and Episkopi Cantonment, plus all of Akrotiri Village's district (including Limassol Salt Lake) and parts of eleven other village districts. The other area is Dhekelia Cantonment (Δεκέλεια Greek pronunciation: [ðeˈceʎa]; Dikelya), or the Eastern Sovereign Base Area (ESBA), which includes a base at Ayios Nikolaos plus parts of twelve village districts.
As of late 2023, based units include:
RAF Akrotiri and Episkopi Cantonment:
No. 903 Expeditionary Air Wing RAF
No. 84 Squadron RAF
1st Battalion, Duke of Lancaster's Regiment
Cyprus Operations Support Unit
Cyprus Military Working Dog Troop
Cyprus Joint Police Unit (CJPU)
Dhekelia Cantonment:
1st Battalion, The Rifles
Joint Service Signal Unit (Cyprus)
Ayios Nikolaos Station, in the ESBA, is an ELINT (electronic intelligence) listening station of the UKUSA Agreement intelligence network. The UKUSA signals intelligence system is sometimes known as "ECHELON".
Governance
The SBAs were retained in 1960 to keep military bases in areas under British sovereignty, along with the rights retained to use other sites in what became the territory of the Republic. That makes them different from the other remaining British Overseas Territories.
The basic philosophy of their administration was declared by the British government in Appendix O to the 1960 treaty with Cyprus, which provided that the British government intended:
Not to develop the Sovereign Base Areas for other than military purposes.
Not to set up and administer "colonies".
Not to create customs posts or other frontier barriers between the Sovereign Base Areas and the Republic.
Not to set up or permit the establishment of civilian commercial or industrial enterprises except insofar as these are connected with military requirements, and not otherwise to impair the economic, commercial or industrial unity and life of the Island.
Not to establish commercial or civilian seaports or airports.
Not to allow new settlement of people in the Sovereign Base Areas other than for temporary purposes.
Not to expropriate private property within the Sovereign Base Areas except for military purposes on payment of fair compensation.
Appendix O also provides that various ancient monuments in the SBAs (in particular the site and remains of Kourion, the Sanctuary of Apollo Hylates near Kourion, the Stadium of Curium and the Church and remains of the Holy Monastery of St Nicholas of the Cats) should be administered by the Republic of Cyprus. The Cypriot government issues licences for antiquity excavation in the SBAs subject to British consent, and any movable antiquities found in excavations or otherwise discovered become Cypriot state property.
According to the British Ministry of Defence:
Because the SBAs are primarily required as military bases and not ordinary dependent territories, the Administration reports to the Ministry of Defence in London. It has no formal connection with the Foreign and Commonwealth Office or the British High Commission in Nicosia, although there are close informal links with both offices on policy matters.
The territory is administered by an Administrator, who is also the Commander of British Forces Cyprus, which as of September 2022 is Air Vice-marshal Peter J. M. Squires. The Administrator is officially appointed by the British monarch on the advice of the Ministry of Defence. The Administrator has all the executive and legislative authority of a governor of an overseas territory. A Chief Officer is appointed, and is responsible to the Administrator for the day-to-day running of the civil government, with subordinate Area Officers responsible for the civil administration of the two areas. No elections are held in the territory, although British citizens are normally entitled to vote in United Kingdom elections (as British Forces or overseas electors).
The areas have their own legal system, distinct from the United Kingdom and the Republic of Cyprus. This consists of the laws of the Colony of Cyprus as of August 1960, amended as necessary. The laws of Akrotiri and Dhekelia are closely aligned with, and in some cases identical to, the laws operating within the Republic of Cyprus. The Court of the Sovereign Base Areas is concerned with non-military offences committed by any person within Akrotiri and Dhekelia, and law and order is maintained by the Sovereign Base Areas Police, while offences involving British Forces Cyprus and military law are dealt with by the Cyprus Joint Police Unit. Fire and rescue services are provided by the Defence Fire and Risk Management Organisation through stations at Episkopi, Akrotiri, Dhekelia and Ayios Nikolayos. The Defence Medical Services provide emergency ambulance cover based from medical centres in the main bases. All emergency services are accessible from any telephone using the Europe-wide emergency number 112.
Reviews
In January 2010, a newspaper article appeared in the British press claiming that as a result of budgetary constraints arising from the Great Recession, the British Ministry of Defence drew up controversial plans to withdraw the United Kingdom's 3,000 strong garrison and end the use of Cyprus as a staging point for ground forces. The Labour government, under whom the proposal appeared, was replaced by the Cameron–Clegg coalition whose defence review did not mention the issue.
On 15 December 2012 in a written statement to the House of Commons, the UK's Secretary of State for Defence, Philip Hammond, revealed the findings of a report on the SBA military bases following the completion of a review of their operations by Lord Ashcroft:
The Sovereign Base areas are in a region of geo-political importance and high priority for the United Kingdom's long term national security interests ... Our military personnel, United Kingdom civilians and locally employed personnel in the Sovereign Base Areas make a major contribution to the national security of the United Kingdom and will continue to do so in the future.
Dispute and controversies
The Republic of Cyprus claims that the Sovereign Base Areas are a "remnant of colonialism". On 30 June 2005 the House of Representatives of Cyprus unanimously adopted a resolution on the legal status of the base areas originally proposed by Vassos Lyssarides. The resolution refers to "relevant UN decisions on the abolition of colonialism, as well as the fundamental principles of international law, which forbid the occupation of territory within the domain of any other country." It claims that "the United Kingdom does not have substantial sovereignty over the British bases, but it has as much sovereignty as is necessary for military reasons and not for administrative, financial and / or any other reasons." The resolution urged the UK government "to fulfil its financial obligations towards the Republic of Cyprus, which derive from the Treaty of Establishment." It also argued that the UK does not have territorial waters in the areas.
The UK government does not recognise Cypriot claims that the UK's sovereignty in the areas is limited.
In July 2001, protests were held at the bases by local Cypriots, unhappy with British plans to construct radio masts at the bases as part of an upgrade of British military communication posts around the world. Locals claimed the masts would endanger local lives and cause cancer, as well as have a negative effect on wildlife in the area. The British and Cypriot governments jointly commissioned health research from the University of Bristol and the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Cyprus, and that research project reported in 2005 that there was no evidence of health problems being caused by electromagnetic fields from the antennas. The Sovereign Base Areas Administration has carried out assessments and surveys into the effects on wildlife, which have fed into an "Akrotiri Peninsula Environmental Management Plan", published in September 2012.
In 2004, the UK offered to cede 117 square kilometres (45 sq mi) of farmland as part of the rejected Annan Plan for Cyprus.
On 29 August 2013, during the Syrian civil war, some Cypriot and British media sources speculated that long-range ballistic missiles, fired from Syria in retaliation for proposed British involvement in military intervention against the Syrian government of Bashar al-Assad, could hit Cyprus, and could potentially deliver chemical weapons. In some Cypriot media it was stated that the proposed interdiction of the Syrian civil war, utilising Akrotiri and Dhekelia, could recklessly endanger the Cypriot populations near to those bases. Two days earlier, on 27 August 2013, Cypriot foreign minister Ioannis Kasoulides had moved to calm Cypriot concerns, saying that the British bases were unlikely to play a major part in any intervention.
Travel documents
There is normally no passport check at the border from Akrotiri or Dhekelia to Cyprus. Possession of a passport, or an EU-compliant national identity card is generally needed in Cyprus. A passport is required to travel between Cyprus/SBAs and Northern Cyprus. Issues concerning the validity of car insurance and customs are specified by SBAs' administration.
Brexit implications
Under Article 2(1) of the Protocol, the SBAs are partially part of the European Union Customs Union in three domains: VAT, agriculture and fisheries. However, the SBAs are already outside the EU. Therefore, concerns have been raised about the future status of about 15,000 Cypriots (EU citizens) working in the SBA following the UK's 2020 departure from the EU. Cyprus, Republic of Ireland and Spain are the only three EU states that conducted bilateral talks with the UK on the Brexit issue. The talks between the UK and the Republic of Cyprus started in October 2017.
The Brexit withdrawal agreement has a protocol on the SBAs, with provisions essentially maintaining their previous status.
Geography
Akrotiri and Dhekelia cover 3% of the land area of Cyprus, a total of 254 km2 (98 sq mi) (split 123 km2 (47 sq mi) (48.5%) at Akrotiri and 131 km2 (51 sq mi) (51.5%) at Dhekelia). 60% of the land is privately owned as freeholds by Cypriot citizens; the other 40% is controlled by the Ministry of Defence as Crown leasehold land. In January 2014, an agreement between the Cypriot and UK governments was signed, ensuring that residents and property owners in the British Bases will enjoy equal rights for the development of property. In addition to Akrotiri and Dhekelia, the Treaty of Establishment also provided for the continued use by the British Ministry of Defence and the British Armed Forces of certain facilities within the Republic of Cyprus, known as Retained Sites.
Akrotiri is located in the south of the island, near the city of Limassol (or Lemesos). Dhekelia is in the southeast, near Larnaca. Both areas include military bases, as well as farmland and some residential land. Akrotiri is surrounded by territory controlled by the Republic of Cyprus, but Dhekelia also borders on the United Nations (UN) buffer zone and the area controlled by the Turkish forces.
Ayia Napa lies to the east of Dhekelia. The villages of Xylotympou and Ormideia, also in the Republic of Cyprus, are enclaves surrounded by Dhekelia. The Dhekelia Power Station, divided by a British road into two parts, also belongs to the Republic of Cyprus. The northern part is an enclave, like the two villages, whereas the southern part is located by the sea, and therefore not an enclave, though it has no territorial waters of its own.
Territorial waters of 3 nautical miles (5.6 km) are claimed, and the right according to the laws of the UN to extend the claim of up to 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) is reserved.
Cyprus is an important migration flyway for birds between Africa and Europe and millions of birds are killed yearly as they migrate over the island. To protect resident and migratory birds, BirdLife Cyprus and the RSPB survey areas of illegal trapping. More than 150 species of birds, over half of conservation concern, have been trapped in nets, or on limesticks, and it is estimated that organised crime gangs earn over 15 million Euros yearly. The dead birds are sold to provide the main ingredient for ambelopoulia — an illegal delicacy — in the Republic of Cyprus. The 2015 survey estimated a maximum 19 km (12 mi) of mist nets across both the Republic and the British Territories, and more than 5,300 limesticks removed, mainly in the Republic. It is estimated that over 2 million birds were killed in 2015 including over 800,00—0 on British Territories.[49][50] Employing measures such as covert camera surveillance (including a drone), exclusion zones and impounding vehicles, trapping activity at Dhekelia fell by 77.5%. In 2016 an estimated 800,000 birds were killed at Dhekelia and in the following year trapping activity fell by 77.5% and bird deaths to an estimated 180,000.
The Episkopi Cliffs Important Bird Area lies mostly within the western base area, and covers much of the peninsula. It was identified as an IBA in 1989, and became recognised under the Ramsar Convention in 2003. 60% was designated as a Special Protection Area in 2010. Over 300 bird species have been recorded in this area. The wetlands, including the large salt lake, are an important habitat and bird hotspot. These wetlands are an important breeding spot for the ferruginous duck, which has nested there since 2005. Other species that nest in the wetlands include the black-winged stilt, the Kentish plover, the spur-winged lapwing, and the stone-curlew. Black francolins, Cyprus wheatears, Cyprus warblers, Eleonora's falcons, peregrine falcons, griffon vultures, European shags, European rollers, blue rock thrushs, and wallcreepers breed elsewhere in the area, especially around the cliffs.
The beaches in the British Sovereign Base Areas (SBAs) are important nesting sites for the endangered green Chelonia mydas and loggerhead Caretta caretta turtles. The SBA Environment Department, assisted by a large volunteer effort, has monitored turtle nesting success on SBA beaches since 1990. Disturbance to nesting turtles is an issue in some areas due to activities such as camping, driving on beaches and illegal fishing. Sea turtles in Cyprus are protected as priority species under the Protection and Management of Nature and Wildlife Ordinance (implementing the provisions of the Habitats Directive), enacted in 2007.
In December 2015, five Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) were designated in the Cyprus Sovereign Base Areas. The five SACs designated are Akrotiri, Episkopi, Cape Pyla, Dhekelia and Agios Nikolaos. The designations were made under the Protection and Management of Nature and Wildlife Ordinance and will support the existing network (NATURA 2000) of SACs in Cyprus and across Europe.
Demographics
When the areas were being established, the boundaries were deliberately drawn to avoid centres of population. Approximately 18,195 people live in the areas. About 11,000 native Cypriots work in the areas themselves, or on farmland within the boundaries of the areas. The British military and their families make up the rest of the population.
Persons related to the territory may in theory be eligible to claim the British Overseas Territories citizenship (BOTC status) through a personal connection to the areas (i.e., birth on the territory before 1983, or born after 1983 to a parent who was born on the territory before 1983). But unlike most other British Overseas Territories, there is no provision in the 2002 amendment of the British Nationality Act 1981 by which British citizenship (with the right of abode in the United Kingdom) can either be claimed through automatic entitlement or be applied for by means of registration, from or through a sole personal connection to the Base Areas (in comparison, the 2002 Act bestowed British citizenship on all other BOTCs). Hence, non-British and non-military personnel with the connection to the territory cannot live and work in the UK and must use their Cypriot passports to apply for visas to the UK.
Under the terms of the 1960 agreement with Cyprus establishing the Sovereign Base Areas, the United Kingdom is committed not to use the areas for civilian purposes. This was stated in 2002 as the primary reason for the exclusion of the areas from the scope of the British Overseas Territories Act 2002.[citation needed] As of 2010, around 7,195 service personnel of British Forces Cyprus are based at Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
Education
Service Children's Education oversees education for children of personnel and MoD employees. The Eastern Sovereign Base Area is served by Dhekelia Primary School and Ayios Nikolaos Primary School, which are feeders for King Richard School. The Western Sovereign Base Area is served by Episkopi Primary School and Akrotiri Primary School, which are feeders for St. John's School.
Economy
No economic statistics are gathered for Akrotiri and Dhekelia. The main economic activities are the provision of services to the military, as well as limited agriculture. When the territory under the effective control of the Republic of Cyprus switched currencies from the Cypriot pound to the euro on 1 January 2008, Akrotiri and Dhekelia followed suit making the Sovereign Base Areas the only territory under British sovereignty to officially use the euro.
Transport
Cypriot motorways pass through both areas. There is no public airport within the areas, but the RAF Akrotiri airbase is located there, which has a runway suitable for long-distance flights, but is not used for public flights.
Communications
The Base Areas form part of the Republic of Cyprus telephone numbering plan, using the international prefix +357. Landline numbers are in the same eight-digit format, with the last four digits being the line number. Numbers in Dhekelia begin with the digits 2474, while those in Akrotiri begin with the digits 2527.
Postal services are provided by the British Forces Post Office, with mail to Akrotiri being addressed to BFPO 57 and mail to Dhekelia and Ayios Nikolaos being addressed to BFPO 58.[60] Cyprus Postal Services provides postal service for civilian homes and businesses within the Base Areas, then using Cypriot postal codes and "Cyprus" as country on letters from abroad.
The bases are issued different amateur radio call signs from the Republic of Cyprus. Amateur radio stations on the bases use the International Telecommunication Union prefix of "ZC4", which is assigned to Great Britain. There are about 52 amateurs licensed in this manner. Amateur radio direction finding identified RAF Akrotiri as the location of the powerful but now defunct shortwave numbers station "Lincolnshire Poacher". Several curtain antennas there have been identified as being used for these transmissions.
Culture
BBC World Service transmitter masts in Akrotiri
Media
BFBS Radio 1 and 2 are broadcast on FM and can be widely received across Cyprus. BFBS Television is now only available to viewers via satellite, having been confined to the SBAs or encrypted in 1997 for copyright reasons, before BFBS switched off its analogue transmitters in 2009. The British East Mediterranean Relay Station was situated locally.
Financial Counsellor and Monetary and Capital Markets Department Director Tobias Adrian, Deputy Director of the Monetary and Capital Markets Department Fabio Natalucci, and Deputy Division Chief in the Monetary and Capital Markets Department Antonio Garcia Pascual participate in the Global Financial Stability Report press briefing during the 2022 Annual Meetings at the International Monetary Fund.
IMF Photo/Cory Hancock
11 October 2022
Washington, DC, United States
Photo ref: CH221011051.jpg
PHILIPPINE SEA (Sept. 16, 2020) Hospital Corpsman 1st Class Peter Munoz, from El Paso, Texas, left, photographs the crew of a simulated suspect vessel during a visit, board, search and seizure training exercise from the amphibious transport dock ship USS New Orleans (LPD 18). New Orleans, part of the America Amphibious Ready Group assigned to Amphibious Squadron 11, along with the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, is operating in the U.S. 7th Fleet area of responsibility to enhance interoperability with allies and partners and serve as a ready response force to defend peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Kelby Sanders)
September 7, 2011 -- Bringing together voices from Afghanistan, the Netherlands and the United States, “Empowering Women in Afghanistan: Stability Through Rural Development,” highlighted the state of Afghan women in rural areas, the promotion of stability through rural assistance to women, and ways in which America and Europe can work together to empower them.
The conference -- organized by the U.S. Embassy in The Hague and The Atlantic Commission -- highlighted the advantages of directing aid to programs for rural women.
An unidentified Apollo Command Module boilerplate during flotation stability tests conducted circa 1961/62(?). Photo (possibly a frame from motion picture documentation) appears to be shortly after water impact.
"My people need more STABILITY and SECURITY" - Elisabeth Bouaba lives alone in a village near Nana Outta, CAR. Her older sons and their new families live in the bush – hiding in fear of their lives. She considers people need more stability and security. Commissioner Georgieva stressed the importance of regaining security and the rule of law across the country stating both civilians and humanitarian organisations alike needed to safely receive and deliver much needed life-saving assistance.
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«Mon pays a besoin de plus DE STABILITÉ ET DE SÉCURITÉ» - Elisabeth Bouaba vit seule dans un village situé près de Nana Outta, à environ 250 km de Bangui. Ses fils aînés et leur nouvelle famille, qui craignent pour leur vie, vivent dans la brousse. Selon elle, la République centrafricaine (RCA) a besoin de plus de stabilité et de sécurité. Lors d'une récente visite, la commissaire Georgieva a souligné l'importance pour le pays de retrouver la sécurité et d'appliquer l'État de droit. Elle a déclaré que l'aide dont la RCA a tant besoin devait parvenir en toute sécurité aux organisations humanitaires et aux civils.
©EC/ECHO Malini Morzaria
We are overlooking the village and the neighboring stone outcrop of the Dogon village. The pointed roofs are those of the millet silos that store the grain. So many together show the village's degree of wealth and stability. The silos for the men are those with pointed roofs and store mostly the millet. The women silos are those with the rounded roofs and store mostly personal effects. Dogon Village, near Mopti, Mali, W. Africa
EXPLORE: June 24, 2009
Stability in a very unstable world. It is good that we have nature to fall back on for our security blanket. This rose photo was taken after the rain and the title seemed to fit. The water droplets really caught my eye.
Best viewed in large.
Deputy Director of the Monetary and Capital Markets Department Fabio Natalucci provides the Global Financial Stability Report update during the COVID-19 Pandemic at the International Monetary Fund in Washington, D.C. on June 25, 2020. IMF Photo/Cory Hancock
Gaston Gelos (C) Division Chief, Global Financial Stability Analysis Division of the International Monetary Fund delivers his opening remarks with Jan Brockmeijer (2nd L) Deputy Director, Monetary and Capital Markets Department, IMF Nico Valckx (2nd R)
Senior Economist, Global Financial Stability Analysis Division, IMF; Luis Brandao Marques(R)
Senior Economist, Global Financial Stability Analysis Division, IMF and Keiko Utsunomiya (L)
Senior Communications Officer, Communications Department, IMF during the press conference for the Global Stability Report Analytical Chapters October 1, 2014 at the IMF Headquarters 2 in Washington, DC. IMF Staff Photograph/Stephen Jaffe
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Somewhere I’ve read that banks employed Classical detailing in the façade to impart the sense of stability and permanence. The Bank of LaCrosse (Mecklenburg County, Virginia) is no exception, a small town bank exhibiting the Classical features that seemed standard for early banks. I have no date for the structure but guess before 1925; I also don’t know the building material. The façade is framed by four pilasters instead of columns, one at each corner and the remaining two on either side of the entrance. The stylized capitals are elongated and grooved. Above the overhang are recessed panels, functioning as extensions of the pilasters. The overhang has prominent rectangular brackets which resemble large dentil. Below that at each corner is a circular floral design and the name of the bank. A broken pediment is above the entrance with an urn (in funerary sculpture it symbolized immortality, hence permanence of the institution). There's an ornamental swag pattern in the panel between the two large brackets, which support the pediment, and below each bracket are long narrow vertical panels. The doorway itself consists of narrow grooves. The windows are fixed and are enclosed within a large panel between the pilasters in a set pattern (except for the window above the entrance): the second-story windows are arched and have recessed areas, simulating a surround with a bracket form as the keystone; the first story windows are to either side of the entrance; between the stories is a recessed ornamented rectangular panel and below the first-story windows the panel is raised instead of recessed.
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Headgear test fitting with rubber cap for stability and hygiene - full headgear strap with silicone/ rubber cap design and presentation for fitting Various: Headgear and facemask / reverse pull headgear, rubber stability caps, strapping- design and presentation for fitting.
Ángel Estrada, exdirector general de Estabilidad Financiera, Regulación y Resolución / Former Director General Financial Stability, Regulation and Resolution.
IMF Financial Counselor Tobias Adrian, Deputy Director of the Monetary and Capital Markets Department Fabio Natalucci, and Randa Elnagar provide the Global Financial Stability Report update during the COVID-19 Pandemic at the International Monetary Fund in Washington, D.C. on June 25, 2020. IMF Photo/Cory Hancock
I'm 6'5" so when I decided to buy a tripod to last me the rest of my life I went with a tall Gitzo. I love it but it's too big to take when traveling on vacation. I missed so many shots last year because I didn't bring it along(didn't feel cool about checking it in luggage). I ended up getting a deal on a Benro Travel Angel and at 1/2 the size and weight it's perfect. I've used it for the last month or 2 and I liked it so much I picked up a cheap Benro monopod as well. This picture shows how ridiculously small the Benro tripod is(about 15").
4 Anti Rotation Movement exercises for Core Stability
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IMF Deputy Managing Director Min Zhu (right) speaks along with Dr. Ahmed Mohamed Ali Al-Madani, President of the Islamic Development Bank at the seminar Islamic Finance: Unlocking its Potential and Supporting Stability as part of the 2015 IMF/World Bank Spring Meetings on Thursday, April 16 in Washington, D.C. IMF Photo/Ryan Rayburn
German Maj. Gen. Richard Rossmanith (center), deputy chief of staff Stability Division, International Security Assistance Force Headquarters, speaks to local media members Nov. 23 during a ceremony marking the arrival of nine Afghan Post mail trucks in Kabul, Afghanistan. Army Col. Kurt Ryan (left), 10th Sustainment Brigade commander; and Army Col. Beth Bierden, International Security Assistance Force Telecommunication Advisory Team director, attended the ceremony to formally hand over the trucks to Amirzai Sangin, Afghanistan Minister of Communication and Information Technology. Officials from the 10th Sustainment Brigade and ISAF hope improving the local mail system will show the government's commitment to the Afghan people. (U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Nestor Cruz)
Financial Stability Board Chairman Mark Carney (C) is welcomed by Australia's Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister Josh Frydenberg (L) and Queensland Minister for the Environment and Heritage, Andrew Powell at the Brisbane International Airport.
Photograph by Patrick Hamilton/G20 Australia
Nobody knows about my man.
They think hes lost on some horizon.
And suddenly I find myself
Listening to a man Ive never known before,
Telling me about the sea,
All his love, til eternity.
Ooh, hes here again,
The man with the child in his eyes.
Ooh, hes here again,
The man with the child in his eyes.
SOUTH CHINA SEA (March 5, 2019) - The aircraft carrier USS John C. Stennis (CVN 74) transits the South China Sea. The John C. Stennis is deployed in the U.S. 7th Fleet area of operations in support of security and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Jordan Crouch) 190305-N-IO414-1039
** Interested in following U.S. Indo-Pacific Command? Engage and connect with us at www.facebook.com/indopacom | twitter.com/INDOPACOM |
www.instagram.com/indopacom | www.flickr.com/photos/us-pacific-command; | www.youtube.com/user/USPacificCommand | www.pacom.mil/ **
In 2012 alone, nighty eight (98) income-generation activities were supported by DCPSF that included different groups, such as women, youth and various tribes. A total of 92 percent of sampled community members responded that trust and confidence was restored in the communities where the DCPSF projects were operating. Over 80 percent of sampled Darfuris responded that they are satisfied with reconciliation mechanisms, experiencing increased levels of peace and stability. Despite of the increasing overall intensity of conflicts and security incidents in 2012, sample survey and reports from 21 ongoing projects, 2012 indicates that the communities with the DCPSF strengthened their resilience to conflicts and enjoyed peace and stability where activities promoting early recovery could take place. More than 146,500 people have used the community-based conflict resolution mechanisms benefited directly and some 2,425,620 people benefitted indirectly in which the efforts spread to some 160 communities in 2012. DCPSF has supported 61 educational and 7 health initiatives. Forty-five (45) civil society organizations (CSOs) improved planning, conflict sensitivity and peace building activities. Through DCPSF, 25,302 children were newly enrolled in schools in Darfur and 109 water sources including boreholes, hand pumps, wells, and hafirs through consultative processes.
Despite of tough security situation and access, DCPSF has gone beyond the defined milestones by achieving 14 out of 17 milestones defined for 2012. It requires a continuation of funds for the period of time to brought back the communities to pre-conflict situation as a significant amount of anchoring are still in an intensive care. UNDP through DCPSF and its implementing partners backed by the donors, assures to set new goals, standards and achievements in the year 2014 and will ensure accountability of each penny spend from contribution of the donating countries.
For more information:
www.sd.undp.org/content/sudan/en/home/operations/FundMana...
Each supplemental stability pontoon is comprised of eight cells separated by concrete walls.
Doorways like the one seen at the top of this photo will allow maintenance workers to access each of the cells.
The doorway at the bottom of this photo is a temporary access point. It will be filled in with rebar and concrete before the pontoon is completed.
PHILIPPINE SEA (Sept. 16, 2020) Quartermaster 3rd Class Dustin Docker, from Lancaster, Calif., monitors the situation aboard a simulated suspect vessel during a visit, board, search and seizure training exercise from the amphibious transport dock ship USS New Orleans (LPD 18). New Orleans, part of the America Amphibious Ready Group assigned to Amphibious Squadron 11, along with the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, is operating in the U.S. 7th Fleet area of responsibility to enhance interoperability with allies and partners and serve as a ready response force to defend peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Kelby Sanders)
Tobias Adrian, IMF Financial Counsellor and Director of the Monetary and Capital Markets Department, Fabio Natalucci, Deputy Director of the Monetary and Capital Markets Department, and Evan Papageorgiou, Deputy Division Chief of the Monetary and Capital Markets department, provide the Global Financial Stability Report during the 2021 Spring Meetings at the International Monetary Fund.
IMF Photo/Cliff Owen
6 April 2021
Washington, DC, United States
Photo ref: CO100824.ARW
German Maj. Gen. Richard Rossmanith, deputy chief of staff Stability Division, International Security Assistance Force Headquarters, hands the keys to an Afghan Post mail truck to Amirzai Sangin, Afghanistan Minister of Communication and Information Technology, Nov. 23 during a ceremony marking the arrival of nine trucks in Kabul, Afghanistan. With the arrival of the new mail trucks, 10th Sustainment Brigade and ISAF officials hope the Afghan Post will restore public trust in the delivery system. (U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Nestor Cruz)
Brig. Gen. Giovanni Pietro Barbano (right), Center of Excellence for Stability Police Units (CoESPU) director and U.S. Army Col. Darius S. Gallegos (left), CoESPU deputy director, stand at attention during the graduation ceremony of 14th Protection of Civilians Course at the CoESPU in Vicenza, Italy, February 21, 2017. (U.S. Army Photo by Visual Information Specialist Paolo Bovo/released)
IMF Financial Counselor Tobias Adrian provides the Global Financial Stability Report update during the COVID-19 Pandemic at the International Monetary Fund in Washington, D.C. on June 25, 2020. IMF Photo/Cory Hancock
Financial Counsellor and Monetary and Capital Markets Department Director Tobias Adrian, Deputy Director of the Monetary and Capital Markets Department Fabio Natalucci, and Deputy Division Chief in the Monetary and Capital Markets Department Antonio Garcia Pascual participate in the Global Financial Stability Report press briefing during the 2022 Annual Meetings at the International Monetary Fund.
IMF Photo/Cory Hancock
11 October 2022
Washington, DC, United States
Photo ref: CH221011045.jpg
During the Capacity Development - Financial Sector Stability session at the 2019 IMF/World Bank Spring Meetings at IMF Headquarters April 10, 2019 in Washington, DC, Nico Valckx, Naoto Osawa, and Tumubweine Twinemanzi answe the questions : How can policymakers implement a strong reform agenda? Join us to learn how countries such as Uganda are using targeted tools like the Financial Sector Stability Review, so they can prioritize reforms and build a more resilient financial sector. IMF Photograph/Joshua Roberts
PHILIPPINE SEA (Jan. 14, 2021) Gunner’s Mate Seaman Jacob Krachey, from Flagstaff, Ariz., discharges water overboard as part of regular scheduled maintenance on a spraying magazine onboard USS America (LHA 6). America, part of the America Amphibious Ready Group, along with the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, is operating in the U.S. 7th Fleet area of responsibility to enhance interoperability with allies and partners, serving as a ready response force to defend peace and stability in the Pacific region. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist Seaman Kelsey Culbertson)
Please read my profile for more information about my craft.
This 140 carat handcrafted Snakeskin Jasper pendant is created swirling and shaping 14kt gold filled wire by hand, adding shells, glass chips and Swarovski crystals to enhance the natural beauty and shape of the stone. This beautiful stone has tones of beiges and aqua.
It measures 1 1/2" across and 3" top to tip including the bail.
The bail is designed to be large enough to accommodate your favorite chain, choker or cord, not included.
All purchases are nicely packaged in a gift box.
Snakeskin Jasper's healing effects:
Helps guard against negative attitudes and actions. It is useful in moving energy and helpful during massage or energy work. It can help while smudging to enhance the clearing and stability of the environment when completed. It can help eliminate the threat of psychic attack and renews the strength to more easily release the bonds or cords that are so restrictive. It helps provide a stabilizing energy to our lives. It helps bring productivity and abundance to our minds and bodies. It is also helpful during meditation, bringing peace of mind. It can help guard us against someone else's negative attitude and actions. Also has all the general properties of Jasper.
DAVOS/SWITZERLAND, 24JAN14 - Philipp M. Hildebrand, Vice-Chairman, BlackRock, United Kingdom gestures while speaking during the session 'The Path from Crisis to Stability' at the Annual Meeting 2014 of the World Economic Forum at the congress centre in Davos, January 24, 2014.
WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM/swiss-image.ch/Photo Remy Steinegger
Dr. Ahmed Mohamed Ali Al-Madani, President of the Islamic Development Bank, speaks at the seminar Islamic Finance: Unlocking its Potential and Supporting Stability as part of the 2015 IMF/World Bank Spring Meetings on Thursday, April 16 in Washington, D.C. IMF Photo/Ryan Rayburn
(FLTR) Martin Wolf , Associate Editor and Chief Economics Commentator, Financial Times, United Kingdom; Global Agenda Council on New Growth Models, Anat Admati, George G. C. Parker Professor of Finance and Economics, Stanford Graduate School of Business, USA, Pietro Carlo Padoan, Minister of Economics and Finance of Italy, Andrea Enria, Chairman, European Banking Authority, London, Urs Rohner , Chairman of the Board of Directors, Credit Suisse Group, Switzerland are captured during the Forum Debate 'Global Financial Stability' at the congress centre during the Annual Meeting 2015 of the World Economic Forum in Davos, January 21, 2015.
WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM/swiss-image.ch/Photo Monika Flueckiger
Checking Create Australia refund consulting reviews help you know more about the industry. Moreover, you come to know how refund consultants at Create Australia got help in order to start up in business. The team of professionals at Create Australia, shows how to recover the money and get paid. medium.com/@create.australia/refund-consulting-program-is...
Gen. David H. Petraeus; commander of NATO and International Security Assistance Force troops in Afghanistan; meets UK Prime Minister David Cameron at 10 Downing Street; London; Mar. 22. ISAF; in support of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan; conducts operations in Afghanistan to reduce the capability and will of the insurgency; support the growth in capacity and capability of the Afghan National Security Forces; and facilitate improvements in governance and socio-economic development; in order to provide a secure environment for sustainable stability that is observable to the population. (Photo by U.S. Navy Chief Petty Officer Joshua Treadwell) (Released)
In 2012 alone, nighty eight (98) income-generation activities were supported by DCPSF that included different groups, such as women, youth and various tribes. A total of 92 percent of sampled community members responded that trust and confidence was restored in the communities where the DCPSF projects were operating. Over 80 percent of sampled Darfuris responded that they are satisfied with reconciliation mechanisms, experiencing increased levels of peace and stability. Despite of the increasing overall intensity of conflicts and security incidents in 2012, sample survey and reports from 21 ongoing projects, 2012 indicates that the communities with the DCPSF strengthened their resilience to conflicts and enjoyed peace and stability where activities promoting early recovery could take place. More than 146,500 people have used the community-based conflict resolution mechanisms benefited directly and some 2,425,620 people benefitted indirectly in which the efforts spread to some 160 communities in 2012. DCPSF has supported 61 educational and 7 health initiatives. Forty-five (45) civil society organizations (CSOs) improved planning, conflict sensitivity and peace building activities. Through DCPSF, 25,302 children were newly enrolled in schools in Darfur and 109 water sources including boreholes, hand pumps, wells, and hafirs through consultative processes.
Despite of tough security situation and access, DCPSF has gone beyond the defined milestones by achieving 14 out of 17 milestones defined for 2012. It requires a continuation of funds for the period of time to brought back the communities to pre-conflict situation as a significant amount of anchoring are still in an intensive care. UNDP through DCPSF and its implementing partners backed by the donors, assures to set new goals, standards and achievements in the year 2014 and will ensure accountability of each penny spend from contribution of the donating countries.
For more information:
www.sd.undp.org/content/sudan/en/home/operations/FundMana...
DAVOS/SWITZERLAND, 24JAN14 - Philipp M. Hildebrand, Vice-Chairman, BlackRock, United Kingdom listens to a statement during the session 'The Path from Crisis to Stability' at the Annual Meeting 2014 of the World Economic Forum at the congress centre in Davos, January 24, 2014.
WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM/swiss-image.ch/Photo Remy Steinegger