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A representative soil profile and landscape of the East Keswick soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)
These and associated soils are deep well drained fine loamy soils and similar soils with slowly permeable subsoils and slight seasonal waterlogging. Some coarse loamy soils affected by groundwater.
They are classified as Eutric Cambisols by the WRB soil classification system. (www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf)
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A representative soil profile of a fine, kaolinitic, Typic Haplustox from Brazil. (Photo and comments courtesy of Stan Buol, NCSU.)
This road cut was photographed in the Federal District of Brazil. The apparent blocky structure is the result of compaction by heavy equipment and the real structure is strong fine granular. The gravelly layer between 115 and 175 cm illustrates the fluvial origin of the parent material for most Oxisols.
Over millennia relatively tectonically stable areas of tropical continents have been subjected to cycles of erosion and deposition. Silicate minerals have been dissolved, kaolinite and gibbsite minerals have formed and iron oxides have been preserved and/or reformed due oxidizing conditions in the sediments.
Most gravel is iron cemented and thick layers are not commonly seen in Oxisols but less distinct evidence of fluvial deposition is often present. The often cited ‘highly weathered’ condition of Oxisols can best be attributed to weathering of primary minerals under oxidizing conditions as the material endured many cycles of erosion and deposition not related to climatic conditions at the present location. Be aware that Oxisols are present in all soil moisture regimes from aridic to perudic.
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Stone lines. The occurrence of a horizontal line of rock fragments in the vertical sequence of a soil indicates that the soil may have developed in more than one kind of parent material. The material above the stone line is most likely transported, and the material below may be of different origin.
Discontinuities are not always as readily apparent in the field. In these cases laboratory data are necessary. Even with laboratory data, detecting discontinuities may be difficult. The decision is a qualitative or perhaps a partly quantitative judgment.
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Smithcanyon soil series. (Soil Survey of Joshua Tree National Park, California; by Carrie-Ann Houdeshell, Peter Fahnestock, Stephen Roecker, and Emily Meirik, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and Marchel Munnecke and Alice Miller, Pyramid Botanical Consultants)
Landscape: A rock outcropping of monzogranite in an area of Smithcanyon-Stubbespring-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 50 percent slopes, in the northwest corner of Joshua Tree National Park.
The Smithcanyon series consists of very shallow and shallow, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in colluvium over residuum derived from granitoid and/or gneissic rocks. Smithcanyon soils are on hills and mountains. Slopes range from 8 to 75 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 200 millimeters (8 inches) and the mean annual temperature is about 15 degrees C (59 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, thermic, shallow Xeric Torripsamments
Soil moisture control section: usually dry from May 1 through November 30, and is moist in some or all parts the rest of the time. Aridic bordering on xeric soil moisture regime.
Soil temperature: 15 to 19 degrees C (59 to 66 degrees C).
Surface rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent, dominated by fine gravel.
Control section-
Clay content: 2 to 6 percent.
Organic matter: 0.25 to 1 percent.
Rock fragments: 5 to 30 percent gravel, with 0 to 5 percent cobbles in the lower part.
Depth to paralithic contact: 7 to 35 centimeters (3 to 14 inches).
Effervescence: noneffervescent throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for rangeland and wildlife habitat. Vegetation is mainly scrub oak, bigberry manzanita, Eastern Mojave buckwheat, California juniper, holly-leaf cherry, Parry's jujube, California joint-fir, narrow-leaf goldenbush, blackbrush, and Sandberg bluegrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mojave Desert of Southeastern California; MLRA 30. The soils are of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/Jos...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SMITHCANYON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of a fine, mixed, active, thermic Rhodic Paleudalf (Cumberland series) from Tennessee. (Photo and comments courtesy of Stan Buol, NCSU.)
This profile was photographed in Rutherford County, Tennessee. This soil is formed in about 40 cm of loess over old stream alluvium to a depth of 100 cm and cherty limestone below 100 cm where white fragments of chert are seen. The site is on a 3% slope. These soils are extensively used for corn, small grains and pasture.
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Rhodic Paleudalfs are like Typic Paleudalfs, but all parts of the argillic horizon have a color value, moist, of less than 3.5 and a dry color value no more than 1 unit higher than the moist value and hue in the argillic horizon is 2.5YR or redder. In addition, the Ap horizon or the upper 18 cm after mixing normally has a color value, moist, of less than 3.5 and value, dry, no more than 1 unit higher than the moist value. These soils are of small extent in the United States. They occur in the Southeastern States. Their slopes are mainly gentle. Most of the soils have been cleared of trees and are used as cropland or pasture.
Paleudalfs are the Alfisols that have a thick solum. These soils do not have a kandic or natric horizon, nor do they have a fragipan within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface. Some have an argillic horizon that shows evidence of destruction in the form of a glossic horizon, but they do not have both a glossic horizon and discrete iron-cemented nodules 2.5 to 30 cm in diameter. Paleudalfs are on relatively stable surfaces. Most of them are older than the Wisconsinan Glaciation. The time of soil formation dates from the Sangamon interglacial period or earlier. Base saturation commonly is lower than that in many other Alfisols. Before cultivation, most Paleudalfs in the United States had a vegetation of mixed deciduous hardwood forest.
Udalfs are the more or less freely drained Alfisols that have a udic moisture regime and a frigid, mesic, isomesic, or warmer temperature regime. These soils are principally but not entirely in areas of late-Pleistocene deposits and erosional surfaces of about the same age. Some of the Udalfs that are on the older surfaces are underlain by limestone or other calcareous sediments. Udalfs are very extensive in the United States and in Western Europe. All of them are believed to have supported forest vegetation at some time during development. Most Udalfs with a mesic or warmer temperature regime have or had deciduous forest vegetation, and many with a frigid temperature regime have or had mixed coniferous and deciduous forest vegetation.
For more information about this series, visit;
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CUMBERLAND.html
For more information about describing soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:
The New River Gorge National River is a unit of the United States National Park Service designed to protect and maintain the New River Gorge in southern West Virginia. Established in 1978, the NPS-protected area stretches for 53 miles (85 km) from just downstream of Hinton to Hawks Nest State Park near Ansted.
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Plinthite and ironstone nodules on the soil surface on an exposed Btv horizon from a Tifton soil. Plinthite nodules are less than strongly cemented. Most plinthite nodules are weakly or moderately cemented and harden over time when exposed. Tifton soils have 5% percent or more ironstone nodules or concretions in the surface layers. The ironstone nodules are strongly or more cemented, commonly indurated.
Concretions are cemented bodies that don’t slake in water and are similar to nodules, except for the presence of visible concentric layers of material around a point, line, or plane. The terms “nodule” and “concretion” are not interchangeable.
Plinthite normally forms in a horizon below the surface, but it may form at the surface in a seepy area at the base of a slope. From a genetic viewpoint, plinthite forms by the segregation, transport, and concentration of iron. In many places iron may have been transported vertically or horizontally from other horizons or from higher adjacent soils. Plinthite may occur as a constituent of a number of horizons, such as an epipedon, a cambic horizon, an argillic horizon, a kandic horizon, an oxic horizon, or a C horizon. Generally, plinthite forms in a horizon that is (or has been) periodically saturated with water. Initially, the segregated iron forms more or less clayey, reddish, or brownish redox concentrations.
Individual plinthite nodules commonly have 3 to more than 10 percent citrate-dithionite extractable Fe.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
Leptic Haplogypsids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic (Soil AD112) are very deep, sandy soils with gypsum occurring at or near the soil surface. They are well drained or somewhat excessively drained and permeability is rapid or moderately rapid. These soils are common on older sediments in deflation plains and at the higher margins of inland and coastal sabkha throughout the Emirate.
Commonly used for low intensity camel grazing these soils frequently have less than 5% vegetation cover comprising Haloxylon salicornicum and Zygophyllum spp.
The soils are common across Abu Dhabi. It is a significant component of a number of map units and a minor component in many map units dominated by Typic Torripsamments where it is confined to deflation plains.
Plate 10: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for Leptic Haplogypsids, sandy, mixed hyperthermic (Soil AD112).
Exposed area of the aquitard layer underlying the plinthic soils of the southeastern US coastal plain. At a macro level, these materials have observable structure; however, their structure may not be observable within a soil pit. In plinthic soils, these underlying layers act as an aquitard restricting water movement, facilitating the formation of plinthite. Because of the dark red color and dense characteristics, these layers are referred to by the local soil scientists as the "brick" layer.
These layers are normally more than 2 meters below the soil surface, but may be at shallower depths where the soils have historically been cultivated and severe erosion has occurred.
Question: Is the macro structure demonstrated in the image the result of pedogenesis (soil formation) or is it a product of mechanical compaction of marine sediments or a geologic weathering pattern?
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
A representative soil profile of the Waimate series from New Zealand. (Photo provided by NZ Soils.co.nz and Waikato Regional Council.) For more information about New Zealand soils, visit;
Waimate soils from 0 - 13 cm; Dark red heavy silt loam. In the New Zealand Soil Classification system these soils are Typic Orthic Oxidic Soils. For more information about the New Zealand Soil Classification system, visit;
soils.landcareresearch.co.nz/describing-soils/nzsc/
In U.S. Soil Taxonomy, these soils are Andic Haplohumults. These are the Haplohumults that have, throughout one or more horizons with a total thickness of 18 cm or more within 75 cm of the mineral soil surface, a fine-earth fraction with both a bulk density of 1.0 g/cm3 or less, measured at 33 kPa water retention, and Al plus 1/2 Fe percentages (by ammonium oxalate) totaling more than 1.0. Andic
Andic Haplohumults have a surface mantle that has a low bulk density and a high content of weakly crystalline minerals in at least some part of the upper 75 cm. The soils are rare in the United States and occur only in the western part of the State of Washington. The natural vegetation consisted of coniferous forest plants. Slopes range from gentle to very steep. These soils are used as forest.
Humults are the more or less freely drained, humus-rich Ultisols of mid or low latitudes. At mid latitudes they are mostly dark colored, but at low latitudes the content of humus is not necessarily reflected by the color. These soils are mainly in mountainous areas that have high rainfall but also have a moisture deficit during some season. Most of the Humults in the United States formed in a basic country rock on surfaces that are late Pleistocene or older. Slopes commonly are strong. If the soils are cultivated, the argillic or kandic horizon may be at the surface. To keep the eroded and uneroded soils together in the classification, the definition of the suborder is written in terms of the carbon content of the whole soil or of the argillic or kandic horizon. The natural vegetation consisted mostly of coniferous forest plants at mid latitudes and rain forest plants at low latitudes.
For additional information about U.S. Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
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●Fulvic acid (dry basis)—40.0%-50%
●Potassium (K2O dry basis)—12.0%MIN
●pH—9.0-10.0
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A Haplic Chernozem by Cezary Kabala, Institute of Soil Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
Poland Soil Taxonomy: Haplic Chernozem (Siltic) developed from loess, SW Poland, 165 m ASL
Credit: Cezary Kabala (distributed via imaggeo.egu.eu)
Chernozem is a black-colored soil containing a high percentage of humus and high percentages of phosphoric acids, phosphorus, and ammonia. Chernozem is very fertile and can produce high agricultural yields with its high moisture storage capacity. Chernozems are also a Reference Soil Group of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB).
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf
The name comes from the Russian terms for black and soil, earth or land (chorny + zemlya). The soil, rich in organic matter presenting a black color, was first identified by Russian geologist Vasily Dokuchaev in 1883 in the tallgrass steppe or prairie of European Russia.
A representative soil profile of the Port soil series, the Oklahoma State Soil.
The Port series consist of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable flood plain soils that formed in calcareous loamy alluvium of Recent age. These nearly level to very gently sloping soils are on narrow flood plains in the Central Rolling Red Prairies (MLRA-80A) and the Central Rolling Red Prairies (MLRA 78C). Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 32 inches. Mean annual temperature is 63 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, thermic Cumulic Haplustolls
Depth of secondary calcium carbonates ranges from 20 to 60 inches. Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The A, Bk/Bw, and C horizons are silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly cultivated to alfalfa, small grains, grain sorghum, and cotton. Some areas are used for tame pasture or rangeland for grazing beef cattle. Native vegetation is tall grasses with an overstory of pecan, black walnut, bur oak, and eastern cottonwood trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern part of the Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA-78C) and the Central Rolling Red Prairies (MLRA-80A) of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas. The series is extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK017...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PORT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
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For more info: linktr.ee/khumic_zhiije
Zhengzhou Shengda Khumic Biotechnology Co.,Ltd The Largest Humic & Fulvic Products Manufacturer In China.
Email:melisa@khumic.com | Whatsapp:+8618503872723
Website: www.khumic.com | Phone:+86-371-60992820
A peanut field in an area of Dothan loamy sand, 2 to 5 percent slopes. This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops and qualifies as prime farmland. (Soil Survey of Washington County, Florida; By Milton Martinez, Natural Resources Conservation Service}
The Dothan series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in thick beds of unconsolidated, medium to fine-textured marine sediments. Dothan soils are on interfluves. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 18 degrees C (65 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation is about 1360 millimeters (53 inches).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults
Plinthite: Depth to horizons that contain 5 percent or more plinthite ranges from 60 to 152 centimeters (24 to 60 inches).
Silt content is less than 20 percent.
Clay content is between 18 to 35 percent in the upper 51 centimeters (20 inches) of the Bt horizon.
Depth to Redox features: Predominantly greater than 102 centimeters (40 inches), but some pedons have iron depletions below a depth of 76 centimeters (30 inches).
USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas of Dothan soils have been cleared and are used for the production of corn, cotton, peanuts, vegetable crops, hay, and pasture. Forested areas are in longleaf pine, loblolly pine, sweetgum, southern red oak, and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Major Land Resource Areas (MLRA): The series occurs primarily in the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A), but it also occurs to a lesser extent in the Atlantic Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 153A).
Extent: large extent
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DOTHAN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of a Terric Haplosaprist from the Ralsko region, Czech Republic. (Photo provided by P. Samonil.)
Terric Haplosaprists differ from Typic Haplosaprists because they have a mineral layer 30 cm or more thick that has its upper boundary within the control section, below the surface tier. These soils are widely distributed in the United States, mostly in the Eastern States. They are used mainly as woodland, cropland, or wildlife habitat.
Haplosaprists are the Saprists that have a temperature regime warmer than cryic and that do not have a sulfuric horizon with its upper boundary within 50 cm of the soil surface or sulfidic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface. These soils are wet at the base of the surface tier for more than 30 cumulative days during normal years unless they have been drained. The organic materials in these soils are from many kinds of plant materials, including wood, moss, grass, and herbaceous materials. If these soils are drained and cultivated under the present technology, the organic materials decompose and disappear slowly or rapidly, depending on the management used and the temperature. Eventually, within some decades, the Haplosaprists that are drained and cultivated will be replaced by mineral soils. This conversion of some of the soils has been observed in the United States. Many Haplosaprists support native vegetation, mostly forest plants or shrubs and grasslike plants. Many areas are cleared, drained, and used as cropland.
Saprists are the wet Histosols in which the organic materials are well decomposed. The botanic origin of the organic material is difficult to determine in most of these soils. The fiber content is less than one-sixth after rubbing between the thumb and fingers. Most of these soils have a bulk density of more than 0.2 g/cm3. Saprists occur in areas where the ground water table tends to fluctuate within the soils or in areas where the soils were aerobic during drier periods in the past. They consist of the residue that remains after the aerobic decomposition of organic matter. When drained, fibric and hemic materials commonly decompose to form sapric materials. If the organic materials are deep and are drained either artificially or naturally, the Fibrists and Hemists are converted after some decades to Saprists.
For more information about soils and the Michigan State University-Department of Geography, visit:
project.geo.msu.edu/soilprofiles/
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
In South Korea are areas adjacent to the DMZ referred to as the Civilian Control Zone (CCZ) where public access is restricted. Most of these areas are heavily farmed.
www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/10/7/708#:~:text=As%20established%....
South Korean farmers see these area adjecent to the DMZ as valuable soil, frequently planting crops despite warnings to stay away, a typical example of how South Korea's population has encroached on once-rural training areas.
In 1996 and 1998, unexploded ordnance killed two Korean civilians who had entered the Story range to look for scrap metal. Unexploded munitions and live-fire exercises make the area very dangerous. Unexploded ordnance in that area presents a very real and significant danger to anyone walking in the area. This danger is greatly amplified if someone is planting or harvesting crops... or sampling soils!
The South Korean Army supervises farming. Farmers must have a pass to cross any of the three bridges, guarded by South Korean soldiers, leading to the CCZ. Normally, range control officials and Army explosive ordnance disposal teams would clear munitions from the area annually. But many of these areas are swampy, and teams can only look for duds on the surface.
Additionally, the entire area just south of the DMZ is rife with mines. Many are newer mines laid by the South Korean Army as part of the DMZ defense. But there are unmarked mine fields, and monsoon rains shift mines around. Korean contractors and 8th Army personnel have uncovered numerous mines while conducting maintenance and training.
Soil profile: A Rhodic soil profile (Rhodic Kandiudult) in Boluo County, Guangdong Province, China (PRC-03).
Landscape: These soils ranged from 2 to 15 percent slopes and are mostly on sideslopes and low ridges. Nearly all were cultivated in potatoes and sugarcane. Scattered banana trees were common.
Kandiudults are the Udults that are very deep and have a kandic horizon and a clay distribution in which the percentage of clay does not decrease from its maximum amount by as much as 20 percent within a depth of 150 cm from the mineral soil surface, or the layer in which the clay percentage decreases has at least 5 percent of the volume consisting of skeletans on faces of peds and there is at least a 3 percent (absolute) increase in clay content below this layer. Kandiudults are of moderate extent in the Southeastern United States.
Rhodic Kandiudults soils are like Typic Kandiudults, but the upper part of their kandic horizon has hue of 2.5YR or redder, a color value, moist, of 3 or less, and a dry value no more than 1 unit higher than the moist value. Rhodic Kandiudults are of small extent in the United States. The natural vegetation consisted of forest plants. Slopes range from nearly level to moderately steep. Many of these soils are used as cropland. Some, particularly the most sloping ones, are used as forest. Some are used as pasture or homesites.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
Inset: Fresh exposure of Btv horizon from a Tifton soil. The reddish redox concentrations are plinthite. As the soil is exposed to sun and rain, the reddish areas irreversible harden as evidenced by the eroded areas along the edge of the cultivated field. Over time, some of these concentrations harden sufficiently to form ironstone concretions or nodules.
Landscape: Eroded edge of a field of Tifton soil. The Tifton series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in loamy marine sediments. Tifton soils are on interfluves. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 18 degrees C (64 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation is about 1360 millimeters (53 inches).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults
Plinthite: Depth to horizons with 5 percent or more plinthite is dominantly 76 to 127 centimeters (30 to 50 inches), but in some pedons it is 63 centimeters (25 inches).
Depth to Redox features: Predominantly greater than 102 centimeters (40 inches), but some pedons have iron depletions below a depth of 76 centimeters (30 inches).
USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas of Tifton soils are under cultivation with cotton, corn, peanuts, vegetable crops, and small grains. Some areas are in pasture and forestland. The forested areas consist largely of longleaf pine, loblolly pine, slash pine with some scattered hardwoods on cutover areas.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): The series occurs primarily in the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A), but it also occurs to a lesser extent in the Atlantic Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 153A).
Extent: large extent
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TIFTON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A soil profile of a well drained, loamy Kandiustalf in Zambia. The intensely weathered kandic horizon (beginning at a depth of about 15 cm and extending below the base of the photo) has low natural fertility and a limited ability to supply plant nutrients. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Kandiustalfs have thick kandic subsoil horizons that have relatively high base saturation but a low cation-exchange capacity. Many of
these soils occur on the older surfaces in warm, humid or semihumid areas. Kandiustalfs occur mostly in Africa and South America. They are commonly used as rangeland or cropland.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A profile of Brushy extremely gravelly loam. Chert fragments in the lower part of the profile, beginning at a depth of about 40 centimeters,
are commonly stone size (10 to 25 inches in diameter). (Soil survey of Bland County, Virginia; by Robert K. Conner, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Brushy series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils formed in residuum from cherty limestone on mountain summits, shoulders, and side slopes. Permeability is moderate. Slope ranges from 2 to 70 percent. Average annual precipitation is about 38 inches, and average annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults
The solum thickness and depth to hard bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Chert gravel ranges from 25 to 80 percent with more than 35 percent by volume in the particle size control section. Reaction is extremely acid to moderately acid throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Soils are used to grow trees consisting of oaks, hickories, and yellow-poplar. Dogwood, hemlock, and mountain laurel are in the understory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 128, Virginia and possibly West Virginia and Tennessee. The soils are of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA021...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BRUSHY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Sorrento series. A thin layer of human-transported materials overlies the truncated native soil (at a depth of 42 centimeters). The original surface layer has been removed and mixed into these materials. (Supplement to the Soil Survey of Los Angeles County, California, Southeastern Part; by Randy L. Riddle and Christopher “Kit” Paris, Natural Resources Conservation Service).
The Sorrento series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in alluvium mostly from sedimentary rocks. Sorrento soils are on alluvial fans and stabilized floodplains and have slopes of 0 to 15 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 16 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 61 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Calcic Haploxerolls
The mean annual soil temperature is 59 to 63 degrees F. and the soil temperature is rarely if ever below 47 degrees F. The soil between depths of about 5 and 15 inches usually is dry all of the time from late April or May until November or early December and usually is moist in some or all parts all the rest of the year. The 10 to 40 inch control section is loam, fine sandy loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam or silty clay loam with 18 to 35 percent clay and more than 15 percent fine sand or coarser. Few pedons have as much as 15 percent rock fragments. The upper part of the profile is slightly acid to moderately alkaline, and is noncalcareous to a depth of 20 to 40 inches. Effervescence is weak to violent in disseminated lime and secondary powder or mycelial lime is present.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for growing irrigated fruit, nut, field, forage, and truck crops, and some dry grain. Uncultivated areas are mostly annual grasses and forbs with sycamore along drainageways.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Valleys of the south half of the Coast Range in California, MLRA 14. The soils are extensive. The Farewell series was formerly in the same family and is now inactive and combined with the Sorrento series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/los...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SORRENTO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES KEYS TO SOIL TAXONOMY:
The guide presents information for keying out the soils of the United Arab Emirates into separate classes and provides a guide to associated laboratory methods. Additionally, it will help the international soil science community to converse about UAE soils, and facilitate comparison to soils of other regions. These linkages allow countries with similar mapping and classification procedures and similar soils to transfer agriculture technology without conducting long-term experiments under similar environmental conditions, especially for Gulf Cooperation Council countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, and Saudi Arabia).
AUTHORS:
Shabbir A. Shahid has more than 32 years of experience as a soil scientist in Pakistan, the UK, Kuwait, and the UAE. He served as lead soil taxonomist, technical coordinator, and quality assurance expert. He is a prolific author with over 150 scientific papers published in peer-reviewed journals and books and was a pioneer in soil survey on the Arabian Peninsula.
Mahmoud A. Abdelfattah served as mapping crew leader and deputy technical coordinator for the soil survey of Abu Dhabi Emirate and project manager for the Northern Emirates Soil Survey. He has over 25 years experience in teaching and research participating in numerous international conferences. He has authored over 50 published scientific papers and book chapters.
Michael A. Wilson is a Research Soil Scientist, USDA-NRCS-National Soil Survey Laboratory in Lincoln, Nebraska, He has served in this position for more than 25 years conducting soil genesis research specifically in the area of soil geochemistry and mineralogy. He has contributed to numerous USDA soils-related research projects in both the US and around the world specializing in climate change and soil classification/interpretation.
John A. Kelley is a retired soil scientist previously with the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), United States Department of Agriculture and Environment Agency of Abu Dhabi, UAE. John is a soil survey quality assurance expert and a specialist in soil mapping, soil classification, and correlation of soil survey projects. He has extensive experience in soil survey procedures and documentation including digital soil photography.
Joseph V Chiaretti is a soil scientist with the USDA and serves on the soil survey standards staff at the NRCS National Soil Survey Center located in Lincoln, NE. He is responsible for developing and maintaining soil survey division handbooks and technical documents.
SOILS ATLAS:
Like skin covers and protects our human body, so does soil cover and protect the earth's surface. Without vibrant and healthy soil, plants and animals cannot flourish. Therefore, it is vital that we have a deep understanding of soil so we may conserve and protect this very valuable natural resource. The Soils Atlas of the Abu Dhabi Emirate provides a new and unique perspective of the recently published Soil Survey. The Atlas is designed to be used by students, naturalists, or anyone interested in a better understanding of the natural world we live in. The soils atlas provides an overview of the process of making and using soil surveys through a series of soil map sheets and thematic maps for both the Extensive and Intensive Soil Survey. These materials will assist the reader to deepen their knowledge about soil as a natural, evolving feature of the earth's surface and its critical role in sustaining life.
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
vdocument.in/united-arab-emirates-keys-to-soil-taxonomy.h...
Soil profile: Layland soils are young and do not exhibit strong colors or well developed structure in the subsoil. (Soil Survey of Gauley River National Recreation Area, West Virginia; By Aron Sattler and James Bell, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Typical landscape of Layland-Rock outcrop complex, 35 to 70 percent slopes, very rubbly. The Lower Nuttall sandstone forms the prominent cliffs (Rock outcrop) on both sides of the Gauley River.
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class: Moderately high
Landscape: The Allegheny Plateau
Parent Material: Colluvium derived from sandstones and shales
Slope: 15 to 80 percent
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 11 degrees C. (52 degrees F.)
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 1168 mm (46 inches)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
Depth to the top of the Cambic: 8 to 51 cm (3 to 20 inches)
Depth to the base of the Cambic: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: greater than 152 cm (60 inches)
Rock Fragment content (by volume): 5 to 60 percent in individual horizons of the upper solum, 30 to 90 percent in the BC and C horizons. The weighted average of rock fragments in the particle size class control section (25 to 102 cm) is 35 percent or more. Rock fragments are dominantly sandstone in the upper part. Fragments of siltstone and shale often increase in volume in the lower part of the profile.
Soil Reaction: Very strongly acid or extremely acid throughout the mineral soil, except where limed or affected by burning. Organic surface horizons are very strongly acid to moderately acid n reaction.
Other soil features: The particle size control section averages 18 to 27 percent clay. Some pedons have a lithologic discontinuity to colluvium dominated by materials weathered from shale and siltstone below a depth of 92 cm (36 inches).
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Woodland and pasture
Dominant Vegetation: Oak-hickory or mixed mesophytic forests, largely depending on aspect; predominantly scarlet, black, white, red, or chestnut oak, red maple, pignut or mockernut hickory, yellow poplar, American Holly, and beech.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: West Virginia, Possibly Maryland and Pennsylvania.
Extent: Moderate
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/west_virginia/...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LAYLAND.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Gooding series consists of deep to a duripan, well drained soils that formed in mixed alluvium and loess. Gooding soils are on alluvial fan terraces on basalt plains and buttes. Permeability is very slow. Slopes range from 0 to 20 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 12 inches and the average annual air temperature is about 47 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, mesic Vertic Paleargids
Depth to calcium carbonates - 17 to 34 inches
Depth to bedrock - 41 inches or more
Depth to duripan - 40 to 60 inches
Average annual soil temperature - 47 to 53 degrees F.
Average summer soil temperature - 60 to 70 degrees F.
Other features - AE horizon occurs in some pedons
USE AND VEGETATION: Gooding soils are used mainly for rangeland, wildlife habitat, and irrigated pasture and cropland. Common crops are small grains, beans, and alfalfa. The dominant natural vegetation is Wyoming big sagebrush, alkali sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, needlegrass, and sandberg bluegrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: South central and southwest Idaho. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GOODING.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Elton series in an area of improved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in fine loamy drift with limestones.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=10...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Typical Luvisols. These soils are associated with clay illuviation which results in a Bt horizon with significant increase of clay (argillic B horizon) compared to the overlying horizons.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
A representative soil profile of the Annagh series in an area of improved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in coarse loamy drift with siliceous stones.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=06...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Histic Groundwater Gleys (soils influenced by water). Typical Groundwater Gleys have evidence of gleying within 40 cm due to the presence of a groundwater table within the profile and a peaty surface horizon (> 20% organic carbon) less than 40 cm thick.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
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A representative soil profile of the Retsabal series. (Soil Survey of Arches National Park, Utah; by Catherine E. Scott, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: A typical landscape of Retsabal very fine sandy loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes.
The Retsabal series consists of very shallow and shallow, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in residuum derived from Carmel formation gypsum. Retsabal soils are on stable structural benches and knolls on structural benches with slopes of 2 to 50 percent. Average annual precipitation is about 11 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 49 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-gypseous, hypergypsic, mesic, shallow Leptic Haplogypsids
Mean annual soil temperature: 47 to 57 degrees F.
Soil moisture: Ustic aridic moisture regime
Depth to paralithic bedrock: 4 to 20 inches
Particle size control section averages:
Clay content: 8 to 20 percent clay
USE AND VEGETATION: The soils are used mainly for livestock grazing, wildlife habitat, and recreation. Potential native vegetation is Torrey Mormontea, Green Mormontea, Indian ricegrass, broom snakeweed and scattered Utah Juniper and two-needle pinyon. These soils have been correlated to the Semidesert Shallow Gypsum (Mormontea) 035XY237UT ecological site at the type location in Utah.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: South-central Utah areas of highly gypsiferous materials. This series is of small extent (less than 10,000 acres). MLRA is 35.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/utah/archesUT2...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/RETSABAL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Tonka series.
Landscape: Tonka soils are in plane or slightly concave, closed basins and depressions on till and glacial lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. The soils formed in local alluvium over till or glaciolacustrine deposits.
The Tonka series consists of very deep, poorly drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in local alluvium over till or glaciolacustrine deposits. These soils are in closed basins and depressions on till and glacial lake plains and have slopes of 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual air temperature is 42 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation is 20 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Argiaquic Argialbolls
Depth to carbonates commonly is 28 to 40 inches but ranges from 20 to more than 60 inches. The depth to the Bt horizon ranges from 12 to 28 inches. The soil commonly is free of rock fragments, but in some pedons the lower part of the solum and the substratum contain pebbles. Some pedons have surface stones.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for small grains, hay and pasture. Native vegetation is tall grasses, sedges and rushes.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Widely distributed on the glaciated plains of North Dakota, northeastern South Dakota, and western Minnesota. The series is extensive.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TONKA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Lurganboy series in an area of cropland from Ireland. These soils formed in loamy marine alluvium.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=05...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Typical Alluvial Gleys (soils influenced by water).
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
Gypsic Aquisalids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic (Soil AD127) are very deep, saline, gypsic, sandy soils. These soils occur on coastal flats above the tidal zone and in some inland sabkhas. They are formed in alluvial sands, with some silt and clay layers. They occur throughout Abu Dhabi. They are poorly drained or somewhat poorly drained with moderate or rapid permeability.
These soils are not commonly used. Vegetation is not usually present. The soils are found in all areas of the Emirate where groundwater levels approach the surface. They are particularly common in the coastal flats, around Sabkha Matti and inland sabkha in eastern areas of the Emirate.
Plate 25: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for a Gypsic Aquisalids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic (Soil AD127).
The Herndon series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in material mostly weathered from fine-grained metavolcanic rock of the Carolina Slate Belt. Slopes are 2 to 25 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
Thickness of the clayey part of the Bt horizon ranges from 24 to 48 inches. Depth to the bottom of the clayey Bt horizon exceeds 30 inches. Depth to bedrock (R horizon) is more than 60 inches. The soil is very strongly acid to slightly acid in the A and E horizons and extremely acid to strongly acid in the B and C horizons. Content of rock fragments range from 0 to 35 percent in the A and E horizons, and 0 to 10 percent in the Bt and lower horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Cleared areas are used primarily for cotton, small grains, corn, tobacco, hay, and pasture. Forested areas are dominantly in loblolly or shortleaf pine with some mixed hardwood.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is extensive.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HERNDON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: The Conic series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils. (Soil Survey of Voyageurs National Park,
Minnesota; by Peter Weikle, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Conic soils formed in a mantle of friable loamy material and underlying firm till over bedrock. They have moderate saturated hydraulic conductivity in the friable material and slow saturated hydraulic conductivity in the firm till. Slopes range from 2 to 35 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 28 inches and mean annual air temperature is about 38 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, isotic, frigid Typic Dystrudepts
Depth to firm till is 12 to 30 inches. Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. Content of coarse fragments by volume in the upper friable layer is 5 to 20 percent for gravel and 2 to 20 percent for stones and boulders. Some cobbles are included. Coarse fragments in the firm till ranges from 15 to 35 percent of mostly gravel but includes some cobbles and stones. Fragments primarily are of igneous origin, but some are of metamorphic origin. Textures of the A, E and Bw horizons are loam, silt loam, gravelly fine sandy loam, gravelly sandy loam and gravelly coarse sandy loam. Some pedons have stony modifiers. The solum ranges from extremely acid to medium acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are mostly in mixed deciduous and coniferous forest. Major species are quaking aspen, paper birch, white spruce, balsam fir, and jack, red, and white pines. Major resource uses are related to timber, recreation, water and wildlife habitat.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Laurentian Shield of northeastern Minnesota and parts of New York. Moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/minnesota/voya...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CONIC.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile and landscape of the Fforest soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)
These and associated soils are seasonally waterlogged slowly permeable soils, prominently mottled above 40 cm depth. They have no relatively permeable material starting within and extending below 1 m of the surface.
They are classified as Chromic Eutric Albic Stagnosols by the WRB soil classification system. (www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf)
For more information about this soil, visit:
A representative soil profile and landscape of the Blackwood soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)
These and associated soils are deep permeable sandy and coarse loamy soils. Groundwater controlled by ditches.
They are classified as Arenic Mollic Gleysols by the WRB soil classification system. (www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf)
For more information about this soil, visit:
Photo courtesy of EAD-Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi. www.ead.gov.ae/
Dr. Faisal Taha, ICBA explaining soil survey products during a three-day international conference on Soil Classification and Reclamation of Degraded Lands in Arid Environments (ICSC 2010) bringing together more than 130 scholars, researchers and experts was held in Abu Dhabi, UAE.
The conference, held under the patronage of H.H Sheikh Hamdan bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the Ruler’s Representative in the Western Region and Chairman of the Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD), aims to share information on land use and planning and discuss various issues in the field of soil classification and reclamation of degraded lands in arid environments.
On the first day of the conference, EAD will reveal the outcomes of the Abu Dhabi Soil Survey, which was initiated in 2006 and completed at the end of 2009.
The conference, which is organized by the Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD) and the International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA) from 17-19 May, 2010 in Abu Dhabi, UAE, was inaugurated by H.E. Majid Al Mansouri, EAD’s Secretary General.
In his opening speech, H.E Al Mansouri welcomed scientists, researchers and experts from 35 countries who have gathered to discuss various issues related to soil, land use and planning of agricultural expansion and sustainable use of natural resources.
"Our economy is rapidly growning and we have a hard desert environment, therefore we needed to identify the characteristics of soils in the various regions of the Emirate, for the development of land management and optimum economical use of those soils,” he said.
"EAD has undertaken an integrated project to survey the soils in the Emirate. This project has been brought to a successful conclusion after five years of studies, field surveys, and collection of soil samples, training and capacity-building culminating in the development of an integrated “Abu Dhabi Soil Information System” (ADSIS)”.
Dr Ahmed Al Masoum, ICBA’s Deputy Director General, said that "This conference is the beginning of a new era in soil research within the global scientific community."
"The Survey was the first of its kind in the Emirate and covered all areas of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. Maps on current land use, vegetation and salinity were produced as well as detailed suitability maps for irrigated agriculture. The soil was mapped and classified using the latest satellite images, and norms and standards of the United States Department of Agriculture” he added.
Dr. Al Masoum added that the soil survey project was undertaken in two phases and involved the mapping and classification of the various types of soils in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi in two different scales. In the first phase the entire emirate was surveyed at a scale of 1:100,000, and in the second phase 400,000 hectares of land, evaluated as suitable for irrigated agriculture was surveyed at a scale of 1:25,000.
“We have uncovered valuable information for strategic planning for sustainable land use in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, and particularly for the development of agriculture and sustainable management of natural resources,” he said.
The conference will feature six keynote speakers from Australia and India, Austria, Spain, Thailand and the United States, in addition to 130 speakers representing 35 countries from all over the world. Speakers will highlight Soil Survey and Classification Strategies and Use in Different Ecological Zones; Advances in Soil Salinity Mapping, Monitoring and Reclamation; Land Use Planning and Policy Implications; Use of Marginal Quality Water in Agriculture and Landscaping and Research and Development/Innovations in Soil Classification & Reclamation.
A workshop on how to use soil survey data in planning and policy making will be held on the sidelines of the conference.
www.researchgate.net/publication/259265194_Book_of_Abstra...
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A representative soil profile in a map unit of deep loamy duplexes and earths from the Central Northern Wheatbelt of the West Midlands of Australia. (Base photo provided by Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Agriculture and Food, Government of Western Australia.)
Topsoil
Neutral pH
Firm to hard-setting surface soil
Subsoil
Neutral to alkaline
Sodic with moderate to low permeability
For more information about these soils including common management constraints, visit:
www.agric.wa.gov.au/mycrop/mysoil-sandy-earths-west-midlands
For more information about the soils of Western Australia, visit;
www.agric.wa.gov.au/mycrop/mysoil-deep-loamy-duplexes-and...
In the Australian soil classification system, the soils in this unit include: Red or Yellow or Brown Chromosols, and Red or Yellow or Brown Sodosols, and Red or Brown Kandosols, and Red or Brown Dermosols.
Chromosols are soils that display a strong texture contrast between surface (A) horizons and subsoil (B) horizons. The upper part of the subsoil ranges from slightly acid to alkaline (pH >5.5) but is not sodic. Using the Australian Soil Classification, Chromosols can be grouped further (in to Suborders) based on the color of the upper 20 cm of the subsoil (i.e. Red, Brown, Yellow, Grey and Black). These can be further differentiated based on subsoil characteristics (in to Great Groups) such as the nutrient level capacities and ratios and the presence of carbonate or lime.
Sodosols are soils which display a strong texture contrast between surface (A) horizons and subsoil (B) horizons which are sodic. Using the Australian Soil Classification, Sodosols can be grouped further based on the color of the upper 20 cm of the subsoil (ie. Red, Brown, Yellow and Grey). These can then be further differentiated based on subsoil characteristics such as level of sodicity and presence of carbonate (lime).
For more information about the Australian Soil Classification System, visit;
www.clw.csiro.au/aclep/asc_re_on_line_V2/soilhome.htm
In Soil Taxonomy, these soils are primarily Alfisols, Ultisols, or some Mollisols. For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Macool series. (Soil Survey of Channel Islands National Park, California; by Alan Wasner, United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Macool series consists of deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in materials weathered from diorite and gabbro. Macool soils are on hills of islands. Slopes range from 30 to 70 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 18 inches (457 millimeters) and the mean annual temperature is about 57 degrees F (14 degrees C.)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, mesic Typic Argixerolls
The mean annual soil temperature is 54 to 59 degrees F. (12 to 15 degrees C.) The soil moisture control section is dry in all parts from about mid-September to mid-November (about 60 days) and is usually moist the rest of the time.
Depth to bedrock is 40 to 50 inches (101 to 127 centimeters).
The particle size control section averages 40 to 60 percent clay and 0 to 15 percent rock fragments.
Organic matter ranges from 1 to 4 percent to a depth of at least 20 inches (50 centimeters).
USE AND VEGETATION: Wildlife habitat, recreation and building site development. Vegetation is scrub oak and ceonothus chaparral.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Santa Barbara County, California on Santa Cruz Island. The soil is not extensive. MLRA 20.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA6...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MACOOL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Icknuun series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils that formed in organic material interlayered with thin strata of mineral material. Icknuun soils are in depressions on till plains. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Euic Fluvaquentic Cryohemists
USE AND VEGETATION: Wildlife habitat and recreation. The natural vegetation is mainly sedges, sphagnum moss, bog birch, Labrador tea, and other low-growing shrubs and forbs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Cook Inlet-Susitna Lowlands. The series is of small extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/I/ICKNUUN.html
For geographic distribution, visit:
casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#icknuun
For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:
sites.google.com/site/dinpuithai/Home … or:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
For more information about describing soils using the USDA-Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For more information about describing soils using the USDA-Soil Survey Manual, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/ref/?cid=n...
A representative profile of Grandmore loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent. A lithologic discontinuity occurs at a depth of below 125 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Greer County, Oklahoma; by Richard F. Gelnar, Clay D. Salisbury, and Randall Miller; Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Grandmore series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, moderately slowly permeable soils. These soils formed in loamy alluvium of Pleistocene age. These nearly level to very gently sloping soils are on stream terraces in the Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA 78). Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 62 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is about 25 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Typic Haplustalfs
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 18 to 35 percent
CEC/clay ratio: 0.4 to 0.6
Thickness of the solum: 60 to more than 80 inches
Depth to a discontinuity (with an increase in clay content): 30 to 60 inches
Depth to episaturation: 40 to 60 inches
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly as cropland. Wheat, grain sorghum, cotton, alfalfa, improved bermudagrass, and weeping lovegrass are the principal crops. Native vegetation is mid and tall grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central Rolling Red Plains of western Oklahoma and Texas; LRR H; MLRA 78; Moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK055...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GRANDMORE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Noboco series.
Landscape: An area of Noboco-Norfolk complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes. These Nobocco and Norfolk soils are well suited to the production of flue-cured tobacco. (Soil Survey of Sumter County, South Carolina; by Charles M. Ogg, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Moderately well drained, well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Moderately deep, common
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Low
Permeability: Moderate (Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately high)
Shrink-Swell Potential: Low
Landscape: Lower, middle, upper coastal plain
Landform: Marine terraces, uplands
Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, side slopes
Hillslope Profile Position: Summits, shoulders
Parent Material: Loamy marine deposits, fluviomarine deposits
Slope: 0 to 6 percent
Elevation (type location): 170 feet
Frost Free Period (type location): 230 days
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 64 degrees F.
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 45 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Oxyaquic Paleudults
Thickness of the sandy surface and subsurface layers: 5 to 19 inches
Depth to top of the Argillic horizon: 5 to 19 inches
Depth to the base of the Argillic horizon: 60 to more than 80 inches
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 80 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 30 to 40 inches, December to March
Rock Fragment Content: 0 to 5 percent, by volume throughout; mostly fine ironstone nodules
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid, except where limed
Plinthite Content: 0 to 4 percent in the Bt horizon above 60 inches and 0 to 10 percent or more below 60 inches
Noboco soils were previously mapped with the Norfolk series. In 11/2002, the series was reclassified from Typic to Oxyaquic Paleudults and the type location relocated from Orangeburg County, SC to Lee County, SC. In 10/2004, the drainage class was expanded to allow moderately well drained or well drained soils. Although Noboco soils are classified as Paleudults, soils mapped as Noboco commonly have a kandic horizon. Since use and management of the kandic and non-kandic soils is very similar, it is not considered useful to establish a Kandiudult counterpart. The Kandiudult components are to be identified in the NASIS database and correlation and classification documents as taxadjuncts and once sufficient acreage has been reached, a new series may be considered.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/south_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/N/NOBOCO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: The very deep, moderately well drained Dellwood soils are sandy in the upper part of the profile and sandy-skeletal in the lower part. (Soil Survey of Yancey County, North Carolina; by Bruce P. Smith, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Dellwood soils are on nearly level and gently sloping flood plains of fast flowing streams in the upper reaches of watersheds in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Elevation generally ranges from about 1,200 to 3,200 feet, but many range as high as 4,500 feet. The soils formed in loamy and sandy alluvium that contains a large amount of rounded gravel and cobbles.
Dellwood-Reddies complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes, occasionally flooded
Setting
Landscape: Mountain valleys
Elevation range: 2,000 to 3,000 feet
Landform: Flood plains dominantly at the upper end of mountain valleys
Landform position: Planar to slightly convex
bottomland slopes
Shape of areas: Long and narrow
Size of areas: As much as 329 acres
Composition
Dellwood soil and similar inclusions: 45 percent
Reddies soil and similar inclusions: 35 percent
Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent
Typical Profile--Dellwood
Surface layer:
0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown loamy fine sand
4 to 15 inches—dark brown loamy fine sand
Underlying material:
15 to 67 inches—multicolored very gravelly coarse sand
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Oxyaquic Humudepts
Depth class: Very deep
Drainage class: Moderately well drained
General texture class: Dellwood—sandy in the upper part of the profile and sandy-skeletal in the lower part; Reddies—sandy in the upper part of the profile and sandy or sandy-skeletal in the lower part
Permeability: Dellwood—moderately rapid in the surface layer and rapid or very rapid in the underlying material; Reddies—moderately rapid in the surface layer and subsoil and rapid in the underlying material
Available water capacity: Very low
Depth to seasonal high water table: Dellwood—2.0 to 4.0 feet from December through May; Reddies—
2.0 to 3.5 feet from December through May
Hazard of flooding: Occasional, throughout the year with standing water for less than 2 days
Shrink-swell potential: Low
Slope class: Nearly level or gently sloping
Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the original surface layer has been removed
Hazard of water erosion: None or slight
Organic matter content (surface layer): Moderate or high
Potential frost action: Low
Special climatic conditions: Soils subject to slow air drainage, which allows late spring and early fall frosts
Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to neutral throughout the profile
Parent material: Alluvium derived from felsic or mafic, high-grade metamorphic or igneous rock
Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches
Depth to contrasting material: Dellwood—8 to 20 inches to deposits of cobbles and gravel that are
stratified with sandy or loamy material; Reddies—20 to 40 inches to deposits of cobbles and gravel
that are stratified with sandy or loamy material
Other distinctive properties: Soils subject to scouring and deposition during flooding
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DELLWOOD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of a Cambisol from Guatemala. (Photo courtesy of Stefaan Dondeyne, revised.)
Cambisols combine soils with at least an incipient subsurface soil formation. Transformation of parent material is evident from structure formation and mostly brownish discoloration, increasing clay percentage, and/or carbonate removal. Other soil classification systems refer to many Cambisols as Braunerden and Terrae fuscae (Germany), Sols bruns (France), burozems (Russia) and Tenosols (Australia). The name Cambisols was coined for the Soil Map of the World (FAO–UNESCO, 1971–1981) and later adopted by Brazil (Cambissolos). In the United States of America they were formerly called Brown soils/Brown forest soils and are now named Inceptisols. (WRB)
Vertic (from Latin vertere, to turn): having a vertic horizon starting ≤ 100 cm from the soil surface. A vertic horizon is clayey, and when dry often have a hard to very hard consistency. Polished, shiny surfaces (slickensides), often at sharp angles, are distinctive. Wedge-shaped aggregates and slickensides may not be immediately evident if the soil is moist. A decision about their presence can sometimes only be made after the soil has dried out. Wedge-shaped aggregates may be a substructure of larger angular blocky or prismatic elements, which should be carefully examined to see if wedge-shaped aggregates are present.
For more information about soil classification using the WRB system, visit:
A representative soil profile and landscape of the Winter Hill soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)
These and associated soils are more than 40 cm of organic material in the upper 80 cm or with more than 30 cm of organic material over bedrock or very stony rock rubble.
They are In undrained organic material that has remained wet to within 20 cm of the surface. They formed in mixed eriophorum and sphagnum peat.
They are classified as Ombric Fibric Histosols by the WRB soil classification system. (www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf)
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This photo accompanies Figure 2.—Observe and Document the Soil. [Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States].
The soil profile above consists of an 8 cm (3.14 inches) layer of peat and/or mucky peat underlain by a 1 cm (0.4 inches) layer of muck. The remaining soil layers are sandy soil material. In LRRs R, W, X, and Y, observations would begin below the peat, mucky peat, and muck layers (9 cm). In LRRs, F, G, H, and M, observations would start at the actual soil surface. In all remaining LRRs, observations would begin at the muck surface (8 cm).
This soil is in the Duckston soil series. The Duckston series (Typic Psammaquents) consists of poorly drained sands near the Lower and Mid-Atlantic coast. They have very slow runoff and very rapid permeability above the water table. The water table fluctuates in relation to the tides and the surface is flooded following heavy rains or high storm tides. At the time of observation, the water table was at a depth of 43 cm.
Duckston soils are mainly in shallow depressions between coastal dunes and on nearly level flats between the dunes and marshes generally at elevations less than 5 feet above mean tide level. Slopes are typically less than 2 percent and surfaces are plane to concave. The soil formed in sandy sediments reworked by waves and wind. Average annual precipitation near the type location is about 48 inches and mean annual temperature about 62 degrees F. The soils are periodically flooded with salt water; salinity is variable according to length of time since last flooding.
Vegetation is a coastal shrub plant community. Locally, a maritime forest exists on a minor acreage of the soil. Duckston soils are of moderate extent along the Lower and Mid-Atlantic coast in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia.
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A representative soil profile of Studybutte very gravelly loam, in an area of Studybutte-Rock outcrop complex, 20 to 60 percent slopes. In this photograph, cobbles are observed, however, gravel-sized coarse fragments dominate in the soil profile. Studybutte soils are very shallow and shallow to igneous bedrock. Soil Survey of Big Bend National Park, Texas; by James Gordon, Soil Scientist, James A. Douglass, Soil Scientist, and Dr. Lynn E. Loomis, Soil Scientist, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Studybutte series consists of very shallow and shallow, well drained soils that are moderately rapidly permeable over very slowly permeable bedrock. The soils developed in residuum and colluvium weathered from siliceous igneous bedrock. These soils are on hills and mountains. Slopes range from 2 to 60 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 11 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 70 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, nonacid, hyperthermic Lithic Ustic Torriorthents
Soil moisture: Ustic aridic soil moisture regime. Receives precipitation in all months. Driest period is November through April with peak rainfall occurring during May through October.
Mean annual soil temperature: 72 to 78 degrees F.
Depth to igneous bedrock: 4 to 20 inches
Clay content: 5 to 25 percent
Rock fragment content: 35 to 80 percent igneous fragments; 25 to 60 percent gravel; 0 to 20 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent stones
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for livestock grazing, wildlife habitat and for recreation. Vegetation physiognomy is desert shrubland. Dominant woody plants include lechuguilla, leatherstem, cenizo, catclaw acacia, ocotillo, tasajillo, creosotebush, pricklypear, and dalea species. Grasses are chino grama, sideoats grama, and tanglehead.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: West Texas. MLRA 42. The series is moderately extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/bigbendT...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/STUDYBUTTE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Large areas of the Cerrado are used for the production of cellulose pulp for the paper industry, with the cultivation of several species of Eucalyptus and Pinus, but as a secondary activity.
The Cerrado was thought challenging for agriculture until researchers at Brazil’s agricultural and livestock research agency, Embrapa, discovered that it could be made fit for industrial crops by appropriate additions of phosphorus and lime. In the late 1990s, between 14 million and 16 million tons of lime were being poured on Brazilian fields each year. The quantity rose to 25 million tons in 2003 and 2004, equalling around five tons of lime per hectare. This manipulation of the soil allowed for industrial agriculture to grow exponentially in the area. Researchers also developed tropical varieties of soybeans, until then a temperate crop, and currently, Brazil is the world's main soybeans exporter due to the boom in animal feed production caused by the global rise in meat demand.
For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/
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The first impression we have when looking at bare earth, or soil, is of the color. Vivid colors and striking differences can catch our eye. The stories told by soil colors vary with the ecosystem and other factors. Soils come in many different colors, most commonly in shades of black, yellow, brown, red, gray, and white. When looking below ground, we see various layers in the soil, which are called soil horizons. The arrangement of these horizons is known as a profile. Soil scientists observe and describe the horizons and profiles to classify the soil and make predictions for land use. Soil color can help us predict mineral content, chemical composition, physical properties, and other important soil characteristics.
The Soil Colors of the United States poster was generated by selecting the brightest color in the profile at each location. Successful soil scientists and soil surveyors appreciate the tremendous quantity of information that is related to soil color. Differences in color by depth and position are meaningful to trained experts. Soil color supports a practical understanding of a landscape’s recent and long-term history.