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Jerry Griffith in Graves County earned 1st place in District 1 No-Till division of the 2011 Kentucky Corn Yield Contest. His yield was 247.34 buA using DeKalb DK63-87 seed. Pictured with Griffith is Ray Allan Mackey (right), president of the Kentucky Corn Growers Association. KyCGA sponsors the yield contest.
A soil profile of Frederick silt loam. The argillic horizon begins at a depth of about 15 centimeters and extends to below a depth of more than 150 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Bland County, Virginia; by Robert K. Conner, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Frederick series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in residuum derived mainly from dolomitic limestone with interbeds of sandstone, siltstone, and shale. They are on are nearly level to very steep uplands. Permeability is moderate. Slopes range from 0 to 60 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 42 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 55 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Paleudults
Solum thickness is more than 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 72 inches. Depth to the top of the argillic horizon ranges from 0 to 20 inches. Variegated colors in the solum range from 40 to more than 60 inches below the soil surface. Rock fragments are mostly chert and range from 0 to 60 percent in the A, E, BA, and BE horizons, and 0 to 35 percent in the Bt, BC, and C horizons. In some areas the upper part of the solum is capped with as much as 20 inches of silty material. The soil ranges from very strongly acid through moderately acid, unless limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of these soils are cleared and cultivated. Crops are corn, small grain, hay, tobacco, and apple orchards. Most of the steeper areas are in pasture or forest. Vegetation is largely hardwoods such as oak, hickory, maple, and yellow poplar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, Maryland, and Tennessee. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA021...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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A representative soil profile of the Moosabec series. (Photo provided by Jim Turenne, USDA-NRCS; New England Soil Profiles)
The Moosabec series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils that formed mostly in slightly decomposed organic soil material from Sphagnum moss on raised bogs on glaciated terrain. Estimated saturated hydraulic conductivity is high or very high. Permeability is rapid. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1190 mm (47 inches). Mean annual temperature is about 7 degrees C (44 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Dysic, frigid Typic Sphagnofibrists
The thickness of organic materials is 160 centimeters (63 inches) or more and ranges to over 6 meters (20 feet). The depth to bedrock is more than 160 centimeters (63 inches). The content of woody fragments is 0 to 20 percent in the surface tier and 0 to 10 percent in the subsurface and bottom tiers. Fibric material is dominant in most or all of the control section, and extends to as much as 3 meters (10 feet) deep in some places. Layers of hemic material are in the control section in some pedons, but occupy less than 25 centimeters (10 inches) of aggregate thickness in the subsurface and bottom tiers. The hemic material is commonly in the bottom tier.
USE AND VEGETATION: Sphagnum peat from Moosabec soils is of considerable commercial value. These soils commonly have a sparse cover of slow growing black spruce and tamarack. Common heath family shrubs are Labrador tea, leatherleaf, rhodora, sheep laurel, bog laurel, and bog rosemary. Cloudberry and crowberry shrubs are found in some locations. Pitcher plant and sundew are common insectivorous plants. The moss cover is composed mostly of Sphagnum.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The eastern, central and southern portions of Maine. This series is of moderate extent. At least 10,000 acres are estimated to occur in Maine. The series will likely be recognized to replace Waskish where historically mapped in region R.
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The Quetico series consists of very shallow, well drained soils.(Soil Survey of Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota; by Peter Weikle, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
These soils formed in loamy noncalcareous glacial drift on uplands with relief controlled by the underlying bedrock. These soils have bedrock beginning at depths ranging from 4 to 10 inches. The saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderate in the loamy mantle. Slopes range from 2 to 90 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 28 inches and mean annual air temperature is about 37 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, isotic, acid, frigid Lithic Udorthents
Thickness of solum and depth to bedrock range from 4 to 10 inches. Texture of the material above the rock contact is loam, silt loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam or gravelly and cobbly analogues. Content of gravel by volume ranges from 3 to 35 percent. Stones and boulders within or on the soil range from 0 to 3 percent. The gravel is dominantly granite or gabbro, but sandstone is included in a few places. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils mostly are in mixed deciduous and coniferous forest. Dominant trees are jack pine, red pine, white pine, quaking aspen, paper birch, balsam fir and mountain ash. Major resource uses are recreation, timber, watershed, and wildlife habitat.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA's 88, 90, 93 and 142. The Laurentian Shield region of northeastern Minnesota and in New York. Moderately extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
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Involutions of soil material (brown) are mixed into the underlying soil by cryoturbation. These soils have an ochric (typically thin and/or light-colored) epipedon and have sufficient moisture for cryoturbation. Commonly, the cryoturbation is not well expressed. These soils occur in Alaska, Canada, and Siberia.
Illustrated Guide to Soil Taxonomy (p. 4-209)
A representative soil profile of the Rexburg series.
The Rexburg series consists of deep and very deep, well drained soils that formed in loess and silty alluvium derived from loess. They are on loess covered fan terraces, foothills, and basalt plains. Slopes are 0 to 60 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 14 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 44 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Calcic Haploxerolls
Mean annual soil temperature - 40 to 47 degrees F
Particle-size control section - 8 to 18 percent clay
Thickness of the mollic epipedon - 12 to 20 inches
Depth to the calcic horizon - 18 to 35 inches
USE AND VEGETATION: This Rexburg soil is used mainly for nonirrigated and irrigated cropland. The potential natural vegetation is mainly mountain big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Idaho. The series is extensive.
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The Hymas series consists of shallow, well drained soils that formed in residuum and colluvium from limestone. The Hymas soils are on mountainsides, ridges or uplands. Slopes are 10 to 75 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 13 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 44 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, carbonatic, frigid Lithic Haploxerolls
Soil moisture - Moist in late fall, winter and spring; dry from late June through September.
Soil temperature - 42 to 47 degrees F.
Average summer soil temperature - 59 to 66 degrees F.
Mollic epipedon thickness - 7 to 14 inches.
Depth to bedrock - 10 to 20 inches.
Control section
Clay content: 8 to 27 percent.
Rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent dominantly angular fragments of limestone.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained; medium or rapid runoff; moderate permeability.
USE AND VEGETATION: Rangeland and wildlife habitat. The present vegetation is mainly big sagebrush, cheatgrass, phlox, bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, rabbitbrush and bitterbrush.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
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TOMLIN SERIES
Depth class: Very deep
Agricultural drainage class: Well drained
Saturated hydraulic conductivity class: Moderately high
Landform: Piedmont uplands
Landform position: Broad ridges and side slopes
Parent material: Residuum weathered from diorite, gabbro, diabase, and/or gneiss
Slope: 2 to 25 percent
TAONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, mesic Rhodic Kanhapludults
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to top of argillic or kandic horizon: 2 to 20 inches
Depth to base of argillic or kandic horizon: More than 25 inches
Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches
Depth to seasonal high water table: Greater than 72 inches
Rock Fragment Content: 0 to 35 percent in the A and E horizons and 0 to 15 percent in the B and C horizons; mostly gravel and cobbles
Soil Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout, unless limed.
Mica content: 0 to 20 percent, by volume mica flakes in the A, B, and 0 to 50 percent by volume in the BC and C horizon
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Cultivated crops, pasture, and forest
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--small grains, corn, soybeans, hay, tobacco, and orchards. Where forested--Eastern white pine, Virginia pine, red oak, white oak, post oak, hickory, blackgum, red maple, yellow poplar, and dogwood
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Virginia and North Carolina
Extent: Moderate
Tomlin soils were previously mapped as Lloyd soils. The April 1997 relocation of the mesic/thermic line in North Carolina and Virginia necessitated the establishment of the Tomlin series as a mesic counterpart. Tomlin soils are commonly associated with Clifford soils (fine, kaolinitic, mesic Typic Kanhapludults). Clifford soils formed in residuum weathered from felsic crystalline rock and have B horizons with hue of 5YR or redder with moist value of 4 or more. Tomlin soils formed in mixed felsic to mafic crystalline rock (primarily amphibolite) and have B horizons with hue of 2.5YR or redder with moist value of less than 4.
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Soil having discontinuous horizons as a result of their partial destruction (sale in feet). Belgium. Soil Taxonomy, 1st Edition, 1975, (p. 97).
A representative soil profile of the Ballynabreen series in an area of improved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in coarse loamy drift with igneous and metamorphic stones.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=07...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Humic Surface-water Gleys. These soils have evidence of gleying within 40 cm and humose topsoil.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
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A representative soil profile of the Te Anau series from New Zealand. (Photo provided by NZ Soils.co.nz and Waikato Regional Council.) For more information about New Zealand soils, visit;
Te Anau soils from 0 - 20 cm; Very dark grey sandy loam, friable, fine spheroidal and polyhedral structure. In the New Zealand Soil Classification system these soils are Fragic Allophanic Brown Soils. For more information about the New Zealand Soil Classification system, visit;
soils.landcareresearch.co.nz/describing-soils/nzsc/
In U.S. Soil Taxonomy, these soils are Andic Dystrudepts. Andic Dystrudepts have some andic soil properties in a layer in the upper part that is 18 cm or more thick. Some of the soils contain a significant amount of volcanic ash. Some have an umbric epipedon. In addition, Te Anau soils exhibit fragic soil properties.
Andic Dystrudepts are moderately extensive in the Northwestern United States. The native vegetation consists mostly of coniferous forest. Most of these soils support their native vegetation and are used as forest. A few of the less sloping soils have been cleared and are used as cropland or pasture.
For additional information about U.S. Soil Taxonomy, visit:
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This photo accompanies Figure 14.—Indicator A9, 1 cm Muck. [Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States].
Upper soil profile of the Duckston soil series. The Duckston series (Typic Psammaquents) consists of poorly drained sands near the Lower and Mid-Atlantic coast. They have very slow runoff and very rapid permeability above the water table. The water table fluctuates in relation to the tides and the surface is flooded following heavy rains or high storm tides.
Duckston soils are mainly in shallow depressions between coastal dunes and on nearly level flats between the dunes and marshes generally at elevations less than 5 feet above mean tide level. Slopes are typically less than 2 percent and surfaces are plane to concave. The soil formed in sandy sediments reworked by waves and wind. Average annual precipitation near the type location is about 48 inches and mean annual temperature about 62 degrees F. The soils are periodically flooded with salt water; salinity is variable according to length of time since last flooding.
Vegetation is a coastal shrub plant community. Locally, a maritime forest exists on a minor acreage of the soil. Duckston soils are of moderate extent along the coast in Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia.
Sugarcane plantations has made São Martinho one of the largest sugar and ethanol companies in Brazil – seeking the digital transformation of operations at its mills. Through the constant search for process optimization, it was necessary to reduce losses and thereby gain efficiency through a single platform capable of supporting real-time orchestration throughout the process.
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A representative soil profile of a Typic Dystrudept from the Maramures Mountains, Ukraine-Rumania border, Ukraine. Photo by P. Samonil.)
The central concept or Typic subgroup of Dystrudepts is fixed on soils that are moderately deep or deep to hard rock, are freely drained and acid, have an ochric epipedon, and do not have any intermittent argillic, natric, or kandic horizon.
Dystrudepts are the acid Udepts of humid and perhumid regions. They developed mostly in late-Pleistocene or Holocene deposits. Some developed on older, steeply sloping surfaces. The parent materials generally are acid, moderately or weakly consolidated sedimentary or metamorphic rocks or acid sediments. A few of the soils formed in saprolite derived from igneous rocks. The vegetation was mostly deciduous trees. Most of the Dystrudepts that formed in alluvium are now cultivated, and many of the other Dystrudepts are used as pasture. The normal horizon sequence in Dystrudepts is an ochric epipedon over a cambic horizon. Some of the steeper Dystrudepts have a shallow densic, lithic, or paralithic contact. Dystrudepts are extensive in the United States, mostly in the Eastern and Southern States.
For more information about soils and the Michigan State University-Department of Geography, visit:
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Field and laboratory data are critical to the understanding of the properties and genesis of a single pedon, as well as to the understanding of fundamental soil relationships based on many observations of a large number of soils. Key to the advancement of this body of knowledge has been the cumulative effort of several generations of scientists in developing methods, designing and developing analytical databases, and investigating soil relationships based on these data.
Methods development result from a broad knowledge of soils, encompassing topical areas of pedology, geomorphology, micromorphology, physics, chemistry, mineralogy, biology, and field and laboratory sample collection and preparation. The purpose of this manual, the “Soil Survey Field and Laboratory Methods Manual, Soil Survey Investigations Report (SSIR) No. 51,” is to (1) serve as a standard reference in the description of site and soils sampling strategies and assessment techniques and (2) provide detailed method descriptions for the collection and analysis of soil, biological, water, and plant samples in the field or field-office setting. This manual is intended to be a tool in the development of a long-term analytical database by which research and other investigative studies can be more directionally applied to onsite technologies and thus improve and enhance land productivity and sustainability.
Citation: Soil Survey Staff. 2014. Soil Survey Field and Laboratory Methods Manual. Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 51, Version 2.0. R. Burt and Soil Survey Staff (ed.). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
To view, print, or save a copy of the "Soil Survey Field and Laboratory Methods Manual" click HERE
For a list of current "Soil Survey Lab Manuals" visit SSLM
Toisnot soils are in shallow depressions, around the heads of drainageways, and on the outer fringe of stream terraces next to the better drained uplands, in the upper Coastal Plain. They occupy the transition areas between soils with contrasting drainage. On some landscapes, these soils extend down shallow drainageways for short distances. Slopes are generally less than 2 percent. The soil formed in moderately coarse textured fluvial or marine sediments.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Fragiaquults
Depth to the upper boundary of the fragipan commonly ranges from 20 to 40 inches but in some areas it ranges from 10 to 45 inches. In wet seasons, the fragipan is dry to moist, whereas, the adjacent horizons are saturated. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the profile, unless the surface has been limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in mixed forests of hardwoods and pine. Native trees include oak, maple, sweetgum, yellow-poplar, and loblolly pine, with understory plants as sweet bay, myrtle, gallberry, and smilax. Small acreages have been cleared and used for pasture, corn, and soybeans.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Upper Coastal Plain areas of North Carolina and possibly South Carolina and Virginia. The series is inextensive.
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A Hapli- Permagelic Gleyosol and landscape. These soils mainly distribute in the northern Greater Khingan Mountains and mountain areas on northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, dispersing, in isolated island forms, in swamping lower terraces, floodplains, swamp edge or shady slope covered with plants. In seasonal thawing period, soil parts above the permafrost would accumulate excessive moisture, leading to gleyization. However, there is no histic epipedon in the profile. (Photos and notes courtesy of China Soils Museum, Guangdong Institute of World Soil Resources; with revision.)
In Chinese Soil Taxonomy, Gleyosols soils that exhibit redoximorphic conditions under a permanent of fluctuating water table. In Soil Taxonomy these soils are mostly Inceptisols, Gelisols, or Entisols.
For additional information about this soil and the Soils Museum, visit:
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The Cerrado was thought challenging for agriculture until researchers at Brazil’s agricultural and livestock research agency, Embrapa, discovered that it could be made fit for industrial crops by appropriate additions of phosphorus and lime. In the late 1990s, between 14 million and 16 million tons of lime were being poured on Brazilian fields each year. The quantity rose to 25 million tons in 2003 and 2004, equalling around five tons of lime per hectare. This manipulation of the soil allowed for industrial agriculture to grow exponentially in the area. Researchers also developed tropical varieties of soybeans, until then a temperate crop, and currently, Brazil is the world's main soyabeans exporter due to the boom in animal feed production caused by the global rise in meat demand. Today the Cerrado region provides more than 70% of the beef cattle production in the country, being also a major production center of grains, mainly soya, beans, maize and rice. Large extensions of the Cerrado are also used for the production of cellulose pulp for the paper industry, with the cultivation of several species of Eucalyptus and Pinus, but as a secondary activity. Coffee produced in the Cerrado is now a major export.
Soils of the cerrado are in the order of Oxisols. Oxisols are an order in USDA soil taxonomy, best known for their occurrence in tropical rain forest, 15-25 degrees north and south of the Equator. They are classified as ferralsols in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources; some oxisols have been previously classified as laterite soils.The main processes of soil formation of oxisols are weathering, humification and pedoturbation due to animals. These processes produce the characteristic soil profile. They are defined as soils containing at all depths no more than 10 percent weatherable minerals, and low cation exchange capacity. Oxisols are always a red or yellowish color, due to the high concentration of iron(III) and aluminium oxides and hydroxides. In addition they also contain quartz and kaolin, plus small amounts of other clay minerals and organic matter.
For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:
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A soil profile of a poorly drained Natraqualf in Thailand. The sandy surface layer is underlain by a pinkish gray subsoil beginning at a depth of about 15 cm. The subsoil has a weak grade of prismatic structure and a high content of sodium. This soil is used for rice production. Note the water table at a depth of about 145 cm. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Natraqualfs have a clay-enriched subsoil with high levels of sodium saturation (natric horizon). Typically, ground water perches above the natric horizon at some period and saturates the soil at another period. Natraqualfs are allowed, but not required, to have a glossic (degraded argillic) horizon. In the United States, most of these soils have a mesic, thermic, or hyperthermic temperature regime but a few are frigid. If undisturbed,
Natraqualfs commonly have a thin A horizon overlying a thin albic (light-colored and leached) horizon that, in turn, overlies the natric subsoil horizon. If the soils are plowed, the two upper horizons and part of the natric horizon or only part of the two upper horizons may be mixed. In the United States, the vegetation on Natraqualfs before cultivation was most commonly grass or mixed grass and drought-tolerant trees. In humid regions where annual precipitation is 100 cm or more, the presence of sodium generally is attributed to very slow permeability in the natric horizon. The permeability is so slow that there is thought to be less leaching of sodium than there is release of sodium by the weathering of feldspars. Many Natraqualfs in the United States formed in loess or alluvium of Wisconsinan age. Some Natraqualfs are in basins or on lowlands and are subject to flooding, and the sodium in them may be supplied by salty ground water or sea water. Characteristically, areas of Natraqualfs are small
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the McCall soil series. (Valley County, Idaho)
The McCall series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in moderately coarse and coarse textured cobbly and stony glacial till. McCall soils are on glacial moraines and have slopes of 5 to 50 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 25 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 39 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive Typic Humicryepts
Rock fragments range from 35 to 80 percent throughout the profile, and range from small angular or rounded pebbles to cobblestones and large stones. The soil is slightly or moderately acid. Base saturation is 40 to 50 percent in the epipedon. Mean annual soil temperature is 41 degrees to 43 degrees F.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for pasture or range. Vegetation is Idaho fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, mountain brome, snowberry, pine reedgrass, and lodgepole pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Moraine area in the northern part of Long Valley, Valley County, Idaho. The series is inextensive.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
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Current faculty, staff and alumni gathered at the Plant and Soil Science Reunion in the Plant Science Plaza during Roundup week.
A representative soil profile of the series from New Zealand. (Photo provided by NZ Soils.co.nz and Waikato Regional Council.) For more information about New Zealand soils, visit;
Pakipaki soils from 0 - 18 cm : Very dark greyish brown silt loam, moderately pedal, medium blocky macrofabric. In the New Zealand Soil Classification system these soils are Typic Sandy Gley Soils. For more information about the New Zealand Soil Classification system, visit;
soils.landcareresearch.co.nz/describing-soils/nzsc/
In U.S. Soil Taxonomy, these soils are Aquandic Humaquepts. Theses soils have some andic soil properties in a layer in the upper 75 cm that is 18 cm or more thick. The clays in this layer normally do not disperse well and have a high pH-dependent charge. Typically, this layer is at or very close to the soil surface. An umbric epipedon is common but is not required. These soils are of small extent in the United States and are known to occur in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho.
Most of the soils supported water-tolerant forest vegetation, and some supported water-tolerant grasses and shrubs. Many of the soils are artificially drained and are used as cropland or hayland, and many are used as forest. Some are used as pasture and some as wildlife habitat.
For additional information about U.S. Soil Taxonomy, visit:
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A representative soil profile of the Knockastanna series in an area of unimproved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in loamy material over shale bedrock.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
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For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
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In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Stagno Iron-pan Podzols. These soils have a peaty topsoil above a gleyed albic horizon (Eg) that rests directly on a cemented, continuous thin iron-pan (Bf) that impedes vertical water movement.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
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A soil profile of a moderately well drained Haplustept in Taiwan. This soil formed in stratified layers of loamy alluvium. An ochric epipedon extends to a depth of about 30 cm. Below this is a cambic horizon that extends to about 80 cm. The gray and red colors below a depth of about 80 cm are redoximorphic features that formed due to saturation with water and reduction of iron. There is a water table at the base of the profile. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Haplustepts are the more or less freely drained Ustepts that are calcareous at some depth or have high base saturation. They commonly have an ochric (typically thin and/or light-colored) epipedon over a cambic (minimal soil development) subsoil horizon. Some have an accumulation of calcium carbonate in the subsoil. The native vegetation commonly was grass, but some of the soils supported trees. Haplustepts in the United States are mostly on the Great Plains.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
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Current faculty, staff and alumni gathered at the Plant and Soil Science Reunion in the Plant Science Plaza during Roundup week.
A soil profile of a Glossudalf in Idaho. The subsoil from depths of about 60 to 150 cm is a glossic horizon with a brown and gray color pattern. The gray areas consist of eluvial material from which a significant amount of clay has been leached. The brown areas are illuvial clay-enriched materials (argillic part of the horizon). This color pattern is easily seen on the lower left side of the photo, where the soil profile has been smoothed. A glossic horizon is thought to be a degrading argillic horizon. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Glossudalfs have an argillic (clay accumulation) subsoil horizon that shows evidence of destruction in the form of a glossic horizon. The glossic horizon extends through the argillic horizon in some of these soils. Glossudalfs are more extensive in Europe than in the United States.
The glossic horizon is a degrading argillic, kandic, or natric horizon. In this horizon, eluviation of clay and iron oxides is occurring. This results in the formation of albic materials to the extent that they make up 15 to 85 percent of the volume of the horizon. The albic materials appear as light-colored tongues extending into the horizon between ped surfaces. As the degradation process proceeds, the tongues occupy progressively more of the horizon, until only remnants of the former argillic, kandic, or natric horizon remain.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
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Current faculty, staff and alumni gathered at the Plant and Soil Science Reunion in the Plant Science Plaza during Roundup week.
An area of bouldery soil (class 1).
Fragments on the Surface
This section discusses the description of rock fragments (especially stones and boulders) that are on the soil as opposed to in the soil. The description of gravel, cobbles, and channers (≥ 2mm but < 250 mm in diameter) differs from that for stones and boulders (≥ 250 mm in diameter) because an important aspect of gravel, cobbles, and channers is their areal percent cover on the ground surface. This cover provides some protection from wind and water erosion. It may also interfere with seed placement and emergence after germination. For stones and boulders, the percent of cover is not of itself as important as the interference with mechanical manipulation of the soil. For example, a very small areal percentage of large fragments, insignificant for erosion protection, may interfere with tillage, tree harvesting, and other operations involving machinery.
Class 1.—Stones or boulders cover 0.01 to less than 0.1 percent of the surface. The smallest stones are at least 8 meters apart; the
smallest boulders are at least 20 meters apart .
A representative of profile of the Songjeong soil (fine-loamy, Typic Hapludult) from the Oklahoma training area along the Civilian Control Zone in South Korea. The image is illustration 3.2 from the Planning Level Survey, 8th US Army Korea (1998). The primary purpose of planning level surveys are to ensure Army activities and natural resources conservation measures on mission land are integrated and consistent with federal stewardship requirements and host nation agreements.
Songjeong soils are on low undulating hills. Elevation ranges from about 5 to 50 meters. The native vegetation is mixed deciduous hardwood forest. The soils formed in material weathered from granite. The land is primarily forested or cultivated.
The central concept or Typic subgroup of Hapludults is fixed on freely drained soils that are moderately deep or deeper to hard rock. Typic Hapludults are of very large extent in the Eastern and Southeastern United States. The natural vegetation consisted of forest plants. Slopes range from nearly level to steep. Where slopes are suitable, many of these soils are used as cropland. Many of the soils, particularly those that are steep, are used as forest. Some are used as pasture or homesites.
For more information about Korea soil series, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Roddenagh series in a forested area from Ireland. These soils formed in loamy material over shale and slate bedrock.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=08...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Ferric Podzols (soils affected by Fe/Al chemistry increase).
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
Originally mapped as Fort Collins, the Forkwood soil series was first established in 1980 in Washakie County, in the north central part of the State, to more accurately reflect the climate and geomorphology of Wyoming. The series was most likely named after the Fork Wood River flowing through the Shoshone National Forest. The current type location is located in Niobrara County, Wyoming.
What makes the Forkwood state soil so important is what it is used for, and its prevalence in the State. Most of the Forkwood soils support semi-arid desert and grassland ecosystems. Common plant species consist of big sagebrush, western and bluebunch wheatgrass, bluegrass, and needleandthread. These lands are home to pronghorn antelope, mule deer, coyote, jackrabbits, cottontail rabbits, birds common to shrub steppes and much more. Much of Wyoming is rangeland. The grasses that grow on Forkwood are important for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat.
For more information about this and other State Soils, visit the Soil Science Society of America "Around the World-State Soils" website.
Plate 47: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for the Al Zafrah series (soil AD247).
Taxonomic classification: Typic Torripsamments, mixed, hyperthermic
The Al Zafrah series is a moderately deep to deep sandy soil overlying bedrock (typically calcareous sandstone). The soils are typically somewhat excessively or excessively drained. They occur on gentle slopes within gently undulating to undulating deflation plains, sand sheets and low dunes. They are formed from eolian sands that overlie sandstone.
These soils are used for rangeland grazing of camels though vegetation cover is frequently less than 5% and often absent. Vegetation species recorded are Haloxylon salicornicum, Cyperus conglomeratus and Zygophyllum spp. together with occasional Stipagrostis plumosa.
This soil is common in throughout the Ghayathi sub-area and has also been described from the Al Ain sub-area. Minor occurrences have been recorded from the As Sila and Madinat Zayed subareas.
The main feature of this soil is the limited depth to a bedrock layer. The soil above the hardpan layer is sandy. The limited depth to bedrock is the main issue affecting management for irrigated agriculture as limited depth of soil has implications for plant root development and irrigation management. The sandy nature of the soil, giving rise to low nutrient storage and moisture holding capacities, is also an issue. The soil surface may need to be protected to prevent erosion by wind. This soil is marginally suitable for irrigated agriculture.
Leptic Haplogypsids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic, petrogypsic phase (Soil AD114) are deep to very deep, sandy soils with gypsum occurring at or near the soil surface and a petrogypsic layer occurring below 100cm. They are well drained or somewhat excessively drained and permeability is moderately rapid or rapid. These soils commonly occur on older sediments in deflation plains and at the higher margins of inland and coastal sabkha. They are formed in old sand and gravel deposits.
They are commonly used for low intensity camel grazing. They frequently have less than 5% vegetation cover comprising Haloxylon salicornicum and Zygophyllum spp.
These soils occur throughout the Emirate but most commonly in the north-eastern parts, north of the Abu Dhabi to Al Ain road and also at the western margins of Sabkha Matti.
Plate 12: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for Leptic Haplogypsids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic, petrogypsic phase (Soil AD114).
Correlation Note:
These soils are marginal in taxonomic placement. They typically have fragic soil properties starting at 64 cm. This layer (64 to 91 cm) is described as 60 percent 2Btx material. Soils with 60 percent or more fragic soil properties qualify as a fragipan if 15 cm or more thick. The typical pedon meets this requirement within a depth of 100cm, indicating a "Fragiudult" great group placement.
They are moderately well drained and thought to have aquic properties (episaturation), however, the depth requirements to 2 chroma depletions are not met with the required occurrence (within the upper 25 cm of the argillic horizon) to be in an aquic subgroup for Fragiudults. This requirement is met in the upper 44 cm of the argillic (at 64 cm). The depth to aquic features are too deep for Typic or Aeric Fragiaquults (within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface) and to shallow for the central concept of well drained Typic Fragiudults.
The pedon best fits the concept of a "Oxyaquic" subgroup. However, the "Oxyaquic" subgroup is not currently established in the Fragiudults greatgroup. Oxyaquic soils in Udults are in normal years--saturated with water in one or more layers within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface for either or both 20 or more consecutive days; or 30 or more cumulative days. Depth and months of the highest perched seasonal high water table in Muscatatuck soils is about 50 cm in the months of January, February, March, April, and December. Fragiaquic Paleudults have aquic conditions within 75 cm of the mineral soil surface.
If the taxonomic placement is correct--and range for the depth to the 2Btx layer and depth to aquic conditions are accurate; the quantity of fragic soil properties should be limited to a range of 30 to "less" than 60 percent to meet the current classification.
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The Muscatatuck series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in loess, pedisediment, drift and the underlying residuum from limestone. These soils are on dissected till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1067 mm (42 inches) and mean annual temperature is about 13 degrees C (55 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Fragiaquic Paleudults
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of nearly level and gently sloping. Muscatatuck soils are used for growing corn, soybeans, wheat, and hay. The steeper slopes generally are in pasture or forest. Native vegetation is deciduous mixed hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 114A in Indiana. The series is of small extent.
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: more than 203 cm (80 inches)
Depth to a layer with fragic soil properties: 51 to 91 cm (20 to 36 inches)
Thickness of the loess: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth to a lithic contact: more than 203 cm (80 inches)
Depth and months of the highest perched seasonal high water table: 1.7 feet (January,
February, March, April, December)
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/indiana/jennin...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MUSCATATUCK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Santa series in Idaho. The Santa series consists of moderately well drained soils that are moderately deep to a fragipan.
Landscape: Santa soils are on undulating to rolling loess hills and plains and have slopes of 2 to 35 percent. These soils are used for timber production, hay and pasture with small areas of wheat, barley, and grass seed.
Santa soils formed in deep loess with a small amount of volcanic ash in the upper part. The mean annual precipitation is about 685mm and the mean annual temperature is about 6.1 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Vitrandic Fragixeralfs
Average annual soil temperature: 6.7 to 8 degrees C.
Soil moisture: Usually moist, dry for 45 to 65 consecutive days in mid and late summer.
Depth to fragipan: 50 to 100 cm
Volcanic ash influence: 18 to 50 cm
Estimated properties of the volcanic ash influenced layers:
Volcanic glass content 5 to 20 percent
Acid oxalate-extractable Al + Fe 0.4 to 1.0 percent
Moist bulk density 1.0 to 1.4 g/cc
An O horizon is present in some pedons.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for timber production, hay and pasture with small areas of wheat, barley, and grass seed. The potential natural vegetation is an overstory of grand fir, Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, western larch, lodgepole pine and western white pine. Understory vegetation includes myrtle pachstima, bromegrass, bedstraw, lily-of-the-valley and meadowrue.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho and northeastern Washington. MLRAs 9 and 43A. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SANTA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A soil profile of a well drained, sandy Haplorthod in Michigan. This soil has an ochric epipedon consisting of a dark brown surface
layer (about 10 centimeters thick) and an underlying light gray albic horizon (between depths of 10 and about 30 centimeters).
Note the irregular lower boundary of the albic horizon. Below the albic horizon is a brown and reddish yellow spodic horizon that extends to a depth of about 90 centimetrs. Note the brown streaks extending into the reddish yellow material. The tongues of albic and spodic materials reflect the flow of water through the soil. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Haplorthods are the relatively freely drained Orthods that either have an albic (light-colored and leached) horizon and a spodic (accumulation of translocated organic matter in complex with aluminum and also commonly iron) subsoil horizon or, under cultivation, commonly have only a spodic horizon below an Ap horizon. The spodic horizon may rest on a lower sequum with an argillic (clay accumulation) subsoil horizon or kandic (very low cationexchange capacity) subsoil horizon over relatively unaltered unconsolidated materials or on rock. Most Haplorthods have, or used to have, forest vegetation, mainly conifers but also hardwoods in some areas. A majority of these soils formed in sandy deposits or in materials weathered from sandstone or quartzite.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile of the Pywell series in idaho.
The Pywell series consists of very deep, very poorly drained organic soils in depressional areas of bottomlands, drainageways and flood plains. They formed in material derived dominantly from herbaceous plants, but including some woody materials. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. Average annual precipitation is about 625 mm, and the average annual air temperature is about 7.2 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Euic, frigid Typic Haplosaprists
Average annual soil temperature -- 6.1 to 7.8 degrees C.
Depth to high water table -- 28 to 90 cm (January to December) drained, 0 to 28 cm (December to July) undrained.
Organic layers -- more than 75 cm thick mostly sapric, but some pedons have variable amounts of fibric or hemic material
Volcanic ash -- thin, discontinuous layers present in some pedons (0.5 to 8 cm thick)
Woody material -- 0 to 35 percent, present in the lower part of some pedons
Reaction -- neutral to very strongly acid throughout
USE AND VEGETATION: Most Pywell soils have been cleared, diked, and drained for farming. They are used primarily for production of spring wheat, oats, barley, grass seed, hay, and pasture. Some areas are used for wetland wildlife habitat. Natural vegetation is willow, black cottonwood, thinleaf alder, pyramid spirea, narrowleaf cattail, reed canary grass, sedge, and rush with scattered western redcedar and Englemann spruce along edges of meadows.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho, northeastern Washington, and possibly northwestern Montana. The series is moderately extensive. MLRAs 9 and 44A.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PYWELL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: The Rosman series consists of very deep, well drained to moderately well drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils on flood plains in the Southern Appalachian Mountains.
Landscape: Soybeans growing in an area of Rosman loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, occasionally flooded. The Valley River flood plain system is a highly productive section of the survey area. (Soil Survey of Cherokee County,
North Carolina; by Brian Wood and Southern Blue Ridge Soil Survey Office, Natural Resources
Conservation Service)
These soils formed in loamy alluvium derived from igneous, high-grade metamorphic or low-grade metasedimentary geology. Average annual precipitation is about 65 inches and mean annual temperature is about 53 degrees F., near the type location. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Fluventic Humudepts
Solum thickness ranges from 35 to 60 inches or more. The soil ranges from strongly acid to neutral in the A and upper Bw or C horizons and from strongly acid to slightly acid in the lower horizons. Content of flakes of mica ranges from few to many. The loamy horizons extend to depths of at least 40 inches. Strata of contrasting textures may occur in the C horizon below a depth of 40 inches. Gravel content is less than 15 percent by volume in the upper 40 inches and may range up to 50 percent in horizons below 40 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the acreage is cleared and in cultivation. The chief crops are corn, truck crops, hay, ornamentals, and pasture grasses. In forested areas common trees are yellow-poplar, eastern white pine, American sycamore, river birch, red maple, northern red oak, willow oak, and black walnut. Understory plants include rhododendron, ironwood, flowering dogwood, alder, greenbrier, and switchcane.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B of North Carolina, Tennessee, and possibly Virginia, . This series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/ROSMAN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of an Alfic Udivitrand from Idaho. (Photo provided by P. McDaniel.)
Alfic Udivitrands are like Typic Udivitrands, but they have an argillic or kandic horizon that has both an upper boundary within 125 cm either of the mineral soil surface or of the top of an organic layer with andic soil properties, whichever is shallower, and a base saturation (by sum of cations) of 35 percent or more in some part of the upper 50 cm or in the entire horizon if it is less than 50 cm thick. These soils are moderately extensive in Idaho and Oregon. They commonly support coniferous forest vegetation. Most of the soils are used for timber production, but some have been cleared and are used as cropland.
Udivitrands are the more or less well drained Vitrands that have a udic moisture regime. Characteristically, these soils have an ochric epipedon and a cambic horizon. Some have an argillic horizon. Most of the Udivitrands in the United States developed in Holocene deposits under coniferous forest vegetation.
Vitrands are the more or less well drained, coarse textured Andisols. These are relatively young soils that occur mostly near volcanoes. Most of the Vitrands in the United States are in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Vitrands formed mainly under coniferous forest vegetation. Characteristically, Vitrands have an ochric or mollic epipedon and a cambic horizon. Most of the Vitrands in the United States developed in Holocene deposits.
For more information about soils and the Michigan State University-Department of Geography, visit:
project.geo.msu.edu/soilprofiles/
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
An Entic Hapludoll from south-west Poland--lower Silesia region and the Sudetes Mountains formed in alluvial sands. (Photo provided by Cezary Kabala, Institute of Soil Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.)
Entic Hapludoll do not have a cambic horizon or are calcareous in the lower part of the mollic epipedon or throughout any cambic horizon. Most of the soils are sandy and show relatively weak horizon development. Slopes are moderate to strong and are convex. These soils are of small extent, mostly in Iowa and Minnesota, in the United States. They supported mostly tall grasses and commonly are used as cropland.
Hapludolls generally have a cambic horizon below a mollic epipedon. There may be a Bk horizon below the cambic horizon, and a few of the soils have enough secondary carbonates for a calcic horizon. Hapludolls formed mostly in Holocene or late-Pleistocene deposits or on surfaces of that age. Slopes generally are gentle, and most of the soils are cultivated. Hapludolls are extensive soils in Iowa, Minnesota, and adjacent states.
These soils are classified as Hortic Anthrosol (Arenic, Eutric) by the World Reference Base (WRB).
For more information about this soil, visit:
karnet.up.wroc.pl/~kabala/Antropo.html
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf
For additional information about the US Soil Taxonomy soil classification system, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
An Aqui-Gelic Cambosol. These soils distribute oddly in valley plains on plateau, as well as in part of both sides of river valley, valley plain and terraces, as well as depressive flatland of Sanjiang Plain and Songhuajiang-nenjiang Plain. All those areas are with cryic soil temperatue regime and aquic moisture regime. Parent materials are alluvial and lacustrine deposits. Presence of a seasonally frozen layer, and water above the frozen layer create good conditions for the growth of meadow plants and development of these soils. (Photos and notes courtesy of China Soils Museum, Guangdong Institute of World Soil Resources; with revision.)
In Chinese Soil Taxonomy, Cambosols have low-grade soil development with formation of horizon of alteration or weak expression of other diagnostic horizons. In Soil Taxonomy these soils are commonly Inceptisols, Mollisols, or Gelisols.
For additional information about this soil and the Soils Museum, visit:
www.giwsr.com/en/article/index/231
For additional information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
Gelic materials.—Diagnostic soil material recognized in mineral and organic soils that are subject to intense cryoturbation. Many of these soils are affected by permafrost. Gelic materials are identified either in the freeze-thaw active layer, commonly just above the permafrost and/or in the upper part of the permafrost. In some cases there is no permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface. Gelic materials are formed by cryopedogenic processes and can be identified by either macro- or micromorphological properties. Macromorphological evidence includes irregular and broken horizons, involutions, accumulation of organic matter on top of and within the permafrost, oriented rock fragments, silt enriched layers, and ice segregation forms (such as lenses, vein ice, ice wedges, and segregated ice crystals). Micromorphological evidence includes the micro fabric forms “orbiculic,” “conglomeric,” “banded,” and “vesicular.” The presence of gelic materials is a criterion used in the taxonomic keys. Depending on the depth to gelic materials, their presence is used to identify soils of the Gelisols order; Turbels suborder; and Turbic subgroups within some Andisols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, and Spodosols. See active layer and cryoturbation.
Figure 48.—Soil profile and landscape of a Glacistel in Alaska with a permanently frozen ice layer (designated “Wf”) between depths of 55 and 105 cm. Soils with gelic materials may also have a glacic layer composed of massive ice or ground ice in the form of ice lenses or wedges. Where present, the glacic layer is 30 cm or more thick and contains 75 percent or more visible ice.
A coarse-loamy, superactive, isothermic, Andic Humudepts. (Original image provided by Edson Marroquín).
Humudepts are the Inceptisols that have an udic moisture regime and an umbric or mollic epipedon.
Andic Humudepts are the Humudepts that have, in one or more horizons with a total thickness of 18 cm or more within 75 cm of the mineral soil surface, a fine-earth fraction with both a bulk density of 1.0 g/cm3 or less, measured at 33 kPa water retention, and Al plus 1/2 Fe percentages (by ammonium oxalate) totaling more than 1.0.
To visit the Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 13th Edition, 2022, click HERE.
For an Illustrated Guide to Soil Taxonomy, click HERE.
For an overview video of Soil Taxonomy, click HERE.
Soil profile: A Endohypersodic, Epipedal, Black Vertosol. Original notes and photos provided by the State of Victoria (Agriculture Victoria) with revision.
Landscape: A level plain (0-1% slope) within the Bass River Plain (back swamp). Original vegetation included Melaleuca sp. These soils formed in Quaternary swamp deposits.
For more information about these soils, visit;
vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/portregn.nsf/pages/ppw...
In soil taxonomy, these soils are Vertisols. For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit;