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Uchee is a site-specific work, assembled in situ. The brushstrokes sit one in front of the other and are made of polymer and pigment on aluminum. Donald Martiny is a local abstract artist. Martiny studied at the School of the Visual Arts, The Art Students League in New York, New York University and the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. His museum exhibitions include the FWMoA, Courtauld Institute of Art, Alden B Dow Museum of Art, Falmouth Museum, and the Cameron Art Museum. Martiny’s work is represented by galleries in Europe, the US and Australia and is collected internationally. His work has been featured in the Huffington Post, NPR, Philadelphia Inquirer, VOGUE LIVING | Australia, New American Paintings | South, Decor Magazine, Hong Kong Tatler and Woven Tale Press.
In 2015 Martiny received a commission from the Durst Organization to create two monumental paintings that are permanently installed in the lobby of One World Trade Center in New York City.
Abierto x Obras. Matadero Madrid. Del 15 de septiembre 2017 al 8 de enero 2018.
Matadero Madrid presenta Los Afijos, una intervención site specific que ha realizado Juan López (Cantabria, 1979) para el programa Abierto x Obras, que tiene lugar en la antigua cámara frigorífica del que fue el matadero de Legazpi. La propuesta del artista plantea una intervención escultórica sobre la arquitectura como forma de resistencia contra lo establecido.
Los afijos son secuencias lingüísticas que se anteponen, se posponen o se insertan en una palabra para modificar su significado. Esta intervención, realizada específicamente para el programa Abierto x Obras de Matadero Madrid, trabaja con la relación entre escritura y arquitectura, entre signo y significado, entre escultura y collage. En un mundo hipercomunicado, poblado de signos creados por una élite intelectual y/o social, López juega con la posibilidad de alumbrar nuevos significados, nuevos espacios y otros regímenes de lo sensible, a partir de la creación de renovados signos, que además componen otros espacios. Así pues, se resignifica el discurso a la vez que se resignifica la arquitectura y por tanto nuestra manera de relacionarnos en este espacio.
Desde sus obras tempranas de intervención en el espacio urbano, el trabajo de Juan López busca desvelar otros modos de percibir el lugar como hipótesis para otras relaciones sociales fuera de la normatividad impuesta por el poder. En su obra, y mediante el recurso de la metáfora, quiebra y recompone los vínculos entre estos tres elementos: ciudad, subjetividad y poder.
Juan López ha expuesto en numerosas galerías, centros de arte, ferias y museos nacionales e internacionales como La Casa Encendida, MUSAC, Centro de Arte Laboral, Fundación Joan Miró, La Panera, O.K. Centrum Tokyo Wonder Site o Den Frie. Además, ha recibido diversos premios y becas como Hegnspl-Award Byens Hegn, Generaciones 2013, Premio ABC de Arte, Beca Fundación Marcelino Botín o Muestra de Arte INJUVE.
Abierto x Obras, en Matadero Madrid, es un programa de intervenciones site specific que invita a artistas a realizar una pieza de nueva producción incentivando el carácter experimental de la creación contemporánea a través de planteamientos que exploran la relación entre el arte y el lugar que lo acoge, la antigua cámara frigorífica del Matadero.
La Delice Pastry Shop and Candy Store Chocolate specific on 3rd Avenue and 27th Street Kips Bay New York City - 03/30/2017 - NYC - Mystery Magic Chef outside mannequin Superchef Comicbook super hero comic book comics standee Halloween stand up store stores popup Bake Bakery Easter candy store entrance Pop n Fresh Mannequins dummy wax sculpture standees butler domestic hat uniform chocolate 2017 Mysterious
Remains of a specific medieval fortress, which was built into four basalt towers, which are the remains of an ancient volcano. It was a guard castle with a large tower, which stood high above the landscape with a great outlook at the delta of Elbe river, an important trade route at that time. The original wooden castle stood at least in the 11th Century, and was modified to a stone castle sometimes in the 12th Century. It was expanded in the late 14th Century, attacked in 1444 and damaged, improvized repairs have been done but in the next year another enemies burned the castle down and killed all the men defending it (they were buried under the castle in a mass grave, which is still there). The castle is mentioned as abandoned in 1515, but the buildings under the core were used until WW2. Most of the stone walls sacked down the hill, creating still visible debris fields, today the basalt towers are pretty well accessible, and it is possible to climb to the highest point and have a beautiful look around the landscape.
c / o invites the public to hand-deliver wood parcels to specific destinations without knowing the contents.
keywords: pony express, royal mail, communicable disease, parcel, shooting the messenger, mule, fedex, pandora
Public Interaction Objects (PIO) is a series of low-tech participatory objects. They are physical interfaces engineered to create meaningful interaction with individuals in various public contexts. Each object is a composite of various influences. PIO influences include historical and mythological narratives, cultural customs, market economies, and lifestyle, entertainment and commercial technologies.
These objects are designed to ultimately promote curiosity and participation for those that come in contact with them. PIOs also challenge our all too prevalent responses of suspicion and alarm that many foreign objects create. In recent years, our governments have decreed freedom-limiting legislation and in many public contexts - a heighten militarization. There are fear-laden messages channeled daily throughout the media as well. We have been indoctrinated to report these things rather than curiously explore them ourselves.
FS recognizes that we live in world that requires a basic sense of courage and trust in the people and objects that we share our spaces with in order to be free and active. It is also acknowledged that this trust has been horrifically exploited. We do not want to minimize the reality of these tragedies, nor do we condone these acts of aggression. Conversely, we do not want to surrender our freedom to explore, examine, create, share, confront, protest, and disseminate both ideas and objects in our shared public realm.
Eleven teachers from the Main branch of the Mongolian University of Science and Technology joined 8 instructors from Darkhan School of Technology and 1 English Teaching Assistant for a day of workshops to improve teachers’ practice. Teachers from UlaanBaatar took a four-hour bus ride on snow-covered roads to arrive in Darkhan at midnight on Friday, November 27th. The workshop started at 9:30 on Saturday morning with greetings and welcome from Judy Emerson, English Language Fellow, and one organizer of the Workshop.
Six different sessions with 2 workshops offered at each time provided variety to the day as teachers learned about English for Specific Purposes in Engineering, Business, International Communication Technology, Building Genre Awareness in ESP, as well as Vocabulary, Brainstorming, Reading, and Integrated Skills.
The horse (Equus caballus) is a domesticated, one-toed, hoofed mammal. It belongs to the taxonomic family Equidae and is one of two extant subspecies of Equus ferus. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature, close to Eohippus, into the large, single-toed animal of today. Humans began domesticating horses around 4000 BCE, and their domestication is believed to have been widespread by 3000 BCE. Horses in the subspecies caballus are domesticated, although some domesticated populations live in the wild as feral horses. These feral populations are not true wild horses, which are horses that never have been domesticated. There is an extensive, specialized vocabulary used to describe equine-related concepts, covering everything from anatomy to life stages, size, colors, markings, breeds, locomotion, and behavior.
Horses are adapted to run, allowing them to quickly escape predators, and possess an excellent sense of balance and a strong fight-or-flight response. Related to this need to flee from predators in the wild is an unusual trait: horses are able to sleep both standing up and lying down, with younger horses tending to sleep significantly more than adults. Female horses, called mares, carry their young for approximately 11 months and a young horse, called a foal, can stand and run shortly following birth. Most domesticated horses begin training under a saddle or in a harness between the ages of two and four. They reach full adult development by age five, and have an average lifespan of between 25 and 30 years.
Horse breeds are loosely divided into three categories based on general temperament: spirited "hot bloods" with speed and endurance; "cold bloods", such as draft horses and some ponies, suitable for slow, heavy work; and "warmbloods", developed from crosses between hot bloods and cold bloods, often focusing on creating breeds for specific riding purposes, particularly in Europe. There are more than 300 breeds of horse in the world today, developed for many different uses.
Horses and humans interact in a wide variety of sport competitions and non-competitive recreational pursuits as well as in working activities such as police work, agriculture, entertainment, and therapy. Horses were historically used in warfare, from which a wide variety of riding and driving techniques developed, using many different styles of equipment and methods of control. Many products are derived from horses, including meat, milk, hide, hair, bone, and pharmaceuticals extracted from the urine of pregnant mares. Humans provide domesticated horses with food, water, and shelter, as well as attention from specialists such as veterinarians and farriers.
Lifespan and life stages
Depending on breed, management and environment, the modern domestic horse has a life expectancy of 25 to 30 years. Uncommonly, a few animals live into their 40s and, occasionally, beyond. The oldest verifiable record was "Old Billy", a 19th-century horse that lived to the age of 62. In modern times, Sugar Puff, who had been listed in Guinness World Records as the world's oldest living pony, died in 2007 at age 56.
Regardless of a horse or pony's actual birth date, for most competition purposes a year is added to its age each January 1 of each year in the Northern Hemisphere and each August 1 in the Southern Hemisphere. The exception is in endurance riding, where the minimum age to compete is based on the animal's actual calendar age.
The following terminology is used to describe horses of various ages:
Foal
A horse of either sex less than one year old. A nursing foal is sometimes called a suckling, and a foal that has been weaned is called a weanling. Most domesticated foals are weaned at five to seven months of age, although foals can be weaned at four months with no adverse physical effects.
Yearling
A horse of either sex that is between one and two years old.
Colt
A male horse under the age of four. A common terminology error is to call any young horse a "colt", when the term actually only refers to young male horses.
Filly
A female horse under the age of four.
Mare
A female horse four years old and older.
Stallion
A non-castrated male horse four years old and older.The term "horse" is sometimes used colloquially to refer specifically to a stallion.
Gelding
A castrated male horse of any age.
In horse racing, these definitions may differ: For example, in the British Isles, Thoroughbred horse racing defines colts and fillies as less than five years old. However, Australian Thoroughbred racing defines colts and fillies as less than four years old.
Size and measurement
The height of horses is measured at the highest point of the withers, where the neck meets the back. This point is used because it is a stable point of the anatomy, unlike the head or neck, which move up and down in relation to the body of the horse.
Size varies greatly among horse breeds, as with this full-sized horse and small pony.
In English-speaking countries, the height of horses is often stated in units of hands and inches: one hand is equal to 4 inches (101.6 mm). The height is expressed as the number of full hands, followed by a point, then the number of additional inches, and ending with the abbreviation "h" or "hh" (for "hands high"). Thus, a horse described as "15.2 h" is 15 hands plus 2 inches, for a total of 62 inches (157.5 cm) in height.
The size of horses varies by breed, but also is influenced by nutrition. Light-riding horses usually range in height from 14 to 16 hands (56 to 64 inches, 142 to 163 cm) and can weigh from 380 to 550 kilograms (840 to 1,210 lb). Larger-riding horses usually start at about 15.2 hands (62 inches, 157 cm) and often are as tall as 17 hands (68 inches, 173 cm), weighing from 500 to 600 kilograms (1,100 to 1,320 lb). Heavy or draft horses are usually at least 16 hands (64 inches, 163 cm) high and can be as tall as 18 hands (72 inches, 183 cm) high. They can weigh from about 700 to 1,000 kilograms (1,540 to 2,200 lb).
The largest horse in recorded history was probably a Shire horse named Mammoth, who was born in 1848. He stood 21.2 1⁄4 hands (86.25 inches, 219 cm) high and his peak weight was estimated at 1,524 kilograms (3,360 lb). The record holder for the smallest horse ever is Thumbelina, a fully mature miniature horse affected by dwarfism. She was 43 centimetres; 4.1 hands (17 in) tall and weighed 26 kg (57 lb).
Ponies
Main article: Pony
Ponies are taxonomically the same animals as horses. The distinction between a horse and pony is commonly drawn on the basis of height, especially for competition purposes. However, height alone is not dispositive; the difference between horses and ponies may also include aspects of phenotype, including conformation and temperament.
The traditional standard for height of a horse or a pony at maturity is 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm). An animal 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) or over is usually considered to be a horse and one less than 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) a pony, but there are many exceptions to the traditional standard. In Australia, ponies are considered to be those under 14 hands (56 inches, 142 cm). For competition in the Western division of the United States Equestrian Federation, the cutoff is 14.1 hands (57 inches, 145 cm). The International Federation for Equestrian Sports, the world governing body for horse sport, uses metric measurements and defines a pony as being any horse measuring less than 148 centimetres (58.27 in) at the withers without shoes, which is just over 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm), and 149 centimetres (58.66 in; 14.2+1⁄2 hands), with shoes.
Height is not the sole criterion for distinguishing horses from ponies. Breed registries for horses that typically produce individuals both under and over 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) consider all animals of that breed to be horses regardless of their height. Conversely, some pony breeds may have features in common with horses, and individual animals may occasionally mature at over 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm), but are still considered to be ponies.
Ponies often exhibit thicker manes, tails, and overall coat. They also have proportionally shorter legs, wider barrels, heavier bone, shorter and thicker necks, and short heads with broad foreheads. They may have calmer temperaments than horses and also a high level of intelligence that may or may not be used to cooperate with human handlers. Small size, by itself, is not an exclusive determinant. For example, the Shetland pony which averages 10 hands (40 inches, 102 cm), is considered a pony. Conversely, breeds such as the Falabella and other miniature horses, which can be no taller than 76 centimetres; 7.2 hands (30 in), are classified by their registries as very small horses, not ponies.
Genetics
Horses have 64 chromosomes. The horse genome was sequenced in 2007. It contains 2.7 billion DNA base pairs, which is larger than the dog genome, but smaller than the human genome or the bovine genome.
Colors and markings
Horses exhibit a diverse array of coat colors and distinctive markings, described by a specialized vocabulary. Often, a horse is classified first by its coat color, before breed or sex. Horses of the same color may be distinguished from one another by white markings, which, along with various spotting patterns, are inherited separately from coat color.
Many genes that create horse coat colors and patterns have been identified. Current genetic tests can identify at least 13 different alleles influencing coat color, and research continues to discover new genes linked to specific traits. The basic coat colors of chestnut and black are determined by the gene controlled by the Melanocortin 1 receptor, also known as the "extension gene" or "red factor", as its recessive form is "red" (chestnut) and its dominant form is black. Additional genes control suppression of black color to point coloration that results in a bay, spotting patterns such as pinto or leopard, dilution genes such as palomino or dun, as well as greying, and all the other factors that create the many possible coat colors found in horses.
Horses that have a white coat color are often mislabeled; a horse that looks "white" is usually a middle-aged or older gray. Grays are born a darker shade, get lighter as they age, but usually keep black skin underneath their white hair coat (with the exception of pink skin under white markings). The only horses properly called white are born with a predominantly white hair coat and pink skin, a fairly rare occurrence. Different and unrelated genetic factors can produce white coat colors in horses, including several different alleles of dominant white and the sabino-1 gene. However, there are no "albino" horses, defined as having both pink skin and red eyes.
Reproduction and development
Gestation lasts approximately 340 days, with an average range 320–370 days, and usually results in one foal; twins are rare. Horses are a precocial species, and foals are capable of standing and running within a short time following birth. Foals are usually born in the spring. The estrous cycle of a mare occurs roughly every 19–22 days and occurs from early spring into autumn. Most mares enter an anestrus period during the winter and thus do not cycle in this period. Foals are generally weaned from their mothers between four and six months of age.
Horses, particularly colts, are sometimes physically capable of reproduction at about 18 months, but domesticated horses are rarely allowed to breed before the age of three, especially females. Horses four years old are considered mature, although the skeleton normally continues to develop until the age of six; maturation also depends on the horse's size, breed, sex, and quality of care. Larger horses have larger bones; therefore, not only do the bones take longer to form bone tissue, but the epiphyseal plates are larger and take longer to convert from cartilage to bone. These plates convert after the other parts of the bones, and are crucial to development.
Depending on maturity, breed, and work expected, horses are usually put under saddle and trained to be ridden between the ages of two and four. Although Thoroughbred race horses are put on the track as young as the age of two in some countries, horses specifically bred for sports such as dressage are generally not put under saddle until they are three or four years old, because their bones and muscles are not solidly developed. For endurance riding competition, horses are not deemed mature enough to compete until they are a full 60 calendar months (five years) old.
Anatomy
The horse skeleton averages 205 bones. A significant difference between the horse skeleton and that of a human is the lack of a collarbone—the horse's forelimbs are attached to the spinal column by a powerful set of muscles, tendons, and ligaments that attach the shoulder blade to the torso. The horse's four legs and hooves are also unique structures. Their leg bones are proportioned differently from those of a human. For example, the body part that is called a horse's "knee" is actually made up of the carpal bones that correspond to the human wrist. Similarly, the hock contains bones equivalent to those in the human ankle and heel. The lower leg bones of a horse correspond to the bones of the human hand or foot, and the fetlock (incorrectly called the "ankle") is actually the proximal sesamoid bones between the cannon bones (a single equivalent to the human metacarpal or metatarsal bones) and the proximal phalanges, located where one finds the "knuckles" of a human. A horse also has no muscles in its legs below the knees and hocks, only skin, hair, bone, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and the assorted specialized tissues that make up the hoof.
Hooves
Main articles: Horse hoof, Horseshoe, and Farrier
The critical importance of the feet and legs is summed up by the traditional adage, "no foot, no horse". The horse hoof begins with the distal phalanges, the equivalent of the human fingertip or tip of the toe, surrounded by cartilage and other specialized, blood-rich soft tissues such as the laminae. The exterior hoof wall and horn of the sole is made of keratin, the same material as a human fingernail. The result is that a horse, weighing on average 500 kilograms (1,100 lb), travels on the same bones as would a human on tiptoe. For the protection of the hoof under certain conditions, some horses have horseshoes placed on their feet by a professional farrier. The hoof continually grows, and in most domesticated horses needs to be trimmed (and horseshoes reset, if used) every five to eight weeks, though the hooves of horses in the wild wear down and regrow at a rate suitable for their terrain.
Teeth
Main article: Horse teeth
Horses are adapted to grazing. In an adult horse, there are 12 incisors at the front of the mouth, adapted to biting off the grass or other vegetation. There are 24 teeth adapted for chewing, the premolars and molars, at the back of the mouth. Stallions and geldings have four additional teeth just behind the incisors, a type of canine teeth called "tushes". Some horses, both male and female, will also develop one to four very small vestigial teeth in front of the molars, known as "wolf" teeth, which are generally removed because they can interfere with the bit. There is an empty interdental space between the incisors and the molars where the bit rests directly on the gums, or "bars" of the horse's mouth when the horse is bridled.
An estimate of a horse's age can be made from looking at its teeth. The teeth continue to erupt throughout life and are worn down by grazing. Therefore, the incisors show changes as the horse ages; they develop a distinct wear pattern, changes in tooth shape, and changes in the angle at which the chewing surfaces meet. This allows a very rough estimate of a horse's age, although diet and veterinary care can also affect the rate of tooth wear.
Digestion
Main articles: Equine digestive system and Equine nutrition
Horses are herbivores with a digestive system adapted to a forage diet of grasses and other plant material, consumed steadily throughout the day. Therefore, compared to humans, they have a relatively small stomach but very long intestines to facilitate a steady flow of nutrients. A 450-kilogram (990 lb) horse will eat 7 to 11 kilograms (15 to 24 lb) of food per day and, under normal use, drink 38 to 45 litres (8.4 to 9.9 imp gal; 10 to 12 US gal) of water. Horses are not ruminants, they have only one stomach, like humans, but unlike humans, they can digest cellulose, a major component of grass. Horses are hindgut fermenters. Cellulose fermentation by symbiotic bacteria occurs in the cecum, or "water gut", which food goes through before reaching the large intestine. Horses cannot vomit, so digestion problems can quickly cause colic, a leading cause of death. Horses do not have a gallbladder; however, they seem to tolerate high amounts of fat in their diet despite lack of a gallbladder.
Senses
The horses' senses are based on their status as prey animals, where they must be aware of their surroundings at all times. They have the largest eyes of any land mammal, and are lateral-eyed, meaning that their eyes are positioned on the sides of their heads. This means that horses have a range of vision of more than 350°, with approximately 65° of this being binocular vision and the remaining 285° monocular vision. Horses have excellent day and night vision, but they have two-color, or dichromatic vision; their color vision is somewhat like red-green color blindness in humans, where certain colors, especially red and related colors, appear as a shade of green.
Their sense of smell, while much better than that of humans, is not quite as good as that of a dog. It is believed to play a key role in the social interactions of horses as well as detecting other key scents in the environment. Horses have two olfactory centers. The first system is in the nostrils and nasal cavity, which analyze a wide range of odors. The second, located under the nasal cavity, are the vomeronasal organs, also called Jacobson's organs. These have a separate nerve pathway to the brain and appear to primarily analyze pheromones.
A horse's hearing is good, and the pinna of each ear can rotate up to 180°, giving the potential for 360° hearing without having to move the head. Noise impacts the behavior of horses and certain kinds of noise may contribute to stress: a 2013 study in the UK indicated that stabled horses were calmest in a quiet setting, or if listening to country or classical music, but displayed signs of nervousness when listening to jazz or rock music. This study also recommended keeping music under a volume of 21 decibels. An Australian study found that stabled racehorses listening to talk radio had a higher rate of gastric ulcers than horses listening to music, and racehorses stabled where a radio was played had a higher overall rate of ulceration than horses stabled where there was no radio playing.
Horses have a great sense of balance, due partly to their ability to feel their footing and partly to highly developed proprioception—the unconscious sense of where the body and limbs are at all times. A horse's sense of touch is well-developed. The most sensitive areas are around the eyes, ears, and nose. Horses are able to sense contact as subtle as an insect landing anywhere on the body.
Horses have an advanced sense of taste, which allows them to sort through fodder and choose what they would most like to eat, and their prehensile lips can easily sort even small grains. Horses generally will not eat poisonous plants, however, there are exceptions; horses will occasionally eat toxic amounts of poisonous plants even when there is adequate healthy food.
Movement
All horses move naturally with four basic gaits:
the four-beat walk, which averages 6.4 kilometres per hour (4.0 mph);
the two-beat trot or jog at 13 to 19 kilometres per hour (8.1 to 11.8 mph) (faster for harness racing horses);
the canter or lope, a three-beat gait that is 19 to 24 kilometres per hour (12 to 15 mph);
the gallop, which averages 40 to 48 kilometres per hour (25 to 30 mph), but the world record for a horse galloping over a short, sprint distance is 70.76 kilometres per hour (43.97 mph).
Besides these basic gaits, some horses perform a two-beat pace, instead of the trot. There also are several four-beat 'ambling' gaits that are approximately the speed of a trot or pace, though smoother to ride. These include the lateral rack, running walk, and tölt as well as the diagonal fox trot. Ambling gaits are often genetic in some breeds, known collectively as gaited horses. These horses replace the trot with one of the ambling gaits.
Behavior
Horses are prey animals with a strong fight-or-flight response. Their first reaction to a threat is to startle and usually flee, although they will stand their ground and defend themselves when flight is impossible or if their young are threatened. They also tend to be curious; when startled, they will often hesitate an instant to ascertain the cause of their fright, and may not always flee from something that they perceive as non-threatening. Most light horse riding breeds were developed for speed, agility, alertness and endurance; natural qualities that extend from their wild ancestors. However, through selective breeding, some breeds of horses are quite docile, particularly certain draft horses.
Horses fighting as part of herd dominance behaviour
Horses are herd animals, with a clear hierarchy of rank, led by a dominant individual, usually a mare. They are also social creatures that are able to form companionship attachments to their own species and to other animals, including humans. They communicate in various ways, including vocalizations such as nickering or whinnying, mutual grooming, and body language. Many horses will become difficult to manage if they are isolated, but with training, horses can learn to accept a human as a companion, and thus be comfortable away from other horses. However, when confined with insufficient companionship, exercise, or stimulation, individuals may develop stable vices, an assortment of bad habits, mostly stereotypies of psychological origin, that include wood chewing, wall kicking, "weaving" (rocking back and forth), and other problems.
Intelligence and learning
Studies have indicated that horses perform a number of cognitive tasks on a daily basis, meeting mental challenges that include food procurement and identification of individuals within a social system. They also have good spatial discrimination abilities. They are naturally curious and apt to investigate things they have not seen before. Studies have assessed equine intelligence in areas such as problem solving, speed of learning, and memory. Horses excel at simple learning, but also are able to use more advanced cognitive abilities that involve categorization and concept learning. They can learn using habituation, desensitization, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning, and positive and negative reinforcement. One study has indicated that horses can differentiate between "more or less" if the quantity involved is less than four.
Domesticated horses may face greater mental challenges than wild horses, because they live in artificial environments that prevent instinctive behavior whilst also learning tasks that are not natural. Horses are animals of habit that respond well to regimentation, and respond best when the same routines and techniques are used consistently. One trainer believes that "intelligent" horses are reflections of intelligent trainers who effectively use response conditioning techniques and positive reinforcement to train in the style that best fits with an individual animal's natural inclinations.
Temperament
Horses are mammals, and as such are warm-blooded, or endothermic creatures, as opposed to cold-blooded, or poikilothermic animals. However, these words have developed a separate meaning in the context of equine terminology, used to describe temperament, not body temperature. For example, the "hot-bloods", such as many race horses, exhibit more sensitivity and energy, while the "cold-bloods", such as most draft breeds, are quieter and calmer. Sometimes "hot-bloods" are classified as "light horses" or "riding horses", with the "cold-bloods" classified as "draft horses" or "work horses".
a sepia-toned engraving from an old book, showing 11 horses of different breeds and sizes in nine different illustrations
Illustration of assorted breeds; slim, light hotbloods, medium-sized warmbloods and draft and pony-type coldblood breeds
"Hot blooded" breeds include "oriental horses" such as the Akhal-Teke, Arabian horse, Barb, and now-extinct Turkoman horse, as well as the Thoroughbred, a breed developed in England from the older oriental breeds. Hot bloods tend to be spirited, bold, and learn quickly. They are bred for agility and speed. They tend to be physically refined—thin-skinned, slim, and long-legged. The original oriental breeds were brought to Europe from the Middle East and North Africa when European breeders wished to infuse these traits into racing and light cavalry horses.
Muscular, heavy draft horses are known as "cold bloods", as they are bred not only for strength, but also to have the calm, patient temperament needed to pull a plow or a heavy carriage full of people. They are sometimes nicknamed "gentle giants". Well-known draft breeds include the Belgian and the Clydesdale. Some, like the Percheron, are lighter and livelier, developed to pull carriages or to plow large fields in drier climates. Others, such as the Shire, are slower and more powerful, bred to plow fields with heavy, clay-based soils. The cold-blooded group also includes some pony breeds.
"Warmblood" breeds, such as the Trakehner or Hanoverian, developed when European carriage and war horses were crossed with Arabians or Thoroughbreds, producing a riding horse with more refinement than a draft horse, but greater size and milder temperament than a lighter breed. Certain pony breeds with warmblood characteristics have been developed for smaller riders. Warmbloods are considered a "light horse" or "riding horse".
Today, the term "Warmblood" refers to a specific subset of sport horse breeds that are used for competition in dressage and show jumping. Strictly speaking, the term "warm blood" refers to any cross between cold-blooded and hot-blooded breeds. Examples include breeds such as the Irish Draught or the Cleveland Bay. The term was once used to refer to breeds of light riding horse other than Thoroughbreds or Arabians, such as the Morgan horse.
Sleep patterns
When horses lie down to sleep, others in the herd remain standing, awake, or in a light doze, keeping watch.
Horses are able to sleep both standing up and lying down. In an adaptation from life in the wild, horses are able to enter light sleep by using a "stay apparatus" in their legs, allowing them to doze without collapsing. Horses sleep better when in groups because some animals will sleep while others stand guard to watch for predators. A horse kept alone will not sleep well because its instincts are to keep a constant eye out for danger.
Unlike humans, horses do not sleep in a solid, unbroken period of time, but take many short periods of rest. Horses spend four to fifteen hours a day in standing rest, and from a few minutes to several hours lying down. Total sleep time in a 24-hour period may range from several minutes to a couple of hours, mostly in short intervals of about 15 minutes each. The average sleep time of a domestic horse is said to be 2.9 hours per day.
Horses must lie down to reach REM sleep. They only have to lie down for an hour or two every few days to meet their minimum REM sleep requirements. However, if a horse is never allowed to lie down, after several days it will become sleep-deprived, and in rare cases may suddenly collapse as it involuntarily slips into REM sleep while still standing. This condition differs from narcolepsy, although horses may also suffer from that disorder.
Taxonomy and evolution
The horse adapted to survive in areas of wide-open terrain with sparse vegetation, surviving in an ecosystem where other large grazing animals, especially ruminants, could not. Horses and other equids are odd-toed ungulates of the order Perissodactyla, a group of mammals dominant during the Tertiary period. In the past, this order contained 14 families, but only three—Equidae (the horse and related species), Tapiridae (the tapir), and Rhinocerotidae (the rhinoceroses)—have survived to the present day.
The earliest known member of the family Equidae was the Hyracotherium, which lived between 45 and 55 million years ago, during the Eocene period. It had 4 toes on each front foot, and 3 toes on each back foot. The extra toe on the front feet soon disappeared with the Mesohippus, which lived 32 to 37 million years ago. Over time, the extra side toes shrank in size until they vanished. All that remains of them in modern horses is a set of small vestigial bones on the leg below the knee, known informally as splint bones. Their legs also lengthened as their toes disappeared until they were a hooved animal capable of running at great speed. By about 5 million years ago, the modern Equus had evolved. Equid teeth also evolved from browsing on soft, tropical plants to adapt to browsing of drier plant material, then to grazing of tougher plains grasses. Thus proto-horses changed from leaf-eating forest-dwellers to grass-eating inhabitants of semi-arid regions worldwide, including the steppes of Eurasia and the Great Plains of North America.
By about 15,000 years ago, Equus ferus was a widespread holarctic species. Horse bones from this time period, the late Pleistocene, are found in Europe, Eurasia, Beringia, and North America. Yet between 10,000 and 7,600 years ago, the horse became extinct in North America. The reasons for this extinction are not fully known, but one theory notes that extinction in North America paralleled human arrival. Another theory points to climate change, noting that approximately 12,500 years ago, the grasses characteristic of a steppe ecosystem gave way to shrub tundra, which was covered with unpalatable plants.
Wild species surviving into modern times
Three tan-colored horses with upright manes. Two horses nip and paw at each other, while the third moves towards the camera. They stand in an open, rocky grassland, with forests in the distance.
Main article: Wild horse
A truly wild horse is a species or subspecies with no ancestors that were ever successfully domesticated. Therefore, most "wild" horses today are actually feral horses, animals that escaped or were turned loose from domestic herds and the descendants of those animals. Only two wild subspecies, the tarpan and the Przewalski's horse, survived into recorded history and only the latter survives today.
The Przewalski's horse (Equus ferus przewalskii), named after the Russian explorer Nikolai Przhevalsky, is a rare Asian animal. It is also known as the Mongolian wild horse; Mongolian people know it as the taki, and the Kyrgyz people call it a kirtag. The subspecies was presumed extinct in the wild between 1969 and 1992, while a small breeding population survived in zoos around the world. In 1992, it was reestablished in the wild by the conservation efforts of numerous zoos. Today, a small wild breeding population exists in Mongolia. There are additional animals still maintained at zoos throughout the world.
The question of whether the Przewalski's horse was ever domesticated was challenged in 2018 when DNA studies of horses found at Botai culture sites revealed captured animals with DNA markers of an ancestor to the Przewalski's horse. The study concluded that the Botai animals appear to have been an independent domestication attempt and apparently unsuccessful, as these genetic markers do not appear in modern domesticated horses. However, the question of whether all Przewalski's horses descend from this population is also unresolved, as only one of seven modern Przewalski's horses in the study shared this ancestry.
The tarpan or European wild horse (Equus ferus ferus) was found in Europe and much of Asia. It survived into the historical era, but became extinct in 1909, when the last captive died in a Russian zoo. Thus, the genetic line was lost. Attempts have been made to recreate the tarpan, which resulted in horses with outward physical similarities, but nonetheless descended from domesticated ancestors and not true wild horses.
Periodically, populations of horses in isolated areas are speculated to be relict populations of wild horses, but generally have been proven to be feral or domestic. For example, the Riwoche horse of Tibet was proposed as such, but testing did not reveal genetic differences from domesticated horses. Similarly, the Sorraia of Portugal was proposed as a direct descendant of the Tarpan on the basis of shared characteristics, but genetic studies have shown that the Sorraia is more closely related to other horse breeds, and that the outward similarity is an unreliable measure of relatedness.
Other modern equids
Main article: Equus (genus)
Besides the horse, there are six other species of genus Equus in the Equidae family. These are the ass or donkey, Equus asinus; the mountain zebra, Equus zebra; plains zebra, Equus quagga; Grévy's Zebra, Equus grevyi; the kiang, Equus kiang; and the onager, Equus hemionus.
Horses can crossbreed with other members of their genus. The most common hybrid is the mule, a cross between a "jack" (male donkey) and a mare. A related hybrid, a hinny, is a cross between a stallion and a "jenny" (female donkey). Other hybrids include the zorse, a cross between a zebra and a horse. With rare exceptions, most hybrids are sterile and cannot reproduce.
Main articles: History of horse domestication theories and Domestication of the horse
Domestication of the horse most likely took place in central Asia prior to 3500 BCE. Two major sources of information are used to determine where and when the horse was first domesticated and how the domesticated horse spread around the world. The first source is based on palaeological and archaeological discoveries; the second source is a comparison of DNA obtained from modern horses to that from bones and teeth of ancient horse remains.
The earliest archaeological evidence for the domestication of the horse comes from sites in Ukraine and Kazakhstan, dating to approximately 4000–3500 BCE. By 3000 BCE, the horse was completely domesticated and by 2000 BCE there was a sharp increase in the number of horse bones found in human settlements in northwestern Europe, indicating the spread of domesticated horses throughout the continent. The most recent, but most irrefutable evidence of domestication comes from sites where horse remains were interred with chariots in graves of the Sintashta and Petrovka cultures c. 2100 BCE.
A 2021 genetic study suggested that most modern domestic horses descend from the lower Volga-Don region. Ancient horse genomes indicate that these populations influenced almost all local populations as they expanded rapidly throughout Eurasia, beginning about 4,200 years ago. It also shows that certain adaptations were strongly selected due to riding, and that equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots spread with the horse itself.
Domestication is also studied by using the genetic material of present-day horses and comparing it with the genetic material present in the bones and teeth of horse remains found in archaeological and palaeological excavations. The variation in the genetic material shows that very few wild stallions contributed to the domestic horse, while many mares were part of early domesticated herds. This is reflected in the difference in genetic variation between the DNA that is passed on along the paternal, or sire line (Y-chromosome) versus that passed on along the maternal, or dam line (mitochondrial DNA). There are very low levels of Y-chromosome variability, but a great deal of genetic variation in mitochondrial DNA. There is also regional variation in mitochondrial DNA due to the inclusion of wild mares in domestic herds. Another characteristic of domestication is an increase in coat color variation. In horses, this increased dramatically between 5000 and 3000 BCE.
Before the availability of DNA techniques to resolve the questions related to the domestication of the horse, various hypotheses were proposed. One classification was based on body types and conformation, suggesting the presence of four basic prototypes that had adapted to their environment prior to domestication. Another hypothesis held that the four prototypes originated from a single wild species and that all different body types were entirely a result of selective breeding after domestication. However, the lack of a detectable substructure in the horse has resulted in a rejection of both hypotheses.
Main article: Feral horse
Feral horses are born and live in the wild, but are descended from domesticated animals. Many populations of feral horses exist throughout the world. Studies of feral herds have provided useful insights into the behavior of prehistoric horses, as well as greater understanding of the instincts and behaviors that drive horses that live in domesticated conditions.
There are also semi-feral horses in many parts of the world, such as Dartmoor and the New Forest in the UK, where the animals are all privately owned but live for significant amounts of time in "wild" conditions on undeveloped, often public, lands. Owners of such animals often pay a fee for grazing rights.
Main articles: Horse breed, List of horse breeds, and Horse breeding
The concept of purebred bloodstock and a controlled, written breed registry has come to be particularly significant and important in modern times. Sometimes purebred horses are incorrectly or inaccurately called "thoroughbreds". Thoroughbred is a specific breed of horse, while a "purebred" is a horse (or any other animal) with a defined pedigree recognized by a breed registry. Horse breeds are groups of horses with distinctive characteristics that are transmitted consistently to their offspring, such as conformation, color, performance ability, or disposition. These inherited traits result from a combination of natural crosses and artificial selection methods. Horses have been selectively bred since their domestication. An early example of people who practiced selective horse breeding were the Bedouin, who had a reputation for careful practices, keeping extensive pedigrees of their Arabian horses and placing great value upon pure bloodlines. These pedigrees were originally transmitted via an oral tradition. In the 14th century, Carthusian monks of southern Spain kept meticulous pedigrees of bloodstock lineages still found today in the Andalusian horse.
Breeds developed due to a need for "form to function", the necessity to develop certain characteristics in order to perform a particular type of work. Thus, a powerful but refined breed such as the Andalusian developed as riding horses with an aptitude for dressage. Heavy draft horses were developed out of a need to perform demanding farm work and pull heavy wagons. Other horse breeds had been developed specifically for light agricultural work, carriage and road work, various sport disciplines, or simply as pets. Some breeds developed through centuries of crossing other breeds, while others descended from a single foundation sire, or other limited or restricted foundation bloodstock. One of the earliest formal registries was General Stud Book for Thoroughbreds, which began in 1791 and traced back to the foundation bloodstock for the breed. There are more than 300 horse breeds in the world today.
Interaction with humans
Worldwide, horses play a role within human cultures and have done so for millennia. Horses are used for leisure activities, sports, and working purposes. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that in 2008, there were almost 59,000,000 horses in the world, with around 33,500,000 in the Americas, 13,800,000 in Asia and 6,300,000 in Europe and smaller portions in Africa and Oceania. There are estimated to be 9,500,000 horses in the United States alone. The American Horse Council estimates that horse-related activities have a direct impact on the economy of the United States of over $39 billion, and when indirect spending is considered, the impact is over $102 billion. In a 2004 "poll" conducted by Animal Planet, more than 50,000 viewers from 73 countries voted for the horse as the world's 4th favorite animal.
Communication between human and horse is paramount in any equestrian activity; to aid this process horses are usually ridden with a saddle on their backs to assist the rider with balance and positioning, and a bridle or related headgear to assist the rider in maintaining control. Sometimes horses are ridden without a saddle, and occasionally, horses are trained to perform without a bridle or other headgear. Many horses are also driven, which requires a harness, bridle, and some type of vehicle.
Main articles: Equestrianism, Horse racing, Horse training, and Horse tack
Historically, equestrians honed their skills through games and races. Equestrian sports provided entertainment for crowds and honed the excellent horsemanship that was needed in battle. Many sports, such as dressage, eventing, and show jumping, have origins in military training, which were focused on control and balance of both horse and rider. Other sports, such as rodeo, developed from practical skills such as those needed on working ranches and stations. Sport hunting from horseback evolved from earlier practical hunting techniques. Horse racing of all types evolved from impromptu competitions between riders or drivers. All forms of competition, requiring demanding and specialized skills from both horse and rider, resulted in the systematic development of specialized breeds and equipment for each sport. The popularity of equestrian sports through the centuries has resulted in the preservation of skills that would otherwise have disappeared after horses stopped being used in combat.
Horses are trained to be ridden or driven in a variety of sporting competitions. Examples include show jumping, dressage, three-day eventing, competitive driving, endurance riding, gymkhana, rodeos, and fox hunting. Horse shows, which have their origins in medieval European fairs, are held around the world. They host a huge range of classes, covering all of the mounted and harness disciplines, as well as "In-hand" classes where the horses are led, rather than ridden, to be evaluated on their conformation. The method of judging varies with the discipline, but winning usually depends on style and ability of both horse and rider. Sports such as polo do not judge the horse itself, but rather use the horse as a partner for human competitors as a necessary part of the game. Although the horse requires specialized training to participate, the details of its performance are not judged, only the result of the rider's actions—be it getting a ball through a goal or some other task. Examples of these sports of partnership between human and horse include jousting, in which the main goal is for one rider to unseat the other, and buzkashi, a team game played throughout Central Asia, the aim being to capture a goat carcass while on horseback.
Horse racing is an equestrian sport and major international industry, watched in almost every nation of the world. There are three types: "flat" racing; steeplechasing, i.e. racing over jumps; and harness racing, where horses trot or pace while pulling a driver in a small, light cart known as a sulky. A major part of horse racing's economic importance lies in the gambling associated with it.
Work
There are certain jobs that horses do very well, and no technology has yet developed to fully replace them. For example, mounted police horses are still effective for certain types of patrol duties and crowd control. Cattle ranches still require riders on horseback to round up cattle that are scattered across remote, rugged terrain. Search and rescue organizations in some countries depend upon mounted teams to locate people, particularly hikers and children, and to provide disaster relief assistance. Horses can also be used in areas where it is necessary to avoid vehicular disruption to delicate soil, such as nature reserves. They may also be the only form of transport allowed in wilderness areas. Horses are quieter than motorized vehicles. Law enforcement officers such as park rangers or game wardens may use horses for patrols, and horses or mules may also be used for clearing trails or other work in areas of rough terrain where vehicles are less effective.
Although machinery has replaced horses in many parts of the world, an estimated 100 million horses, donkeys and mules are still used for agriculture and transportation in less developed areas. This number includes around 27 million working animals in Africa alone. Some land management practices such as cultivating and logging can be efficiently performed with horses. In agriculture, less fossil fuel is used and increased environmental conservation occurs over time with the use of draft animals such as horses. Logging with horses can result in reduced damage to soil structure and less damage to trees due to more selective logging.
Main article: Horses in warfare
Horses have been used in warfare for most of recorded history. The first archaeological evidence of horses used in warfare dates to between 4000 and 3000 BCE, and the use of horses in warfare was widespread by the end of the Bronze Age. Although mechanization has largely replaced the horse as a weapon of war, horses are still seen today in limited military uses, mostly for ceremonial purposes, or for reconnaissance and transport activities in areas of rough terrain where motorized vehicles are ineffective. Horses have been used in the 21st century by the Janjaweed militias in the War in Darfur.
Entertainment and culture
Modern horses are often used to reenact many of their historical work purposes. Horses are used, complete with equipment that is authentic or a meticulously recreated replica, in various live action historical reenactments of specific periods of history, especially recreations of famous battles. Horses are also used to preserve cultural traditions and for ceremonial purposes. Countries such as the United Kingdom still use horse-drawn carriages to convey royalty and other VIPs to and from certain culturally significant events. Public exhibitions are another example, such as the Budweiser Clydesdales, seen in parades and other public settings, a team of draft horses that pull a beer wagon similar to that used before the invention of the modern motorized truck.
Horses are frequently used in television, films and literature. They are sometimes featured as a major character in films about particular animals, but also used as visual elements that assure the accuracy of historical stories. Both live horses and iconic images of horses are used in advertising to promote a variety of products. The horse frequently appears in coats of arms in heraldry, in a variety of poses and equipment. The mythologies of many cultures, including Greco-Roman, Hindu, Islamic, and Germanic, include references to both normal horses and those with wings or additional limbs, and multiple myths also call upon the horse to draw the chariots of the Moon and Sun. The horse also appears in the 12-year cycle of animals in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar.
Horses serve as the inspiration for many modern automobile names and logos, including the Ford Pinto, Ford Bronco, Ford Mustang, Hyundai Equus, Hyundai Pony, Mitsubishi Starion, Subaru Brumby, Mitsubishi Colt/Dodge Colt, Pinzgauer, Steyr-Puch Haflinger, Pegaso, Porsche, Rolls-Royce Camargue, Ferrari, Carlsson, Kamaz, Corre La Licorne, Iran Khodro, Eicher, and Baojun. Indian TVS Motor Company also uses a horse on their motorcycles & scooters.
Therapeutic use
People of all ages with physical and mental disabilities obtain beneficial results from an association with horses. Therapeutic riding is used to mentally and physically stimulate disabled persons and help them improve their lives through improved balance and coordination, increased self-confidence, and a greater feeling of freedom and independence. The benefits of equestrian activity for people with disabilities has also been recognized with the addition of equestrian events to the Paralympic Games and recognition of para-equestrian events by the International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI). Hippotherapy and therapeutic horseback riding are names for different physical, occupational, and speech therapy treatment strategies that use equine movement. In hippotherapy, a therapist uses the horse's movement to improve their patient's cognitive, coordination, balance, and fine motor skills, whereas therapeutic horseback riding uses specific riding skills.
Horses also provide psychological benefits to people whether they actually ride or not. "Equine-assisted" or "equine-facilitated" therapy is a form of experiential psychotherapy that uses horses as companion animals to assist people with mental illness, including anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, mood disorders, behavioral difficulties, and those who are going through major life changes. There are also experimental programs using horses in prison settings. Exposure to horses appears to improve the behavior of inmates and help reduce recidivism when they leave.
Products
Horses are raw material for many products made by humans throughout history, including byproducts from the slaughter of horses as well as materials collected from living horses.
Products collected from living horses include mare's milk, used by people with large horse herds, such as the Mongols, who let it ferment to produce kumis. Horse blood was once used as food by the Mongols and other nomadic tribes, who found it a convenient source of nutrition when traveling. Drinking their own horses' blood allowed the Mongols to ride for extended periods of time without stopping to eat. The drug Premarin is a mixture of estrogens extracted from the urine of pregnant mares (pregnant mares' urine), and was previously a widely used drug for hormone replacement therapy. The tail hair of horses can be used for making bows for string instruments such as the violin, viola, cello, and double bass.
Horse meat has been used as food for humans and carnivorous animals throughout the ages. Approximately 5 million horses are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide. It is eaten in many parts of the world, though consumption is taboo in some cultures, and a subject of political controversy in others. Horsehide leather has been used for boots, gloves, jackets, baseballs, and baseball gloves. Horse hooves can also be used to produce animal glue. Horse bones can be used to make implements. Specifically, in Italian cuisine, the horse tibia is sharpened into a probe called a spinto, which is used to test the readiness of a (pig) ham as it cures. In Asia, the saba is a horsehide vessel used in the production of kumis.
Main article: Horse care
Checking teeth and other physical examinations are an important part of horse care.
Horses are grazing animals, and their major source of nutrients is good-quality forage from hay or pasture. They can consume approximately 2% to 2.5% of their body weight in dry feed each day. Therefore, a 450-kilogram (990 lb) adult horse could eat up to 11 kilograms (24 lb) of food. Sometimes, concentrated feed such as grain is fed in addition to pasture or hay, especially when the animal is very active. When grain is fed, equine nutritionists recommend that 50% or more of the animal's diet by weight should still be forage.
Horses require a plentiful supply of clean water, a minimum of 38 to 45 litres (10 to 12 US gal) per day. Although horses are adapted to live outside, they require shelter from the wind and precipitation, which can range from a simple shed or shelter to an elaborate stable.
Horses require routine hoof care from a farrier, as well as vaccinations to protect against various diseases, and dental examinations from a veterinarian or a specialized equine dentist. If horses are kept inside in a barn, they require regular daily exercise for their physical health and mental well-being. When turned outside, they require well-maintained, sturdy fences to be safely contained. Regular grooming is also helpful to help the horse maintain good health of the hair coat and underlying skin.
Climate change
As of 2019, there are around 17 million horses in the world. Healthy body temperature for adult horses is in the range between 37.5 and 38.5 °C (99.5 and 101.3 °F), which they can maintain while ambient temperatures are between 5 and 25 °C (41 and 77 °F). However, strenuous exercise increases core body temperature by 1 °C (1.8 °F)/minute, as 80% of the energy used by equine muscles is released as heat. Along with bovines and primates, equines are the only animal group which use sweating as their primary method of thermoregulation: in fact, it can account for up to 70% of their heat loss, and horses sweat three times more than humans while undergoing comparably strenuous physical activity. Unlike humans, this sweat is created not by eccrine glands but by apocrine glands. In hot conditions, horses during three hours of moderate-intersity exercise can loss 30 to 35 L of water and 100g of sodium, 198 g of choloride and 45 g of potassium. In another difference from humans, their sweat is hypertonic, and contains a protein called latherin, which enables it to spread across their body easier, and to foam, rather than to drip off. These adaptations are partly to compensate for their lower body surface-to-mass ratio, which makes it more difficult for horses to passively radiate heat. Yet, prolonged exposure to very hot and/or humid conditions will lead to consequences such as anhidrosis, heat stroke, or brain damage, potentially culminating in death if not addressed with measures like cold water applications. Additionally, around 10% of incidents associated with horse transport have been attributed to heat stress. These issues are expected to worsen in the future.
African horse sickness (AHS) is a viral illness with a mortality close to 90% in horses, and 50% in mules. A midge, Culicoides imicola, is the primary vector of AHS, and its spread is expected to benefit from climate change. The spillover of Hendra virus from its flying fox hosts to horses is also likely to increase, as future warming would expand the hosts' geographic range. It has been estimated that under the "moderate" and high climate change scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, the number of threatened horses would increase by 110,000 and 165,000, respectively, or by 175 and 260%
Chapada Diamantina - Vale do Capão
Bahia - Brasil
*site specific
*Plic*
gabrieow@gmail.com
verão 2011
Your services are an integral part of efficient travel. Empower your employees!
Don't let seat change requests, bag checks at the gate and pre-paid vouchers for on-board services slow down the check in process -- Preh's unique MC30GC speeds transactions to keep the boarding process moving smoothly.
In specific, Holy Week is the week just before Easter that extends from Palm Sunday until Holy Saturday and marks the last week of Lent. It has earned the name 'Holy', according to the Orthodox Church, due to the significant events that take place for Christianity in regard to the sufferings of Jesus Christ.
Saturday evening is filled with the anticipation of celebrating Easter Sunday. In some areas, people begin to gather in the churches and squares in cities, towns and villages by 11pm for the Easter liturgies. A few minutes before midnight, all the lights are turned off and the priest exits the altar holding candles lit by the Holy Light, which is distributed to everyone inside and outside the church. At midnight, the priest exits the church and announces the resurrection of Jesus. Many people carry large white candles called lambada, and the church bells toll as the priests announce “Christ is Risen!” at midnight. Each person in the crowd replies with a similarly joyous response.
The capital of the Republic of Cyprus is also its cultural heartbeat.
Nicosia is the capital and largest city on the island of Cyprus, as well as its main business centre.
There is one thing the photograph must contain, the humanity of the moment.
We are making photographs to understand what our lives mean to us.
The best thing about a picture is that it never changes, even when the people in it do.
The camera is an instrument that teaches people how to see without a camera.
I really believe there are things nobody would see if I didn’t photograph them.
AERIAL BOUNDARIES by Loris Cecchini (setting)
Site-specific installation for the courtyard of Palazzo Strozzi in Florence
curated by Franziska Nori
30 April to 1 July 2012
photo © Martino Margheri
A site specific promenade performance visiting the unseen corners of The Lyceum.
Step behind the curtain for a unique perforamnce in the darkest corners of The Lyceum. You will be guided where no backstage tour goes - where hidden places meet the hidden voices of youth. This will be a unique theatrical adventure full of surprise and no little terror with live music and lively encounters inspired by The Lyceum's secret spaces.
Devised by members of the Lyceum Youth Theatre with direction from Mark Thomson, Amanda Gaughan, Christie O'Carroll and John Glancy, this is a special one-off production as part of our 50th Anniversary celebrations.
Photo credits: Mark Thomson and the ensemble
INFO Fom Net
Date:14-OCT-2005
Time:
Type:Silhouette image of generic HAR model; specific model in this crash may look slightly different
BAe Harrier GR.7A
Owner/operator:3 Sqn Royal Air Force (3 Sqn RAF)
Registration:ZD469
C/n / msn:P59
Fatalities:Fatalities: 0 / Occupants: 0
Other fatalities:0
Aircraft damage:Written off (damaged beyond repair)
Location:Kandahar - Afghanistan
Phase:Standing
Nature:Military
Departure airport:
Destination airport:Kanadahar AB, Afghanistan
Narrative:
Badly damaged by debris during a rocket attack on Kandahar airbase, Afghanistan. It was returned to the UK for repair assessment and was deemed to be damaged beyond economic repair.
In 2008 it was allocated for Ground Instruction use at Cottesmore. With the withdrawal of the Harrier fleet in December 2010 it was restored externally and, in April 2011, was placed on the gate at Wittering.
Even though we've selected a specific newspaper, we can't just browse it page by page. We must now do another search, either by keyword or a specific issue, and the results will be a series of individual articles.
In this case, I choose to search the Liberty Bell for any articles talking about slavery, slaves, or slavers, published any time after 1850.
Specific to Santa Fe - Emergency!
3 fingers up.
Check out the brand new Occupy Santa Fe pool, a group with very practical discussion threads:
In specific, Holy Week is the week just before Easter that extends from Palm Sunday until Holy Saturday and marks the last week of Lent. It has earned the name 'Holy', according to the Orthodox Church, due to the significant events that take place for Christianity in regard to the sufferings of Jesus Christ.
Saturday evening is filled with the anticipation of celebrating Easter Sunday. In some areas, people begin to gather in the churches and squares in cities, towns and villages by 11pm for the Easter liturgies. A few minutes before midnight, all the lights are turned off and the priest exits the altar holding candles lit by the Holy Light, which is distributed to everyone inside and outside the church. At midnight, the priest exits the church and announces the resurrection of Jesus. Many people carry large white candles called lambada, and the church bells toll as the priests announce “Christ is Risen!” at midnight. Each person in the crowd replies with a similarly joyous response.
SPECIFIC INFO: Haf Life played Santarchy at PJ's Lager House.
GENERAL INFO: Lager House, Saturday, Dec.18, 2010. Photographs by Donna Terek, 313-598-0179
Cover of the PREPARATORY STUDY FOR VATICAN CORRIDOR, A Non-Specific Autobiography as published in a limited edition signed and numbered by the artist
Instalação sonora site-specific. À CAPELA. Exposição rural.scapes, Fazenda Santa Teresa.
www.ruralscapes.net/marcelo-armani/ Instalação sonora site-specific. Exposição rural.scapes, Fazenda Santa Teresa.
Site-Specific Series, presented by Guelph Contemporary Dance Festival
Photo by Dawn Owen, for the Ontario Arts Council and the Ministry of Culture at the spOtlight festival, June 2009. www.spOtlightfestival.ca
______
Série propre au site, présenté par Guelph Contemporary Dance Festival
Photo de Dawn Owen, prise au festival En vedette en juin 2009, pour le Conseil des arts de l’Ontario et le ministère de la Culture. www.festivalenvedette.ca
Formulated for the specific requirements of Vintage engines, Vintage Cool 180° transfers heat efficiently from the engine even at elevated temperatures. Because the onset of even localised boiling is eliminated, this coolant works very well in systems where cooling performance is marginal and gives real peace of mind in hot weather or slow traffic conditions.
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•Antifreeze - All year round protection. Evans waterless coolants protect down to -40°C.
•4 Life - Evans Waterless Coolant is proven to last the life of the engine.
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In specific, Holy Week is the week just before Easter that extends from Palm Sunday until Holy Saturday and marks the last week of Lent. It has earned the name 'Holy', according to the Orthodox Church, due to the significant events that take place for Christianity in regard to the sufferings of Jesus Christ.
Saturday evening is filled with the anticipation of celebrating Easter Sunday. In some areas, people begin to gather in the churches and squares in cities, towns and villages by 11pm for the Easter liturgies. A few minutes before midnight, all the lights are turned off and the priest exits the altar holding candles lit by the Holy Light, which is distributed to everyone inside and outside the church. At midnight, the priest exits the church and announces the resurrection of Jesus. Many people carry large white candles called lambada, and the church bells toll as the priests announce “Christ is Risen!” at midnight. Each person in the crowd replies with a similarly joyous response.
The capital of the Republic of Cyprus is also its cultural heartbeat.
Nicosia is the capital and largest city on the island of Cyprus, as well as its main business centre.
There is one thing the photograph must contain, the humanity of the moment.
We are making photographs to understand what our lives mean to us.
The best thing about a picture is that it never changes, even when the people in it do.
The camera is an instrument that teaches people how to see without a camera.
I really believe there are things nobody would see if I didn’t photograph them.
The lovely Sara and I took a mini road trip up to Vermont last weekend. No specific destination - the plan was to drive around and stop whenever we wanted and where ever we ended up around 7pm we'd stop and continue on the following day. I brought my X100V and my Polaroid SX-70 with a pack of color film and a pack of black & white film. Anytime we saw something to make a photograph of, we'd stop.
The weather was perfect both days and it was great to just head off and see where we ended up.
Here are some selections from the weekend from the X100V
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3. Click on the square with an arrow coming out in the bottom corner of the photo
4. Click on the Facebook icon in the popup window
4. Follow instructions in pop-up window
To Download a Photo:
1. Click on the set you would like to see (Awards, Pre/Post Race, Finish, etc.)
2. Click on a specific photo from the set
3. Right click on the photo and select a size
4. Click the download link above the photo sizes above the photo.
The breakdown of photos is based on Gun Time.
Please check: HERE FOR RESULTS.
To Share a Photo on Facebook:
1. Click on the set you would like to browse
2. Click on a specific photo
3. Click on the square with an arrow coming out in the bottom corner of the photo
4. Click on the Facebook icon in the popup window
4. Follow instructions in pop-up window
To Download a Photo:
1. Click on the set you would like to see (Awards, Pre/Post Race, Finish, etc.)
2. Click on a specific photo from the set
3. Right click on the photo and select a size
4. Click the download link above the photo sizes above the photo.
AERIAL BOUNDARIES by Loris Cecchini (setting)
Site-specific installation for the courtyard of Palazzo Strozzi in Florence
curated by Franziska Nori
30 April to 1 July 2012
photo © Martino Margheri
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Photographic documentation of "The Fear of Loss", a site-specific performance piece choreographed by Nadine Joseph with score by Daniel Nubian. The piece was performed by Nadine Joseph and Daniel Nubian in the men's toilet at Wits Theatre, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. 14 May 2015. Shot on Nikon D800 with a single Nikkor 24mmf1.4 lens.
Apparently moving the car is more urgent than taking insulin. Found on my friend Silvia's apartment door.
Page 54
When Robert Cremean walked through the seemingly
endless corridors of the Vatican Museum in Rome, he was
struck not only by the vastness of the place but by the
number of sculptures it contains, many of which are
neutered by a fig leaf. To him, the sculptures in the museum
represented an enormous collection of mixed metaphors and
only a rare few met his definition of “transparency.” On the
fourth page of his Preparatory Study for VATICAN
CORRIDOR, A Non-Specific Autobiography he wrote:
The enclosure of one metaphor by another—one culture by
another—one time segment by another. “Paganism” is preserved
through forfeit of genitalia—neutered by a fig leaf. Miles of
historical artifacts enclosed within an historical artifact. And yet
there are a few presences that are not dead—not neutered. A few
glimpses— Man existing without metaphor. A few Transparencies.
Are these not worth the endless walk?
Within the concept “One man=all men,” VATICAN
CORRIDOR, A Non-Specific Autobiography was conceived as
an actual and metaphorical record of the journey through
the life of the artist and, by extension, a projection of the
possibilities we all share and may attain. Within both of the
facing walls are ten carved life-sized figures symbolically
conjoined by arches to form a “corridor of the self. ” As Robert
Cremean wrote:
Each arch represents three years and the Corridor of Self-Analysis
begins with my seventeenth year.
It was within the time span of the First Arch he declared
himself a sculptor.
Prior to acquiring the materials necessary for the actualizing
of the sculpture in wood, he spent two months creating
the detailed preparatory study for the entire work, a process
he had followed on only two prior occasions, one for
DONOR WITH CRUCIFIXION and the other, although more
suggestive than detailed, for HOMAGE TO PAUL APOSTLE.
From the first three pages of searching to the final pages of
resolution, the artist’s graphic description of the threedimensional
work provides us with the opportunity to read
the artist’s philosophical concepts for that specific work of
art and to understand how these concepts are interpreted
symbolically through the human figure. Since this is an
actual and a metaphorical autobiography, the Preparatory
Study for VATICAN CORRIDOR, A Non-Specific Autobiography
literarily addresses both.
Because each of the ten arches in the Preparatory Study
and in the completed sculpture spans a period of three years
in the artist’s life, the Tenth Arch was a projection five years
into the future and was at last updated twenty-two years
later in the writing in 1995, and with the publication by
Manuscript Press in 1996, of THE TENTH ARCH, the sculptural
Tenth Arch realized in the form of a book.
As the name implies, the sculpture is in the form of an
actual corridor. It measures eight feet tall, forty feet in length,
and with a width of ten feet. The facing walls of the corridor
are each formed by ten carved blocks of laminated sugar pine
planks for an overall measurement each of 8' x 24½" x 16".
The first figure of the Outer Wall, the “who,”is nearly fully
revealed in the round. But by the Tenth Arch, it has been transposed
into a negative, much like a waste-mold, only the egg
shape of the final transposition still in place. Block by block
and transposition after transposition, the three-dimensional
figure is displaced by a concavity as the wall that contained it
grows thicker and thicker. The reverse is true in each of the
corresponding figures and blocks of the Inner Wall. Each part
of the human figure is symbolic of a particular sense and/or
concept and with its transference the figure of the Inner Wall,
the “what,” becomes more complete.
Shown here is the final page of the manuscript which
lists the actual parts of the Anatomy of Transposition. It is
followed by the first four pages which serve both as an
explanation of the Preparatory Study and of the concept of
the entire sculpture. Each page of the original manuscript
measures 17" x 14".
Without more context or information, I can't provide specific details about this product or service. If it's a putting green related product, it might be a golf-related training aid or a type of artificial putting surface. For the latest information, I recommend conducting an online search or visiting relevant golfing websites and forums where you may find discussions and reviews about "SIGPRO Tap In Putting Green" if it has gained prominence since my last update.
Read More : golfaccessoriesmart.com/product/sigpro-tap-in-putting-green/
Picture courtesy of a member from the Intai-intai bougainvillea.
The usual mini marble which we grow here.
Two specific environmental requirements dominate seaweed ecology. These are the presence of seawater (or at least brackish water) and the presence of light sufficient to drive photosynthesis. Another common requirement is a firm attachment point, although some genera such as Sargassum and Gracilaria have species that float freely. As a result, seaweed most commonly inhabit the part of a sea that is close to the shore (the littoral zone) and within that zone more frequently on rocky shores than on sand or shingle. Seaweed occupy a wide range of ecological niches. The highest elevation is only wetted by the tops of sea spray, the lowest is several meters deep. In some areas, littoral seaweed can extend several miles out to sea. The limiting factor in such cases is sunlight availability. The deepest living seaweed are some species of red algae.
Page 55
When Robert Cremean walked through the seemingly
endless corridors of the Vatican Museum in Rome, he was
struck not only by the vastness of the place but by the
number of sculptures it contains, many of which are
neutered by a fig leaf. To him, the sculptures in the museum
represented an enormous collection of mixed metaphors and
only a rare few met his definition of “transparency.” On the
fourth page of his Preparatory Study for VATICAN
CORRIDOR, A Non-Specific Autobiography he wrote:
The enclosure of one metaphor by another—one culture by
another—one time segment by another. “Paganism” is preserved
through forfeit of genitalia—neutered by a fig leaf. Miles of
historical artifacts enclosed within an historical artifact. And yet
there are a few presences that are not dead—not neutered. A few
glimpses— Man existing without metaphor. A few Transparencies.
Are these not worth the endless walk?
Within the concept “One man=all men,” VATICAN
CORRIDOR, A Non-Specific Autobiography was conceived as
an actual and metaphorical record of the journey through
the life of the artist and, by extension, a projection of the
possibilities we all share and may attain. Within both of the
facing walls are ten carved life-sized figures symbolically
conjoined by arches to form a “corridor of the self. ” As Robert
Cremean wrote:
Each arch represents three years and the Corridor of Self-Analysis
begins with my seventeenth year.
It was within the time span of the First Arch he declared
himself a sculptor.
Prior to acquiring the materials necessary for the actualizing
of the sculpture in wood, he spent two months creating
the detailed preparatory study for the entire work, a process
he had followed on only two prior occasions, one for
DONOR WITH CRUCIFIXION and the other, although more
suggestive than detailed, for HOMAGE TO PAUL APOSTLE.
From the first three pages of searching to the final pages of
resolution, the artist’s graphic description of the threedimensional
work provides us with the opportunity to read
the artist’s philosophical concepts for that specific work of
art and to understand how these concepts are interpreted
symbolically through the human figure. Since this is an
actual and a metaphorical autobiography, the Preparatory
Study for VATICAN CORRIDOR, A Non-Specific Autobiography
literarily addresses both.
Because each of the ten arches in the Preparatory Study
and in the completed sculpture spans a period of three years
in the artist’s life, the Tenth Arch was a projection five years
into the future and was at last updated twenty-two years
later in the writing in 1995, and with the publication by
Manuscript Press in 1996, of THE TENTH ARCH, the sculptural
Tenth Arch realized in the form of a book.
As the name implies, the sculpture is in the form of an
actual corridor. It measures eight feet tall, forty feet in length,
and with a width of ten feet. The facing walls of the corridor
are each formed by ten carved blocks of laminated sugar pine
planks for an overall measurement each of 8' x 24½" x 16".
The first figure of the Outer Wall, the “who,”is nearly fully
revealed in the round. But by the Tenth Arch, it has been transposed
into a negative, much like a waste-mold, only the egg
shape of the final transposition still in place. Block by block
and transposition after transposition, the three-dimensional
figure is displaced by a concavity as the wall that contained it
grows thicker and thicker. The reverse is true in each of the
corresponding figures and blocks of the Inner Wall. Each part
of the human figure is symbolic of a particular sense and/or
concept and with its transference the figure of the Inner Wall,
the “what,” becomes more complete.
Shown here is the final page of the manuscript which
lists the actual parts of the Anatomy of Transposition. It is
followed by the first four pages which serve both as an
explanation of the Preparatory Study and of the concept of
the entire sculpture. Each page of the original manuscript
measures 17" x 14".
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Almere - Villa van Vijven.= - Next Architects
The Overgooi project concerns a villa-like residential building with five specific accommodations commissioned by the Villa van Vijven (Villa For Five) Association that consists of five private clients. The opportunity arose to develop five residential units on a 5000 m2 lot – with the restriction that they had to look like a single villa. Based on this fact and on various qualities of the environment we implemented a series of transformations on the building volume. On the basis of a number of workshops with the residents this resulted in five specific accommodations, each with its very own character. Each storey has been rotated a quarter turn in relation to the others, giving the residences exceptional orientation, incidence of sunlight and spaciousness. Subsequently, the entire building was raised to give each residence a second floor view – over the dike – of the Gooi lake.
First test of my Olympus OM-1n after getting it back from a CLA at Advance Camera.
Lens: Olympus OM Zuiko 50mm f/1.8
Film: Kodak Portra 160
Eonon Specific Kits&Haness paired with 2 din car dvd player D2102 is a perfect car audio solution to fit your car model..
Eonon offers many kinds of kits and harness includes TOYOTA MAZADA MITSUBISHI HONDA FORD GOLF and more......
Main features of D2102 Car DVD:
-6.2 Inch Digital Touch Screen
-Steering Wheel Control
-2 Optional Colors of Buttons
-Bluetooth/IPOD
-TV / Radio
-8G USB/SD
Welcome to Eonon website to get more information:
www.eonon.com/Specific-Models-and-Kits/Kits-and-Harness.html
Picture by Gigi Giannella. Queens Crescent Market, Kentish Town, London. 3rd December 2011. Part of Space for Change exhibition. Performance: Fumi Tomioka and Katsura Isobe
My intention here was to capture the chaos in Ocean Park, Santa Monica. With dogs running, soccer playing, kite flying, bike riding, yoga and more I knew this would be a great motion shot. I had a great time waiting with the camera ready to get this shot. I edited this photo by cropping and adjusting shadows and highlights. I have cropped almost every single photo in this series to use the rule of thirds element of photography.
Site-specific інсталяція “HOME EAST” на сході ВДНГ (павільйон №7) – це вхід в Мистецтво війни і любові, це мистецтво про війну і її наслідки, про всі покинуті переселенцями будинки, про СХІД, про біжанців, про небезпеку, вимушену втечу і про надію на мир.
У рамках фестивалю ГОГОЛЬFEST 2015
Автор: Вальдемарт Клюзко (Waldemart KLYUZKO)