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Profile of Lexton clay, 1 to 3 percent slopes. The red colors are due to the glauconitic sandstones and shales in the Weches Formation. (Soil Survey of Lee County, Texas; by Maurice R. Jurena, USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Lexton series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately slowly permeable soils that formed in marine sediments that contain glauconite. These soils are on gently to strongly sloping plane to slightly convex uplands. Slopes are dominantly l to 5 percent but ranges up to l2 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Very-fine, mixed, active, thermic Chromic Udic Haplusterts
Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 60 inches. Ironstone fragments or concretions range from none to about l0 percent throughout the solum.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are mainly used for pasture or rangeland. Much of the acreage on gentle slopes were previously cropped and some areas are still cropped to cotton, corn, and grain sorghum. Native vegetation is a savannah of post oak, blackjack oak, and hickory trees with understory of longleaf uniola, little bluestem, Indiangrass, and panicums.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Texas Claypan area of East Central Texas (MLRA 87A). The series is of minor extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX287/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LEXTON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The upper part of the Btv horizon of a Dothan soil (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudult) was sampled for slaking. Slaking is defined as a process that results in breakdown of soil aggregates (aggregate disintegration) to a finer aggregate size >2µm. Studies have established that slaking results from stress on the soil aggregate (shock of wetting) created from differential swelling, heat release from wetting, entrapped air, and mechanical action of moving water. The degree or rate of slaking in non-cemented, in-situ soil materials is influenced by organic matter, clay content, clay mineralogy, Fe and Al oxides, carbonates, salinity of soil and water, and moisture content of the soil prior to wetting (i.e., antecedent water content).
You can learn more about slake tests on-line at:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2023-01/SSIR51.pdf
Soil Survey Field and Laboratory Methods Manual; Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 51, Version 2; Issued 2014 (pp. 148-157)
3.7 Soil Stability, Dispersion, and Slaking
3.7.5 Slaking (Disaggregation) for Identification and Semiquantification of Cemented Materials
John Kelley and Michael A. Wilson, United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation
Service, Soil Survey Staff
For a detailed description of the soil, visit:
A Geli-Sandic Primosol and landscape. These soils mainly distribute in high and cold areas in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with an altitude of over 4,000m and continuous permafrost. The annual average precipitation is 200-400mm, while the annual average temperature is less than 0℃. The zonal vegetation includes alpine meadow and alpine desert grassland. Distributing on mountain-plateaus and high terraces formed after lake retreat, they develop from parent materials are eolian sands sourced from fine particles originated from lake or plateau surface by wind erosion and accumulation. Sand particles account for the absolute majority (over 900g/kg) of their particle composition. (Photos and notes courtesy of China Soils Museum, Guangdong Institute of World Soil Resources; with revision.)
In Chinese Soil Taxonomy, Primosols are recent soils with no diagnostic horizons or only an ochric epipedon. In Soil Taxonomy these soils are mostly Entisols or some Gelisols.
For additional information about this soil and the Soils Museum, visit:
www.giwsr.com/en/article/index/192
For additional information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
A representative soil profile of a Tyoic Plinthudult.
In this pedon, the lower subsoil is dominated by iron cementation, either in the form of plinthite or ironstone nodules. Plinthic material is moderately or less cemented, and ironstone is strongly or more cemented. The Btv horizon is dominated by plinthite in a continuous phase. Zones that roots can enter in the Btv2 are greater that 10cm apart.
In USDA Soil Taxonomy, Plinthudults have one or more horizons within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface in which plinthite either forms a continuous phase or constitutes one-half or more of the volume. They are the more or less freely drained Udults that have a large amount of plinthite in the argillic or kandic horizon. They are mainly in intertropical regions and in some areas are extensive. They are not known to occur in large extent in the United States. The great group is primarily provided for use in other parts of the world.
In the FAO system, these soils are Plinthosols. Plintosols are one of the 30 soil groups in the classification system of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Plinthosols form under a variety of climatic and topographic conditions. They are defined by a subsurface layer containing an iron-rich mixture of clay minerals (chiefly kaolinite) and silica that hardens on exposure into ironstone concretions known as plinthite. The impenetrability of the hardened plinthite layer, as well as the fluctuating water table that produces it, restrict the use of these soils to grazing or forestry, although the hardened plinthite has value as subgrade material for roads or even as iron ore (the iron oxide content can be as high as 80 percent by mass). Plinthosols occupy about 0.5 percent of the total continental land area on Earth, mainly in Brazil and West Africa.
For additional information about U.S. soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
Plate 42: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for the Al Ain series (soil AD242).
Taxonomic classification: Typic Torriorthents, sandy-skeletal, mixed, hyperthermic
The Al Ain series is a very deep sandy soil containing a high amount of gravels. The soils are typically well to excessively drained. They occur on flats and within level deflation plains and pediments. They are formed from alluvial sands and gravels derived from nearby mountains.
These soils are used for rangeland grazing of camels. Adjacent unsurveyed areas are dominated by camel camps. The common vegetation species recorded include Rhazya stricta, Acacia tortilis, Seidlitzia rosmarinus and Cyperus conglomeratus.
This soil is most commonly found on the piedmont plains to the east of Jabal Hafit in the Al Ain subarea, where it is formed in alluvial materials derived from both Jabal Hafit and the Hajar Mountains. Occasional sites have also been described from deflation plains west of Al Ain and also from the As Sila’ sub-area.
The main feature of this soil is the shallow high proportion of gravels within the soil. The soils are otherwise sandy and contain no other diagnostic horizons. The sandy nature of the soil, together with the high gravel content, suggests low nutrient storage and moisture holding capacity. This soil is considered marginally suitable for irrigated agriculture.
A soil profile from a Geophysical Field Assistance (Calhoun Experimental Forest located in Union County, South Carolina) by Wes Tuttle, Soil Scientist (Geophysical), USDA-NRCS-NSSC, Wilkesboro, NC:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alabama/tuttle...
At first glance this profile may look straight forward, but it provides several challenges to soil scientists in field classification by Soil Taxonomy. The soil properties are reflective of several subgroups with multiple soil features. It was identified by local soil scientists as an inclusion of Cataula soil (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Oxyaquic Kanhapludults) within an area mapped originally as Appling soil (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults).
Cataula soils are very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in material weathered from metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Piedmont. They contain a layer that is dense and partially brittle with a transitory perched water table at a depth of 60 to 120 cm in December to March. Classification has changed several times over the years: March 1982 revision changed the classification from Typic Fragiudults to Typic Hapludults, the November 1998 revision changed the
classification from Typic Hapludults to Oxyaquic Kanhapludults.
From ph and parent materials it was assumed base status was low and kandic. However, clay distribution was uncertain (pale v. haplic). Possible great groups include Kandiudults and Kanhapludults. Based of field texture, the pedon was assumed to be most likely haplic-- a Kanhapludult.
Areas of consideration:
Aquic conditions--Color segregations started at a depth of about 80 cm with 2 chroma depletions at a depth within 100 cm indicating a seasonal water table. Based on depth to contemporary 2 chroma depletions greater than 75cm (too deep for aquic subgroup), but within 100 cm, an Oxyaquic designation is appropriate. The OSD indicates a transitory water table that is perched at a depth of 60 to 120 cm in December to March.
Subsoil Color--Cataula soils typically have a dominantly red subsoil (10R to 5YR). The competing Hard Labor soils have a yellowish brown to reddish brown subsoil. This pedon fails the color requirement of the Bt horizon for the Cataula series.
FSP (fragic soil properties). Cataula soils have a Btx horizon with brittle material occupying about 20 to 60 percent of the horizon. If root-limiting, this horizon meets the definition of fragic soil properties (have a firm or firmer rupture-resistance class and a brittle manner of failure when soil water is at or near field capacity and restrict the entry of roots into the matrix when soil water is at or near field capacity). The OSD indicates that roots are along the top of this horizon and only a few extend along vertical faces of peds for a depth of 2 or 3 inches. The Fragic subgroup has in 30 percent or more of the volume of a layer 15 cm or more thick that has its upper boundary within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface. The Btx horizon in this pedon appears to meet the criteria for FSP and the fragic subgroup.
Presence of plinthite. When the red-gray lenticular color pattern is observed, plinthite is a consideration if the reddish material is firm and brittle and especially if cemented. Although parent material may be a key to plinthite formation, its identification is not limited to any particular parent material type. In the southeastern U.S., plinthite is generally associated with upper coastal plain deposits, however, this does not automatically exclude residual or old alluvial sediments if the soils exhibit plinthic properties.
The lenticular red zones in the profile are described as dense and brittle and in the OSD as cemented. Although plinthite does not require cementation, dry or moist aggregates do not slake in water. However, they are required to irreversibly hardened upon exposure. One way to check for this is to observe the presence or absence of hardened aggregates on exposed surfaces as roadcuts. A simple water emersion of the aggregates will help determine if plinthite is a consideration.
Subgroup consideration for this Kanhapludult:
Oxyaquic--
In normal years are saturated with water in one or more layers within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface for either or both 20 or more consecutive days; or 30 or more cumulative days. The pedon is assumed to meet this criteria.
Plinthic--
Have 5 percent or more (by volume) plinthite in one or more horizons within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface. If the iron rich red platy material does not slake in water, is firm or very firm, and is brittle, it is most likely plinthite.
Fragic--
Have fragic soil properties in 30 percent or more of the volume of a layer 15 cm or more thick that has its upper boundary within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface. The pedon is assumed to meet this criteria.
If the aforementioned subgroup criteria are met, based on the order of the KST, these soils classify as:
Oxyaquic Kanhapludult--
Cataula soil series (red subsoil) a fine, kaolinitic, thermic Oxyaquic Kanhapludult
or Hard Labor soil series (brown subsoil) a fine, kaolinitic, thermic Oxyaquic Kanhapludult.
Even though the plinthic or fragic subgroups properties may be present, the Key excludes them from being recognized at the family level for Kanhapludults by virtue of the order of the Key (i.e., Oxyaquic keys out before plinthic or fragic). They may however be used to separate soils at the series level.
Ironically, if the soil has pale clay distribution and is a Kandiudult, these soils classify as:
Plinthic Kandiudults, or if plinthite is not identified, as:
Oxyaquic Kandiudults.
A fragic subgroup does not currently exist in the Kandiudult great group. In addition, in Kandiudults, the Oxyaquic subgroup follows the Plinthic subgroup, but in Kanhapludults the Oxyxaquic subgroup precedes the Plinthic subgroup.
In other soil classification systems (such as the FAO-WRB system) the additional subgroups are recognized in classification (e.g., an Oxyaquic Plinthic Fragic Kanhapludult).
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CATAULA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#cataula
For more information about Describing and Sampling soils, visit;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit;
A soil profile of a Haplustalf in Thailand. This particular soil has a fairly high content of smectitic clay, causing it to noticeably
shrink and crack when dry and to swell when wet. Notice the prominent cracking, especially in the upper 90 cm. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
These soils have a relatively thin argillic (clay accumulation) subsoil horizon. Many of these soils are relatively thin, are reddish to yellowish
brown, or have a significant decrease in clay content within a depth of 150 cm. Haplustalfs are commonly in areas of relatively recent erosional surfaces or deposits, most of them late Pleistocene in age. Some of the soils have a monsoon climate. Others have two more or less marked dry seasons during the year.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/GSP/docs/Presentation_c...
The typical pedon of Daeheung soil (loamy-skeletal, Humic Hapludult) from the November training area of Camp Casey in South Korea.
www.flickr.com/photos/jakelley/50575002748/in/photolist-X...
The image is associated with the Planning Level Survey, 8th US Army Korea (1998). The primary purpose of planning level surveys are to ensure Army activities and natural resources conservation measures on mission land are integrated and consistent with federal stewardship requirements and host nation agreements.
Daeheung soils are on north-facing footslopes on intermediate hills. Elevation ranges from about 100 to 400 meters. The native vegetation is mixed deciduous hardwood forest. The soils formed in material weathered from metamorphic rocks, primarily gneiss and schist. The land is primarily forested.
Humic Hapludults.—These soils have a dark colored surface layer, commonly an umbric epipedon. In the US, Humic Hapludults are mainly in the mountains in the Southeastern United States. They are of moderate extent. The natural vegetation consisted of forest plants. Slopes range from nearly level to very steep. Many of these soils are used as cropland or forest. Some are used as pasture.
Soil profile: The Orangeburg series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils.
Landscape: A well managed field of no-till soybeans in an area of Orangeburg loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes. This soil is prime farmland. It is well suited to agricultural and nonagricultural uses. (Soil Survey of Stewart County, Georgia; by Kenneth W. Monroe, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
These soils are on uplands of the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A). They formed in loamy and clayey marine sediments. Near the type location, the average annual temperature is about 65 degrees F., and the average annual precipitation is about 52 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kandiudults
Solum thickness typically is 72 to 96 inches and ranges from 60 to 120 inches. Ironstone nodules range from 0 to 10 percent, by volume, throughout the solum. Reaction of the A and Bt1 horizons is very strongly acid to moderately acid, and the Bt2 and underlying horizons are very strongly acid or strongly acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Orangeburg soils are used for growing cotton, corn, tobacco and peanuts. Some areas are in pasture and woodland. Forest species include longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, loblolly pine, various oaks, hickory and dogwood.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Southern Coastal Plain of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia. The series is of large extent, about 2 million acres.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/stewar...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/O/ORANGEBURG.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The development of soil classification in China has progressed in a rather complicated way; to a great extent, it has depended on the state policy. The former classifications had a zonal-factor trend: the first Chinese classification system was an analogue of the American classifications of the middle American period; in 1954–1984, the Soviet system was used, where names of the soils did not differ from those accepted in the USSR. In 1994, the Chinese Soil Taxonomy was created, which replicated the American classification in the structure, principles and terminology but emphasized some Chinese spepificity. (M. I. Gerasimova).
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A Claypani-Udic Argosol. These soils distribute mainly in north subtropical zone. Topographically, those distributing areas are gentle mounds. Parent materials of this group of soil are Xiashu loess and the like. Upper parts and top of hills concerned are covered with thick and clayey original loess accumulated for long. Usually, these soils have a firm clay pan with very poor drainage. On the other hand, lower parts of hills as well as valleys are covered by secondary loess with fairly homogeneous texture and better drainage. Most natural vegetation has been destroyed , and dry farmland , smaller amount of secondary forest, grass wasteland and vegetable field are major land-use types at the present time. (Photos and notes courtesy of China Soils Museum, Guangdong Institute of World Soil Resources; with revision.)
In Chinese Soil Taxonomy, Argosols have illuvial accumulation of clay in soils with medium activity of clay. In Soil Taxonomy these soils are commonly Alfisols, Ultisols, or Mollisols.
For additional information about this soil and the Soils Museum, visit:
www.giwsr.com/en/article/index/226
For additional information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
This photo accompanies Figure 12.—Indicator A6, Organic Bodies. [Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States].
In this pedon the organic bodies are attached to the roots in the Oa horizon. Organic bodies typically occur at the tips of fine roots.
In order to meet the Organic Bodies indicator, the organic carbon content in organic bodies must meet the requirements of muck or mucky modified textures. The size of the organic body is not specifically defined, but the bodies are commonly 1 to 3 cm (0.5 to 1 inch) in diameter (figs. 11 and 12). Many organic bodies do not have the required content of organic carbon and as a result do not meet this indicator. For example, organic bodies of mucky peat (hemic material) and/or peat (fibric material) do not meet the requirements of this indicator, nor does material consisting of partially decomposed root tissue. The Organic Bodies indicator includes the indicator previously named “accretions” (Florida Soil Survey Staff, 1992).
User Notes: “Mucky” is a USDA texture modifier for mineral soils. The content of organic carbon is at least 5 percent and ranges to as high as 18 percent. The percentage required depends on the clay content of the soil; the higher the clay content, the higher the content of organic carbon required. For example, a mucky fine sand soil contains between 5 and 12 percent organic carbon. When the amount of clay is increased as in a mucky sandy loam, the organic carbon content increases to between 7 and 14 percent.
A representative soil profile of the Rhodhiss soil series in North Carolina.
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very deep
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Low to high
Permeability: Moderate
Shrink-Swell Potential: Low
Landscape: Piedmont upland
Landform: Hill, ridge
Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, side slope, nose slope
Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, back slope
Parent Material: Residuum from felsic crystalline rock
Slope: 2 to 95 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults
Depth to top of Argillic horizon: 2 to 20 inches
Depth to base of Argillic horizon: 20 to 60 inches or more
Thickness of Argillic horizon: 10 to 40 inches
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 60 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: Greater than 60 inches
Rock Fragment Content: 0 to 35 percent, by volume in the A and E horizons and 0 to 20 percent in the B and C horizon; mostly gravel
Soil Reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid, unless limed
Mica Content: 0 to 20 percent, by volume mica flakes, throughout. Some pedons have C horizons, below a depth of 40 inches, that range to 35 percent mica flakes.
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Woodland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--small grain, hay, and pasture. Where wooded--pine and mixed hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: North Carolina and Virginia
Extent: Moderate
For a detailed description, please visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/RHODHISS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of a fine, mixed, superactive, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll (Sherm series) from Texas. (Photo and comments courtesy of Stan Buol, NCSU.)
This profile was photographed in Potter County, Texas. The soil is formed in calcareous clayey sediments of Pleistocene age on a 1 percent slope. These soils are naturally vegetated with blue gamma and buffalo grass with lesser amounts of mesquite and other grasses. This profile has a 6 inch plow layer over a thick clay textured and moderately alkaline argillic horizon. A calcic horizon is visible at about 6 feet. In normal year’s cracks open more than 5 mm in the Bt horizon and slickensides are apparent on ped surfaces. The moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for 60 percent of the time when the soil temperature is higher than 5 degrees C thus the Torrertic Subgroup classification. When cultivated these soils grow cotton, corn, grain sorghum and winter wheat. Irrigation is often used but some dryland cropping systems are used wherein crops are planted one year and the soil is fallowed one year to store water.
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Torrertic Paleustolls have a clayey particle-size class in a significant part, have expanding clays, and in normal years have deep cracks. Torrertic Paleustolls are of small extent in the United States and occur mostly on the southwestern Great Plains. Slopes of the Torrertic Paleustolls in the United States are gentle or moderate. The natural vegetation was mostly grasses and shrubs. Most of the soils are used as cropland, mostly irrigated, but some are used as rangeland.
Paleustolls are the Ustolls on old stable surfaces. They may commonly have a thick, reddish argillic horizon, or, more commonly, a clayey argillic horizon that has an abrupt upper boundary, or they may have a petrocalcic horizon. They commonly have been partly or completely calcified during the Holocene, and a Bk or calcic horizon is common in the argillic horizon. The Paleustolls in the United States are mainly in the central and southern parts of the Great Plains. At the time of settlement, they had mostly grass vegetation. Their history during the Pleistocene has had little study. The petrocalcic horizon, where it occurs, may be complex, suggesting a number of alternating cycles of humidity and aridity and slow accretion of dust and sediment from the arid regions to the west.
Ustolls are the more or less freely drained Mollisols of subhumid to semiarid climates. Rainfall occurs mainly during a growing season, often in heavy showers, but is erratic. Drought is frequent and may be severe. During a drought, soil blowing becomes a problem. Without irrigation, the low supply of moisture usually limits crop yields. Ustolls are extensive soils on the western Great Plains in the United States. In addition to the mollic epipedon, most Ustolls have a Bk horizon that has identifiable secondary carbonates or have a calcic horizon, but a few of the soils that formed in noncalcareous materials do not have secondary lime.
For more information about the Sherm series, visit;
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SHERM.html
For more information about describing soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:
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A petroferric (Gr. petra, rock, and L. ferrum, iron; implying ironstone) contact is a boundary between soil and a continuous layer of indurated material in which iron is an important cement and organic matter is either absent or present only in traces. The indurated layer must be continuous within the limits of each pedon, but it may be fractured if the average lateral distance between fractures is 10 cm or more. The fact that this ironstone layer contains little or no organic matter distinguishes it from a placic horizon and an indurated spodic horizon (ortstein), both of which contain organic matter.
To date these soils have been observed in Louisiana. Mississippi, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. They are estimated to occur throughout the Coastal Plain of the southeastern US.
The purpose in choosing a petroferric contact as a diagnostic feature distinct from a lithic contact is to identify the shallow layers of hard ironstone that may have been called hardened laterite and those that may have accumulated in a hard form. Petroferric contacts are extensive in tropical and subtropical regions. There may be shallow sandstone that is cemented by iron in any climatic region. The contact with such a layer is a lithic contact, not a petroferric contact. Several features can aid in making the distinction between a lithic contact and a petroferric contact.
First, a petroferric contact is roughly horizontal.
Second, the material directly below a petroferric contact contains a high amount of iron (normally 30 percent or more Fe2 O3)
Third, the ironstone sheets below a petroferric contact are thin; their thickness ranges from a few centimeters to very few meters. Sandstone, on the other hand, may be thin or very thick, may be level bedded or tilted, and may contain only a small percentage of Fe2O3. In the Tropics, the ironstone is generally more or less vesicular.
(Fourth, typically there are intermittent soil layers between and below the ironstone sheets).
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To view, print, or save a pdf copy of the Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 13th Edition, 2022, visit Keys to Soil Taxonomy
For an Illustrated Guide to Soil Taxonomy, click HERE.
For an overview video of Soil Taxonomy, click HERE.
A representative soil profile of the Deerfield series. (Photo provided by Jim Turenne, Norfolk Agricultural School; New England Soil Profiles)
The Deerfield series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in glaciofluvial deposits. They are nearly level to strongly sloping soils on terraces, deltas, and outwash plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 15 percent. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high or very high. Mean annual temperature is about 9 degrees C. and mean annual precipitation is about 1194 mm.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, mesic Aquic Udipsamments
Solum thickness ranges from 38 to 100 cm. Gravel, generally fine gravel, ranges from 0 to less than 15 percent in the solum and 0 to 20 percent in the substratum. Reaction ranges from extremely acid through slightly acid unless limed. Iron depletions with chroma of two or less are between depths of 38 and 100 cm from the mineral soil surface.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly cleared and used for truck crops, tobacco, potatoes, hay, pasture and silage corn. Forested areas have pitch pine, white pine, gray birch, red maple, oaks, and sugar maple. Many areas are in urban uses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: New Hampshire, Vermont, Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New York. (MLRAs 101, 142, 144A, 144B, 145, and 149B) The soils of this series are moderately extensive, over 150,000 acres.
For additional information about New England soils, visit:
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DEERFIELD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Gritney series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in fine-textured sediments on Coastal Plain uplands. Permeability is slow. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. Average annual precipitation is about 50 inches and mean annual temperature is about 65 degrees F. near the type location.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults
For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/
For a detailed description of the soil, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GRITNEY.html
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Landform: Mountain slope, and ridges.
Geomorphic Component: Mountain top, mountain flank, and side slope.
Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, and backslope.
Parent Material Origin: Low-grade metasedimentary rock such as arkose, metagraywacke, metasandstone, or quartzite; rock outcrops are common in most areas.
Parent Material Kind: Residuum that is affected by soil creep in the upper solum.
Slope: Typically 15 to 75 percent, but range from 8 to 95 percent.
Elevation: 366 to 1,463 meters; (1,200 to 4,800 feet). Unicoi soils are primarily used for woodland and wildlife. The dominant vegetation is pitch pine, table mountain pine, Virginia pine, chestnut oak, scarlet oak, and hemlock. Understory species are dominantly mountain laurel, flowering dogwood, and sourwood. Landscape: Low and intermediate mountains.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, semiactive, mesic Lithic Dystrudepts
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Southern Blue Ridge of Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia, more than 100,000 acres.
For a detailed description, please visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/U/UNICOI.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Boulder Lake series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in lacustrine deposits and alluvium derived mainly from volcanic rocks. Boulder Lake soils are on depressions on plateaus and on lake plains. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 360 mm and the mean annual temperature is about 6 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Xeric Epiaquerts
USE AND VEGETATION: Boulder Lake soils are used for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. The vegetation is mainly silver sagebrush, Nevada bluegrass, mat muhly, poverty weed, and primrose, with some Carex and Rumex species.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Nevada, northeastern California, south-central Oregon, and southwestern Idaho. These soils are moderately extensive. The series concept and main acreage is in MLRA 23, while other acreage occurs in MLRAs 21 and 25.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BOULDER_LAKE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Sharkey series. (Image by Dan Childress, from Soils of Arkansas. 2013. Arkansas Ag. Exp. Station, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR) (Photo downloaded from: www.uidaho.edu/cals/soil-orders/vertisols
The Sharkey series consists of very deep, poorly and very poorly drained, very slowly permeable soils that formed in clayey alluvium. These soils are on flood plains and low terraces of the Mississippi River; MLRA 131A. Slope is dominantly less than 1 percent, but ranges to 5 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Very-fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Epiaquerts
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 36 to more than 80 inches. In most years, cracks 1 to 3 cm wide develop to a depth of 20 to 24 inches or more. COLE ranges from about 0.10 to 0.17 throughout the Bg, Bssg and Bssyg horizons. Clay content in the 10-40 inch control section ranges from 60 percent to about 90 percent. Some pedons are calcareous below 20 inches. Clayey buried A horizons are present in some pedons below a depth of 20 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mostly for cropland; soybeans and rice are the principal crops. Corn, wheat, grain sorghum and other small grains are also grown. Minor areas are in Pecan orchards, woodland and pasture. Frequently flooded and ponded areas are mainly in bottomland hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mississippi River flood plain and low terraces in Arkansas, Louisiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about U.S. Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SHARKEY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of San Juan sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, in the southern part of San Juan Island. (Soil Survey of San Juan County, Washington; by By Michael Regan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
San Juan soils are on dunes, hillslopes, and glacial outwash plains with slopes of 0 to 60 percent. Average annual precipitation is about 20 inches and average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, isotic, mesic Pachic Ultic Haploxerolls
Average annual soil temperature - 50 to 54 degrees F.
Soil moisture control section - dry 75 to 90 days following summer solstice
Mollic epipedon thickness - 20 to 32 inches
Base saturation by ammonium acetate - greater than 50 percent within the epipedon
Base saturation by sum of cations - less than 75 percent from 10 to 30 inches
Volcanic glass - less than 5 percent throughout
Particle size control section:
Clay Content - 0 to 12 percent
Rock fragments - 0 to 35 percent in the A2 and A3 horizons, 15 to 60 percent in the Bw horizon, and 35 to 85 percent in the C horizons with a weighted average between 15 and 35 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly used for wildlife habitat, pasture, and hay. Potential natural vegetation may include an overstory of scattered Oregon white oak and Douglas-fir but is primarily prairie vegetation including Roemers fescue, western brackenfern, baldhip rose, common snowberry, and trailing blackberry.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwest Washington; MLRA 2, Northern part. Series is of small extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.flickr.com/photos/jakelley/50990402197/in/dateposted-...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SAN_JUAN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Braddock series consists of very deep, well drained, and moderately permeable soils formed in colluvium and alluvium derived dominantly from a mixture of crystalline rocks. They are on footslopes of ridges and colluvial fans and adjacent high terraces.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults
Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. Depth to hard bedrock is more than 60 inches. Thickness of the colluvium or alluvium is quite variable and ranges from about three to more than 20 feet. Content of rock fragments ranges from 0 to 35 percent in the A, Ap, E, BA, and BE horizons and the upper part of the Bt horizon; and from 0 to 60 percent in the lower part of the Bt horizon and the C horizon. Rock fragments consist mostly of gravel, cobbles, and stones of igneous and metamorphic rock. Flakes of mica are in some pedons. The soil is extremely acid through strongly acid unless limed.
Most of these soils are forested. Some of the acreage is used for growing cultivated crops and pasture. Crops include corn, small grain, hay, apple and peach orchards, berries, and vegetables. Natural vegetation consists of mixed hardwoods, dominated by oaks and dogwood, with some hickory, yellow poplar, and Virginia pine.
These soils are moderately extensive in Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, and Tennessee.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BRADDOCK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Poundgate series (Stagnic Albic Podzols) in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)
Soils classified and described by the World Reference Base for England and Wales:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/wrb_list.cfm
These naturally wet, very acid, sandy and loamy soils are the principal soils in Ashdown Forest, a scenic tract of heathland and woodland with a little farmland situated at the heart of the High Weald west of Crowborough in East Sussex. It is characterized by very acid podzolized soils formed and still largely under open heath. Associated with these are other acid soils on wet heathland, bogs and under old woodland. The association also occurs in wooded country south of Tunbridge Wells.
Ashdown Forest lies on a broad ridge of high ground at 170-240 m O.D., deeply dissected to the north by steep-sided valleys draining to the Medway, and more gently dissected to the south by tributaries of the Sussex Ouse. The ridge is formed by siltstones and very fine-grained sandstones of the Ashdown Beds which, with locally derived Head and colluvium in the valleys, give dominantly silty or loamy soils. The soils have been described and mapped by Abbas (1979).
On the level or gently sloping land of the ridge summit, the dominant soil is the Poundgate series, stagnogley-podzols, consisting of very fine sandy or silty upper horizons, differentiated by podzolization from slowly permeable gleyed silty horizons below containing abundant sandstone fragments, which rest in turn on compact interbedded siltstone and sandstone. Most profiles are moderately deep, but shallow Poundgate soils and some loamy stagnopodzols with diffuse ironpan occur locally where the underlying rock is harder.
The annual rainfall on Ashdown Forest is over 900 mm, relatively high for South East England, often giving rise to wet soil conditions under semi-natural vegetation. The slowly permeable compact subsoils of Poundgate series cause seasonal waterlogging (Wetness Class III). Drainage measures reduce the duration of waterlogging in most situations, but silting of pipes and shifting of springs makes long-term control difficult to achieve. The large or very large profile available water of these mainly silty soils means that grass or cereal crops, where grown, are unlikely to suffer drought in most years.
Old woodland in Ashdown Forest, including both oak and beech is associated with Curtisden soils around Hindleap Warren in the northern part, but the heathland and bog communities are of greater interest to naturalists. Forestry is confined to private estates, and consists mainly of coniferous plantations on the poorest, shallowest soils. Subsurface pans in Poundgate soils or bed¬rock at shallow depth in Curtisden soils require tine ploughing before establishment to give better rooting for young trees, to aid surface drainage and to suppress heathers on heathland. Scots pine, Corsican pine and Douglas fir are the most suitable species for these acid soils low in nutrients.
For additional information about the soil association, visit:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/mapunit.cfm?mu=64302
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
The Duplin series consists of moderately well drained, moderately slow permeable soils that have formed in clayey Coastal Plain sediments. These upland soils have slopes ranging from 0 to 7 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Aquic Paleudults
Solum thickness is more than 60 inches. The soil is strongly acid or very strongly acid, except where limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Approximately two-thirds of the total acreage is in cultivation with the remainder in pasture and forest. Common crops grown are corn, cotton, soybeans, tobacco, peanuts, truck crops, and small grain. Original forests consisted of pine and mixed hardwood. Loblolly pine, longleaf pine, white oak, southern red oak, sweetgum, blackgum, yellow-poplar, flowering dogwood, and American holly are dominant species.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plain areas of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. This series is of large extent.
For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/
For a detailed description of the soil, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DUPLIN.html
For more photos related to soils and landscapes visit:
news.ca.uky.edu/article/fragipan-field-day-shows-research...
A representative soil profile of the Hosmer series in Kentucky. Hosmer soils have a perched, seasonal water table at a depth of 46 to 76 centimeters (1.5 to 2.5 feet) from December through April in most years. The saturation helps form Fe-Mg concretions in the zone above the seasonal saturation. These concretions are evident at the lower part of the Ap horizon.
The Hosmer series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in loess on hills and are very productive with good natural fertility..
They are moderately deep to a fragipan. Slopes are commonly 2 to 12 percent, but range from 0 to 30 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1068 mm (42 inches) and mean annual temperature is about 14 degrees C (57 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Fragiudalfs
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 127 to more than 203 cm (50 to more than 80 inches)
Depth to the fragipan: 51 to 91 cm (20 to 36 inches)
The particle-size control section averages: 22 to 30 percent clay and 2 to 10 percent sand
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for growing corn, soybeans, winter wheat, or used for hay. Some areas are used for pasture and woodland. Native vegetation is mixed, deciduous hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Indiana, southern Illinois and western Kentucky. The acreage is of large extent and is in MLRAs 113, 114B, 115A, 120A and 120B. The type location is in MLRA 115A.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HOSMER.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: The Pilepoint series consists of moderately deep, moderately well drained soils formed in eolian sand over glacial outwash and dense glaciomarine deposits. Pilepoint soils are on hills of glacial drift plains. Slopes are 2 to 12 percent. (Soil Survey of San Juan County, Washington; by Michael Regan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Xeric Argialbolls
Mean annual soil temperature - 50 to 54 degrees F.
Soil moisture control section - dry 75 to 90 days after the summer solstice
Depth to redoximorphic features - 22 to 30 inches
Depth to densic contact - 20 to 40 inches
Reaction - moderately acid to slightly acid
Particle-size control section:
clay content - 18 to 35 percent
rock fragments - 0 to 15 percent gravel
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used mainly for pasture, forage crop production, and home sites. Potential natural vegetation consists of Douglas-fir, Oregon white oak, pacific madrone, Roemers fescue, snowberry, bracken fern, trailing blackberry, bald hip rose, and oceanspray.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwest Washington; MLRA 2, Northern Part. Series is of small extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/washington/WA0...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PILEPOINT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of Shue loamy fine sand. There is about 90 centimeters of loamy fine sand and finesand material over glacial till. (Soil Survey of Spink County, South Dakota; by James B. Millar, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Shue series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils formed in sandy eolian materials overlying till. Permeability is rapid in the sandy mantle and moderately slow in the underlying till. Slopes are 1 percent or less. Mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation is about 18 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy over loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Endoaquolls
Depth to till ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 10 to 16 inches and corresponds to the thickness of the A horizon. Depth to carbonate typically corresponds to the depth to the till. The C horizon above the till, where it occurs, is calcareous in some pedons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Corn is the principal crops in cultivated areas. Native vegetation includes prairie cordgrass and sloughsedge.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: East central South Dakota. The series is moderately extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/south_dakota/S...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SHUE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Santa soil series in Idaho.
The Santa series consists of moderately well drained soils that are moderately deep to a fragipan. Santa soils formed in deep loess with a small amount of volcanic ash in the upper part. Santa soils are on undulating to rolling loess hills and plains and have slopes of 2 to 35 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Vitrandic Fragixeralfs
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for timber production, hay and pasture with small areas of wheat, barley, and grass seed. The potential natural vegetation is an overstory of grand fir, Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, western larch, lodgepole pine and western white pine. Understory vegetation includes myrtle pachstima, bromegrass, bedstraw, lily-of-the-valley and meadowrue.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho and northeastern Washington. MLRAs 9 and 43A. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SANTA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A soil profile of Choza very gravelly loam, in an area of Pinery, Choza, and Altuda soils, 5 to 60 percent slopes. This soil has a thin very gravelly mollic epipedon over a petrocalcic horizon. The parent material is fan alluvium from the mountains. (Soil Survey of Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas; by Alan L. Stahnke, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: A typical area of Pinery, Choza, and Altuda soils, 5 to 60 percent slopes, very rocky, on the alluvial fan remnants of the front range in Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas. (El Capitan Peak is in the background.)
The Choza series consists of very shallow and shallow, well drained soils that formed in gravelly fan alluvium. Choza soils are on moderately sloping to moderately steep dissected alluvial fan remnants. Slopes are 5 to 35 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 16 degrees C (61 degrees F) and mean annual precipitation is about 411 mm (16 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, thermic, shallow Petrocalcic Calciustolls
Thickness of mollic epipedon: 13 to 38 cm (5 to 15 in)
Depth to petrocalcic horizon: 13 to 38 cm (5 to 15 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Clay Content: 12 to 32 percent
Rock fragment content: 35 to 70 percent total; 10 to 40 percent gravel; 5 to 40 percent cobbles
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for livestock grazing, wildlife habitat and recreation. Vegetation is curlyleaf muhly, hairy grama, black grama, skunkbush sumac, sotol, pricklypear, redberry juniper, oaks, and pinyon pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: LRR G; Western Great Plains Range and Irrigated Region; MLRA 70D-Southern Desert Foothills in West Texas. The soil is not extensive. The series name is taken from a spring occurring in Guadalupe Mountains National Park.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/guadalup...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CHOZA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A soil profile of a Haplotorrert in Botswana. This soil has an ochric epipedon about 10 cm thick. Below this epipedon is a cambic horizon. This particular profile has a significant content of sodium in the upper part of the cambic horizon which has helped to produce columnar structure to a depth of about 65 cm. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Haplotorrerts have little or no salt accumulation in the profile. This is the most extensive great group of Torrerts. In the United States, these soils occur in many of the western States and in Texas and Hawaii. They are used as urban land, cropland, or rangeland.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
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Gypsum has many interesting properties, including its very unique crystal habits. Many Gypsum crystals are found perfectly intact without distortions or parts broken off. Gypsum crystals are known for their flexibility, and slim crystals can be slightly bent.
Gypsum has the same chemical composition as the mineral Anhydrite, but contains water in its structure, which Anhydrite lacks. Many Anhydrite specimens absorb water, transforming into the more common Gypsum. Some Gypsum specimens show evidence of this, containing growths of crumpling layers that testify to their expansion from the addition of water.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
A representative soil profile of the Peleliu series. Peleliu soils are shallow over limestone. White limestone bedrock is exposed at the bottom of this soil pit. The soil is Peleliu extremely cobbly clay loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of Peleliu State, Peleliu Island. (Soil Survey of the Islands of Palau, Republic of Palau; by Jason L. Nemecek and Robert T. Gavenda, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Peleliu series consists of shallow, well drained soils on raised coral limestone islands. These soils formed in residuum derived from coral limestone. Slope is 0 to 150 percent. The mean annual rainfall is about 145 inches, and the mean annual temperature is about 81 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Clayey-skeletal, parasesquic, isohyperthermic Lithic Eutrudepts
Depth to lithic contact and thickness of the solum ranges from 25 to 50 centimeters.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are in broadleaf evergreen "limestone" forest and are used for watershed, recreation, phosphate mining, and limited amounts of timber harvesting for village use. A few areas have been cleared and developed for small garden plots.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Peleliu soils are inextensive in the "rock islands" of Peleliu and Angaur in Palau, and on the islands of Fais.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/pacific_basin/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PELELIU.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class: Very poorly drained
Permeability: Moderate
Surface Runoff: Very slow to ponded
Parent Material: loamy marine and alluvial sediments
Slope: 0 to 2 percent
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 63 degrees F.
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 48 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Umbraquults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Mostly wooded
Dominant Vegetation: Where wooded--swamp blackgum, sweetgum, water tupelo, cypress, water, and willow oaks, and an undergrowth of bay bushes, myrtle, and gallberry. Where cultivated--corn, oats, soybeans, small grain, truck crops, and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia, and possibly Florida and Georgia
Extent: Moderate
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DELOSS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Fertiplus is a compound product made by humic amino acid with NPK. Because of the NPK ingredient, it is now highly accepted in various markets. Direct use also has obvious effects, and it will not cause any pollution to the soil that chemical fertilizers will leave.
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Zhengzhou Shengda Khumic Biotechnology Co.,Ltd The Largest Humic & Fulvic Products Manufacturer In China.
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Website: www.khumic.com | Phone:+86-371-60992820
Dr Fernando Bertolani and UNESP soils team sampling soil. A soil scientist is a person who is qualified to evaluate and interpret soils and soil-related data for the purpose of understanding soil resources as they contribute to not only agricultural production, but as they affect environmental quality and as they are managed for protection of human health and the environment. The university degree should be in Soil Science, or closely related field (i.e., natural resources, environmental science, earth science, etc.) and include sufficient soils-related course work so the Soil Scientist has a measurable level of understanding of the soil environment, including soil morphology and soil forming factors, soil chemistry, soil physics, and soil biology, and the dynamic interaction of these areas.
Soil scientists explore and seek to understand the earth’s land and water resources. Practitioners of soil science identify, interpret, and manage soils for agriculture, forestry, rangeland, ecosystems, urban uses, and mining and reclamation in an environmentally responsible way.
Soil scientists record the characteristics of the pedons, associated plant communities, geology, landforms, and other features that they study. They describe the kind and arrangement of soil horizons and their color, texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, reaction, and other features that enable them to classify and identify soils. They describe plant species present (their combinations, productivity, and condition) to classify plant communities, correlate them to the soils with which they are typically associated, and predict their response to management and change
For more information about soil surveys in Brazil, visit:
acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2136/sh2013-54...
For more photos related to soils and landscapes visit:
A representative soil profile of the Scand series. The volcanic ash mantle extends from the surface of the mineral soil
material to a depth of about 40 centimeters (A and Bw horizons). (Soil Survey of Clearwater Area, Idaho; By Glenn Hoffman, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Scand series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in loess over material from high mica schist and gneiss with a thick mantle of volcanic ash. They are on structural benches, mountain slopes and ridges. Permeability is moderate and slopes range from 15 to 65 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 40 inches and the average annual temperature is about 42 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Ashy over loamy, amorphic over mixed, superactive, frigid Alfic Udivitrands
Average annual soil temperature - 39 to 45 degrees F (Frigid temperature regime)
Soil moisture control section - not dry for 45 consecutive days from June to October (Udic moisture regime)
Mica content of 3Bt, 3BC and 3C horizons - 30 to 85 percent by volume
Thickness of volcanic ash cap - 14 to 19 inches
Volcanic glass - 15 to 50 percent
Acid-oxalate extractable Al+1/2 Fe - 1.5 to 2.7 percent
Phosphorous retention - 55 to 90 percent
15 bar water retention - 8 to 17 percent on air dried samples; weighted average less than 15 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for timber production, wildlife habitat, watershed and recreation. Potential natural vegetation is western redcedar, Douglas fir, grand fir and western white pine with an understory of queencup beadlilly, goldthread, starry false Solomons seal, columbia brome and baldhip rose.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North-Central Idaho; Scand soils are not extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/idaho/clearwat...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SCAND.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Munsan is a town of Paju, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It lies on the south bank of the Imjin River, close to the edge of the Demilitarized Zone and near Panmunjom and the Joint Security Area.
Munsan has a heavy military presence because of the proximity to the South Korean border with North Korea. At the time of the Korean War it was known as Munsa-an-ni. Munsan was the scene of Operation Tomahawk on 23 March 1951, an attempt by U.S. airborne troops to cut off retreating People's Volunteer Army and North Korean army forces.
Rice production in South Korea is important for the food supply in the country, with rice being a common part of the Korean diet. In 2009, South Korea produced 3,899,036 metric tonnes (4,297,951 tons) of rice. Camp Casey sits in between the South Korean capital of Seoul and the Demilitarized Zone.
A representative soil profile of the Te Puke series from New Zealand. (Photo provided by NZ Soils.co.nz and Waikato Regional Council.) For more information about New Zealand soils, visit;
Te Puke soils from 0 - 18 cm; Black friable sandy loam. In the New Zealand Soil Classification system these soils are Typic Orthic Allophanic Soils. For more information about the New Zealand Soil Classification system, visit;
soils.landcareresearch.co.nz/describing-soils/nzsc/
In U.S. Soil Taxonomy, these soils are Typic Hapludands. These Hapludands are the Udands that do not have a melanic epipedon or a layer that meets the depth, thickness, and organic-carbon requirements for a melanic epipedon. They have, on undried samples, a 1500 kPa water retention of less than 100 percent, by weighted average, throughout the major part of the andic materials. Commonly, Hapludands have a thin O horizon, an ochric or umbric epipedon, and a cambic horizon. Most of the Hapludands in the United States developed in late-Pleistocene or Holocene deposits. Most formed under coniferous forest vegetation.
For additional information about U.S. Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
The Geomorphic Description System (GDS) provides a descriptive method and a technical guide for applying and understanding geomorphic and geologic concepts and terms for soil inventory in the USA National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS) Program.
Purpose: This document provides a descriptive method and a technical guide for applying and understanding geomorphic and geologic concepts and terms for soil inventory used by the National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS) Program in the USA. Landforms are visually recognizable earth surface features that provide humans a sense of location. In fact, humans have informally described landforms throughout history mainly as landmarks, obstacles to travel, or for their military value. Soil occurrence across the earth’s surface corresponds remarkably well with landform type and distribution. Soil scientists during the soil survey process develop landscape models that quantify soil / landform relationships. Soil scientists can understand and convey much about soil distribution by employing landform description. Effective communication of such knowledge, whether among scientists, or between scientists and the general public, requires accurate and consistent landform description.
A long-standing need exists to clarify and communicate geomorphic concepts and terms in Soil Science, as well as, the National Cooperative Soil Survey. A broadly applicable set of geomorphic descriptors needs to be comprehensive, consistently defined, and
follow an organized array. This Geomorphic Description System (GDS) addresses those needs by presenting, defining, and organizing terminology. Various considerations include, but are not limited to, time constraints, the need to blend formal and informal terms and concepts, and competing terms and philosophies serve to complicate the GDS design. Consequently, this system is a compromise between straightforward practicality and strict scientific rigor.
Proper document citation:
Schoeneberger, P.J., and Wysocki, D.A. 2017. Geomorphic Description System, Version 5.0. Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE.
For more information about the “Geomorphic Description System”, visit Geomorphic Descriptions.
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Salop series (Chromic Eutric Albic Luvic Stagnosols) in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)
Soils classified and described by the World Reference Base for England and Wales:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/wrb_list.cfm
There is little run-off on the level or gently sloping land and these slowly permeable soils are seasonally waterlogged. These soils are traditionally used for grass production and form the basis of the dairy industry in Cheshire and Shropshire.
Mapped areas consists mainly of stagnogley soils with slowly permeable subsoils in reddish drift mostly derived from Permo-Triassic rocks. There is a small proportion of stagnogleyic argillic brown earths. They occupy large areas in the Midlands and Northern England and occurs on the narrow coastal lowland of north Wales. The Salop series, fine loamy over clayey typical stagnogley soils, occupies one-third to two-thirds of the area.
Most of the soils when undrained are waterlogged for long periods in winter (Wetness Class IV). Surface waterlogging results from the combination of slowly permeable subsoil and slow surface run-off from relatively flat land. The soils can be improved to Wetness Class III with underdrainage especially in the drier eastern districts. Where the field capacity period exceeds 200 days, Salop soils remain severely waterlogged even with underdrainage (Wetness Class IV).
These soils are traditionally used for grass production and form the basis of the dairy industry in Cheshire and Shropshire. The wet climate of Lancashire prevents regular cultivation but elsewhere cropping is mixed with a variety of cereals and fodder crops between leys. The land is generally difficult to work and timing of cultivations is critical especially on the wetter, heavier soils. With suitable underdrainage and regular subsoiling there are adequate machinery work days in the autumn. Yields of autumn cereals achieved by direct drilling are comparable to those of conventionally sown crops provided the technique is used carefully, but there is some risk of surface ponding causing seed to rot especially on compacted soil.
Grassland suitability varies with locality. In the west potential grass yields are large because drought seldom restricts growth, and there is a valuable autumn flush. However, grazing and silage production on wet soil lead to poaching and compaction with subsequent deterioration of grass growth and soil drainage. In the east, moisture stress restricts growth in mid and late season, and in most years there is no autumn flush although the longer grazing period compensates for this to some extent. Overall, winter wetness restricts grazing to summer as the soils are easily damaged by untimely stocking. Slurry is stored in winter because spreading is impracticable while the land is wet. Surface horizons tend to become acid despite calcium-rich subsoils and occasional liming is required.
Although Common oak and holly are the main woodland and hedgerow trees on these soils, most native trees thrive. The many marl pits support valuable base-rich wetland communities (Day et al. 1982) and older pastures, particularly if undrained, can develop a distinctive base-rich vegetation. In places the soils are abnormally corrosive and buried ironwork should be protected (Argent and Furness 1979).
For additional information about the soil association, visit:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/mapunit.cfm?mu=71113
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
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A representative soil profile of a Andosol from Spain. (Photo provided by Yakov Kuzyakov, revised.)
Andosols accommodate soils that develop in glass-rich volcanic ejecta under almost any climate (except under hyperarid climate conditions). However, Andosols may also develop in other silicate-rich materials under acid weathering in humid and perhumid
climates. Many Andosols belong to Kuroboku (Japan), Andisols (United States of America), Andosols and Vitrisols (France), and Volcanic ash soils (Russia). (WRB)
For more information, visit;
wwwuser.gwdg.de/~kuzyakov/soils/WRB-2006_Keys.htm
For more information about soil classification using the WRB system (World Reference Base for Soil Resources), visit:
A representative soil profile of the Peanutrock series. (Soil Survey of Pike County, Arkansas; by Jeffrey W. Olson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Peanutrock series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy and gravelly marine sediments of Cretaceous age. These soils are on nearly level to steep marine terraces and uplands in the Cretaceous Western Gulf Coastal Plain Major Land Resource Area, MLRA 135B. Slopes are 1 to 35 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults
Solum thickness is more than 80 inches. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to strongly acid in the A horizon; slightly acid to very strongly acid in the E and BE horizons; medium acid to very strongly acid in the Bt horizons; and strongly acid to extremely acid in the BC or C horizons.
Coarse fragments range from 15 to 60 percent by volume in the A, E, and BE horizons; 35 to 60 percent in the upper Bt horizon(s); and 35 to 80 percent in the lower Bt horizons; and 60 to 80 percent in the BC or C horizons. In some pedons, the lower Bt, BC and C horizons consist of gravels and cobbles of sandstone and/or chert and novaculite that are weakly to strongly cemented by iron, gypsum, calcite, dried clay binder, or a tuffaceous material.
Typically, the cementation is a yellowish color in the tuffaceous material and red or brown in the other materials. This cementation can occur in layers of varying thicknesses and, in some pedons, there is horizon stratification with strongly contrasting particle and fragment sizes.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for native pasture and woodland. The vegetation is primarily southern red oak, sweetgum, American sycamore, white oak, and loblolly pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Cretaceous Western Gulf Coastal Plain of southwest Arkansas and possibly southeast Oklahoma. The series is expected to be extensive. These soils were formerly included in the Saffell series. Saffell soils formed over Tertiary-aged sediments and are less stratified.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/arkansas/pikeA...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PEANUTROCK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Myton series. (Soil Survey of Glen Canyon Recreation Area, Arizona and Utah; by Michael W. Burney, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
An area of Myton very gravelly sandy loam, 5 to 18 percent slopes, very bouldery. Myton soils are on plateaus and hillsides. Slopes are 5 to 70 percent. Elevation is 3,150 to 6,400 feet. Rock outcrop-Torriorthents complex, 20 to 65 percent slopes, extremely bouldery is in the background.
The Myton series consists of deep and very deep, well drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils that formed in colluvium derived from sandstone and shale. Slopes range from 30 to 70 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 8 inches. Mean annual air temperature is about 54 degrees
F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, calcareous, mesic Typic Torriorthents
Soil moisture: the soils are dry in all parts of the moisture control section more than 75 percent of the time (cumulative) that the soil temperature at a depth of 20 inches is greater than 41 degrees F. Intermittently moist in some part of the soil moisture control section during July through September and December through February. Typic aridic moisture regime.
Mean annual soil temperature: 54 to 59 degrees F.
Depth to sandstone bedrock: 40 to more than 60 inches
Rock fragments: averages 35 to 60 percent
Clay content: 10 to 18 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for livestock grazing Vegetation is blackbrush, shadscale, saline wildrye, and galleta.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Utah. The series is of moderate
extent. MLRA 35.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/arizona/glenca...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MYTON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Ortstein is defined by Soil Survey Staff (1992) as all or part of the spodic horizon, when moist, it is at least weakly cemented into a massive horizon that is present in more than half of each pedon. Ortstein consists of spodic material, which contains both organic matter and aluminum, and can exist with or without iron.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
A representative soil profile of the Ballyglass series in an area of improved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in coarse loamy over sandstone bedrock.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=11...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Typical Brown Earths. These soils have distinct topsoil, without any distinguishing features.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
Iron cemented aggregates are checked for degree of cementation to determine plinthite versus ironstone. Ironstone aggregates are strongly or more cemented. Plinthite is less than strongly cemented. Concretions are cemented bodies that do not disaggregate in water and are similar to nodules except for the presence of visible concentric layers of material around a point, line, or plane. The terms "nodule" and "concretion" are not interchangeable.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...