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Finished! The remainder went quickly as the beautiful surprise in the center revealed itself. I found this puzzle to be brilliantly entertaining, with great colors, intricate details and cutting, yet a recognizable form that made solving somewhat easier than other Tibetan puzzles from Genest. A mandala puzzle would be a great introduction to Genest's larger puzzles and he has another example of a modern mandala currently listed on his Etsy shop.
Completed in 33 hr., 8 mins with no box reference. 96.5 secs./piece; 37.3 pcs/hr. Difficulty rating: 9.7/10.
Here is the information provided about the mandala:
"The Wish-Fulfilling Mandala of Avalokiteshvara"
Your white-colored body is free from any faults,
and your crown ornament is the completion of Buddha (Mandala).
You look at beings with eyes of compassion;
To you, Avalokiteshvara, I bow and rejoice.
- Avalokiteshvara sadhana composed by Drikung Chetsang II, Trinley Zangpo, 1656-1718
In this tangka the four-armed Avalokiteshvara called Sadkshari Lokeshvara, "the Lord who looks down (in compassion)," is represented in his fourfold emanation called the Father (Chenrezig), the Mother (Lhamo Yigdrugma), the Son (Se Norbu Dzimpa), and the Daughter (Semo Rigdzinma) according to the mandala called "The Wish-Fulfilling Jewel for Taming Beings."
Belonging to the Sakya school, this tangka is dated to the late fourteenth or early fifteenth century. Its characteristic feature is the arrangement of the deities within the mandala in the manner of a chess board. The arrangement of gurus and deities bordering the central mandala is typical for the early period of this painting style of Central Tibet. It presents the entire Sakya lineage tree of spiritual masters in the uppermost row, together with Indian siddhas and their Tibetan protagonists in the middle section,, and a number of wisdom protectors and wrathful meditation deities at the bottom.
The cult of Avalokiteshvara and the use of his classical six-syllable mantra, Om mani padme hum, dates back to the earliest transmission of Buddhism to Tibet. The Mahayana literature, while largely concerned with the cult of various buddhas conceived of as residing throughout an endless universe in different "pure lands" or buddhafields, presumes also the existence of bodhisattvas. Avalokiteshvara is the most popular bodhisattva, and a whole sutra, the Karandavyuha, is devoted to him. This work was translated into Chinese in the third century and became well established throughout Central Asia. Avalokiteshvara became popular in Tibet, where the cult began to spread from the seventh century onward.
Unlike most other celestial bodhisattvas who are enlisted to serve as the entourage of the presiding buddhas, Avalokiteshvara became the center of a cult in his own right. He became the supreme ideal of compassion for living beings in all their various spheres of existence. He is variously invoked as the "Universal Saviour," the "Great Compassionate One," the "Stirrer of the Pit of Existence," and the "Stirrer of the Pit of Hell." Since each title implies a different manifestation, it involves a differing entourage of supporting divine forms and a different rite of invocation. A new development in the cult of Avalokiteshvara in Tibet started with the Indian pandit Atisha, who, while staying in Guge, Western Tibet, devised a special version of the Guhyasamaja Tantra. Where the tantra normally concentrates on the Five Buddhas, in Atisha's version Avalokiteshvara is the central divinity. This was - in the words of Daniel Snellgrove - "a subtle change from the dependence on an accepted Buddhist symbolic arrangement to a devotional alliance to a divine being conceived as a god in the Hindu patterns. From now on this change begins to characterize all Tibetan Buddhist practice, as expressed in private meditation upon tutelary divinities and public worship of the great gods of later Buddhism in temples and monasteries."
The sacred mantra of Avalokiteshvara, in this mandala embodied as the "Mother" or "Goddess of the Six Syllables," is recited throughout Tibet, and countless prayer wheels are filled with its scrolls. The benefits and qualities of the six syllables are commented on in many treatises. Recitation of the mantra is said to produce wealth and nourishment in poor countries and cause one to be reborn as a man and not as a woman. Further, between one and seven recitations is said to purify the defilements accumulated in 108,000 kalpas. Reciting the mantra ten thousand times is said to close the gates into the three lower realms of existence, and one billion recitations is said to bring about complete buddhahood.
Each syllable of the mantra is connected with colors and also with the six realms. The white Om closes the gate for rebirth among the gods and grants the siddhi of long life. Its sound and light vanquish dullness, purify all physical obscurations, and allow one to reach the path of accumulation.
The green Ma closes the gates for a human rebirth and grants the siddhi of good health. Its sound and light overcome hatred, purify the obscurations of speech, and allow one to achieve the path of preparation.
The yellow Ni closes the gates for a human rebirth and grants the siddhi of glory. Its sound and light subdue pride, purify mental obscurations, and lead one to the path of seeing.
The red Pad closes the gates into the animal realms and grants the siddhi of power. Its sound and light subdue desire, purify the obscurations of emotions, and lead one to the path of meditation.
The blue Me closes the gates into the realms of the hungry ghosts and grants the siddhi of splendor. Its sound and light subdue jealousy, purify the obscurations of karmic traces, and lead one to the path of no more learning.
The black Hum closes the gates into the hells and grants unimaginable siddhis. Its sound and light dispel off all emotions, purify all obscurations, and allow one to attain the path of union.
By the merit of this recitation may all beings be reborn into the heavenly abode of Sukhavati!
Solving problems.
As a reminder, keep in mind that this picture is available only for non-commercial use and that visible attribution is required. If you'd like to use this photo outside these terms, please contact me ahead of time to arrange for a paid license.
New #YVR mayor seeks to solve city problems investing in police, which NEVER solves social or 💰 issues
Vancouver must instead compassionately invest in people, housing, #BasicIncome & #MentalHealth
Existing over-investment in Vancouver policing merely criminalizes more citizens ...leaving no positive effects on social ills nor crime levels.
Drug dealing exists openly; my daughter & I were offered all drug types as we walked the #DTES
________ ________ ________ ________
"The Downtown Eastside (DTES) is one of Vancouver's oldest neighbourhoods, and the historic heart of the city.
The DTES has many assets, especially for its low-income residents... the Downtown Eastside has struggled with many complex challenges including drug use, crime, homelessness, housing issues, unemployment, and loss of businesses in the community." (City of Vancouver)
"Around the beginning of the 20th century, the DTES was the political, cultural and retail centre of Vancouver. Over several decades, the city centre gradually shifted westwards and the DTES became a poor,[1] although relatively stable, neighbourhood. In the 1980s, the area began a rapid decline due to several factors including an influx of hard drugs, policies that pushed sex work and drug-related activity out of nearby areas, and the cessation of federal funding for social housing. By 1997, an epidemic of HIV infection and drug overdoses in the DTES led to the declaration of a public health emergency. As of 2018, critical issues include opioid overdoses, especially those involving the drug fentanyl; decrepit and squalid housing; a shortage of low-cost rental housing; and mental illness, which often co-occurs with addiction."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Eastside
Founded in 1978, the Downtown Eastside Women’s Centre is one of the few safe spaces within the Downtown Eastside exclusively for self-identified women and their children. High levels of violence, homelessness, addictions and poverty characterize the Downtown Eastside community. Women and children are particularly vulnerable to exploitation, injustice and injury." dewc.ca/about
I took my 'new' YashicaMat out for a test drive today, and stopped in Starbucks to update my photo notes and solve a sudoku puzzle
RIP Brendan Scanlon, aka SOLVE.
Located on Grand, Milwaukee, Halsted intersection.
View large on black:
Just opened the original and added some color to the starfield, it was a wee bit monochrome.
Borg 60ED w/.70 reducer flattener on a iOptron Smart EQ Pro, unguided.
56 minutes of subs stacked in DSS and processed in CS5, slight crop to clean up DSS layers.
Imaged on 9 Jan and 10 Feb, 2013.
ISO 800, 15, 60 and 120 seconds with a Spencer modded Nikon D5100.
Comet Garradd is at its maximum luminosity. It is moving north away from us (to the right of the picture). The appearance of the 2 tails is changing. It is interesting to compare to my 2 previous photos taken with the same orientation. On this shot taken on 18/02/2012, the tails are nearly exactly opposite to each other.
For 1/02/2012, see: www.flickr.com/photos/trois_merlettes/6801574041/in/photo...
For 3/02/2012, see: www.flickr.com/photos/trois_merlettes/6812095651/in/photo...
C11 in hyperstar mode + QHY8L, 5 subs of 240s each taken from 4h25 to 4h46 local time (France)
Ball of Confusion (That's What The World Is Today)
From "Temptations Greatest Hits Volume 2",1970
Lead by Group(Eddie, Dennis, Paul, Melvin, and Otis)
(Eddie)
People movin' out,
People movin' in.
why, because of the color of their skin
run, run, run, but you sho' can't hide
An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth,
vote for me and I'll set you free
rap on, brother, rap on
(Dennis)
The only person talkin' about love thy brother is the preacher
and it seems.......... nobody's interested in learning
........but the teacher
Segregation, determination, demonstration, integration,
Aggravation, humiliation, obligation to our nation
(Group)
Ball of Confusion
(Dennis)
Oh yeah, That's what the world is today,(Group):Hey,hey
(Paul)
The sale of pills are at an all time high
young folks walkin' around with their heads in the sky
the cities aflame in the summertime (Eddie):And, oh
(Group)
The beat goes on
(Dennis)
Evolution, revolution, gun control, the sound of soul
shooting rockets to the moon
kids growing up too soon
Politicians........... Say More Taxes Will Solve Everything
(Melvin)
And the band played on
(Group)
So, round and around and around we go
where the world's headed, nobody knows
(Dennis)
Oh, Great Googamooga, can't you hear me talkin' to you
just a Ball of Confusion, oh yeah
that's what the world is today, hey
(Eddie)
Fear in the air, tension everywhere
Unemployment's rising fast,
the Beatles' new record's a gas
(Dennis)
And the only safe place to live
is in an Indian Reservation
(Melvin)
And the band played on
(Eddie)
Eve of destruction,( 12/21/2012)........... tax deduction
(Paul)
City inspectors, bill collectors
(Eddie and Melvin)
Mod clothes in demand
Population out of hand
(Dennis)
Suicide, too many bills
hippies moving to the hills,
people all over the world are shouting "End the War"
(Melvin)
And the band played on
(Dennis)
Oh, Great Googamooga, can't you hear me talkin' to you
(Group)
Just a Ball of Confusion,
that's what the world is today, hey
Image for the Daily Create 977 on 09/11/14, brought to you by the awesome & open digital storytelling learning community a.k.a., ds106.
Assignment: Share your favorite mathematical expression by finding images of the appropriate numbers, symbols, etc. and using them to create an image of the expression.
Working in education, I am frequently overhearing students express how they hate math, will never use it, are just trying to get through it and passed it, etc.. I'm not a math teacher but I do appreciate the practicality (and, at times, the transcendence) of math and I use it in my life all the time. The one equation that is simply a joy to use is solving for X by cross multiplication.
Here, I took photos of signs and flyers around campus, extracted the bits and pieces, and mashed them up on a chalkboard background. I had forgotten to capture the word "thing" so a Google search for the classic John Carpenter film scored me the word in this collage.
If you fancied this, it's in good company. To view the other favorites, go to: tdc.ds106.us/tdc977/
__________________
The Thing | en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thing_(1982_film)
Time is running out to get your director id and Australia has an urgent security problem. These confronting ideas can help solve it
The AUKUS submarines won’t arrive in time. Our independent defence panel asks if we should consider national service or even hosting nuclear weapons.
Problem solved. Yep this is pretty much how I handle real life problems too - My own way.
Copyright 2007 kedralynn
You can see more at kedralynn.deviantart.com
Just back from seeing in the New Year on the Isle of Skye. While the weather was very stromy, we still managed to have a couple of very clear nights offering superb dark skies where we could see billions of stars overhead, including the Milky Way, our own galaxy (running top left to bottom right). While there a better views of this in the summer, it was still very impressive. The dark patches in the milky way are clouds of interstellar gas that block out the light from the stars behind them. The yellowish smudge halfway up the left hand side of the image is the Andromeda galaxy, 2.5 million light years away and the most distant object that can be seen with the naked eye.
2011 version redux
it cleared up for one night (sept 1-2) so i was able to get a few more hours in.
this is 76x4min (4h52m). in addition, i used HDRComposition to merge in 1/10s, 1/4s, 2s, 5s, 10s and 60s exposures to try to recover the brighter stars a little bit. not sure if i was successful.
comparing this (and the prior) to my 2010 version, it's clear that ISO1600 is where i should have been all along. i can't say if it's due to the ISO or the fact that i can now turn dithering on (since i'm using BackyardEOS now), there is absolutely no banding or pattern noise in the integrated result.
canon 50d with astrodon L filter modified by hap griffin.
canon 200L @ f/4
CLS filter
ISO1600
captured with backyardEOS
guiding with PhD (dithering on)
calibration, registration and stacking with PixInsight 1.7.
processing with Pixinsight 1.7:
- integration of 240s, 60s, etc. exposures
- HDR merge of all exposure lengths
- DBE
- extraction and re-registration of RGB channels
- DynamicPSF to get each channel's PSF
- deconvolution (100 iterations) on each channel separately, with star mask for local deringing support and luminance mask to protect low SNR regions
- RGB combine
- ColorCalibration
- histogram transformations and curves
- ACDNR
- histogram transformations on just the stars
- morphological transformation (selection, 20% amount 20%, 7 iterations) on just the stars
- SCNR (blue, green)
We found these two men discussing politics down along the Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin. I heard Obama's name mentioned! Maybe they have all the answers for a world gone crazy!
two men
next to a high water fox
in serious debate
Image and haiku by John Henry Gremmer
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I AM SO HAPPY WITH MY EDITING. I laughed like a maniac when I finished because I was amazed.
I took this awhile ago but I'd been procrastinating the edition because I thought it would be difficult and horrible and I would hate it. I know it's a little messy in some parts, but it worked out so much better than I thought it would :) Also, i took it because I learned how to solve a rubiks cube that day. So, yes, I solved the cube first and took that picture of it.
Now playing: Yerbatero, Juanes.
Random fact: I always make sure my pajamas match. It's almost always just a t shirt and shorts, but I'll never wear orange shorts with a purple shirt or something like that.
Drawing is a form of visual art in which a person uses various drawing instruments to mark paper or another two-dimensional medium. Instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoal, chalk, pastels, various kinds of erasers, markers, styluses, various metals (such as silverpoint) and electronic drawing.
A drawing instrument releases small amount of material onto a surface, leaving a visible mark. The most common support for drawing is paper, although other materials, such as cardboard, plastic, leather, canvas, and board, may be used. Temporary drawings may be made on a blackboard or whiteboard or indeed almost anything. The medium has been a popular and fundamental means of public expression throughout human history. It is one of the simplest and most efficient means of communicating visual ideas.[1] The wide availability of drawing instruments makes drawing one of the most common artistic activities.
In addition to its more artistic forms, drawing is frequently used in commercial illustration, animation, architecture, engineering and technical drawing. A quick, freehand drawing, usually not intended as a finished work, is sometimes called a sketch. An artist who practices or works in technical drawing may be called a drafter, draftsman or a draughtsman.[2]
Drawing is one of the major forms of expression within the visual arts. It is generally concerned with the marking of lines and areas of tone onto paper/other material, where the accurate representation of the visual world is expressed upon a plane surface.[3] Traditional drawings were monochrome, or at least had little colour,[4] while modern colored-pencil drawings may approach or cross a boundary between drawing and painting. In Western terminology, drawing is distinct from painting, even though similar media often are employed in both tasks. Dry media, normally associated with drawing, such as chalk, may be used in pastel paintings. Drawing may be done with a liquid medium, applied with brushes or pens. Similar supports likewise can serve both: painting generally involves the application of liquid paint onto prepared canvas or panels, but sometimes an underdrawing is drawn first on that same support.
Madame Palmyre with Her Dog, 1897. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
Galileo Galilei. Phases of the Moon. 1616.
Drawing is often exploratory, with considerable emphasis on observation, problem-solving and composition. Drawing is also regularly used in preparation for a painting, further obfuscating their distinction. Drawings created for these purposes are called studies.
There are several categories of drawing, including figure drawing, cartooning, doodling, free hand and shading. There are also many drawing methods, such as line drawing, stippling, shading, the surrealist method of entopic graphomania (in which dots are made at the sites of impurities in a blank sheet of paper, and lines are then made between the dots), and tracing (drawing on a translucent paper, such as tracing paper, around the outline of preexisting shapes that show through the paper).
A quick, unrefined drawing may be called a sketch.
In fields outside art, technical drawings or plans of buildings, machinery, circuitry and other things are often called "drawings" even when they have been transferred to another medium by printing.
History[edit]
Drawing as a Form of Communication Drawing is one of the oldest forms of human expression, with evidence for its existence preceding that of written communication.[5] It is believed that drawing was used as a specialised form of communication before the invent of the written language,[5][6] demonstrated by the production of cave and rock paintings created by Homo sapiens sapiens around 30,000 years ago.[7] These drawings, known as pictograms, depicted objects and abstract concepts.[8] The sketches and paintings produced in prehistoric times were eventually stylised and simplified, leading to the development of the written language as we know it today.
Drawing in the Arts Drawing is used to express one's creativity, and therefore has been prominent in the world of art. Throughout much of history, drawing was regarded as the foundation for artistic practise.[9] Initially, artists used and reused wooden tablets for the production of their drawings.[10] Following the widespread availability of paper in the 14th century, the use of drawing in the arts increased. At this point, drawing was commonly used as a tool for thought and investigation, acting as a study medium whilst artists were preparing for their final pieces of work.[11][12] In a period of artistic flourish, the Renaissance brought about drawings exhibiting realistic representational qualities,[13] where there was a lot of influence from geometry and philosophy.[14]
The invention of the first widely available form of photography led to a shift in the use of drawing in the arts.[15] Photography took over from drawing as a more superior method for accurately representing visual phenomena, and artists began to abandon traditional drawing practises.[16] Modernism in the arts encouraged "imaginative originality"[17] and artists' approach to drawing became more abstract.
Drawing Outside the Arts Although the use of drawing is extensive in the arts, its practice is not confined purely to this field. Before the widespread availability of paper, 12th century monks in European monasteries used intricate drawings to prepare illustrated, illuminated manuscripts on vellum and parchment. Drawing has also been used extensively in the field of science, as a method of discovery, understanding and explanation. In 1616, astronomer Galileo Galilei explained the changing phases of the moon through his observational telescopic drawings.[16] Additionally, in 1924, geophysicist Alfred Wegener used illustrations to visually demonstrate the origin of the continents.The medium is the means by which ink, pigment or color are delivered onto the drawing surface. Most drawing media are either dry (e.g. graphite, charcoal, pastels, Conté, silverpoint), or use a fluid solvent or carrier (marker, pen and ink). Watercolor pencils can be used dry like ordinary pencils, then moistened with a wet brush to get various painterly effects. Very rarely, artists have drawn with (usually decoded) invisible ink. Metalpoint drawing usually employs either of two metals: silver or lead.[20] More rarely used are gold, platinum, copper, brass, bronze, and tinpoint.
Paper comes in a variety of different sizes and qualities, ranging from newspaper grade up to high quality and relatively expensive paper sold as individual sheets.[21] Papers can vary in texture, hue, acidity, and strength when wet. Smooth paper is good for rendering fine detail, but a more "toothy" paper holds the drawing material better. Thus a coarser material is useful for producing deeper contrast.
Newsprint and typing paper may be useful for practice and rough sketches. Tracing paper is used to experiment over a half-finished drawing, and to transfer a design from one sheet to another. Cartridge paper is the basic type of drawing paper sold in pads. Bristol board and even heavier acid-free boards, frequently with smooth finishes, are used for drawing fine detail and do not distort when wet media (ink, washes) are applied. Vellum is extremely smooth and suitable for very fine detail. Coldpressed watercolor paper may be favored for ink drawing due to its texture.
Acid-free, archival quality paper keeps its color and texture far longer than wood pulp based paper such as newsprint, which turns yellow and become brittle much sooner.
The basic tools are a drawing board or table, pencil sharpener and eraser, and for ink drawing, blotting paper. Other tools used are circle compass, ruler, and set square. Fixative is used to prevent pencil and crayon marks from smudging. Drafting tape is used to secure paper to drawing surface, and also to mask an area to keep it free of accidental marks sprayed or spattered materials and washes. An easel or slanted table is used to keep the drawing surface in a suitable position, which is generally more horizontal than the position used in painting.
Technique[edit]
Raphael, study for what became the Alba Madonna, with other sketches
Almost all draftsmen use their hands and fingers to apply the media, with the exception of some handicapped individuals who draw with their mouth or feet.[22]
Prior to working on an image, the artist typically explores how various media work. They may try different drawing implements on practice sheets to determine value and texture, and how to apply the implement to produce various effects.
The artist's choice of drawing strokes affects the appearance of the image. Pen and ink drawings often use hatching—groups of parallel lines.[23] Cross-hatching uses hatching in two or more different directions to create a darker tone. Broken hatching, or lines with intermittent breaks, form lighter tones—and controlling the density of the breaks achieves a gradation of tone. Stippling, uses dots to produce tone, texture or shade. Different textures can be achieved depending on the method used to build tone.[24]
Drawings in dry media often use similar techniques, though pencils and drawing sticks can achieve continuous variations in tone. Typically a drawing is filled in based on which hand the artist favors. A right-handed artist draws from left to right to avoid smearing the image. Erasers can remove unwanted lines, lighten tones, and clean up stray marks. In a sketch or outline drawing, lines drawn often follow the contour of the subject, creating depth by looking like shadows cast from a light in the artist's position.
Sometimes the artist leaves a section of the image untouched while filling in the remainder. The shape of the area to preserve can be painted with masking fluid or cut out of a frisket and applied to the drawing surface, protecting the surface from stray marks until the mask is removed.
Another method to preserve a section of the image is to apply a spray-on fixative to the surface. This holds loose material more firmly to the sheet and prevents it from smearing. However the fixative spray typically uses chemicals that can harm the respiratory system, so it should be employed in a well-ventilated area such as outdoors.
Another technique is subtractive drawing in which the drawing surface is covered with graphite or charcoal and then erased to make the image.[25]
Tone[edit]
Line drawing in sanguine by Leonardo da Vinci
Shading is the technique of varying the tonal values on the paper to represent the shade of the material as well as the placement of the shadows. Careful attention to reflected light, shadows and highlights can result in a very realistic rendition of the image.
Blending uses an implement to soften or spread the original drawing strokes. Blending is most easily done with a medium that does not immediately fix itself, such as graphite, chalk, or charcoal, although freshly applied ink can be smudged, wet or dry, for some effects. For shading and blending, the artist can use a blending stump, tissue, a kneaded eraser, a fingertip, or any combination of them. A piece of chamois is useful for creating smooth textures, and for removing material to lighten the tone. Continuous tone can be achieved with graphite on a smooth surface without blending, but the technique is laborious, involving small circular or oval strokes with a somewhat blunt point.
Shading techniques that also introduce texture to the drawing include hatching and stippling. A number of other methods produce texture. In addition to the choice of paper, drawing material and technique affect texture. Texture can be made to appear more realistic when it is drawn next to a contrasting texture; a coarse texture is more obvious when placed next to a smoothly blended area. A similar effect can be achieved by drawing different tones close together. A light edge next to a dark background stands out to the eye, and almost appears to float above the surface.
Form and proportion[edit]
Pencil portrait by Ingres
Measuring the dimensions of a subject while blocking in the drawing is an important step in producing a realistic rendition of the subject. Tools such as a compass can be used to measure the angles of different sides. These angles can be reproduced on the drawing surface and then rechecked to make sure they are accurate. Another form of measurement is to compare the relative sizes of different parts of the subject with each other. A finger placed at a point along the drawing implement can be used to compare that dimension with other parts of the image. A ruler can be used both as a straightedge and a device to compute proportions.
When attempting to draw a complicated shape such as a human figure, it is helpful at first to represent the form with a set of primitive volumes. Almost any form can be represented by some combination of the cube, sphere, cylinder, and cone. Once these basic volumes have been assembled into a likeness, then the drawing can be refined into a more accurate and polished form. The lines of the primitive volumes are removed and replaced by the final likeness. Drawing the underlying construction is a fundamental skill for representational art, and is taught in many books and schools. Its correct application resolves most uncertainties about smaller details, and makes the final image look consistent.[26]
A more refined art of figure drawing relies upon the artist possessing a deep understanding of anatomy and the human proportions. A trained artist is familiar with the skeleton structure, joint location, muscle placement, tendon movement, and how the different parts work together during movement. This allows the artist to render more natural poses that do not appear artificially stiff. The artist is also familiar with how the proportions vary depending on the age of the subject, particularly when drawing a portrait.
Perspective[edit]
Linear perspective is a method of portraying objects on a flat surface so that the dimensions shrink with distance. Each set of parallel, straight edges of any object, whether a building or a table, follows lines that eventually converge at a vanishing point. Typically this convergence point is somewhere along the horizon, as buildings are built level with the flat surface. When multiple structures are aligned with each other, such as buildings along a street, the horizontal tops and bottoms of the structures typically converge at a vanishing point.
Two-point perspective drawing
When both the fronts and sides of a building are drawn, then the parallel lines forming a side converge at a second point along the horizon (which may be off the drawing paper.) This is a two-point perspective.[27] Converging the vertical lines to a third point above or below the horizon then produces a three-point perspective.
Depth can also be portrayed by several techniques in addition to the perspective approach above. Objects of similar size should appear ever smaller the further they are from the viewer. Thus the back wheel of a cart appears slightly smaller than the front wheel. Depth can be portrayed through the use of texture. As the texture of an object gets further away it becomes more compressed and busy, taking on an entirely different character than if it was close. Depth can also be portrayed by reducing the contrast in more distant objects, and by making their colors less saturated. This reproduces the effect of atmospheric haze, and cause the eye to focus primarily on objects drawn in the foreground.
Artistry[edit]
Chiaroscuro study drawing by William-Adolphe Bouguereau
The composition of the image is an important element in producing an interesting work of artistic merit. The artist plans element placement in the art to communicate ideas and feelings with the viewer. The composition can determine the focus of the art, and result in a harmonious whole that is aesthetically appealing and stimulating.
The illumination of the subject is also a key element in creating an artistic piece, and the interplay of light and shadow is a valuable method in the artist's toolbox. The placement of the light sources can make a considerable difference in the type of message that is being presented. Multiple light sources can wash out any wrinkles in a person's face, for instance, and give a more youthful appearance. In contrast, a single light source, such as harsh daylight, can serve to highlight any texture or interesting features.
When drawing an object or figure, the skilled artist pays attention to both the area within the silhouette and what lies outside. The exterior is termed the negative space, and can be as important in the representation as the figure. Objects placed in the background of the figure should appear properly placed wherever they can be viewed.
Drawing process in the Academic Study of a Male Torso by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (1801, National Museum, Warsaw)
A study is a draft drawing that is made in preparation for a planned final image. Studies can be used to determine the appearances of specific parts of the completed image, or for experimenting with the best approach for accomplishing the end goal. However a well-crafted study can be a piece of art in its own right, and many hours of careful work can go into completing a study.
Process[edit]
Individuals display differences in their ability to produce visually accurate drawings.[28] A visually accurate drawing is described as being "recognized as a particular object at a particular time and in a particular space, rendered with little addition of visual detail that can not be seen in the object represented or with little deletion of visual detail”.[29]
Investigative studies have aimed to explain the reasons why some individuals draw better than others. One study posited four key abilities in the drawing process: perception of objects being drawn, ability to make good representational decisions, motor skills required for mark-making and the drawer's own perception of their drawing.[29] Following this hypothesis, several studies have sought to conclude which of these processes are most significant in affecting the accuracy of drawings.
Motor function Motor function is an important physical component in the 'Production Phase' of the drawing process.[30] It has been suggested that motor function plays a role in drawing ability, though its effects are not significant.[29]
Perception It has been suggested that an individual's ability to perceive an object they are drawing is the most important stage in the drawing process.[29] This suggestion is supported by the discovery of a robust relationship between perception and drawing ability.[31]
This evidence acted as the basis of Betty Edwards' how-to drawing book, Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain.[32] Edwards aimed to teach her readers how to draw, based on the development of the reader's perceptual abilities.
Furthermore, the influential artist and art critic John Ruskin emphasised the importance of perception in the drawing process in his book The Elements of Drawing.[33] He stated that "For I am nearly convinced, that once we see keenly enough, there is very little difficult in drawing what we see".
Visual memory has also been shown to influence one's ability to create visually accurate drawings. Short-term memory plays an important part in drawing as one’s gaze shifts between the object they are drawing and the drawing itself.[34]
Angels
Pop / Spring & Summer 06
Photographer: Solve Sundsbo
Creative Director: Guido
Fashion Editor: Karl Templer
Hair Guido
Makeup Kabuki
Models: Josh Walter, Tom Gillard, Lisa Cant, Jessica Stam, Vlada Roslakova, Heather Marks, Caroline Trentini
Retouching: Dan Moloney at Digital Light
Friends, today we all are going to learn the basic concept behind linear inequality in mathematics and the graphing concepts used in an inequality graph. Before proceeding further let’s talk about inequality. solve Inequalities basically tells that two values or expressions are not equal. For example, to understand it betterment a ≠ b shows that a is not equal to b. Slope formula plays an important role in graphing linear inequalities. So we need to know what slope formula means. Slope of a line describes the steepness, incline, or grade of the straight line. The slope through the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given as slope formula.